Penanggung Jawab :
dr. Moh Adib Khumaidi SpOT
Dewan Pengarah :
dr. Ulul Albab SpOG
Dr. dr. Beni Satria, MKes, SH, MH
Alamat Kantor :
Sekretariat PB IDI
Jalan Jl. Dr. GSSJ Ratulangi
No.29, RT.2/RW.3, Gondangdia,
Kec. Menteng, Kota Jakarta Pusat,
Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
Edisi 5
10350
Email : swaradokter@gmail.com
Guarantor:
dr. Moh Adib Khumaidi SpOT
TABLE OF
Advisory boards:
dr. Ulul Albab SpOG
Dr. dr. Beni Satria, MKes, SH, MH
CONTENT
Editor-in-chief/ 1. Editorial: “New Medical Ethics
managing editor:
dr. Muhammad Shoifi SpOT(K)
for the Future World
oleh : dr. Muhammad Shoifi., SpOT (K)
DIRGAHAYU
REPUBLIK INDONESIA
KE-77
EDITORIAL
Noun : moral principles Etika adalah nilai yang semula bersifat personal
that govern a person's kemudian menjadi nilai yang mengikat secara lebih
behavior or the universal kepada para dokter. Etika ini kemudian
conducting of an activity dirumuskan dan dibakukan. Semua dokter tanpa
kecuali sebagai penyedia layanan kedokteran
IIstilah etika medis perta- kepada para pasiennya terikat dengan norma ini.
ma kali diungkapkan oleh Bermula dari para murid Pythagoras melihat perilaku
Thomas Percival, seorang para penyembuh saat itu mulai abai terhadap
dokter asal Manchester nilai-nilai baik sehingga muncul “public distrust” di
Inggris dalam bukunya masyarakat. Kemudian Hippocrates seorang filosof
Etika Medis tahun 1803, namun banyak juga sejar- Yunani berhasil meletakkan dasar bagi sumpah
awan yang berpendapat bahwa “etika medis” telah dokter dan etika kedokteran.
menjadi bagian penting dan tak terpisahkan dari prak-
tek pengobatan berabad lamanya. Sejarah pengobat- Tahun 1947 setelah lebih dari 2300 tahun
an sendiri telah ada sejak peradaban manusia terben- pasca Hippocrates, World Medical Association
tuk, sebagai bagian dari upaya mempertahankan (WMA) memperbarui Sumpah Dokter Hippocrates
eksistensi dan dorongan rasa “belas kasih”. Hubun- dengan beberapa penyempurnaan sehingga
gan timbal balik antara penderita yang sakit dan Sumpah Dokter dapat diterima secara universal dan
penyembuh seiring dengan waktu menjadi semakin menjadi acuan bagi dokter-dokter di hampir semua
kompleks. Seiring berkembangnya waktu, peradaban, negara di dunia. Sebagai kelanjutannya di tahun
relasi sosial serta ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi 1949 WMA merumuskan Kode Etik Kedokteran
etika medis menjadi kosern yang sangat penting. untuk menjaga nilai kesusilaan dan harkat martabat
Ikatan yang sedari awal hanya dilandasi rasa saling profesi dokter agar dapat terjaga dengan baik.
percaya berkembang menjadi relasi professional, dari
“rasa iba/belas kasih” dimana dokter ditempatkan Peradaban yang terus berkembang menjadi
Juli 2022
sebagai “penyembuh” yang terpercaya/trusted menja- semakin modern dengan tuntutan dan kepentingan
di hubungan antara pasien yang membutuhkan jasa pasien yang semakin beragam maka norma dan
(konsumen) dan dokter sebagai penyedia layanan. standar etik pun berkembang tanpa bertentangan
Pada sisi ini dokter terikat setidaknya pada 2 aspek dengan prinsip dan standar moral yang telah disepa-
yakni kompetensi dan etika kedokteran. kati.
Edisi 5
Noun : moral principles tion are bound by this norm as medical service
that govern a person's providers to the patients. It started when Phytago-
behavior or the ras’ students saw healers who at that time were
conducting of an activi- creating public distrust by ignoring moral values.
ty. Hippocrates who was then a Greek philosopher
managed to land a foundation for the Hippocratic
The term medical ethics oath and medical ethics.
was first introduced by In 1947, more than 2300 years after Hippo-
Thomas Percival, a crates, the World Medical Association (WMA)
doctor from Manchester, revised the Hippocratic’s Oath with several
England in his book Medical Ethics in 1803. Howev- improvements so that it could be universally
er, many historians have argued that medical ethics accepted and become a reference for doctors in
has been an essential and inseparable part of medi- almost all countries in the world. This is done in
cal practices for centuries. The history of medicine order to preserve the moral value of doctors so
itself has existed since civilization was formed, as an that they can be maintained properly.
effort to preserve human existence and cultivate As civilizations continue to develop and become
empathy. The reciprocal relationship between the increasingly modern with increasingly diverse
sick and healer has become more complex as time demands and interests of patients; ethical norms
goes by. Over time, civilization, social relations, med- and standards need to develop without conflicting
ical ethics knowledge and technology have become with current moral principles and standards. This is
essential concerns. The bond that was originally certainly a challenge for doctors to formulate
based on trust evolves into professional relations, ethical standards that are in accordance with the
from a feeling of pity/compassion where a doctor era. The COVID-19 pandemic, Millennialism, and
was placed as a trusted healer into a relationship Industrial Revolution 4.0 brought the world into a
between patients who need service (consumer) and new era with an acceleration that was extremely
5th Edition July 2022
a doctor who acts as a service provider. On this side, different from the previous era. The world develops
doctors are bound by 2 aspects and those are com- so much faster than the preparedness of a doctor
petence and medical ethics. not to stutter in carrying out his profession, main-
Ethics was first considered as a personal value then taining a strong bond between professional and
became a universal value for doctors. Ethics was ethical behavior.
then formulated and standardized. All doctors with-
out excep-
konsultasi dan tindakan. Mereka menuntut dokter Lantas dari mana suplai finansial mereka? Ya dari
bersikap altruism : mudah didapat, mudah dimintai bantuan orang tua, tabungan, menjual sawah atau
bantuan dan ringan pembayarannya. ngutang. Menjadi dokter memang merupakan
perjalanan berat, berliku dan mengharukan. Kalau
Perjalanan Berliku mendengar ceritanya-ceritanya, dada kadang terasa
Perjalanan menjadi seorang dokter merupa- sesak.
Edisi 5
pendapatan dokter secara umum. Alasannya, jumlah kecukupan finansial, dokter akan sulit memperta-
dokter umum 3,3 kali lipat lebih banyak dibanding hankan dan meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keter-
dokter spesialis. Penghasilan ini pun diraup bukan ampilan, rentan mempertahankan integritas profe-
dengan duduk tenang-tenang saja. Mereka bekerja sionalnya serta sulit menjaga keseimbangan intelijen
keras dengan tanggung jawab yang tidak ringan. dan confidence. Kasarnya, tanpa kecukupan finansi-
Ada ahli radiologi yang mesti membaca ratusan foto al seorang dokter sulit menjaga dan mengembang-
Edisi 5
rontgen setiap hari; ada pula ahli bedah dan penyakit kan profesionalitasnya.
dalam yang harus menempuh jarak puluhan kilome-
ter setiap hari untuk menemui pasiennya.
DIRGAHAYU
REPUBLIK INDONESIA
KE-77
DOKTER
DIASPORA
EGYPT
Pertengahan tahun 2010 awal mula saya
menjadi mahasiswa Kedokteran Umum di salah satu
universitas swasta di Jakarta, Indonesia. Dan meru-
pakan awal perjalanan menempuh pendidikan di
tanah air sendiri. Perjalanan SD sampai SMA saya
tempuh di luar negeri, yaitu Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
karena mengikuti Orang tua yang bekerja di sana.
Untuk halnya dipermudah karena Ibu saya dikehendaki. Dan perlu melalui 3 tahapan ujian untuk
berpaspor Arab walau bukan paspor Mesir. Karena mendapatkan gelar. Sistem ujian berupa MCQ, Short
sistem Hospital based mengutamakan dokter Essay Question dan OSCE. Semua tahapan ujian
berbasis Arab agar tidak terjadi kendala dalam dalam berbahasa inggris dan mayoritas guidelines
berbahasa dan kultur. yang digunakan berdasarkan UK.
Dalam mengurus berkas saya mendapat
Edisi 5
Sebelum Masehi:
manife!o
pythagorean
Munculnya ide sumpah dokter diawali dari kegalauan
pengikut pythagoras pada perilaku dokter yang saat itu diang-
gapnya menyimpang. Perilaku tersebut antara lain: Lebih suka
melakukan euthanasia dengan racun daripada berupaya sung-
guh-sungguh menyembuhkan pasien, acap kali melakukan
aborsi, sering membocorkan rahasia kedokteran, suka melaku-
kan hal-hal tidak jujur, dan beberapa pelanggaran lainnya.
Akibatnya kepercayaan masyarakat waktu itu kepada para
dokter terdegradasi. Dalam rangka merebut kembali public
trust, pengikut pythagoras membuat sumpah
kepada dewa-dewi yang disebut mani-
festo pythagorean.
Setelah
Perang Dunia ke-II
Jauh, 2000 tahun setelah munculnya buah pemikiran pengikut Pythagoras dan Hipocrates, pada bulan Okto-
ber, tahun 1949, di London, WMA (World Medical Association) merumuskan Kode Etik guna memastikan agar
tatasusila terjaga dengan baik dan citra profesi yang mulia tidak tercederai. Tiap profesional di bidang amalan
perobatan diwajibkan untuk mematuhi poin-poin berikut: Tidak memanfaatkan superioritasnya untuk mendap-
atkan keuntungan finansial semata, tidak berkongsi dengan perusahaan farmasi atau perusahaan lain yang
dapat membelenggu kebebasan profesionalnya, tidak melakukan aborsi kecuali ada indikasi medis.
Disadur dari powerpoint berjudul Sejarah dan Perkembangan Kode Etik Profesi
karya Sofyan Dahlan, dr., Sp. F. dan powerpoint berjudul Sejarah Profesi dan
Etika Kedokteran di Dunia dan di Indonesia karya R. Sjamsuhidajat.
HISTORY OF
THE CODE
OF MEDICAL ETHICS
The evolution of medical ethics started for hundred years before the century.
Figures such as Hippocrates, Hammurabi, and Imhotep introduced ethics'
configuration involving theism in medical ethics scripture. At that time, curing
disease was done in some religious places, as it was a God-given disease,
although Hippocrates had already begun introducing principles of beneficence
and keeping patients' privacy.
BC:
Manife!o
Pythagorean
The idea of hippocratic oath was first started when a
Pythagoras' follower contemplated on a doctor’s behavior that he
found inappropriate. Those behavior include: performing euthana-
sia with toxins rather than sincerely try to treat the patient, often
performing abortion, disclosing medical confidentiality, performing
dishonest practices, and a few other violations.
As a result, the trust of the people began to wane. In order to
reclaim back public trust, the Pythagoras’ followers made an oath
to the Gods, this oath is called manifesto phytagorean.
Pandemi memang melahirkan issu kompleks diberb- Sebagian ethicist menganggap tindakan ini tidak etis
agai bidang, termasuk etik. Selama pandemi, konflik karena mengurangi peluang negara lain mendapat
terkait etik makin marak. Makin sering terjadi perten- jatah. Ethicist lain menganggap hal ini tidak keliru
tangan antara ahli etik (ethicist) satu dengan lainnya karena negara bersangkutan berupaya melindungi
terkait beragam issu pandemi. rakyatnya semaksimal mungkin. Kasus lain, saat ini
sejumlah negara cenderung ‘memaksakan’ program
Saat awal-awal pandemi, Rusia pernah memberikan vaksinasi. Meski tidak menggunakan istilah ‘manda-
vaksin Covid-19 kepada sekelompok penduduknya tory vaccine’, mereka melakukan pembatasan
padahal vaksin tersebut belum melewati fase 2 uji kegiatan dan sosial terhadap orang yang tidak
klinis. Sebagian ethicist menganggap hal tersebut divaksin. No vaccine, no mall and travel. Sebagian
tidak etis karena menabrak etika studi vaksin. ethicist menganggap ‘pemaksaan’ tersebut sebagai
Namun ethicist lain membenarkan program tersebut; pelanggaran etika individu. Sebagian lainnya dapat
Agu!us 2022
alasannya, Rusia hendak memberi perlindungan menerima karena ‘mandatory vaccine’ dianggap
secepatnya kepada rakyatnya. Disini terjadi bentur- satu-satunya cara untuk dapat keluar dari pandemi.
an etik; antara keinginan menyelamatkan penduduk
sesegera mungkin dengan keharusan melengkapi
Penulis:
syarat uji vaksin. Pada setting lain, akhir tahun 2020
Iqbal Mochtar
lalu sejumlah negara maju berlomba memborong
Edisi 5
individu. Dalam keadaan normal, tidak dibenarkan Hingga kini, belum ada negara yang mewa-
pemaksaan vaksinasi. Individu berhak menerima jibkan vaksinasi Covid-19 bagi penduduknya. Tetapi
atau menolak vaksin yang ditawarkan. Ini bagian dari sebagian negara membatasi akses kegiatan bagi
hak autonomy-nya. penduduk yang tidak divaksin. Sebagian ethicist
menganggap hal ini melanggar autonomy. Sebagian
Etik saat krisis lainnya menerima. Alasannya, hingga saat ini belum
Edisi 5
Pandemi adalah sebuah krisis. Dalam krisis, ada obat efektif melawan virus dan vaksin dianggap
standar pelayanan yang berlaku bukan standar satu-satunya modalitas yang dapat menurunkan
normal (normal standard of care). morbiditas dan mortalitas.
Pandemic has created a complex issue in every In another setting, at the end of 2020, a number of
aspect, including ethics. As the pandemic goes developed countries competed to buy the COVID-19
through, ethic-related conflicts are increasingly vaccine that was just about to be produced. They
blooming. Then, these various pandemic issues ordered in large quantities, even up to three times
create a contradiction between one and another the number of their population. During the early days
ethicist. of the pandemic, Russia gave the COVID-19 vaccine
to a group of its population even though the vaccine
During the early days of the pandemic, Russia gave had not yet passed phase 2 of clinical trials. Some
the COVID-19 vaccine to a group of their popula- ethicists consider this unethical because it violates
tions, although the vaccine had not yet passed the the ethics of vaccine studies. However, other
second phase of clinical trial. Some of the ethicists ethicists justify the program; the reason is that
consider this to be unethical because it violates the Russia wants to provide immediate protection to its
rule of appropriate vaccine-study ethics. However, people. Here there is an ethical clash; between the
other ethicists justify this vaccination program, desire to save the population as soon as possible
where the reason is: Russia just wants to provide an and the need to complete the vaccine test require-
immediate protection to their populations. Here ments.
there is an ethical clash; between the desire to save
the population as soon as possible and the need to by:
complete the vaccine clinical trial requirements.
Iqbal Mochtar
In another setting, at the end of 2020, a number of Some ethicists think that this is unethical, because it
developed countries competed to buy the COVID-19 constrains the probability of other countries to
vaccine that was just about to be produced. They obtain vaccines. Other ethicists said that this is not
ordered in large quantities, even up to three times wrong, because the aforementioned countries only
the number of their population. tried to protect their people by all means. In another
case, currently some countries tend to “force” the
Ethics in Normal Life vaccination program. Although they do not use the
term “mandatory vaccine”, however, some countries
Every individual has moral values that must be restrict access to activities for the unvaccinated
respected and considered in every health program. population. No vaccine, no mall, and travel. Some
They must not be violated. These values are benefi- ethicists think that this “constrainment” as an
cence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice. individual ethics violation. However, some could
Beneficence means that every health program must agree because they think that this is the only way we
have clear benefits for the individual. It should not could get out of this pandemic.
benefit the government or other groups. Non-malefi-
cence refers to the absence of harm caused to Ethics in normal era (before pandemic)
individuals by a program. A program may provide
great benefits but at the same time cause serious Every individual has moral values which must be
side effects. Such a program is not acceptable. respected and considered in any health program and
Autonomy reminds us that individuals have rights should not be violated. These values are benefi-
over themselves. This includes the right to determine cence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice.
the treatment they receive. Individuals can refuse an Beneficence means every health program must have
action even if it is considered best for them. Mean- clear benefits to the individual. Not beneficial for the
while, justice refers to the right of individuals to government or other groups. Non-maleficence refers
obtain fair and equitable services regardless of to the absence of danger arising in individuals as a
social background, race or religion. A health result of a program/intervention. A program can
program is considered ethical if it does not violate provide great benefits but at the same time it also
these moral values. causes serious side effects. Programs like this are
unacceptable. Autonomy reminds us that individuals
Under normal circumstances, any health program have the right to themselves. Including the right to
should take all four moral values into account. There determine treatment received. Individuals can resist
should be no significant reductions. For example, an action even if it was the best for them. While
before being administered to the public, a vaccine justice refers to individual rights to obtain fair and
must pass all phases and procedures of standard equitable services without looking at social back-
clinical trials. No phase should be skipped. Because ground, race and religion. A health program is
this is the fulfillment of the principles of beneficence considered ethical if it does not violate these moral
and non-maleficence to individuals. Vaccine values. Under normal circumstances, every health
purchases must be proportional to needs. It is not program must be considered based on the highest
permissible for any group to purchase excessive standards of these four moral values. There should
vaccines because this is against the principle of not be any significant reduction. For example, before
justice for individuals. Under normal circumstances, being given to the public, the vaccine must pass
forced vaccination is not justified. Individuals have through all clinical trial phases and procedures.
the right to accept or reject the vaccines offered. There should not be any skipped phase. Because
This is part of their right to autonomy. this is the implementation of the beneficence and
non-maleficence principles on the individual.
Vaccine purchase must be proportional. It is not Their actions are considered in line with the princi-
allowed if there is a group that purchases too much ples of beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice
vaccine because this is against the principle of for the people.
justice for individuals. Under normal circumstances,
forced vaccination is not allowed. Individuals are Until now, there has been no country that requires
entitled to receive or refuse the offered vaccine. This COVID-19 vaccination for the population. But some
is part of his right of autonomy. countries restrict access to activities for the unvacci-
nated population.Some ethicists consider this as a
Ethics in Crisis Era violation of autonomy. Others agreed, citing the fact
that there is no effective medicine against the virus
A pandemic is a crisis. In a crisis, applicable service and vaccines are the only method that can minimize
standards are not the usual normal standard of care. morbidity and mortality. The effect is not only on
This means we can not expect normative standards individual protection but also on community protec-
to be applied at best, including individual moral tion. So it is natural that this is 'half-forced'. This
values. Crisis conditions trigger conflicts between program is considered to meet the principles of
individual moral values and the public interest beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
(individual values versus public goods). As a result,
ethical standards shift. Things that are considered Ethical principle trade-off
unethical under normal conditions can become In a crisis, a secondary trade-off between different
ethical during a pandemic. Vice versa moral values happens. Individual moral values must
be adjusted to cater to the needs of the people. Even
Under normal circumstances, Russia's actions in if a conflict happens, public interests must be put
using the unfinished phase 2 vaccines is certainly an first. To what extent should individual moral values
unethical act. This is contrary to the principles of be subordinated to the interests of the people ? Do
non-maleficence and autonomy. But when this is individual values have to be totally negated?
done during a raging pandemic, some ethicists can Regarding this matter, ethicists have different opin-
accept it. The reason is that this action is carried out ions. Some people take the extreme way and say
when the number of cases and COVID-19 deaths is that individual values must be completely disregard-
very high and drugs are not yet available. This means ed for the people’s values. The reason is that the
that there is an urgency for Russia to immediately pandemic has a ghastly risk for the people thus the
save the inhabitants, and this thing is considered to safety of the people should be more of a priority and
meet the principles of beneficence, non-malefi- other values should be put behind. In the United
cence, and justice. States, the country has what’s called ‘police power’
to ‘force’ public health programs if the safety of the
A number of developed countries ordered vaccines people is in danger. In the concept of law, this is
in large numbers at the start of the pandemic. At that known as ‘salus populi suprema lex’ which means
time, the COVID-19 vaccine had not been complet- that the welfare and interests of the majority should
ed. For some ethicists, this is unethical. But action be the supreme law. If we adhere to this principle,
like this is not without justification. At that time, the people will easily agree that Covid-19 vaccine
COVID-19 vaccine was not yet produced. There is should be administered to the people even when the
no information regarding the effectiveness, dosage, clinical trial has yet to be completed.
and efficacy. So, for some ethicists, the act of buying
up can be accepted. By buying up, the state wants
to provide effective and sufficient vaccines for the
population.
The reason is that we are currently in dire condition
and the people need a cure as soon as possible. The
public will likely agree when a country buys vaccines
in order to protect its people. For this reason, the
public can easily accept the mandatory vaccine
program because it is related to the safety of many
people. There can be no rejection and bargaining.
Dokter Pukovisa Prawiroharjo, Sp.S(K) menamatkan pendidikan sarjana kedokteran, spesialis dan konsul-
tan ilmu saraf di Universitas Indonesia. Beliau adalah salah satu dokter di Indonesia yang mendalami bidang etika
kedokteran, serta telah berpartisipasi banyak perihal bidang tersebut, baik di kancah nasional maupun interna-
sional. Dalam usia yang masih muda, beliau menjabat sebagai ketua Majelis Kehormatan Etik Kedokteran (MKEK)
Pusat Ikatan Dokter Indonesia (IDI) periode 2021-2022 menggantikan almarhum Dr Broto Wasisto, DTM&H, MPH.
Dalam kesempatan forum World Medical Association ICoME (International Code of Medical Ethics) 2022, beliau
Edisi 5
Ikatan
Ikatan Dokter
Dokter Indonesia
Indonesia
ICoME 2022
International Code of
?
Medical Ethics 2022
Kenapa dari lebih 168 negara yang tergabung Kebetulan penawaran untuk bidding menjadi tuan
dalam World Medical Association (WMA), Ikatan rumah ini dikirimkan per email saat penyelenggaraan
Dokter Indonesia (IDI) ditunjuk menjadi tuan Muktamar IDI 2022. Mengingat kewenangan menja-
rumah even besar ICoME 2022? di tuan rumah ini adalah kewenangan PB IDI ke
depannya, saya menghubungi dr. M. Adib Khumaidi
Berawal dari hubungan baik dan partisipasi aktif IDI, Sp.OT selaku Ketua Umum PB IDI pasca Muktamar.
khususnya MKEK Pusat IDI yang saat itu diwakili Beliau meminta saya melanjutkan proses bidding
oleh saya sebagai Ketua-nya, dalam berkomunikasi dan Alhamdulillah berhasil. Keberhasilan itu saya
dan berkontribusi aktif pada penyusunan draf Inter- laporkan kepada Dr Adib, kemudian diserahkan
national Code of Medical Ethics. Hal ini membuat kepada Ketum PB IDI dan jajarannya untuk ditindak-
kami ditawari penggagas dan koordinatornya, Dr lanjuti kemudian.
Ramin Parsa-Parsi dari Jerman, untuk menjadi tuan
rumah dalam bagian pembahasan draft tersebut, Dalam sesi wawancara yang bersifat substansif,
yang diharapkan kelak akan disahkan di WMA dokter Pukovisa menyarankan agar pertanyaan yang
General Assembly Oktober mendatang. ada dijawab dari tangan pertama (pakar-pakar etika
kedokteran dan pejabat WMA yang memberikan
kuliah dalam ICoME 2022), baik dari pemaparan,
diskusi maupun kesimpulan saat simposium atau
pers release. Kami merangkum jawaban wawancara
berdasarkan simposium ICoME 2022 yang
berlangsung hari Minggu, 3 Juli 2022 sebagai
berikut:
Penentuan standar yang ada di Indonesia telah Terkait isu organisasi profesi kesehatan multipel
melalui proses panjang berpuluh tahun dan melibat- di tanah air, bagaimana WMA memandangnya?
kan banyak pihak diatas dalam penyempurnaanya. Bagaimanakah posisi IDI di mata WMA?
Ikatan Dokter Indonesia (IDI) telah melakukan fung- (mengambil dari keterangan kuliah Sekretaris
sinya dengan baik sebagai organisasi profesi, serta Jenderal WMA Dr Otmar Kloiber)
berkolaborasi dengan berbagai pihak, membantu
negara secara sukarela. Sekretaris jenderal WMA mengungkapkan bahwa
Apa yang telah, sedang dan akan dilakukan IDI sudah seyogyanya satu negara hanya memiliki satu
adalah peran yang konkrit dan kompleks, bukan organisasi profesi dokter, dan WMA hanya akan
utopia atau mimpi semu atau khayalan siang bolong menerima satu organisasi profesi dokter sebagai
belaka. wakil negara tersebut di WMA. Beliau menegaskan
bahwa IDI merupakan satu-satunya organisasi
Bagaimana jika keberadaan dua organisasi prof- profesi dokter di Indonesia yang menjadi wakil Indo-
esi dokter menyebabkan dua standard etik yang nesia di WMA dan yang diakui oleh WMA. Tidak ada
berbeda, apakah masyarakat diuntungkan atau organisasi selain IDI yang diakui. Lebih dari itu, IDI
dirugikan? (mengambil dari keterangan kuliah berperan aktif dalam WMA, serta keduanya (WMA
Ketua MKEK Dr Djoko Widyarto) dan IDI) memiliki hubungan yang spesial dan sangat
amat kuat.
Kode Etik Kedokteran Indonesia (KODEKI) adalah
aturan internal profesi kedokteran yang disusun Inovasi dan pelayanan menjadi unsur yang pent-
dalam bentuk buku oleh MKEK, berupa pasal-pasal ing dalam kedokteran. Bagaimana jika kedua hal
beserta penjelasannya dan disahkan oleh Muktamar itu tidak dilakukan sesuai etik kedokteran?
IDI. Keberadaan KODEKI bersifat esensial dalam (diambil dari keterangan kuliah Prof. Dr.med dr.
praktik kedokteran dan berfungsi sebagai SATU Urban Wiesing)
pedoman, SATU tolok ukur, dan SATU standard
profesi. Jika terdapat lebih dari satu KODEKI, Inovasi adalah hal vital dalam membentuk pelayanan
kedokteran.
Setiap inovasi terapi yang diberikan pada pasien Ada sebuah negara yang menutup mata, ketika
atau diklaim sebagai terapi yang efektif harus di uji segelintir orang di parlemenya mengijinkan obat
coba dahulu untuk mengetahui resiko dan manfaat- yang belum terbukti secara ilmiah dapat beredar ke
nya. Uji coba pun dilakukan berdasarkan kaidah masyarakat. Dalam hal itu masyarakat dirugikan,
ilmiah dan etika yang benar. Dengan demikian, dan segelintir politisi atau pejabat negara tersebut
dokter dapat bertanggung jawab dan yakin, bahwa telah mengkhianati rakyatnya. Pihak WMA menen-
terapi yang diberikan terbukti memberikan manfaat tang jika ada politisi dan pejabat negara yang
kepada pasien. Baik inovasi maupun pelayanan melakuan demikian, dan dapat membantu melaku-
seharusnya mengikuti kadiah etik yang ada. kan mediasi untuk menjelaskan etika dan clinical
research yang bisa dipertanggung-jawabkan dalam
Jika dilakukan tanpa kaidah etik, baik inovasi kedokteran.
maupun pelayanan akan sangat berpotensi merugi-
kan masyarakat. Sebagaimana ketika seorang Jika terdapat suatu pelanggaran etik yang
dokter memberikan terapi yang tidak memberikan dilakukan oleh seorang dokter, apakah sebaikn-
manfaat, atau bahkan merugikan pasien. Pun juga ya pelanggaran tersebut diproses secara terbuka
ketika dokter melakukan riset yang merugikan pada atau tertutup? (pendapat dari Dr. Otmar Kloiber)
peserta riset.
Dalam konteks keadilan, transparasi memiliki nilai
Apakah melakukan terapi berdasarkan testimoni yang amat penting. Perlu dilihat pula derajat beratn-
adalah tindakan yang beretika dan dibenarkan di ya pelanggaran etik yang dilakukan serta manfaat
dunia kedokteran? (pendapat Prof. Dr.med Urban yang didapat (baik pada dokter maupun masyar-
Wiesing) akat). Namun sekali lagi, transparasi memiliki tempat
yang sangat dekat dengan keadilan.
Di dalam dunia kedokteran, setiap pelayanan yang
berikan harus berdasarkan evidence-based yang Apakah ada perbedaan antara perspektif etik
bisa dipertanggung jawabkan. Testimoni, dalam Barat dan Asia? Jika ada, bagaimana perbedaan
dunia kedokteran, memiliki nilai yang sangat amat dan implikasinya? (diambil dari presentasi Prof.
kecil sampai tidak bernilai sama sekali sebagai Dr. Jung Yul Park)
landasan terapi. Tidak dibenarkan memberikan
terapi hanya berdasarkan testimoni. Perlu digaris Secara garis besar nilai etik dalam dunia internasion-
bawahi juga bahwa patients’ experience yang al adalah sama, namun dalam penerapanya, setiap
diramu berdasarkan kaidah ilmiah dan etik dengan negara atau regio memiliki norma dan nilai yang
benar berbeda dengan testmoni yang lebih cend- sangat mungkin berbeda. Masyarakat Asia cend-
erung berkaitan dengan iklan. Demikian tutur pihak erung menghargai kebersamaan, senioritas serta
WMA. kenyamanan norma yang telah ada di masyarakat.
Hal ini dapat digambarkan pada hubungan
Bagaimana ketika dalam suatu negara, ada pasien-dokter di Asia lebih bersifat paternalistik,
sejumlah politisi atau pejabat negara yang men- sementara di Barat lebih ke arah partnership.
gatakan bahwa testimoni atau ‘fakta’ dapat Autonomi pasien di Asia cenderung di dominasi oleh
dijadikan sebagai dasar pembenaran tindakan dokter, selain itu pasien relatif dipandang sebagai
kedokteran, dan tidak diperlukan clinical satu bagian dari keluarga, bukan satu individu.
research? (Pendapat Prof. Dr.med Urban Wiesing Sebagaimana masyarakat memandang bahwa
dan Sekretaris Jenderal WMA Dr Otmar Kloiber) keluarga merupakan satu unit yang tidak bisa terpi-
sahkan dan setiap yang terjadi pada satu keluarga
Penilaian medis hanya dapat diterima berdasarkan akan berpengaruh terhadap keluarga yang lain.
kaidah ilmiah dan etik yang telah disepakati.
Dalam penutup. Dokter Pukovisa Prawiroharjo,
Sp.S(K), Ph.D menambahkan “Alhamdulillah seluruh
kegiatan sukses, sangat diapresiasi oleh seluruh
delegasi yang hadir. Atas berkah silaturrahim yang
baik, WMA sendiri sampai membuat surat apresiasi
khusus yang dikirimkan ke Ketum PB IDI.”.
Biography dr. Pukovisa
Prawiroharjo, Sp.S(K), Ph.D
dr. Pukovisa Prawiroharjo, Sp.S(K) graduated with a bachelor's degree in medicine, specialist and consultant in
neurology at the University of Indonesia. He is one of a few doctors in Indonesia who is focused on medical ethics
and has participated in several occasions in this field, both nationally and internationally. At a young age, he
served as the chairman of Honorary Council for Medical Ethics (MKEK) of IDI for the period 2021-2022 replacing
the late Dr Broto Wasisto, DTM&H, MPH. On the occasion of World Medical Association ICoME (International
Code of Medical Ethics) forum 2022, he accepted the mandate as chairman of the committee.
Why was Indonesian Doctors Association (IDI) There were few people who said that there is another
appointed to host the 2022 ICoME forum among professional association besides the World Medical
more than 168 member countries of the World Association (WMA). Actually, what is WMA, and why
Medical Association (WMA)? do their role and statement significantly become
influential? (taken from a lecture by Dr. Otmar Kloib-
It was due to good relations and active participation er)
of IDI, especially the Central MKEK of IDI, which at
that time was represented by me as its Chair, in World Medical Association (WMA) is a massive
communicating and actively contributing to the draft media that represents doctors in the world. At pres-
of the International Code of Medical Ethics. The ent, WMA represents more than 10 million doctors in
initiator and coordinator, Dr Ramin Parsa-Parsi from the world, and also becomes an official partner of
Germany, then offered us to host the discussion the World Health Organization (WHO) and other
section of the draft, which is expected to be ratified international professional associations. Since it was
at the WMA General Assembly in October. established, WMA has actively participated in
improving research quality and service degrees
Incidentally, the bid to host was sent by email during based on medical ethics. Therefore, WMA contrib-
the IDI Conference 2022. Considering that the utes to helping the national doctor association,
authority to host this is for the upcoming PB IDI governments, and other corporations for creating
committees, I contacted dr. M. Adib Khumaidi Sp.OT better quality and well-mannered health services.
as the General Chair of PB IDI after the congress. He WMA also plays an active role in responding to
asked me to continue the bidding process, and various medical issues nationally or internationally,
Alhamdulillah it worked. I reported this to Dr Adib, and if necessary, will participate in resolving some
then handed it over to the General Chairperson of national doctors' organizations or governmental
PB IDI and his staff for further follow-up. problems. The decisions and resolutions issued by
WMA have great value and influence internationally,
In a substantive interview session, Doctor Pukovisa especially for health workers.
suggested that the questions be answered
first-hand by experts in medical ethics and WMA Ethics has become an essential principle in the
officials who gave lectures at ICoME 2022, both from medical field, even the World Medical Associa-
presentations, discussions, and conclusions during tion (WMA) has a particular division that takes
the symposium or press release. We summarize the care of medical ethics with all its guidance and
interview answers based on the ICoME 2022 sympo- regular meetings. Why does ethics become so
sium taking place on Sunday, July 3, 2022 as crucial? (opinion of Dr. Otmar Kloiber and Dr.
follows: Ramin Parsa-Parsi)
A physician is basically a noble and ethical profes- Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia (KKI; Indonesian Medi-
sion, therefore it’s a must that ethics become the cal Council) also Indonesian Ministry of Health,
principle and orientation in medicine. An absence of Ministry of Education, and Ministry of Law and
ethics will undermine its noble profession and poten- Human Rights expressed their ideas together and
tially harm the patients, such as prescribing thera- set them out in the existing law. Indonesian Doctor
pies that didn’t have any scientific evidence and Collegium that participates in determining medical
couldn’t be trusted for its responsibility. standards is represented by Medical Professors,
Head of Department, Head of Medical Profession
WMA history also couldn’t be separated from ethics Education Program, Head of Association in Each of
violations in the 2nd World War, when people were Specializations, and Head of Medical Professional
inhumanly involved in medical research. This Association, who became a solid and rigid structure.
emphasizes the importance of a particular division in
medical ethics in WMA, to continuously improve It is unimaginable if suddenly there will be a new
medical ethics in both medical practice and medical medical professional association or new doctor
research. collegium, that surely will bring up a great impact on
the existing solid structure. The question is, what’s
One of the symposium topics is the existence of the benefit of forming a new professional association
double standards and multiple medical profes- if it will bring up an actual discordance? Moreover,
sional associations, how this was viewed from an there is no guarantee that the new professional
ethical perspective? Is the public benefited or association provides better medical standards.
harmed? (taken from the lecture description of Furthermore, the new-issued medical standards will
Dr. dr. Setyo Widi, Sp.BS (K) and Dr. dr. Ika Praset- be different and create a disparity. Double standards
ya Wijaya, Sp.PD, KKV) are going to rise up, giving ambiguity and harming
society. One standard says that “it was true”,
A physician is not just any job, it requires a long-peri- besides, one standard says that “it was wrong”. So,
od training with a principle of “body of knowledge”, who was responsible if many people and health
as well as an ethical code as the principle and orien- workers were disadvantaged by the existence of
tation in providing health services. For this reason, multiple medical professional associations?
the medical profession needs a standard and great
responsibility besides medical skills, which are regu- Another concern that will arise is, who will join the
lated by professional associations for the public’s newly-formed professional association? Because in
sake. fact, the previous standard has gone well before. If
they only use the same standard, what’s the advan-
Medical practice was complex and regulated by 4 tage of forming a new association? There’s one thing
standards that consist of standards of medical that might rise up, the newly-formed professional
ethics, health services, medical education, and com- association may create a lower standard to attract
petencies. In establishing these standards, Ikatan more members to enroll. If this is the case, eventual-
Dokter Indonesia (IDI), the one and only Indonesian ly, society will be harmed by the existence of multiple
medical professional association, along with Majelis professional associations. Therefore, there are no
Kolegium Kedokteran Indonesia (MKKI; Indonesian multiple medical professional associations, as there
Medical Collegiate Council), Kolegium Dokter Indo- have been in the USA, UK, Japan, and other coun-
nesia (Indonesian Doctor Collegium), Asosiasi tries.
Institusi Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia (AIPKI;
Indonesian Medical Education Association), Asosiasi The formation of medical standards in Indonesia has
Rumah Sakit Pendidikan Indonesia (ARSPI; Indone- gone through a long process through decades and
sian Teaching Hospital Association), involved many parties above for its improvement.
Ikatan Dokter Indonesia (IDI) has performed its func- The secretary general of the WMA revealed that one
tion properly as a professional association, as well country should only have one medical professional
as collaborating with many stakeholders, and volun- organization, and WMA would only accept one med-
tarily supporting many countries. Things that have ical professional organization as the country's repre-
been done and will be done by IDI are a concrete sentative in the WMA. He emphasized that IDI is the
and complex role, not utopia, delusions, or only professional medical organization in Indonesia
daydreams. that represents Indonesia in WMA and which is
recognized by WMA. No organization other than IDI
4. Will society benefit or be harmed if the exist- is recognized. Moreover, IDI plays an active role in
ence of two medical professional organizations WMA, and the two (WMA and IDI) have a special and
causes two different ethical standards? (taken very strong relationship.
from the lecture description of the Chairperson of
the MKEK Dr Djoko Widyarto) 6. Innovation and service are important elements
in medicine. What if those two things are not
The Indonesian Medical Ethics Code (KODEKI) is an done according to medical ethics? (taken from
internal regulation of the medical profession com- the lecture statement of Prof. Dr.med dr. Urban
piled in a book by the MKEK, consists of articles and Wiesing)
their explanations, and ratified by the IDI Congress.
The existence of KODEKI is essential in medical Innovation is vital in developing medical services.
practice and serves as ONE guideline, ONE bench- Every therapeutic innovation given to the patient or
mark, and ONE professional standard. claimed to be an effective therapy must be tested
first to find out the risks and benefits. Trials were also
If there is more than one KODEKI, it means that there carried out based on precise scientific and ethical
is more than one guideline, more than one bench- principles. Thus, doctors can be responsible and
mark, and more than one standard. confident that the therapy is proven to provide bene-
fits to patients. Both innovation and service should
This potentially will cause chaos, confusion, uncer- follow the existing code of ethics.
tainty in medical practice and all its logical conse-
quences, therefore will certainly harm many people. If both innovation and service are conducted without
Thus, there should only be one KODEKI and be ethical principles, they will have the potential to harm
made by one professional organization, which also the community. When a doctor administers therapy
can only be one (1) according to the law. that is ineffective or even harmful to the patient, even
when doctors conduct research that is detrimental
One KODEKI as a guideline to obey will provide to research participants.
certainty for the community and health workers.
On the other hand, the French philosopher Albert 7. Is doing therapy based on testimonials an
Camus said that humans who do not obey (existing) ethical and justified action in the medical world?
ethics are similar to wild animals that stray in the (Opinion of Prof. Dr.med. Urban Wiesing)
world and will cause a lot of damage.
In the medical world, every service provided must be
5. Regarding the issue of multiple health profes- based on evidence-based accountability. Testimoni-
sional organizations in the country, how does als, in the medical world, have very little value, to the
WMA view it? What is the position of IDI in the point of being of no value at all as a basis for therapy.
eyes of WMA? (taken from the lecture statement It is not justified to provide therapy based solely on
of the Secretary General of WMA Dr Otmar Kloib- testimonials.
er)
It should also be underlined that the patients' experi- Asian people have the tendency to appreciate
ence, which is formulated based on scientific and solidarity, seniority, and existing norms in society.
ethical principles, is different from the testimonials This can be seen in the patient-doctor relationship in
which tend to be related to advertisements. That's Asia which is more paternalistic, in contrast, in the
what the WMA said. west, they approach the patient as a kind of partner-
ship-like relationship.
8. What if in a country, where a number of politi-
cians and government officials said that testimo- Patient autonomy in Asia tends to be dominated by
ny or ‘facts’ can be made as justification for a the doctor, moreover, the patient is also considered
medical procedure and that clinical research is to be a part of a family, not an individual. They
not needed? (Opinion of Prof. Dr. med Urban believe that a family is an unbreakable union and that
Wiesing and Dr Otmar Kloiber acting Secretary when something bad happens to one family, it will
General of the WMA) also affect all the other families.
Medical judgment can only be accepted based on At the end of the interview, dr. Pukovisa Prawirohar-
scientific principle and ethics which has been agreed jo, Sp.S(K), Ph.D added, “Alhamdulillah, the event
upon. There is a certain country that neglects when was a success, the WMA sent a special appreciation
a scientifically unproven medicine is allowed by a letter to the PB IDI.”.
few people in a parliament and that medicine man-
aged to be distributed to the people. In such cases,
the people are at a disadvantage and these politi-
cians and officials have betrayed their people. The
WMA is against such politicians and officials and can
help mediate to explain ethics and clinical research
which can be held accountable in the world of medi-
cine.
https://twb.nz/pbidihutri77