Kata Pengantar

Puji syukur penulis ucapkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat-
Nya sehingga penulis mampu menyelesaikan buku mata kuliah ilmu
lingkungan yang tujuan dari disusunnya buku ini adalah untuk memenuhi
syarat mata kuliah ilmu lingkungan.

Tersusunnya buku ini tentu bukan dari usaha penulis seorang. Dukungan
moral dan material dari berbagai pihak sangatlah membantu tersusunnya
buku ini. Untuk itu, penulis ucapkan terima kasih kepada ibu Dr.Sri Dwi
Astuti M.si, keluarga, sahabat, rekan-rekan, dan pihak-pihak lainnya yang
membantu secara moral dan material bagi tersusunnya buku ini.

Buku yang tersusun sekian lama ini tentu masih jauh dari kata sempurna.
Untuk itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat diperlukan agar buku
ini bisa lebih baik nantinya.

Surakarta , 1 Desember 2019

Penulis

i
 Persembahan

Dengan menyucapkan syukur Alhamdulillah, kupersembahkan sebuah

buku karyaku ini untuk :

 Bapak dan ibu tercinta, motivator terbesar dalam hidupku yang tak
pernah jemu mendo’akan dan menyayangiku, atas semua
pengorbanan dan kesabaran mengantarku sampai kini.Tak pernah
cukup ku membalas cinta bapak ibu kepadaku,
 Ibu Dr. Sri Dwiastuti, M,si selaku dosen pengampu mata kuliah ilmu
lingkungan yang telah membimbing dalam menyelesaikan tugas ini.
 Teman-teman prodi pendidikan biologi yang tidak dapat saya
sebutkan satu persatu namanya.

ii
Kata Pengantar ....................................................................................... i
Halaman persembahan........................................................................... ii
Daftar Isi ................................................................................................. iii

BAB 1 Pentingnya Ilmu Lingkungan ................................................... 1

1. Isu lingkungan menjadi kepentingan Internasional....................... 2
2. Masalah lingkungan muncul akibat pembangunan ...................... 3
3. Peningkatan pencemaran secara eksplosif .................................. 4
4. Kebutuhan akan sebuah solusi alternative ................................... 5
5. Kebutuhan untuk menyelamatkan manusia dari kepunahan........ 5
6. Kebutuhan untuk kebijaksanaan perencanaan pembangunan .... 5
7. Laporan misra .............................................................................. 5
Daftar Pustaka ............................................................................. 7

BAB 2 Permasalahan lingkungan hidup ............................................. 8

A. Permasalahan lingkungan global ................................................. 9
Pertumbuhan penduduk tidak merata .......................................... 9
Perubahan cuaca global .............................................................. 11
B. Permasalahan Lingkungan Indonesia .......................................... 12
Kawasan pertanian ..................................................................... 13
Kawasan hutan ............................................................................ 14
Kawasan pesisir laut .................................................................... 15
Kawasan perkotaan ..................................................................... 16
Penurunan keaneka ragaman hayati ........................................... 17
Daftar pustaka .............................................................................. 20

BAB 3 Pendekatan berbasis saintifik dan kontekstual dalam ilmu

lingkungan .................................................................................. 21
Makna pendekatan saintifik .......................................................... 22
Penerapan pendekatan saintifik ................................................... 23
Pengertian model pembelajaran kontektual ................................. 25
Karakteristik model pembelajaran kontekstual ............................. 26
Daftar pustaka .............................................................................. 27

BAB 4 Asas-asas ilmu lingkungan ...................................................... 32

Asas 1 .......................................................................................... 33
Asas 2 .......................................................................................... 35
Asas 3 .......................................................................................... 36
Asas 4 .......................................................................................... 37
Asas 5 .......................................................................................... 38
Asas 6 .......................................................................................... 39
Asas 7 .......................................................................................... 39
Asas 8 .......................................................................................... 41
Asas 9 .......................................................................................... 42
Asas 10 ........................................................................................ 42
Asas 11 ........................................................................................ 43

iii
 Asas 12 ........................................................................................ 43
Asas 13 ........................................................................................ 44
Asas 14 ........................................................................................ 45
Daftar Pustaka ............................................................................. 45

BAB 5 Atmosfer .................................................................................... 47

A. Pengantar ............................................................................... 48
B. Uraian materi .......................................................................... 48
1. Unsur-unsur Udara ............................................................ 48
2. Struktur Vertikal Atmosfer.................................................. 53
Troposfer ........................................................................... 53
Stratosfir ............................................................................ 53
Termosfer .......................................................................... 53
3. Dentinitas termopause sangat kecil ................................... 54
4. Contoh fenomena lapisan atmosfer................................... 55
Pelangi .............................................................................. 55
Aurora................................................................................ 56
Diamon Dust...................................................................... 57
Halo ................................................................................... 57
Sundog .............................................................................. 57
Perhelic Circle ................................................................... 58
Fatamorgana ..................................................................... 59
Daftar pustaka ................................................................... 60

BAB 6 LITHOSFER .............................................................................. 61

A. Pengantar ............................................................................... 62
B. Uraian materi
1. Senyawa yang terkandung dalam kulit bumi ..................... 63
2. Susunan lapisan kulit bumi secara vertical ........................ 64
3. Pergerakan kerak bumi ..................................................... 65
4. Proges terbentuknya gunung ............................................ 66
5. Siklus batuan ..................................................................... 67
6. Faktor yang mempengaruhi sifat tanah ............................. 68
7. Perkembangan tanah ........................................................ 69
Daftar pustaka ................................................................... 70

BAB 7 HIDROSFER ............................................................................ 71

A. Pengertian Hidrosfer ............................................................... 72
1. Siklus pendek .................................................................... 72
2. sedang............................................................................. 73
3. Siklus panjang ................................................................... 73
B. Perairan darat ......................................................................... 74
1. Sungai ............................................................................... 74
a. Jenis-jenis sungai ........................................................ 75
b. Pola aliran sungai ........................................................ 77
c. Profil Sungai................................................................. 78

iv
 d. Manfaat sungai ............................................................ 79
2. Danau ................................................................................. 79
3. Rawa .................................................................................. 83
4. Air tanah ............................................................................. 84
C. Perairan laut ........................................................................... 86
1.Klasifikasi perairaan laut ...................................................... 87
2.Gerakaan air laut ................................................................. 90
3.Batas landas kontinen, laut territorial dan ZEE .................... 93
D.Manfaat air bagi kehidupan ..................................................... 95
Daftar pustaka ........................................................................ 97

BAB 8 BIOSFER ................................................................................. 98

A. Pengertian biosfer ................................................................. 99
B. Sebaran flora dan fauna di dunia .........................................101
Sebaran flora di dunia ..........................................................101
a. Bioma hutan hujan tropis ........................................101
b. Bioma hutan gugur ..................................................102
c. Bioma taiga .............................................................103
d. Bioma sabana .........................................................104
e. Bioma stepa ............................................................105
f. Bioma gurun ...........................................................106
g. Bioma tundra...........................................................107
Sebaran fauna di dunia ........................................................107
a. Wilayah neartik .......................................................108
b. Wilayah Neotropik ...................................................109
c. Wilayah paleartik .....................................................110
d. Wilayah Ethiopian ...................................................111
e. Wilayah oriental ......................................................111
f. Wilayah Australian ..................................................112
C. Sebaran flora dan fauna di Indonesia ...................................112
Sebaran flora di Indonesia....................................................113
a. Hutan hujan tropis ...................................................113
b. Hutan musim ...........................................................114
c. Hutan bakau............................................................114
d. Sabana....................................................................115
e. Stepa.......................................................................115
Sebaran fauna di Indonesia..................................................116
a. Tipe Asiatic .............................................................116
b. Tipe Australis ..........................................................116
c. Tipe peralihan .........................................................116
Daftar pustaka ......................................................................117

BAB 9 INTERAKSI MANUSIA DENGAN LINGKUNGAN DAN

DAMPAKNYA .........................................................................118
A. Pengantar .............................................................................119
B. Uraian materi ........................................................................120

v
 1. Pencemaran tanah ..........................................................120
2. Pencemaran air ..............................................................121
3. Pencemaran udara .........................................................122
4. Pencemaran suara ..........................................................122
Kerusakan hutaan ................................................................122
1. Terganggunya sistem hidrologis .....................................123
2. Hilangnya biodervisitas ...................................................123
3. Kemiskinan dan kerugian secara ekonomis ....................123
4. Perubahan iklim dan pemanasan global .........................124
5. Kerusakan ekosistem darat maupun ..............................125
6. Abrasi pantai ...................................................................126
7. Intrusi air laut ..................................................................127
8. Hilangnya budaya masyarakat ........................................126
Daftar Pustaka ................................................................127

BAB 10 SUMBER DAYA ALAM ...........................................................128

A. Pengantar .............................................................................129
B. Klasifikasi sumber daya alam ...............................................129
a. Berdasarkan sifatnya ......................................................129
b. Berdasarkan potensinya .................................................130
c. Berdasarkan jenisnya......................................................131
C. Konsep pengelolaan sumber daya alam ..............................131
D. Permasalahan terkait SDA ...................................................132
1.Permasalahan terkait SDA ................................................133
2. Permasalahan lingkungan ................................................134
E. Sumber daya alam dan perekonomian Indonesia .................135
Daftar Pustaka ......................................................................137

BAB 11 TEORI TEORI PERILAKU MANUSIA DALAM

PENGELOLAAN LINGKUGAN ..............................................138
1. Teori antroposentrisme .......................................................139
2. Teori biosentrisme...............................................................140
3. Teori ekosentrisme..............................................................140
4. Teori ekofinisme ..................................................................140
5. Teori holistic ........................................................................141
6. Teori agrofrorestri................................................................141
7. Terasering ...........................................................................142
Daftar pustaka .....................................................................143

BAB 12 ETIKA LINGKUNGAN .............................................................144

A. Pengantar ...........................................................................145
1. Antroposentrisme...........................................................146
2. Biosentrisme dan ekosentrisme .....................................146
B. Pandangan manusia terhadap lingkungan ..........................147
C. Pengertian/hakekat manusia dengan lingkungan ...............152
1.Paham determinisme .......................................................153

vi
 D. Jenis-jenis etika lingkungan .................................................153
a. Etika ekologi dangkal ......................................................153
b. Etika ekologi dalam .........................................................154
E. Prinsip etika lingkungan .......................................................155
F.Perilaku manusia terhadap lingkungan hidup ........................156
G.Unsur eka atau moral lingkungan .........................................161
H.Penerapan etika lingkungan hidup ........................................162
Lingkungan keluarga ............................................................162
Lingkungaan sekolah ...........................................................163
Lingkungan masyarakat .......................................................164
Daftar pustaka ......................................................................165

BAB 13 PENILAIAN RISIKO LINGKUNGAN .......................................166

Analisis resiko Lingkungan .......................................................167
Risiko Lingkungan ....................................................................168
Indeks Kualitas lingkungan hidup .............................................169
Metode penilaian risiko lingkungan ..........................................169
Hazard idenification ..............................................................170
Expossure Assesment ..........................................................170
Qonsequence assessment ...................................................172
Risk evaluation .....................................................................172
Daftar pustaka ..........................................................................173

BAB 14 PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN ....................................174

Konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan .......................................175
Indikator pembangunan berkelanjutan .....................................176
a. Keberlanjutan ekologis ........................................................176
b. Keberlanjutan ekonomi .......................................................177
c. Keberlanjutan ekonomi sektoral ..........................................177
d. Keberlanjutan politik ............................................................178
e. Keberlanjutan pertahanan keamanan .................................178
Konsep dan prinsip pembangunan kota berkelanjutan .............179
Daftar Pustaka ..........................................................................180

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..............................................................................181

GLOSARIUM .........................................................................................187

vii