Simple Cubic
Coherent Scattering
Unit Cell (UC) is representative of the crystal structure
Scattered waves from various atoms in the UC interfere to create the
diffraction pattern
DIFRAKSI KRISTAL
dan KISI RESIPROK
Rita Prasetyowati 3/7/2012
The wave scattered from the middle plane is out of phase with the
ones scattered from top and bottom planes
2
Tujuan
Menentukan/mempelajari struktur kristal secara eksperimen
Sinar-x
DIFRAKSI SINAR X
Difraksi dapat memastikan stuktur atomik dari kristal dan
mengambarkan tiga dimensi susunan sesungguhnya atom
atom itu.
Contoh kristal NaCl :
Dua Dimensi
Tiga Dimensi
8
Difraksi Sinar-X
Ray 1
Ray 2
d
Syarat Bragg
Vprim = a1. a 2x a 3
18
k0 : vektor gelombang
datang
k : vektor gelombang
hambur
s : vektor hamburan
syarat Bragg dalam ungkapan vektor hamburan dan vektor dalam kisi resiprok.
Ray 1 = R1 R1'
Ray 3 = R3 R3'
B A
x
R S
Ray 2 = R2 B R2'
d(h00)
M N a
(h00) plane
C
Unit Cell
a
AC d h 00
h
MCN :: AC ::
RBS :: AB :: x
AB x x
AC a
h
R R MCN 2d h 00 Sin ( )
1 2
2
AB x
R R RBS 2
1 3
AC a
h
2 x x x
R R 2 h f ractionalcoordinate x R R 2 h x
1 3
a a a
1 3
Note: R1is from corner atoms and R 3is from atoms in additional positions in UC
In complex notation
2 ( h x k y l z ) E Ae fe i i [2 ( h x k y l z )]
Structure factor is independent of the shape and size of the unit cell
If the UC distorts so do the planes in it!!
Structure factor calculations 1)
A Atom at (0,0,0) and equivalent positions e ( odd n ) i 1
e ( even n ) i 1
ni
e e ni
ei e i
Cos ( )
2
i j i[2 ( h x j k y j l z j )]
F fj e fj e
F f ei[2 ( h 0 k 0 l 0)] f e 0 f
F2 f 2
F is independent of the scattering plane (h k l)
B C- centred Orthorhombic
Atom at (0,0,0) & (½, ½, 0) and equivalent positions
i j i[2 ( h x j k y j l z j )]
F fj e fj e
1 1
i[2 ( h k l 0)]
F f ei[2 ( h 0 k 0l 0)] f e 2 2
h k
i[ 2 ( )]
f e0 f e 2
f [1 ei ( h k ) ]
Real
F 2f F2 4 f 2
i ( h k ) e.g. (001), (110), (112); (021), (022), (023)
F f [1 e ]
F 0 F2 0
e.g. (100), (101), (102); (031), (032), (033)
F f [1 e i ( h k ) e i ( k l ) e i ( l h ) ]
(h, k, l) mixed F 0 F2 0
e.g. (100), (211); (210), (032), (033)
Two odd and one even (e.g. 112); two even and one odd (e.g. 122)
Mixed indices Two odd and one even (e.g. 112); two even and one odd (e.g. 122)
Mixed indices CASE h k l
A o o e
B o e e