vii

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL.............................................................................. i
HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN DOSEN PEMBIMBING SKRIPSI.. ii
HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN DAN PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI....... iii
MOTTO DAN PERSEMBAHAN........................................................ iv
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................ v
DAFTAR ISI.......................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL.................................................................................. x
DAFTAR GRAFIK................................................................................ xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR.............................................................................. xii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN.......................................................................... xiii
ABSTRAK.............................................................................................. xv
ABSTRACT............................................................................................ xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN...................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang............................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah.......................................................... 4
1.3 Batasan Masalah............................................................ 5
1.4 Tujuan Penelitian........................................................... 6
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian......................................................... 6

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA.......................................................... 7

2.1 Deskripsi Teoritis........................................................... 7
2.1.1 Model Pembelajaran...................................................... 7
2.1.2 Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah.................................... 10
2.1.2.1 Pengertian Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah................. 10
2.1.2.2 Langkah-langkah Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah....... 11
2.1.3 Keteramplian Pemecahan Masalah................................ 13
2.1.3.1 Pengertian Keterampilan Pemecahan Masalah.............. 13
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2.1.3.2 Hakikat Memecahkan Masalah ....................................... 16

2.2 Hasil Penelitian yang Relevan ....................................... 20
2.3 Materi Pokok Larutan Penyangga .................................. 21
2.3.1 Pengertian dan Sifat Larutan Penyangga ........................ 21
2.3.2. Komposisi larutan Penyangga ......................................... 22
2.3.2.1. Sistem Penyangga Asam ................................................. 22
2.3.2.2. Sistem Penyangga Basa................................................... 23
2.3.3. Prinsip Kerja Larutan Penyangga.................................... 24
2.3.4. pH Larutan Penyangga .................................................... 26
2.3.4.1. pH Larutan Penyangga dari Asam Lemah dan Basa
Konjugasinya .................................................................. 26
2.3.4.2. pH Larutan Penyangga dari Basa Lemah dan Asam
Konjugasinya .................................................................. 28
2.3.5. Larutan Penyangga dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hari .......... 30
2.3.5.1. Larutan Penyangga dalam Darah .................................... 30
2.3.5.2. Larutan Penyangga dalam Air Ludah ............................. 32
2.3.5.3. Larutan Penyangga dalam Industri.................................. 32
2.3.5.4. Larutan Penyangga dalam Farmasi ................................. 32
2.4. Kerangka Berpikir ........................................................... 32
2.5. Pengajuan Hipotesis ........................................................ 34

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ....................................................... 35

3.1. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ........................................ 35

3.2. Desain Penelitian ............................................................. 35
3.3. Variabel Penelitian .......................................................... 36
3.4. Subjek Penelitian............................................................. 36
3.4.1. Populasi.............................................................. ............. 36
3.4.2. Sampel............................................................... .............. 37
3.5. Prosedur Penelitian.......................................................... 37
3.5.1. Tahap Persiapan .............................................................. 38
3.5.2. Tahap Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran ................................... 39
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3.5.3 Tahap Evaluasi ................................................................ 39

3.6. Teknik Pengumpulan Data .............................................. 40
3.6.1. Data Penelitian ................................................................ 40
3.6.2. Instrumen Penelitian........................................................ 40
3.7. Uji Coba Instrumen ......................................................... 41
3.7.1. Uji Validitas .................................................................... 41
3.7.2. Uji Reliabilitas ................................................................ 42
3.8. Teknik Analisis Data ....................................................... 44
3.8.1. Uji Normalitas ................................................................. 44
3.8.2. Uji Homogenitas ............................................................. 45
3.8.3. Uji Hipotesis ................................................................... 46

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN .............................................................. 54

4.1 Hasil Uji Coba Instrumen................................................ 54

4.1.1 Uji Validitas .................................................................... 54
4.1.2 Uji reliabilitas .................................................................. 54
4.2 Pelaksanaan Penelitian .................................................... 55
4.3 Data Hasil Penelitian ....................................................... 56
4.4 Uji Normalitas Hasil Keterampilan Pemecahan
Masalah ........................................................................... 57
4.5 Uji Homogenitas Varians Hasil Keterampilan Pemecahan
Masalah ........................................................................... 57
4.6 Uji Hipotesis dan analisis perbedaan tiap indikator ........ 58

BAB V PEMBAHASAN ......................................................................... 61

BAB VI PENUTUP ................................................................................. 83

6.1 Kesimpulan ..................................................................... 83

6.2 Saran ................................................................................ 83

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................. 85