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Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS)
[Watershed, catchment area, river basin]
SUB DAS
SUB DAS
SUB DAS
4 silver hutabarat
MULTI SISTEM DAS
Multi Sektor
Multi Pihak
Multi Disiplin
Multi Pendekatan
• Makna TERPADU bukan hanya dipadukan antar sektor, antar wilayah dan antar
pihak, tetapi juga TERPADU dalam kontek satu kesatuan yang utuh dengan
memperhatikan kondisi ekonomi, politik, sosial, budaya.
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Karakteristik DAS yang Ideal
Mampu memberikan
1 3 Mampu menjaga
produktivitas lahan
adanya pemerataan
yang tinggi
pendapatan petani
(equity)
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PERMASALAHAN DAS DI INDONESIA
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1) Adanya keterkaitan antar
berbagai kegiatan
(multi sektor).
Kehutanan
Pertanian
2) Melibatkan berbagai Perkebunan
disiplin ilmu. Peternakan
Perikanan
PDAS PU
Sosial
3) Batas DAS tidak selalu Ekonomi
bertepatan dengan Kesehatan
Dll.
batas wilayah
administrasi.
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Lanjutan…
4) Adanya interaksi hulu-hilir sehingga perlu koordinasi , permasalahan
PDAS seringkali harus diselesaikan lintas bagian dan harus lintas
sektor.
t0
Hulu
t1
Hulu Tengah
t2
Tengah Hilir t3
Hilir
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Tujuan Pengelolaan DAS Terpadu
1. Terwujudnya kondisi tata air
DAS yang optimal meliputi
jumlah, kualitas dan distribusi
ruang dan waktu.
2. Terwujudnya kondisi lahan yang
produktif sesuai daya dukung
dan daya tampung DAS.
3. Terwujudnya peningkatan
kesejahteraan masyarakat.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF
RUNOFF
• Peak Discharge
• Time Variation of Runoff - Hydrograph
• Stage versus Discharge for Stream
Channels
• Total Volume of Runoff
• Frequency of Runoff - Statistics
• Return Period
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RUNOFF
• Excess rainfall is the rainfall remaining after all
of the hydrologic abstractions have been
subtracted. Excess rainfall becomes runoff and
eventually streamflow.
• A hydrograph is a curve describing the variation
of discharge with time as a result of a storm.
The main features are the rising and falling
limbs, the peak and the base duration.
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RUNOFF
• The most important characteristics of
runoff are: peak discharge, total runoff
volume, and frequency of peak flows.
• The peak discharge (peak flow) is the
maximum flow a given point as a result of
a storm.
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EFFECT OF BASIN
CHARACTERISTICS
• In addition to the spatial and temporal
characteristics of rainfall, the physical
features of the watershed also control the
shape of the runoff hydrograph.
• •Factors affecting the hydrograph include:
drainage area, slope, roughness, storage,
drainage density, channel length, and
antecedent moisture conditions.
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EFFECT OF BASIN
CHARACTERISTICS
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BASIN EFFECTS
Flow in cfs
Time in hours
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Drainage Area - Watershed Area
• The drainage area of a basin is the single
most important factor affecting the
magnitude of peak flows.
• In general, a large drainage area implies a
large peak flow; however, urbanization can
modify this behavior.
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Slope
• In general, mild slopes produce less runoff
volume and smaller peaks
• The slope of the terrain affects the total runoff
volume. If the slope is mild, the velocity of
overland flow will be low and there will be more
time for water to infiltrate thereby reducing the
amount reaching the stream.
• The slope of the channel affects the magnitude
of the peak and the duration of runoff. A steep
channel produces greater velocities and allows
faster removal of the runoff from the watershed;
therefore, shorter times to peak take place.
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Slope
• The slope of the channel affects the
magnitude of the peak and the duration of
runoff. A steep channel produces greater
velocities and allows faster removal of the
runoff from the watershed; therefore,
shorter times to peak take place.
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Roughness
• Roughness affects the velocity of overland
flow and stream flow. A rough channel will
cause smaller peaks than a smooth
channel.
• For a given discharge, stage levels (water
surface elevations) in a stream are higher
for rough channels.
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Storage
• Storage can take place within the streambed,
flood plains, marshes, lakes, or in artificial
features such as stormwater management
facilities and reservoirs. Storage also takes
place in the impoundments created upstream of
road crossings (e.g., bridges, and culverts).
• In general, storage reduces and delays peaks
and increases the duration of runoff.
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Storage
• The total runoff volume may be reduced
by the increased effect of abstractions.
For instance, a reservoir provides a large
surface area exposed to evaporation and
may retain a portion of the runoff in the
permanent pool volume.
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Drainage Density
• The drainage density is a measure of the total
length of well defined channels that drain the
watershed (sometimes measured as the blue
lines representing the streams on a topographic
map).
• Drainage density is defined as the sum of the
lengths of all of the channels (km or miles)
divided by the total watershed area (km2 or ft2).
This ratio can be determined from topographical
maps.
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Drainage Density
• Drainage density affects the response of the
watershed to rainfall. High densities usually
allow fast runoff removal. Therefore, greater
peaks and hydrographs with shorter durations
are expected for watersheds with higher
drainage densities.
• The effect of drainage density on runoff volume
is associated with the time during which the
runoff remains in the watershed. Low densities
allow for long residence times; therefore,
abstraction mechanisms have more time to
remove water.
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Drainage Density
• Drainage density can be increased by
urbanization. Because of the faster
response facilitated by high densities, the
frequency distribution of streamflow
approximately follows that of precipitation
events.
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Channel Length
• The effective length of a channel depends on
flow magnitude. Large flows overtop the banks
and fill the floodplain whose length is usually
shorter than that of the meandering streambed.
• A long drainage channel usually indicates a long
runoff removal time. Therefore, longer channels
cause a response to rainfall slower than for
shorter channels.
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Channel Length
• Long channels also cause more
attenuation of peaks due to storage and
hydraulic roughness. Consequently, long
channels cause low peaks and
hydrographs of long duration.
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Antecedent Moisture
• Antecedent Moisture is the amount of
water present in the soil at the beginning
of a storm.
• If the moisture content of the soil is high,
more runoff will be produced because a
smaller amount of water is required to
saturate the soil.
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Other Factors
• Other special watershed conditions can affect
the distribution of runoff. Examples are channel
rerouting, vegetation type, hydraulic structures,
and urbanization.
• In summary, if the result is to facilitate runoff
removal, the effect will be increased peaks and
shorter hydrograph durations. If the result is to
slow the flow of runoff, the opposite effects will
take place.
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Surface Run-off & Limpasan (runoff)
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Limpasan (runoff)
1) Faktor meteorologi
Faktor yg berpengaruh terhadap limpasan terutama adalah
Karakteristik hujan meliputi :
- intensitas hujan
- durasi hujan
- distribusi curah hujan
2) Karakteristik DAS
Karakteristik DAS yg berpengaruh besar pd aliran permukaan
meliputi :
- luas dan bentuk DAS
- topografi
- tata guna lahan
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Sungai
• Suatu alur yang panjang di atas
permukaan bumi tempat mengalirnya air
yang berasal dari hujan disebut alur
sungai. Bagian yang senantiasa tersentuh
aliran air ini disebut alur sungai. Dan
perpaduan antara alur sungai dan aliran
air di dalamnya disebut sungai.
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Daerah Pengaliran
• Suatu daerah yang tertimpa hujan dan
kemudian air hujan ini menuju sebuah
sungai sehingga berperan sebagai sumber
air sungai tersebut dinamakan daerah
pengaliran sungai dan batas antara dua
daerah pengaliran sungai yang
berdampingan disebut batas daerah
pengaliran -> dibatasi oleh punggung
pegunungan.
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Pengaruh bentuk DAS terhadap debit puncak
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Pengaruh bentuk DAS terhadap bentuk hidrograf
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Luas DAS
• Debit puncak untuk setiap satuan DAS
akan lebih besar pada DAS dengan luas
kecil. Hal ini dapat disebabkan faktor
losses dan reduksi yang umumnya lebih
besar pada DAS yang luas. Misal akibat
adanya danau atau rawa.
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Topografi
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Peta Kemiringan Lereng
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Geologi
• Pengaruh faktor geologi pada DAS terutama
menyangkut besarnya laju infiltrasi dan evaporasi. Pada
DAS dengan kondisi geologi yang menunjukkan sifat
tanah yang rapat, nilai infiltrasi akan kecil, sehingga
pada waktu terjadi hujan akan menyebabkan adanya
aliran permukaan yang besar. Sebaliknya pada DAS
dimana struktur tanah dan batuannya mempunyai sifat
permeabilitas yang besar, jumlah air hujan yang
terinfiltrasi akan cukup besar sehingga akan mengurangi
potensi aliran permukaan yang terjadi akibat hujan.
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Peta Jenis Tanah
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Pengaruh kerapatan jaringan kuras
terhadap debit puncak
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Tataguna lahan
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Peta Penggunaan Lahan
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