TRANSPORTASI DARAT
ENERGI
NEXT
BACK
CO
HC CO
NOx C
SO2
CO2 HC
Pb Pb
CO2 C
NOx
Asap Asap
SO2
BACK
• Kecelakaan fatal pertama di London Nov 1896
pada kecepatan 15km/jam
• “It will never happen again”
• Saat ini 1,5 juta mati, 15 juta luka/tahun, setengahnya
di Asia-Pasifik
• Trend kematian:
–Eropa -5%,
–Afrika +15%,
–Asia pasifik +95%
• Kerugian ekonomi BESAR: 2 - 4 % GNP
• Isu global dan serius, masalah kesehatan (WHO)
KECELAKAAN…
• 1 % merupakan kecelakaan murni (nasib):
ketika semua sistem telah ideal!
• 99 % disebabkan satu atau lebih faktor ‘gagal’
INFRASTRUKTUR
4%
6,4%
34,8%
4%
6,4%
Kendaraan (8%)
1,6%
2,6%
4%
0,4%
Tidak
Mengalami
Mengalami
KECELAKAAN:
Pemiskinan
37,50%
Pemiskinan Dampak Terhadap
62,50%
Kesejahteraan
PARAMETER FUNGSI
PERTUMBUHAN f (jumlah moda, penduduk, ekonomi, waktu)
KONSUMSI f (type & jenis moda, kapasitas mesin, load, jarak tempuh, efisiensi)
INTENSITAS f (konsumsi energi, aktivitas)
ELASTISITAS f (pertumbuhan konsumsi energi, pertumbuhan PDB (PDRB))
EFISIENSI f (optimasi konsumsi, pemakaian energi)
14
200
150
100
50
0
9 98 9 99 0 00 0 01 0 02 0 03 0 04 0 05 0 06 0 07 0 08
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
BACK
SOLUSI
WP29
GRRF Working Party on Brakes and Running Gear
HC g/km
1.0
TWC(13R)
OBD 0.5
EM 2O2S S<150 ppm
Euro2
TWC(13R)
EM OBD
Euro3
S<50 ppm
2O2S
Euro4
3 2 1 0 0.5 1.0
CO NOx
S/C(7R) TWC(9R)
Source : JAMA
DIESEL ENGINE PASSENGER TECH.
VS EMISSION REGULATION
IP S<500 ppm
EGR
EM
0.5
OC
Euro2
CR S<350 ppm
EGR
EM Euro3
OC Euro4
CO 3 NOx
2 1 0 0.5 1.0
CR S<50 ppm 0.05
EGR
EM
0.10
OC
0.15
EM =EXHAUST MANIFOLD IP= Injection Pump
VE =INJECTION PUMP CR =COMMON RAIL PM Source : JAMA
DIESEL ENGINE HEAVY DUTY TECH.
VS EMISSION REGULATION
TYPICAL SYSTEM HC g/kWh
IP 1.0
Euro1
ESC
Euro3 ETC
Euro2
IP S<500 ppm
EGR Euro3 Euro4
0.5
OC CO NOx
6 4 2 0 5 10
CR S<50 ppm 0.1
EGR 0.2
0.3
OC 0.4
(Diesel Particulate NOx Reduction) PM
Source : JAMA
VEHICLE POWER CLASSIFICATION
VEHICLE
POWER
INTERNAL
ELECTRIC HYDROGEN
COMBUSTION
ENGINE
MOTOR FUEL CELL
ROTARY RECIPROCATING
HYBRID ENGINE
ENGINE ENGINE
NEXT
2 STROKE 4 STROKE
FUEL EFFICIENCY TECNOLOGY DEVELOMENT
PRIUS 2001
Hybrid Car
50
PRIUS 1997
Vehicle Efficiency (Km/ liter)
30
HIGHLANDER
CAMRY 2006
20 2003
Conventional Car
10
O2 CnH2n+2
(Fuel)
Fire/Heat
PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI
PADA MESIN KBM
• SISTEM BAHAN BAKAR
– Bensin : EFI, MPI, GDI
– Diesel : EDC, UIP, UP, Common Rail
• SISTEM PENGAPIAN
– Electronic spark advancer (ESA)
– Intelligent Dual & Sequential Ignition (i-DS)
• SISTEM PEMASUKAN BAHAN BAKAR
– Turbo charger, Turbo intercooler, compressor
– Variabel geometric turbo
PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI
PADA MESIN KBM
• PERUBAHAN KONSTRUKSI MESIN
– Pembaruan sistem mekanisme katup : VVL (variable valve lift),
VVT (variable valve timing), MIVEC (Mitsubishi Innovative Valve
timing Electronic Control system), VVT-i, VANOS, dan VITEC
– HLA (hidraulic lash adjuster)
– ACIS (Acoustic Control Induction System)
– Stratified Charge Combustion = CVCC (compound vortex
controlled combustion)
– TGP (turbulence generating port)
– Hino Micro Mixing System
• PENGENDALIAN EMISI
– Catalitic converter
– Diesel particulat trap
– Exhaust Gas Re circulating (EGR)
PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI KEMUDI, REM
DAN SUSPENSI
• SISTEM KEMUDI
– Sistem Kemudi Power Steering
– Electric Power Steering (EPS)
– Sistem Kemudi 4 roda
• SISTEM REM
– Anli lock brake sistem (ABS)
– Collision Warning with Full Auto Brake (CWAB)
– Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)
– Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)
– Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM)
– Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD)
– Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
– TCS (Traction Control System)
PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI KEMUDI, REM
DAN SUSPENSI
• SISTEM SUSPENSI
– Front Suspension : MacPerson strut, Double
wishbone, multi link suspension system
– Rear Suspension : strut type, semi trailing, trailing
arm, axle beam type with panhard rod, coupled
torsion beam type, multi link beam axle system,
double wishbone, multi link system, 4 link system,
5 link system
– Active body control
PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI
SISTEM PEMINDAH TENAGA
• KOPLING (Clutch)
– Kopling hydraulic (torque converter)
• TRANSMISI
– Hydraulic Automatic transmission
– Continously variabel transmission (CVT)
• DIFFERENTIAL (Gardan)
– Interaxle Differential
• PROPELER SHAFT
• FRONT AND REAR AXLE
PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM BAHAN BAKAR
FUEL SYSTEM
GASOLINE DIESEL
FUEL SYSTEM FUEL SYSTEM
GDI
UNIT INJECTION
ELEKTRONIK IN-LINE
PUMP
MEKANIS -
UNIT PUMP
ELEKTRONIK
COMMONRAIL
BACK
KARBURATOR
KARBURATOR
BACK
LPG Conversion
FUEL SYSTEM
FUEL INJECTION
Injeksi EFI
(Injeksi K) (L - Jetronik) (Injeksi EF)
Injektor membuka terus Injektor membuka se- cara Injeksi K yang memakai unit
menerus pada tekanan elektromagnetis yang diatur pengontrol elektronika
tertentu oleh unit pengontrol
elektronika
BACK
FUEL SYSTEM
ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM (EFI)
FUEL SYSTEM
FUEL SYSTEM
FUEL SYSTEM
BACK
FUEL SYSTEM
GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION SYSTEM (GDI)
BACK
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
BACK
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
CONVENTIONAL INJECTION SYSTEM
BACK
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
ELECTRONIC DIESEL CONTRO (EDC)
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
1. Relay
2. Pedal kopling
3. Pedal Gas
4. Pedal Rem
5. Indikator lamp
6. Tachometer
7. EDIC Control Lamp
8. Diagnosis Lamp
9. PC diagnosis
10. Water temp sensor
11. Air temp sensor
12. Turbo sensor
13. Crankshaft sensor
14. Injector
15. Fuel Stopper valve
16. Governor
17. ABS
18. Retarder
19. Exhaust brake
20. Optic cruise
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
1. Cam shaft
2. Roller tappet
3. High pressure cylinder
4. Injector
5. Pressure line
6. Suction chamber
7. Unit pump solenoid
8. Pump unit head
9. High pressure
chamber
10. Pump plunger
11. High pressure line
12. Valve body
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
DIESEL FUEL SYSTEM
COMMONRAIL DIESEL INJECTION
SYSTEM (CDI)
Rail Pressure Pressure
Sensor Regulator Valve
High Pressure
Fuel
Injector
High Pressure
Pump (secondary)
Cam Boost Air
BACK ECU Shaft Pressure temperature
Crank shaft
Speed Acceleration Atmospheric Air Mass
PERUBAHAN KONSTRUKSI MESIN
1) OHV (Overhead Valve) 2) OHC (Overhead Camshaft)
Valve
Piston
Connecting rod
Crank shaft
Cam shaft
VALVE MECHANISM
BACK
ENGINE COMPONENT
3) Multi-valve systems
PENGENDALIAN PROSES PEMBAKARAN
(Stratified Charge Combustion )
BACK
PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PEMASUKAN UDARA
TURBO INTERCOOLER
BACK
PENGENDALIAN EMISI
(catalytic converter)
PENGENDALIAN EMISI
(catalytic converter)
PENGENDALIAN EMISI
(Particulate Filter)
PENGENDALIAN EMISI
(Diesel Particulate Filter)
PENGENDALIAN EMISI
(Diesel Air Injection System)
PENGENDALIAN PROSES PEMBAKARAN
(Exhaust Gas Re circulating - EGR)