GTQLGO BAPAXG^GZGO JAONGO ZCOJGBGO FXDLCJFPA\S

JAONGO COJCBGTC QOJAOTAOTQT ZATZCT JC COTZGKGTC HAJGL

TAOZXGK (CHT) XTQP JX. E. JMGECK PGJGON

JCTQTQO FKAL =

Os SAOC XGIKATCG, T.BAP

 HGH C

PAOJGLQKQGO

G. Kgtgr Hakgbgon

Batcbg sbrftue gogb tcjgb jc muepgc tastcs, frgon tuggoyg gbgo jc

lgotuc bahcehgongo taotgon bakakgbcgo gogboyg. Jfbtar gbgo harpcbcr sabctgr bgobar
tastcs jgo ygon pgkcon paotcon kgnc gogb gbgo egku jgo daegs jgkge parngukgo.
Paeglgego egsgkgl brcptfrbcseus sadgrg lfkcstcb gbgo eaehcehcon jfbtar frgon
tug jgo gogb jgkge eaoyconbgpc bakgcogo ygon gjg. Jfbtar gbgo eaeharcbgo pakgygogo
ygon fptcegk jc taongl bftrfvarsc paogongogo ygon egscl harkgonsuon.
Frgon tug gbgo eaeglgec bfojcsc gogb jgo baeuoncogo ygon tarmgjc jc
bakgb lgrc, salconng gogb gbgo eaojgpgt paoarceggo bfojcsc bakgcogo fkal
kconbuongo
 parngukgooyg, salconng pscbfkfnc gogb tcjgb tarngonnu, mung eaojgpgt paogongogo eajcs
ygon jabugt. Jgkge eaogongoc brcptfrbcseus, jfbtar tcjgb lgoygy eaeparhgcbc gogtfec
sgmg tatgpc mung eaeparlgtcbgo igbtfr pscbfkfncs gtgu cefscfogk hgcb pgjg gogb egupuo
frgon tugoyg.
Qojaosdaojaj tastcs (QJZ) gtgu dryptfrdlcjcse gjgkgl bakgcogo
naoctgkcg bfonaoctgk tarsarcon pgjg gogb kgbc-kgbc. Coscjaosoyg 4 — 9% pgjg hgyc kgbc-
kgbc ygon kglcr dubup hukgo jgo eaoconbgt eaomgjc 40% pgjg hgyc praegtur . Jug
partcng bgsus eaongkgec QJZ uockgtargk jgo QJZ hckgtargk. Tatakgl 700 tgluo
paoakctcgo eaonaogc QJZ , egscl tarjgpgt hahargpg gspab ygon eaomgjc bfotrfvarscgk.
Igbtfr prajcspfscsc tarmgjcoyg QJZ gjgkgl praegturctgs, hargt hgyc hgru kglcr ygon
raojgl, badck uotub egsg balgeckgo, baehgr jgo paeharcgo astrfnao pgjg trceastar
partgeg. QJZ jgpgt baehgkc turuo spfotgo ba tastcs sabctgr >0 —>>% pgjg uscg 4 hukgo.
Paogtgkgbsgoggo ygon tarkgehgt pgjg QJZ gbgo eaocehukbgo aiab pgjg tastcs jc
baeujcgo lgrc. QJZ eaoconbgtbgo rcscbf coiartckctgs jgo harluhuongo jaongo
rcscbf tuefr sak narecogk ygon eaoconbgt 4 —70 bgkc. Gtrfic tastcs tarmgjc pgjg uscg 1 — >
tgluo, gbgo tatgpc paruhglgo efrifkfnc jceukgc pgjg uscg 7 — 8 tgluo. Xcscbf
barusgbgo lcstfkfnc tastcs mung harluhuongo jaongo katgb ghofregk tastcs. Pgjg gwgk
puhartgs, kahcl jgrc 30% tastcs balckgongo sak narecogkoyg pgjg bgsus cotrgghjfeao,
sajgonbgo pgjg bgsus tastcs conucogk jgo prasbrftgk, paouruogo sak naecogk eaodgpgc
:7% jgo 80%.
H. Xueusgo Egsgkgl
7. Gpg paonartcgo uojaosaosus tastcs 6
8. Gpg atcfkfnc uojaosaosus tastcs 6
4. Gpg gogtfec icscfkfnc uojaosaosus tastcs 6
:. Gpg pgtficscfkfnc uojaosaosus tastcs 6

1. Gpg bkgscicbgsc uojaosaosus tastcs 6

9. Gpg egociastgsc bkcocs uojaosaosus tastcs 6
>. Hgngcegog paogtgkgbsgoggo uojaosaosus tastcs 6
<. Gpg paearcbsggo paouomgon uojaosaosus tastcs 6
3. Gpg bfepkcbgsc uojaosaosus tastcs 6
70. Gpg paonartcgo tcojgbgo frdlcjfpaxy
6
77. Hgngcegog prfsas tcojgbgo frdlcjfpaxy 6
78. Gpg bfepkcbgsc tcojgbgo frdlcjfpaxy 6
74. Hgngcegog gsulgo bapargwgtgo tafrctcs uojaosaosus tastcs 6

D. Zumugo
7. Qotub eaonatgluc paonartcgo uojaosaosus tastcs
8. Qotub eaonatgluc atcfkfnc uojaosaosus tastcs
4. Qotub eaonatgluc gogtfec icscfkfnc uojaosaosus tastcs
:. Qotub eaonatgluc pgtficscfkfnc uojaosaosus tastcs
1. Qotub eaonatgluc bkgscicbgsc uojaosaosus tastcs
9. Qotub eaonatgluc egociastgsc bkcocs uojaosaosus tastcs
>. Qotub eaonatgluc paogtgkgbsgoggo uojaosaosus tastcs
<. Qotub eaonatgluc paearcbsggo paouomgon uojaosaosus tastcs

3. Qotub eaonatgluco bfepkcbgsc uojaosaosus tastcs

70. Qotub eaonatgluc paonartcgo tcojgbgo frdlcjfpaxy
77. Qotub eaonatgluc prfsas tcojgbgo frdlcjfpaxy
78. Qotub eaonatgluc bfepkcbgsc tcojgbgo frdlcjfpaxy
74. Qotub eaonatgluc gsulgo bapargwgtgo tafrctcs uojaosaosus tastcs
 HGH CC
KGOJGTGO ZAFXC
G. Paonartcgo
QJZ gtgu dryptfrdlcjcse jcjaicocscbgo sahgngc tastcs ygon tcjgb jgpgt turuo ba
sbrftue lconng hgyc haruscg 78 econnu. Lgk coc harhajg jaongo gdqucraj QJZ gtgu

jcsahut mung jaongo gsdaojcon tastcs. Pgjg gdqucraj QJZ, tastcs jgpgt turuo
sadgrg ofregk sgepgc ba sbrftue sggt hgyc kglcr lconng hgyc haruscg sabctgr 4 hukgo,
ogeuo
satakgl ctu, saegbco hartgehgloyg uscg hgyc tastcs saegbco harnargbogcb bakugr
jgrc sbrftue.
Qojasarof Zastcs gjgkgl sugtu bagjggo jcegog tastcs tcjgb hargjg pgjg taepgt
sasugc mgkur conucogk.
QJZ/ Brcptfbcseus gjgkgl sugtu bagjggo jcegog satakgl uscg sgtu tgluo tastcs
tcjgb jgpgt hargjg jcjgkge bgotfon sbrftue,tatgpc hargjg jcjgkge sgtu taepgt sapgomgon
 mgkur paouruogo tastcs ygon ofregk.

H. Atcfkfnc
Paoyahgh pgstc brcptfrbcseus hakue makgs. Jgrc lgsck paoakctcgo pgrg
glkc, eaoygtgbgo hglwg gjg hahargpg paoyahgh jgrc brcptfrbcseus jc gotgrgoyg =
7. Ghofregkctgs nuharogbukue tastcs
Paouruogo tastcs jcpgoju fkal nuharogbukue. Egssg nuharogbukue ygon hasgr gbgo
eaojckgtgsc mgkgo tastcs, bfotrgbsc, covfkusc, jgo trgbsc sartg icbsgsc pgjg sbrftue gbgo
eaoaepgtbgo tastcs jgkge bgotfon sbrftue. Batcbg tascs takgl hargjg jc
bgotfon sbrftue nuharogbukue gbgo jcrasfrhsc (Hgdblfusa, 7399) Hckg strubtur
coc tcjgb tarhaotub gtgu tarhaotub ghofregk gbgo eaoyahghbgo egkjasaosus tastcs.

8. Jaiab cotrcoscb tastcs

Egkjasaosus jgpgt jcsahghbgo jcsnaoascs nfogjgk jcegog bakgcogo coc
eaehugt tastcs tcjgb saosctci tarlgjgp lfrefo nfogjftrfpco. Zafrc coc earupgbgo
paomakgsgo tarhgcb pgjg bgsus brcptfrbcseus uockgtargk. Mung uotub eaoargonbgo
eaongpg pgjg
 pgscao jaongo brcptfrbcseus hckgtargk eaomgjc starck batcbg jcharcbgo targpc jaicoctTci 
 pgjg ueur ygon fptceue. Hgoygb bgsus brcptfrbcseus ygon sadgrg lcstfkfncs ofregk
sggt kglcr, tatgpc tastcsoyg eaomgjc gtrfic / jcsnaoascs pgjg gblcr uscg 7 tgluo jgo
 muekgl sak narecogkoyg sgongt harburgon pgjg gblcr uscg 8 tgluo.
4. Jaicscaosc stceukgsc lfrefogk / aojfbrco

Lfrefo nfogjftrfpco egtarogk ygon cogjaqugt eaoyahghbgo jasaosus cobfepkat.

Lgk coc eaeparmakgs bgsus brcptfrbcseus hckgtargk pgjg hgyc praegtur
batcbg
  parbaehgongo nfogjftrfpco egtarogk tatgp jgkge bgjgr raojgl sgepgc 8
econnu targblcr balgeckgo. Zatgpc tafrc coc sukct jctargpbgo pgjg brcptfrbcseus
uockgtargk. Zconncoyg brcptfrbcseus pgjg praegtur jcjung tarmgjc bgraog tcjgb
gjaqugtoyg LDN eaostceukgsc pakapgsgo tastfstarfo egsg iatus gbchgt jgrc
cegturoyg sak Kayjcn jgo cegturoyg gbscs lcpftlgkgeus-
lcpficscs-tastcs. Jckgpfrbgo sugtu pardfhggo

eaouomubbgo jasaosus tastcs tcjgb tarmgjc pgjg egegkcg ygon lcpficsaoyg

takgl jcgonbgt .
Xgsiar at gk (73<9) eaeparkclgtbgo paouruogo tastcs jceajcgsc fkal
gojrfnao ygon jcgtur kahcl tconnc fkal nfogjftrfpco pctuctgry. Prfsas coc
eaecdu bgjgr jclcjrftastftstarfo ygon dubup tconnc, jaongo lgsck tastcs eaepuoygc
gbsas ygon hahgs ba sbrftue. Zfppgrc & Bgkavg eaoyahut jaiab jgrc
gbscs lcpftgkgeus-pctuctgry-nfogjgk gbgo eaepaongrulc turuooyg tastcs. Lfrefo utgeg
ygon eaongtur tastcs gjgkgl KL jgo ITL ygon jfprfjubsc fkal sak hgsfickcb jc pctuctgry
gotarcfr ygon jcgtur fkal KLXL. ITL gbgo eaepaongrulc eaepaongrulc sak sartfkc,
apctak tuhukus saecociarus. Bgjgr ITL

ogcb pgjg bakgcogo tastcs.

Brcptfrbcseus ygon jcsartgc jaicscaosc nfogjftrfpco jgo gjraogk
lcpfpkgscg bfonaoctgk euonbco harluhuongo jaongo scigt larajctar. Dfrhus jgo F–
Dfoofr, Parral jgo F–Xfurba eakgpfrbgo hahargpg naoargsc brcptfrbcseus jgkge
sgtu bakugrng. Mung gjg paoakctcgo ygon eaouomubbgo tcjgb gbtcioyg lfrefo Cosukco
Kcba Igdtfr 4 ( Cosk4) sgongt eaepaongrulc jasaosus tastcs . Cosk4 jcparkubgo uotub
jciaraoscgsc jgo prfkciargsc nuharogbukue. Igbtfr kgco ygon jcjung harpargo
cgkgl harburgonoyg stceukgtcon suhstgodas ygon jcprfjubsc fkal oarvus
naoctfiaefrgkcs.
Igbtfr- igdtfr rascbftarlgjgplfrefoa Nfofjftrpco.Igbtfrrascbftarmgjc QJZ gjgkgl=

7. HH burgon (; 800 nrge)

8. Chu ygon tarpgpgr astrfnao sakgeg trceastar partgeg.
4. Bakglcrgo ngojg.(baehgr)
:. Kglcr praegtura ( ueueoyg balgeckgo )
1. Hargt mgoco ygon jchgwgl ueur balgeckgo
9. Eaepuoygc gygl gtgu sgujgrg jaongo rcwgygt QJZ
D. Gogtfec jgo Icscfkfnc

g. Zastcs
Bajug tastcs tarkatgb jgkge sdrftue jgo eaonlgsckbgo sparegtfzffo
jgo lfrefoa, tarutgeg tastfstarfoa. Pareubggo tastcs tartutup fkal tuocdg
vgncogkcs

kgecog vcsargkcs jgo tuocdg vgncogkcs kgecog pgrcatgkcs.

 h. Tdrftue
Tdrftue gjgkgl sahugl bgotfon bukct ygon tarjcrc jgrc 8 kgpcs ygctu bckct jgo igsdcg
suparickcs (tuocdg jgrtfs).
d. Iuocdukus sparegtcdu
Iuocdukus sparegtcdus eaonngotuon tastcs jgkge sdrftue jgo harcsc
strubtur- strubtur ygon eakcotgs baj go jgrc tastcs. Iuocdukus sparegtcdus hargwgk
jgrc gooukus conucogkcs prfiuojus eakawgtc dgogkcs conucogkcs jgo hargblcr pgjg
tapc jfrsgk tastcs jgkge sdrftue.

Paehuonbus iuocdukus sparegtcdus =

7. Igsdcg sparegtcdg cotarog jgrc igsdcg trgovarsgkcs
8. Igsdcg drasegtarcdg jgrc igsdcg paoutup eusdukus fhkcqus cotarous ghjfecocs
4. Igsdcg sparegtcdg abstarog jgrc gpfoaurfscs eusdukus fhkcqus
abstarous ghjfecocs.
Bfepfoao iuocdukus sparegtcdus gjgkgl =
7. Ygs jaiaraos
8. Grtarcg tastcdukgrcs
4. Grtarcg draegstarcdg

:. Grtarc uotub judtus jaiaraos jgrc grtarc vascdgkcs coiarcfr 

 1. Pkabsus pgepcocifrecs
9. Xaeus naoctgkcs oarvc naoctfiaefrgkcs ygon eaeparsgrgic eusdukus draegstar 
>. Targhut sgrgi scepgtcs pgjg grtarc jgo pgrgscepgtcs pgjg judtus jaiaraos
<. Paehukul kceia

j. Dgogkcs Conucogkcs
Dgogkcs conucogkcs gjgkgl sugtu kfrfon ygon eakcotgsc hgncgo bgujgk
ghjfeao vaotrgk jgkge grgl eajcfbgujgk, uotub eaehar mgkgo bapgjg iuocdukus
sparegtcdus. Pgjg kgbc-kgbc dgogkcs conucogkcs harcsc iuocdukus sparegtcdus jgo
oarvus ckcfconucogk sajgonbgo pgjg wgoctg harcsc kcngeoatue taras utrc jgo oarvus
ckcfconuogkcs.
Hgtgs dgogkcs conucogkcs =
7. Yaotrgk = gpfoaurfscs eusdukus fhkcqus axtarous ghjfecocs
8. Jfrsgk = igsdcg trgosvarsgkcs
4. Eajcgk = dfomfcot taojfo (taojf harsgeg eusdukus fhkcqus cotarous ghjfecocs

jgo eusdukus trgosvarsas ghjfecocs)

:. Kgtargk = sarghut eusdukus fhkcqus cotarous ghjfecocs
1. Gtgp = sarghut eusdukus fhkcqus cotarous ghjfecocs jgo eusdukus
trgosvarsas ghjfecocs ygon eakaonbuon
9. Jgsgr = pareubggo drgocgk kcngeaotue conucogka
>. Gooukus conucogkcs prfiuojus
<. Gooukus conucogkcs suparicdcgk
J. Pgtficscfkfnc
7. Aehrcfkfnc

Pgjg econnu ba-9 ueur balgeckgo prcefrjcgk nare dakks eaongkgec ecnrgsc jgrc
yfkb sgd ba-naoctgk rcjna. Jaongo gjgoyg nao TXS (sax jatarecocon rancfo S), egbg
gbgo harbaehgon eaomgjc tastcs pgjg econnu ba->. Zastcs yn harcsc prabursfr sak-
sak Tartfkc hasgr (ygon bakgb eaomgjc tuhukus saecociarfus jgo sak-sak Kayjcn badck)
jaongo stceukgsc ITL ygon jclgsckbgo pctuctgry eukgc gbtci hariuonsc samgb
econnu ba-< balgeckgo jaongo eaonakugrbgo ECI (Eûkkarcgo Colchctcon Igdtfr), ygon
eaoyahghbgo covfkusc cpsckgtargk jgrc jubtus eukkarcgo. ECI mung eaoconbgtbgo rasaptfr
gojrfnao pgjg eaehrgo sak Kayjcn. Tak- Pgjg econnu ba-70-77 balgeckgo, gbchgt
stceukgsc dlfrcfocd nfogjftrfpco ygon jclgsckbgo pkgsaotg jgo KL jgrc pctuctgry
sak-sak Kayjcn gbgo

eaosabrasc tastfstarfo ygon sgongt asaoscgk hgnc jciaraoscgsc jubtus ^fkicgo

eaomgjc apcjcjceys, vgs jaiaraos, jgo vascbg saecogkcs.
 Batcbg easfoaprfs eaongkgec janaoargsc, sugtu kcngeao ygon
jcsahut nuharogbukue gbgo turuo pgjg egscon-egscon scsc ghjfeao jgrc pfka
hgwgl nfogk eakcotgs fhkcb pgjg jcojcon ghjfeao (ygon bakgb eaomgjc bgogkcs
conucogkcs) jgo eakabgt pgjg kghcfsdrftgk swakkcon ( ygon bakgb eaomgjc sbrftue
gtgu kghcg egmfrg). Baeujcgo bgotfon parctfoaue ygon jcsahut prfdassus
vgncogkcs harbaehgon pgjg

egscon-egscon scsc vaotrgk nuharogbukue jgo eaongkgec larocgsc eakgkuc

jcojcon ghjfeao hgwgl sapgomgon mgkur ygon jchaotub fkal nuharogbukue.
Egscon-egscon
 prfdassug vgncogkcs eaehgwg parkugsgo jgrc kgpcsgo paehaotub jcojcon ghjfeao,
 harsgeg-sgeg eaehaotub iuocbukus sparegtcbus. Kuhgon ygon jctaehus fkal prfdassus
vgncogkcs pgjg igsdcg trgosvarsgkcs eaomgjc goukus conucogkcs cotarous, sajgon kuhgon pgjg
gpfoaurfscs e. fhkcquus ghjfecocs axtarous eaehaotub goukus conucogkcs abstarous.
Tabctgr econnu ba-8< cotrgutarcoa, tastcs turuo jgrc jcojcon pfstarcfr
ghjfeao eaoumu goukus conucogkcs cotarous. Paruhglgo coc tarmgjc gbchgt paehasgrgo
uburgo pakvcs jgo paegomgongo uburgo tuhul, bgraog nuharogbukue tuehul tcjgb
sasugc prfpfrscoyg,

eaongbchgtbgo tastcs haruhgl pfscsc, mgjc paouruogooyg gjgkgl prfpfrsc rakgtci tarlgjgp
 partuehulgo jcojcon ghjfeao. Pargogo nuharogbukue pgjg gwgkoyg gjgkgl eaehaotub 
 mgkgo uotub prfdassus vgncogkcs sakgeg paehaotubgo bgogkcs conucogkcs,
baeujcgo nuharogbukue mung sahgngc mgonbgr/ paoncbgt tastcs ba sbrftue. Egssg
nuharogbukue ygon hasgr gbgo eaojckgtgsc mgkgo tastcs, bfotrgbsc, covfkusc, jgo trgbsc
sartg icbsgsc pgjg sbrftue gbgo eaoaepgtbgo tastcs jgkge bgotfon sbrftue. Batcbg
tascs takgl hargjg jc bgotfon sbrftue nuharogbukue gbgo jcrasfrhhsc (Hgdblfusa, 7399)
Qeueoyg jcpardgyg
 hglwg nuhaogbukue tcjgb eaogrcb tastcs ba sbrftue. Parmgkgogo tastcs eakgkuc
bgogkcs conucogkcs jchgotu fkal paoconbgtgo tabgogo cotrg ghjfeao gbchgt jgrc
partuehulgo

vcsdarg ghjfeao.
Eabgocsea ygon harpargo jgkge prfsas turuooyg tastcs hakue
sapaouloyg jceaonartc, jchubtcbgo uotub turuooyg tastcs ba sbrftue eaearkubgo gbsc
gojrfnao ygon eaearkubgo gbscs lcpftfkgeus-lcpficsa-tastcs ygon ofregk. Eabgocsea
gbsc gojrfnao uotub eargonsgon turuooyg tastcs tcjgb jcbatgluc, tatgpc jcjung frngo
sgsgrgo gojrfnao baeuonbcogo nuharogbukue, sugtu pctg ichrfeusbukar ygon
eaehaotgon jgrc pfka hgwgl tastcs ba hgncgo hgwgl jcojcon sbrftue ygon pgjg
econnu-econnu targblcr cotrgutarco gbgo harbfotrgbsc jgo eaogrcb tastcs ba
sbrftue. Pfscsc tastcs sggt turuo hargjg jc
 pfstarcfr prfdassus vgncogkcs (ratrfparctfoagk) sabctgr : econnu baeujcgo (ueur 48

econnu) tastcs egsub sbrftue. Batcbg turuo, tastcs eaehgwg sartg jubtus jaiaraos jgo
vgsgoyg salconng batcbg tastcs turuo, earabg tarhuonbus fkal parkugsgo jcojcon ghjfeao.
Parkugsgo igsdcg trgosvarsgkcs eaehaotub igsdcg sparegtcdg cotarog, e. fhkcqus ghjfecogk
eaehaotub igsdcg braegstar jgo eusdukus braegstar jgo gppfoaurfscs e.
fhkcqus ghjfeaous abstarogk eaehaotub igsdcg sparegtcdg axtarous jc jgkge sbrftue.
Egsuboyg tastcs jc sbrftue jc cbutc jaongo bfotrgbsc bgogkcs conucogkcs ygon
eaoyakuhuonc iuocbukus sparegtcbus. Takgeg parcfja parcogtgk prfdassus
vgncogkcs eaongkgec

fhkctargsc, eaoncsfkgsc sugtu tuocdg vgncogkcs ygon eaehaotub sugtu bgotfon

ygon eaoutupc tastcs.
Pgjg ueueoyg tastcs turuo pgjg sbrftue sadgrg saepurog pgjg gblcr
tgluo
 partgeg. Bangngkgo tastcs turuo tatgpc egscl pgjg mgkur ofregkoyg
jcsahut QJZ(uojasdaosus tastcdukfrue). Zastcs jgpgt hargjg sapgomgon mgkur paouruogo,
bgjgon satakgl eakawgtc bgogkcs conucogkcs tastcs eaoycepgon jgrc mgkur ygon
salgrusoyg, jgo eaoaepgtc kfbgsc ghofregk. Lgk coc jcsahut tastcs abtfpcb.
Zastcs hcsg tarkatgb jc cotarstctcgk (suparicscgk jgrc e. fhkcquus ghjfecocs axtarous) jc
pglg scsc eajcgk, jfrsgk
 paocs gtgu bfotrgkgtargkoyg. Jcjung jcsahghbgo fkal hgncgo nuharogbukue ygon eakawgtc

kfbgsc ghofregk, jgo tastcs baeujcgo eaoncbutcoyg.

Paojgpgt kgco eaoygtgbgo hglwg paouruogo tastcs jceukgc pgjg sabctgr econnu
ba-70. ^gkgupuo eabgocseaoyg hakue jcbatgluc sadgrg pgstc, ogeuo pgrg glkc sapgbgt
 hglwg tarjgpgt hahargpg igbtfr ygon harpargo paotcon, ygboc= igbtfr aojfbrco,
eabgocb (gogtfecb), jgo oaurgk. Zarmgjc jgkge 8 igsa ygon jceukgc sabctgr
econnu ba-70 balgeckgo sanarg satakgl tarmgjc jciaraoscgsc sabsugk. Igsa
trgosghjfecogk jgo igsa conucofsdrftgk. Bajugoyg tarmgjc jchgwgl bfotrfk lfrefogk
ygon harhajg.
Jaongo parbaehgongo ygon dapgt jgrc rancf ghjfecofpakvcd egbg tastcs gbgo
tarhgwg turuo ba jgargl conucogk gotarcfr. Pgjg hukgo ba-4 balgeckgo
tarhaotub 

 prfdassus vgncogkcs ygon sadgrg hartglgp harbaehgon ba-grgl sbrftue. Takgomutoyg igsa
coc gbgo eaomgjc tcjgb gbtci sgepgc hukgo ba-> balgeckgo.
Igsa conucofsdrftgk tarmgjc eukgc hukgo ba-> gtgu econnu ba-8< sgepgc jaongo
econnu ba-41 balgeckgo. Zastcs eaongkgec paouruogo jgrc rancf conucogk ba-
jgkge sbrftue jchgwgl paongrul lfrefo gojrfnao. Eabgocseaoyg hakue
jcbatgluc sadgrg
 pgstc, ogeuo jcjung eakgkuc eajcgsc paonakugrgo dgkdctfoco naoa-rakgtaj
paptcja (DNXP). Gojrfnao gbgo eargonsgon oarvus naoctfiaefrgk uotub
eaonakugrbgo DNXP ygon eaoyahghbgo bfotrgbsc rctecs jgrc nuharogdukue.
Igbtfr eabgocb ygon turut
 harpargo pgjg igsa coc gjgkgl tabgogo ghjfecogk ygon eaoconbgt ygon eaoyahghbgo

bakugroyg tastcs jgrc dgvue ghjfeao, jc sgepcon ctu tabgogo ghjfeao

gbgo eaoyahghbgo tarhaotuboyg umuon jgrc prfdassus vgncogkcs eakgkuc dgogkcs
conucogkcs
eaoumu sbrftue. Prfsas paouruogo tastcs coc egscl hcsg harkgonsuon sgepgc hgyc uscg 3-
78 hukgo.
8. Paruhglgo PG
Paoakctcgo hcfpsc tastcs brcptfrbcseus eaouomubbgo hubtc ygon
eaongnatbgo jcegog apctak narecogtcvue jgkge tastcs tatgp jgkge uburgo ofregk
uotub jug tgluo

 partgeg balcjupgo. Taeaotgrg ueur aepgt tgluo tarjgpgt paouruogo sparegtfnfocg

sabctgr >1 % salconng eaomgjc suhiartck / coiartcka.
Tatakgl ueur aoge tgluo tgepgb paruhglgo oygtg. Jcgeatar tuhukus saecociarus
eaonadck, muekgl sparegtfnfocg eaouruo, jgo tgepgb oygtg ichrfscs jc gotgrg tuhukus
tastcs. Pgjg brcptfrbcseus pgsdgpuhartgs euonbco tastcs haruburgo ofregk, tatgpc
gjg jaicscaosc ygon oygtg pgjg bfepfoao sparegtfnaocb salconng pgscao eaomgjc
coiartck . Qotuonoyg sak kayjcn tcjgb jcpaongrulc fkal sulu tuhul jgo hcgsgoyg
jctaeubgo jgkge
 muekgl ofregk pgjg brcptfrbcseus. Talconng cepftaosc bgraog igbtfr aojfbrco
mgrgon tarmgjc pgjg brcptfrbcseus Paoakctcgo jaongo hcfpsc mgrcongo tastcs ygon
eaongkgec

brcptfrbcseus eaouomubbgo tcjgb tarmgjc ghofregkctgs brfefsfe. Egkjasdaosus

jgo janaoargsc egkcnog tcjgb jgpgt jcsahghbgo bgraog jaiab naoatcb pgjg tastcs
ygon
eaongkgec uojasdaosus tastcs.
A. Bkgscicbgsc
7. Harjgsgrbgo atcfpgtfnaoascs=
g. Eabgocb/gogtfecb (parkabgtgo-parkabgtgo, bakgcogo bgogkcs conucogkcs,
jgo kgco-kgco)
 h. Aojfbrco/lfrefogk (bakgcogo gbscs lcpftgkgeus-lcpficsa-tastcs)
d. Jcsnaoatcb (bakgcogo cotarsabs euktcpka)

j. Larajctar/naoatcb 
8. Bkgscicbgsc harjgsgrbgo kfbgsc=
g. Tbrftgk tconnc (suprg sbrftgk) = :0%
 h. Cotrg bgogkcbukgr (conucogk) = 80%
d. Cotrg ghjfecogk (ghjfecogk) = 70%
j. Zarfhstrubsc = 40%
Egmfr, 73>: eaehgnc brcptfrbcseus (jgkge paonartcgo ueue) eaomgjc=
7. Xataoscf Zastcs (jystfpy fi tastcdka) à Jcbkgscicbgscbgo sasugc taepgtoyg
g. Ghjfecogk tastcdka (rataosc ghjfecogk)
 h. Dgogkcdukgr tastcdka ( rataoscf dgogkcdukgrcs suparcfr at coiarcfr )= tastcs haogr-
 haogr tgb targhg
 d. Conucogk tastcdka ( rataoscf conucogkcs) = tastcs targhg jc japgo goukus conucogkcs
abstarous
j. Zastcs raikaxus (suparicscgk conucogk adtfpy)= haotub pgkcon ueue.
Zastcs sahaogroyg tcjgb eakaodaon jgrc gkur ofregk. Nuharogbukue
eaegoju tastcs eaoumu hgncgo hgwgl sbrftue. Zastcs lgoyg hartaepgt jc
gotarcfr gpfoaurfscs

eusbukus fhkcquus ghjfecocs abstarous jgo sasuonnuloyg coc hubgo sugtu

tastcs abtfpcb 
8. Zla Zrua Adtfpcd Zastcs
Jc scoc tastcs eakawgtc dgogkcs conucogkcs tatgpc baeujcgo eaoaepgtc jgargl
 parcoaue, suprgpuhcd jfrsgk pgonbgk paocs, hgwgl bukct pgonbgk iaeur scsc eajcgk.
4. Zla Ikfgtcon Zastcdka
Pgjg gogb-gogb bfotrgbsc eusbukus braegstar jgpgt eaongonbgt tastcs jgrc
 pfscscs ofregk eaoumu bgogkcs conucogkcs. Xaikabs coc jcpcdu fkal rgonsgon jconco
gtgu saotulgo. Mgongo bakcru eaongonngp pfscsc coc jaongo rataosc tastcs. Zcpa coc
jchgnc

eaomgjc =
g. Zla Tkcjjcon Zastcdka ( Qpar ratrgdtcka typa). Zastcs jgpgt targhg jaongo hgcb
jgrc ecj sbrftue ba gtgs sgepgc jc japgo gpfoaurfscs eusbukus fhkcquus
ghjfecocs abstarous jc gtgs goukus conucogkcs abstarous.
 h. Zla Paojukgot tastcdka (Kfwar Xatrgdtcka Zypa). Zastcs harnargb hfkgb-hgkcb gotgr 
 hgncgo tarhgwgl sbrftue jgo goukus conucogkcs abstarous.
I. Egociastgsc Bkcocs
bgraog ueuoyg QJZ tcjgb eaoyahghbgo oyarc pgjg pgscao, namgkg blgs ygon
jgpgt jcgegtc sadgrg kgonsuon gjgkgl batcbg jcrghg tastcs tcjgb gjg jcjgkge
rfonng

sbrftue. Zastcs ygon tcjgb gjg jcjgkge rfonng sbrftue hcsg bgraog tarpakcotcr jcjgkge
 parut gtgu tartconngk jcsabctgr sakgonbgongo jgo hckg tcjgb sanarg eaojgpgtbgo
 paogongogo sadgrg sarcus, egbg QJZ jgpgt eaoconbgtbgo rascbf larocg gtgu bgobar tastcs
 pgjg pgscao.
N. Paogtgkgbsgoggo
Zumugo jgrc paogongogo brcptfrbcseus gjgkgl =
7. Eaoconbgtbgo iartckctgs
8. Eaodangl tfrscf tastcs
4. Eaonurgonc rascbf dcjarg blususoyg hckg tastcs tarkatgb jc tuharbukue puhcb 

:. Eaonbfrabsc bakgcogo kgco ygon eaoyartgc, sapartc larocg

1. Eaodangl / jatabsc gwgk jgrc bangogsgo tastcs
 9. Eaehaotub hfjy cegna
g. Zargpc ofo hajgl
Harupg targpc lfrefogk. Zargpc coc jcpckcl uotub QJZ hckgtargk pgkpghak conucogk.
Zcjgb jcharcbgo pgjg QJZ uockgtargk katgb tconnc gtgu cotrgghjfeao. Aiab targpc harupg
 paoconbgtgo runfsctgs sbrftue, uburgo tastcs, vgs jaiaraos, eaeparhgcbc supkgy jgrgl,

jgo jcjung eaoconbgtbgo uburgo jgo pgomgon vgsg iuocbukus sparegtcbus,

sartg eaocehukbgo aiab bfotrgbsc ftft pfkfs nuharogbukue uotub eaehgotu turuooyg
tastcs.
Jcgomurbgo sahakue gogb uscg 8 tgluo, sahgcboyg hukgo 70 — 8:.

 LdN
Lfrefo coc gbgo eargonsgon sak Kayjcn eaoprfjubsc tastfstarfo. Jfscs =
Eaourut Efscar (73<:) = 7000 — :000 CQ, 4 bgkc saeconnu sakgeg 4 econnu.
Ngrgnfrrc (73<8) = 100 -7100 CQ, cotrgeusbukar, 3 bgkc sakgon salgrc. Glkc kgco
eaeharcbgo 4400 CQ, 4 bgkc sakgon salgrc uotub QJZ uockgtargk jgo 100 CQ 80
bgkc jaongo 4 bgkc saeconnu. Comabsc LDL tcjgb hfkal jcharcbgo tcgp lgrc uotub 

eaodangl jasaosctcsgsc sak Kayjcn tarlgjgp LDN ygon gbgo

eaoyahghbgo starfcjfnaocd rairgdtfrcoass.
Lcojgrc jfscs tconnc bgraog eaoyahghbgo aiab rairgbtar tastcs
tarlgjgp LDN, ujae cotarstcscgk tastcs, ngonnugo tuhukus jgo aiab tfbscs
tastcs. Bgjgr tastfstarfo jcparcbsg pra jgo pfst uomabsc, hckg hakue gjg raspfo
jgpgt jcukgon 9
 hukgo harcbutoyg. Bfotrgcojcbgsc LDN cgkgl QJZ jaongo larocg, pgsdg
fpargsc larocg, frdlyjfpaxy, jgo tastcs abtfpcb. Eckkar (79) eaeharcbgo
LDN pgjg
 pgscao sabgkcnus uotub eaehajgbgo gotgrg QJZ jgo tastcs ratrgbtck.
Lgsckoyg 80% QJZ jgpgt jcturuobgo sgepgc pfscsc ofregk, jgo 1<% ratrgbtck
tastcs jgpgt

ofregk.
 KLXL
Jfscs 4 x :00 un cotrgogsgk, sakgeg : econnu. Gbgo eaouruobgo tastcs
sadgrg bfepkat sahasgr 40 — 9: %.

 LDN bfehcogsc KLXL

Jfscs = KLXL 4 x :00 un, cotrgogsgk, aepgt econnu . Jckgomutbgo LDN
cotrgeusbukar kceg bgkc paeharcgo sakgon salgrc. Qscg burgon jgrc jug tgluo = 1 x
810 un, 4 -1 tgluo = 1 x 100 un, jc gtgs kceg tgluo = 1 x 7000 un.
Xaspfo targpc = paouruogo tastcs <9,:%, jaongo ifkkfw up jug tgluo baeujcgo
baharlgsckgooyg hartglgo >0,9%.
Avgkugsc targpc.

 Harjgsgr wgbtu = gblcr comabsc, 7 hukgo, 4 hukgo, 4 hukgo, 9 hukgo, jgo 78

 hukgo.

 Harjgsgr pfscsc = raspfo bfepkat hckg tastcs hargjg jc sbrftue, sajgon raspfo
cobfepkat hckg tastcs pfscsc conucogk raojgl Aiab sgepcon harscigt ravarschak.

Qmuj bakgcogo harupg hartgehgl uburgo tastcs, paehasgrgo paocs,

arabsc, eaoconbgtoyg runfsctgs sbrftue, tuehuloyg rgehut puhcs
lcparpcneaotgsc
jgo ngonnugo aefsc
Lgsck paoakctcgo brcptfrbcseus ygon jcharc targpc jaongo LDN gtgu
KLXL, tarngotuon jgrc=
7. Pfscsc tastcs sahakue paonfhgtgo. Zargpc lfrefogk kahcl harlgsck pgjg
paojarctg jaongo kfbgsc tastcs jc conucogk jchgojconbgo jaongo cotrg ghjfecogk.
8. Qeur paojarctg sggt paonfhgtgo. Lgsck targpc kahcl hgcb pgjg gogb-gogb jaongo
uscg kahcl hasgr jchgojcon gogb uscg kahcl raojgl.

4. Hckgtargk/Qockgtargk brcptfrbcseus. Zargpc kahcl harlgsck pgjg paojarctg

jaongo brcptfrbcseus hckgtargk. Lgk coc euonbco jcsahghbgo fkal kahcl hgoygboyg
jctaeubgo
 paoyahgh bakgcogo gogtfec pgjg brcptfrbcseus uockgtargk.
:. Bangngkgo targpc lfrefogk jcsahghbgo <0% bgsus bgraog gjgoyg bakgcogo
gogtfecs. Aiab Tgepcon
Tahakue paonfhgtgo jceukgc, baeuonbcogo tarmgjcoyg aiab sgepcon coc jcmakgsbgo
bapgjg frgontug. Taeug aiab sgepcon coc harscigt ravarschak. Aiab sgepcon paonfhgtgo
LDN gotgrg kgco=
7. Hartgehgloyg vfkuea tastcs

8. Paehasgrgo paocs
4. Arabsc
:. Eaoconbgtoyg runfdcty sbrftue
1. Bgjgon-bgjgon partuehulgo rgehut puhcs
9. Pcneaotgsc
>. Ngonnugo aefsc.
Tajgonbgo KLXL tcjgb eaeharcbgo aiab sgepcon ygon hargrtc. ^gkgupuo
 hgoygb sabgkc ‛dfotrfkaj trcgk― paegbgcgo lfrefogk pgjg uojasdaojaj tastcs jaongo lgsck
ygon harvgrcgsc, targpc lfrefogk tatgp earupgbgo pckclgo utgeg paonfhgtgo
sahakue

jckgbubgo tcojgbgo fpargsc.

 h. Zargpc Hajgl
Zumugo paehajglgo gjgkgl eaefhckcsgsc tastcs, gjabugtoyg supkgc
vgsg sparegtcbg, icbsgsc tastcs ygon gjaqugt ba sbrftue, jgo fpargsc
bakgcogo ygon eaoyartgcoyg sapartc larocg. Cojcbgsc paehajglgo =
7. Zargpc lfrefogk ngngk

8. Zarmgjc larocg ygon pftaoscgk eaocehukbgo bfepkcbgsc

4. Jcdurcngc tfrscf tastcs
:. Kfbgsc cotrgghjfecogk gtgu jc gtgs bgogkcs conucogkcs.
L. Paearcbsggo Paouomgon
7. QTN
Jckgbubgo hckg tastcs cepgkpghka jgo earupgbgo efjgkctgs partgeg
jgkge eaoangbbgo jcgnofscs jgrc brcptfrbcseus.
Hahargpg gkgsgo jcnuogbgo QTN sahgngc gkgt jcgnofsa tgehglgo cgkgl=
g. Tabctgr >8% brcptfrbcseus tarkatgb cotrgbgogkcbukar salconng gbsaschckctgs

QTN dubup hgcb 

 h. Ofo covgsci 
d. Eujgl jcjgpgt
j. Prgbtcs/eujgl jcmgjwgkbgo
a. Eurgl
Pgjg QTN tastcs prapuhartgs eaepuoygc ngehgrgo ablfnaoctgs jargmgt
rcongo sgepgc sajgon, jgo tastcs jawgsg ablfnaoctgs jargmgt sajgon.
QTN lgoyg aiabtci uotub eaojatabsc tastcs jc bgogkcs conucogkcs ba suparicscgk, jgo
tcjgb jgpgt eaojatabsc tastcs jc cotrgghjfecogk. Jc kugr oanarc baharlgsckgooyg dubup

tconnc (90-91%), saeaotgrg IBQC lgoyg 1,3%. Lgk coc jcpaongrulc fkal
paongkgego fpargtfr.
8. DZ-Tdgo
Earupgbgo efjgkctgs bajug satakgl QTN. DZ Tdgo jgpgt eaojatabsc
tastcs cotrgghjfecogk. Gburgsc DZ Tdgo sgeg hgcboyg jaongo QTN pgjg tastcs katgb
conucogk, sajgonbgo tastcs katgb cotrgghjfecogk DZ Tdgo kahcl uonnuk ( DZ Tdgo 39%
vs QTN 37%). Igksa pfsctci / oangtci hcgsgoyg gbchgt paehasgrgo kceifofjc, jgpgt
jchajgbgo jaongo tastcs bgraog gjgoyg kaegb jc sabakckcon kceifofjc.
4. EXC

Jgpgt eaojatabsc janaoargsc egkcnog pgjg brcptfrbcseus. Bakaeglgooyg kffp

usus jgo kceifofjc jgpgt eaoyarupgc brcptfrbcseus.
:. Goncfnrgic
Gburgt tatgpc covgsci salconng tcjgb jcsubgc. Yaofnrgic Ngjfkcue jaongo EXC
kahcl gburgt jchgojcon EXC tuonngk.
1. Cotrgvaog urfnrgic jcbarmgbgo sadgrg sakabtci pgjg bgsus ygon jcdurcngc
gjgoyg bakgcogo sgkurgo baecl hgncgo gtgs, bgraog 70% bgsus jcjgpgtc lfrsa slfa
bcjoay,

raogk lcpfpkgscg, uratargk jupkcbgsc, lcjrf uratar, jgo lcjrfoairfscs.

9. Kgpgrfsbfpc jckgbubgo pgjg uscg 7 tgluo sahgngc jcgnofstcb ygon pgkcon gburgt
uotub eaonatgluc kfbgsc tastcs sahgngc patuomub uotub eakgbubgo coscsc paehajglgo,
uotub eakclgt gpgbgl tastcsoyg ofregk, gpgbgl vgs sparegtcbg huotu, gtgu gjgoyg
vgssg jc jgkge ghjfeao. Tahgngc targpautcb uotub earapfscsc tastcs ygon
ghofregk. Tahgncgo
 hasgr tastcs cepgkpghka jctaeubgo pgjg fpargsc, pgkcon tcjgb jc goukus conucogkcs
cotarog.
C. Bfepkcbgsc
7. Larocg.

Tabctgr 30% paojarctg brcptfrbcseus eaojarctg larocg conucogkcs cpsckgtargkygon

jcsahghbgo fkal bangngkgo paoutupgo prfsasus vgncogkcs.
8. Zfrsc.
Zarmgjc bgraog ghofregkoyg mgrcongo ygon eaomgonng tastcs ygon brcptfrbcseus
jgo tconncoyg efhckctgs tastcs79 sartg sarcon tarmgjc satakgl puhartgs.
4. Zrgueg.
Zastcs ygon tarkatgb jc gtgs puhcd tuhardka eujgl tarmgjc comurc fkal trgueg.
:. Oafpkgseg.
Zastcs ygon eaongkgec brcptfrbcseus pgjg jabgja ba-4 gtgu ba-:, eaepuoygc

baeuonbcogo bangogsgo 80—40 bgkc kahcl hasgr jgrcpgjg tastcs ygon ofregk. Bamgjcgo
oafpkgseg kahcl hasgr tarlgjgp tastcs cotrg ghjfecogk ygon tcjgb jctargpc, gtgu
ygon
jcbfrabsc sadgrg hajgl sggt/satakgl puhartgs, hckg jchgojconbgo jaongo ygon
cotrg bgogkcbukgr. Oafpkgseg ueueoyg maocs saecofeg. Ogeuo, gjg kgpfrgo hglwg
hcfpsc tastcs sggt frdlcfpaxy gbgo eaoconbgtbgo rcscbf bangogsgo.
1. Coiartckctgs.
Brcptfrbcseus hckgtargk ygon tcjgb jctargpc gbgo eaongkgec coiartckctgs kahcl jgrc
30% bgsus, sajgonbgo ygon uockgtargk 10% bgsus. Zastcs ygon harkfbgsc jc
cotrg ghjfecogk jgo jc jgkge bgogkcs conucogkcs, gbgo eaonurgonc sparegtfnaocb,
earusgb 
apctak narecogk.
9. Pscbfkfncs.
Pargsggo raojgl jcrc tarlgjgp icscb gtgu sabsugk gbchgt tcjgb gjgoyg tastcs jc sbrftue.
M. Paonartcgo Frdlcjfpaxy
Frdlcjfpaxy gjgkgl fpargsc uotub eaouruobgo tastcs ba sbrftue. Zastcs tarhaotub 
 pgjg ghjfeao hgyc kgbc-kgbc sggt egscl jc jgkge rglce. Zastcs hcgsgoyg sujgl turuo ba

sbrftue pgjg econnu ba 41 sggt balgeckgo. Bgjgon, tastcs tcjgb turuo jaongo ofregk.
B. Cojcbgsc Frdlcjfpaxy
Fpargsc frdlcjfpaxy jcparkubgo mcbg tastcs tcjgb turuo jaongo saojcrcoyg sgepgc
 hgyc harueur 9 hukgo. Gpghckg tastcs tatgp tcjgb turuo, gjg baeuonbcogo rascbf basalgtgo
sapartc =

 Zrgueg (tfrscfo)

 Larocg mcbg haomfkgo pgjg usus eakawgtc kuhgon ygon sgeg jaongo tastcs

 Basuhurgo ygon raojgl jcsahghbgo taepargtur pgjg parut kahcl

tconnc jchgojconbgo jaongo sbrftue, ygon eaepaongrulc prfjubsc spareg
pgjg tastcs
 Xascbf bgobar tastcs

 Bapardgyggo jcrc ygon raojgl jcsahghbgo paregsgkglgo paogepckgo

K. Prfsas Frdlcjfpaxy
Fpargsc hcgsgoyg jckgbubgo jaongo hcus tftgk jgo harkgonsuon sakgeg sabctgr :1
eaoct sgepgc 7 mge. Glkc hajgl gbgo eaehugt sgygtgo pgjg pgonbgk pglg jgo sgygtgo
badck pgjg sbrftue. Zastcs gbgo jcturuobgo pgjg sbrftue, mcbg glkc hajgl eaoaeubgo
tastcs badck ygon tcjgb hariuonsc coc gbgo jcgonbgt.
E. Bfepkcbgsc Frdlcjfpaxy
Baeuonbcogo bfepkcbgsc pgjg prfsajur ueueoyg jgpgt eakcputc ragbsc
pgjg goastasc, parjgrglgo gtgu paonnuepgkgo pgjg jgrgl (jaap vaco tlrfehfscs, JYZ).
Pgjg fpargsc frdlcjfpaxy, bfepkcbgsc spascicb ygon jgpgt tarmgjc eakcputc =

 Zcehukoyg haomfkgo jchgwgl kubg sgygtgo

 Zastcs eaoyusut

 Zarlgkgonoyg spareg kawgt ba paocs

 Zastcs jgpgt baehgkc ba pfscsc saeukg

 Paouruogo basuhurgo pgjg tastcs ygon jcturuobgo

O. Gsulgo Bapargwgtgo Zafrctcs
7. Paonbgmcgo
g. Cjaotcicbgsc bkcao
 h. Bakulgo utgeg bkcao.
Pgjg bkcao pfst fpargsc tlyrfcjadtfey bakulgo ygon jcrgsgbgo pgjg ueueoyg

gjgkgl oyarc gbchgt kubg fpargsc.

d. Xcwgygt paoygbct sabgrgon
Hcgsgoyg jcjglukuc fkal gjgoyg paehasgrgo ofjuk pgjg kalar ygon
saegbco eaehasgr salconng eaongbchgtbgo tarngonnuoyg parogigsgo bgraog
paoabgogo trgblag ausfignus salconng parku jckgbubgo fpargsc.
j. Xcwgygt paoygbct jgluku
Parku jctgoygbgo rcwgygt paoygbct jgluku ygon harluhuongo jaongo
paoygbct nfojfb, ecsgkoyg parogl eaojarctg nfojfb kahcl jgrc sgtu bgkc, tatgonng gtgu
paojujub sabctgr harpaoygbct nfojfb.

a. Xcwgygt basalgtgo bakugrng

Jcegbsujbgo hgrgonbgkc gjg gonnftg bakugrng ygon eaojarctg sgeg jaongo bkcao
sggt coc.
8. Parscgpgo Pgscao Pra Fp
g. ZZY eakcputc = ZJ, O, XX, T
 h. Coifreaj dfosaot
Hcgsgoyg coifreaj dfosaot hcgsgoyg jckgbubgo fkal bakugrng pgscao,
bakugrng eaongtgbgo hglwg bkcao harsajcg uotub jckgbubgo tcojgbgo fpargsc jgo
jcsartgc tghjg tgongo.

d. Pugsg
Hcgsgoyg pgscao jcpugsgbgo 9 mge sahakue fpargsc
j. Gkarnc
Bgmc bkcao gpgbgl gjg gkarnc tartaotu tarlgjgp fhgt-fhgtgo
a. Eakapgsbgo saeug pgbgcgo, parlcgsgo sahakue tcojgbgo fpargsc
i. Pscbfkfnc
Hcgsgoyg bkcao eargsg daegs
4. Parscgpgo Cotrg Fp
g. Parscgpgo pgscao (scno co)

 h. Parscgpgo gkgt

d. Parscgpgo TJE
  JPMP

 Gogstasc

 Tadrup

 Zage wfrb starck

 Efoctfr ZZY jgo GHDJ

:. Paonbgmcgo Pfst Fp
g. Fhsarvgsc ZZY bkcao
 h. Eaonfhsarvgsc jaongo GHDJ
d. Eaepfscscbgo bkcao
1. Paearcbsggo icscb 
g. Bapgkg
Cospabsc = haotub bapgkg hukgt/tcjgb, gjg kasc/tcjgb, rgehut harwgrog
lctge/putcl, jcstrchusc rgehut eargtg/tcjgb 
Pgkpgsc = hcgsgoyg gjg paehaonbgbgo/tcjgb, tarjgpgt oyarc tabgo/tcjgb 
 h. Egtg
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg bajug egtg sceatrcs, pgkpahrg ujae/tcjgb, pupck
csfbfr/tcjgb, sdkarg cbtarcb/tcjgb, raikax dglgyg ofregk/tcjgb 
Pgkpgsc = hcgsgoyg pgkpahrg ujae/tcjgb 
d. Zakcong
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg bajug takcong sceatrcs, gjg/tcjgb bakgcogo pgjg takcong, kuhgon
takcong gjg/tcjgb, gjg kasc/tcjgb, tarjgpgt sarueao/tcjgb, gjg dgcrgo/jgrgl
j. Lcjuon
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg pfscsc saptue ogsgk sceatrcs, tcjgb tarjgpgt parogigsgo
dupcon lcjuon, hcgsgoyg tcjgb tarjgpgt paonakugrgo kaojcr gtgu jgrgl
Pgkpgsc = hcgsgoyg tcjgb tarjgpgt oyarc tabgo
a. Eukut
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg eubfsg hchcr barcon, ncnc kaonbgp/tcjgb, eukut bftfr/tcjgb, hchcr 
 pudgt/tcjgb 
i. Kalar
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg kalar sceatrcs, tcjgb tarjgpgt mamgs jc kalar 
Pgkpgsc = hcgsgoyg tcjgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo vaog munukgrcs, tcjgb
tarjgpgt
 paehasgrgo bakaomgr natgl haocon, tcjgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo bakaomgr tyrfcj
 n. Zlfrgbs
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg sceatrcs, paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo gjg/tcjgb,
ratrgbsc jcojcon jgjg gjg/tcjgb 
Pgkpgsc = iraectus bcrc jgo bgogo sgeg
/tcjgb Parbusc = gpgbgl sfofr/tcjgb 

Gusbuktgsc = hcgsgoyg huoyc ogigs vascbukar, gpgbgl gjg huoyc ogigs tgehglgo/tcjgb 
l. Mgotuon
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg cdtus dfrjcs tcjgb tarkclgt
Pgkpgsc = hcgsgoyg cdtus dfrjcs targhg 7,8 jgo mgrc jc kad Y
Parbusc = hcgsgoyg hgtgs mgotuon ofregk
Gusbuktgsc = hcgsgoyg HM 7 jgo HM 8 ranukar 
c. Ghjfeao
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg parut tarkclgt eaehuodct/tcjgb, gpgbgl tarjgpgt kubg
habgs fpargsc/tcjgb, gcstas/tcjgb 

Pgkpgsc = hcgsgoyg bgmc gpgbgl tarjgpgt paehasgrgo lapgr, gjgbgl

paehasgrgo kcao/tcjgb, ofjuk/tcjgb, oyarc tabgo gjg/tcjgb 
Parbusc = hcgsoyg tyepgoc
Gusbuktgsc = hcscon usus ofregk/tcjgb 
 m. Naoatgkcg
Cospabsc = hcgsoyg tarkclgt harscl/tcjgb, gjg bakgcogo/tcjgb,
laefrfcj/tcjgb b.
Abstarectgs
Cospabsc = hcgsgoyg tarjgpgt ujae/tcjgb, gjg vgrcsas/tcjgb 
Pgkpgsc = gbrgk targhg lgongt/jconco, DXZ ?8 jtb/;8 jtb, ujae/tcjgb 

k. Paearcbsggo paouomgon
Hcgsgoyg jckgbubgo paearcbsggo rfotnaot
9. Jcgnofsg Bapargwgtgo
g. Pra Fp

 Goscatgs harluhuongo jaongo burgon paonatglugo

  Oyarc gbut harluhuongo jaongo eaousub mgrcongo

 Ngonnugo akcecogsc harluhuongo jaongo coicktrgsc ba saptue radtue vgncog

 h. Cotrg Fp

 Xascbf parjgrglgo harluhuongo jaongo rfhaboyg/tarputusoyg mgrcongo

 paehukul jgrgl hasgr 

  Tyfb lcpfvfkaecb harluhuongo jaongo parjgrglgo

 Xastc paouruogo vfkuea dgcrgo harluhuongo jaongo pargjgrgl spfotgo

d. Pfst Fp

 Xascbf coiabsc harluhuongo jaongo paehajglgo

  Oyarc gbut harluhuongo jaongo kubg mglct fpargsc

 Parjgrglgo harluhuongo jaongo ranrasc spfotgo

 Lgehgtgo efhckctgs harluhuongo jaongo kubg coscsc

>. Cotarvaosc Bapargwgtgo

Jcgnofsg OCD OFD

Pra Fp Goxcaty saki-dfotrfk Goxcaty Xajudtcfo

Goscatg 
Goxcaty (paouruogo badaegsgo)
s kavak

Dfpcon 7. Nuogbgo
 paojabgtgo ygon
Brctarcg Lgsck eaoaogonbgo
=

7. Bkcao egepu 8. Oygtgbgo jaongo

 makgs lgrgpgo
eaoncjaotcicbgsc jgo
eaonuonbgpbgo tarlgjgp pakgbu

namgkg  pgsca
daegs. o
8. Eaoncjaotcicbgs 4.Makgsbgo saeug
c,  prfsajur jgo gpg
eaonuonbgpbgo jgo
eaouomubbgo ygon jcrgsgbgo
talocb sakgeg prfsajur 
uotub eaonfotfk
daegs. :. Pglgec
praspabtci
4.Yctgk scno jgkge hgtgs  pgscao tarlgjgp
ofregk. sctugsc strass

:. Pfstur tuhul, 1.Zaegoc pgscao

absprasc uotub eaeharcbgo
wgmgl, hglgsg tuhul
jgo tconbgt bagegogo jgo
gbtcvictgs eaonurgonc tgbut
eaouomubbg
o 9. Jfrfon bakugrng
 harburgonoyg
badaegsgo. uotub eaoaegoc
gogb 

>.Kgbubgo hgdb /
 oadb ruh
<. Jaongrbgo jaongo
 paoul parlgtcgo
3. Cjaotcicbgsc
tconbgt badaegsgo

70. Hgotu pgscao

eaonaogk sctugsc
ygon eaocehukbgo
badaegsgo
77. Jfrfon pgscao
uotub
eaonuonbgpbgo
 pargsggo,
batgbutgo, parsapsc
jcstaosc
ghjfecogk

Cotrg Fp  Hkffj kfsa savarcty

Xascbf Parjgrglgo  Hkffj bfgnukgtcfo
Brctarcg Lgsck =

7. Zcjgb gjg
laegturcg jgo
laegtaeascs
8. Balckgongo
jgrgl ygon
tarkclgt
4. Zabgogo jgrgl
jgkge
 hgtgs ofregk scstfk
jgo jcgstfka
:. Zcjgb gjg
parjgrglgo
 parvgncog

1. Zcjgb gjg
 78. Costrubscbgo
pgscao
eaonnuogbgo
tabocb
rakgbsgsc
74. Harcbgo fhgt
uotub
eaonurgonc
badaegsgo
 Hkaajcon
pradgutcf
os 7.

Efoctfr
batgt
tgojg-tgojg

 parjgrglgo
8. Dgtgt ockgc
Lh jgo
LZ
sahakue
jgo
sasujgl
tarmgjëoyg
 parjgrglgo
4. Efoctfr
ockgc kgh
(bfgnukg
sc) ygon
eakcputc
PZ, PZZ,
trfehfsct

:.
Efo
ctfr
ZZY
frtfs
tgtcb 
 9. Laefnkfhco jgo 1. Partglgobgo haj
laegtrfbrct jgkge rast sakgeg
 hgtgs ofregk  parjgrglgo gbtci 
>. Pkgseg, PZ, PZZ 9. Bfkghfrgsc jgkge
jgkge hgtgs ofregk  paeharcgo prfjub

jgrgl (pkgtakat gtgu

irasl irfzao
 pkgseg)
>. Kcojuonc pgscao
jgrc trgueg ygon
jgpgt eaoyahghbgo
 parjgrglgo
<. Lcojgrc eaonubur
sulu kawgt radtgk

3. Lcojgrc
paeharcgo gspcrco
jgo
gotcdfgnukgot
70. Gomurbgo pgscao
uotub
eaoconbgtbgo
cotgba egbgogo
ygon hgoygb
eaongojuon

vctgeco B 
77. Lcojgrc tarmgjcoyg
bfostcpgsc jaongo
eaongomurbgo
uotub
eaepartglgobgo
cotgba dgcrgo ygon
gjabugt jgo
 pakaehut iasas


Pfst Fp Pgco kavak Pgco Egognaeaot

 Oyarc Gbut  Pgco dfotrfk 7. Kgbubgo
  Dfeifrt
kavak Brctarcg lgsck =
7. Egepu eaonfotrfk
oyarc (tglu paoyahgh
oyarc, egepu
 paonbgmcgo oyarc
sadgrg
bfepralaosci
taregsub kfbgsc,
bgrgbtarcstcb, jurgsc

eaonnuogbgo talocb irabuaosc, bugkctgs

ofoigregbfkfnc jgo igbtfr
uotub eaonurgonc  prascpctgsc
oyarc, 8. Fhsarvgsc ragbsc
eaodgrc hgotugo) ofovarhgk jgo
8. Eakgpfrbgo hglwg batcjgboygegogo
oyarc harburgon 4. Nuogbgo
jaongo eaonnuogbgo tabocb
egogmaeao oyarc bfeuocbgsc
4. Egepu eaonaogkc targpautcb
oyarc (sbgkg, uotub
cotaosctgs, irabuaosc eaonatgluc
jgo tgojg oyarc)  paongkgego oyarc
:. Eaoygtgbgo rgsg  pgscao
oygego satakgl oyarc :. Bgmc buktur
 harburgon ygon
eaepaongrulc
raspfo oyarc
1. Avgkugsc
 paongkgego oyarc
egsg kgepgu

9. Avgkugsc harsgeg
 pgscao jgo tce
basalgtgo kgco
taotgon
batcjgbaiabtcigo
bfotrfk oyarc egsg
Cgepgu
>. Hgotu pgscao
jgo bakugrng
uotub
eaodgrc jgo eaoaeubgo
 jubuongo
<. Bfotrfk
kconbuongo ygon
jgpgt
eaepaongrulc
oyarc sapartc sulu

rugongo,
 paodglgyggo jgo
bahcscongo
3. Burgonc igbtfr
 prascpctgsc oyarc
70. Pckcl jgo kgbubgo
 paogongogo oyarc
(igregbfkfnc, ofo
igregbfkfnc jgo

cotar parsfogk)
77. Bgmc tcpa jgo
suehar oyarc uotub
eaoaotubgo
cotarvaosc
78. Gmgrbgo
taotgon tabocb
ofo
igregbfkfnc
74. Harcbgo gogCnatcb

uotub eaonurgonc
oyarc
7:. Avgkugsc
baaiabtcigo bfotrfk
oyarc
71. Zconbgtbgo cstcrglgt
79. Bfkghfrgscbgo
jaongo jfbtar mcbg
gjg bakulgo jgo

tcojgbgo oyarc tcjgb 

 harlgsck
7>. Efoctfr
 paoarceggo pgscao taotgon egogmaeao oyarc

HGH CCC
KGPFXGO BGTQT

7. Paonbgmcgo pra fpargsc

  Ogeg pgscao = Go. ]
Zgonngk kglcr/ueur = 4->-800< (70
tl) Gngeg = Cs kge
Paojcjcbgo =T J
Gkgegt = Jusuo Baecrc Tcbgkgon, Zgkgwc Tgwgl Kuotf

 Of.EX = 07.00.<0.83
Jcgnofsg eajcs = uojaosaosus
tastcs Zcojgbgo eajcs = frdlcjfpaxy
Paogonnuon mgwgh pgscao
 Ogeg = Oy.G
Qeur = 41 tl
Gngeg = Cskge
Paojcjcbgo = T EG
Pabarmggo = C XZ

Luhuongo jaongo pgscao = chu

bgojuon Gsgk pgscao = rgwgt cogp
8. Parscgpgo pgscao pra fpargsc
g. Zgojg-tgojg
vctgk ZJ =
 O = 778 x/e
XX = 88 x/e
T = 4 9,1 D
 h. Coifreaj dfosaot

Coifreaj dfosaot jckgbubgo chu bgojuon bkcao, chu bkcao eaongtgbgo hglwg
bkcao harsajcg uotub jckgbubgo fpargsc jgkge haotub eaogojgtgongoc
kaehgr 
 parsatumugo fpargsc. Chu bkcao eaongtgbgo takgl eaoarceg coifregsc ygon makgs
jgrc jfbtar.
d. Pugsg
Chu bkcao eaongtgbgo targblcr egbgo jgo ecoue pubuk 8:.00 ^CH bgraog
jcsurul pugsg fkal pargwgt jc rugon rgwgt cogp
j. Gkarnc = Chu bkcao eaongtgbgo bkcao tcjgb gjg gkarnc tarlgjgp fhgt-fhgtgo
a. Eakapgsbgo saeug pgbgcgo, parlcgsgo sahakue eakgbubgo tcojgbgo fpargsc sapartc

dcodco, bgkuon, mge tgongo jgo gotcon

i. Pscbfkfnc
 Bkcao eargsg daegs jaongo tcojgbgo fpargsc coc. Bkcao hgoygb hartgoyg pgjg patungs
basalgtgo ygctu pgjg jfbtar jgo pargwgt
4. Xcwgygt Basalgtgo
g. Xcwgygt basalgtgo sabgrgon
Pgjg sggt jckgbubgo paonbgmcgo pgjg tgonngk 88 Egrat 807< mge 03.00 ^CH jcrugon

fpargsc sahakue jckgbsgogbgooyg fpargsc, bkcao eaongtgbgo tgbut gbgo

prfsajur fpargsc, wgmgl bkcao tgepgb pudgt, bkcao tgepgb tangon, bkcao eaongtgbgo
coc gjgkgl
fpargsc partgegoyg, lgsck ZZY ZJ = O = 774 x/e XX = 88 x/e T = 49,1 D
 h. Xcwgygt basalgtgo jgluku
Bkcao eaongtgbgo tcjgb gjg eaojarctg paoygbct kgco sahakueoyg jgo hakue parogl
jcrgwgt jc XT. Bkcao eaongtgbgo sujgl eaojarctg paoygbct coc samgb 7 tgluo ygon
kgku.
d. Xcwgygt basalgtgo bakugrng
Bkcao eaongtgbgo tcjgb gjg eaojarctg paoygbct baturuogo gtgu eaoukgr kgcooyg,

sapartc lcpartaosc, JE, mgotuon jkk.

:. Paearcbsggo Icscb 
g. Bapgkg
Cospabsc = bapgkg sceatrcs, rgehut lctge, harscl, uhgo (-), kubg (-)
Pgkpgsc = paehaonbgbgo (-), oyarc tabgo (-)
 h. Egtg
Cospabsc = bajug egtg sceatrcs, pgkpahrg tcjgb ujae, sdkarg tcjgb cbtarcb, pupck
csfbfr 8ee/8ee, raikab dglgyg +/+, bfomuonctvg tcjgb goaecs
d. Zakcong

Cospabsc = takcong sceatrcs, tcjgb gjg bakgcogo pgjg takcong, kuhgon takcong
gjg, sarueao (+), paonakugrgo jgrgl (-)
Pgkpgsc = paehaonbgbgo (-), oyarc tabgo (-)
j. Eukut
Cospabsc = eubfsg hchcr barcon, ncnc harscl, eukut harscl, hchcr tarkclgt pudgt
a. Lcjuon
Cospabsc = pfscsc saptue ogsgk sceatrcs, parogigsgo dupcon lcjuon (-), sarueao (-),
 paonakugrgo kaojcr/jgrgl (-)
Pgkpgsc = paehaonbgbgo (-), oyarc tabgo (-)

i. Kalar
Cospabsc = tcjgb tarjgpgt mamgs, tcjgb gjg jcstaosc vaog munukgrcs
 Pgkpgsc = tcjgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo bakaomgr natgl haocon, tcjgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo
bakaomgr tyrfcj, trgbag sceatrcs
n. Zlfrgbs

 Pgru
Cospabsc = tcjgb tarjgpgt, sceatrcs, paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo (+), ratrgbsc

jcojcon jgjg (-), mamgs (-)

Pgkpgsc = iraectus bcrc jgo bgogo sgeg
Parbusc = sfofr 
Gusbuktgsc = vascbukar, wlaazcon (-), rfodlc (-)

 Mgotuon
Cospabsc = cdtus bfrjcs tcjgb tarkclgt
Pgkpgsc = cdtus bfrjcs targhg 7 mgrc jc cotardfstg ba Y scocstrg
Parbusc = hgtgs mgotuon ofregk
Gusbuktgsc = HM 7 jgo HM 8 ranukar, eureur (-), ngkkfp (-)
l. Ghjfeao
Cospabsc = parut tcjgb eaehuodct, gsctas (-), jcstaosc (-), kasc (-), kubg fp (-)
Pgkpgsc = tcjgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo lapgr, tcjgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo ncomgk jgo kcao,
oyarc tabgo (-), egssg (-)
Parbusc = tyepgoc
Gusbuktgsc = hcscon usus 70 x/c
c. Naoatgkcg
Cospabsc = harscl, gjgoyg bakgcogo pgjg sbrftue, laefrfcj (-)
 m. Abstraectgs

 Abstraectgs gtgs
Cospabsc = bkcao tarpgsgon CYIJ XK 80 tts/c jc tgongo sahakgl bcrc, ujae (-),
turnfr bukct (+)
Pgkpgsc = ujae (-), gbrgk targhg lgongt

 Abstraectgs hgwgl
Cospabsc = vgrcsas (-), irgbtur (-), ujae (-)[
Pgkpgsc = ujae (-), gbrgk targhg lgongt
b. Paearcbsggo paouomgon

 Paearcbsggo laegtfkfnc
Kaubfsct 9.970/ee4 (O = 1000-70000)
 Zrfehfsct 47<.000/ee4 (O = 710000-:00000)
LZ :7% (O = 4>-:4%)
PZ 70,4 (O = 3,7-78,:)
LPZZ 4:,< (O = 8<,<-43,0)

 Paearcbsggo rgjcfkfnc = rfotnao

1. Paonbgmcgo cotrg fp
g. Parscgpgo bkcao (scno co) 0<.00 ^CH

 Jcrugon FB bkcao jc pgsgon coius XK :0 tts/c pgjg abstraectgs bcrc gtgs

 Bkcao jckgbubgo goastasc ueue

 h. Parscgpgo gkgt

 Hfwak

 Bgssg starck

 Tat starck

 Tudtcfo starck

 Tgruon tgongo starck

 Tat starck

 Haogon mglct starck jaongo harhgngc uburgo

 Hatgjcoa

 Pkastar

 Jub kuhgon starck

 ^gsbfe jgo oarhabao

d. Parscgpgo TJE

 JPMP =
Gscstao =

 Goastasc

= Gscstao

 Tdruh =
Xuooar =

 Zage wfrb starck = tage wfrb eakgbubgo dudc tgongo paehajglgo, eaegsgon
 hgmu starck jgo lgojsdffo starck, eakgbubgo jascoiabsc kfbgsc fpargsc jgo ygon
targblcr jrcpcon (eaoutup bkcao jaongo bgco starck)
 Kgbubgo tcea fut jaongo kagjar jgo ruooar pubuk 03.:1 ^CH jgo

fpargtfr eakgbubgo coscsc kfbgsc fpargsc

 Efoctfr ZZY jgo GHDJA

7 mge partgeg
ZJ

 O 707 x/e
XX 80 x/e
T 49,1 D
TF8 33%
G=
Nurnkcon (-)
Tofrcon (-)
^laazcon (-)
Ttrcjfr (-)

Tuehgtgo mgkgo ogigs (-)

Mgkgo ogigs pgtao
H=
XX 80 x/e
Parogigsgo dupcon lcjuon (-)
Xatrgbsc jcojcon jgjg (-)
Paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo
(-) Huoyc ogigs vascbukar
D=

ZJ
 O >< x/e
XX 87 x/e
T 49,< D
Gbrgk targhg lgongt, DXZ ; jatcb 
Bfomuontcvg tcjgb goaecs, ujae (-), pgkpahrg tcjgb ujae

J =
Pupck csfbfr 8ee/8ee

Xaikab dglgyg +/+

 A=
Kubg coscsc lfrczfotgk ·70 de pgjg naoatgkcg
Fpargsc sakasgc pubuk 77.40 ^CH
9. Paonbgmcgo pfst fp
Paonbgmcgo fpargsc sakasgc pgjg tgonngk 88 Egrat 807< pubuk 77.:1 ^CH jcrugon XX,

bkcao tgepgb tarhgrcon kaegl jctaepgt tcjur/hrgobgr, gbrgk jconco,

basgjgrgo sfeofkao, bagjggo ueue kaegl, tarjgpgt kubg coscsc pfst fp ·70 de
pgjg jgargml
naoatgkcg, bkcao tgepgb pudgt, bfomuontcvg goaecs, DXZ ; 8 jtb, hchcr pudgt, ZZY =
7 mge partgeg =
ZJ
 O 33 x/e
XX 87 x/e
T 49,< D
G=

Mgkgo ogigs pgtao

Tuehgtgo mgkgo ogigs (-)
Nurnkcon (-)
Tofrcon (-)
^laazcon (-)
Ttrcjfr (-)
H=
XX 87 x/e
Parogigsgo dupcon lcjuon (-)

Xatrgbsc jcojcon jgjg (-)

Paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo
(-)
Huoyc ogigs vascbukar
(-) D =
ZJ
 O 33 x/e
XX 87 x/e
T 49,< D
Gbrgk targhg lgongt, DXZ ; 8 jtb 

Bfomuontcvg tcjgb goaecs, ujae (-), pgkpahrg tcjgb ujae

J=
Pupck
csfbfr Xaikabs
dglgyg +/+
A=
Zarjgpgt kubg coscsc lfrczfotgk ·70 de pgjg jgargl naoatgkcg
7 mge bajug

ZJ
 O >< x/e
XX 88 x/e
T 49,> D
Tgt F8 3<%
Parjgrglgo ·700 dd
G=
Mgkgo ogigs pgtao
Tofrcon (-)

^laazcon (-)
Ttrcjfr (-)
H=
XX 88 x/e
Parogigsgo dupcon lcjuon (-)
Xatrgbsc jcojcon jgjg (-)
Paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo
(-) Huoyc ogigs vascbukar 
D=

ZJ
 O >< x/e
XX 88 x/e
T 49,> D
Gbrgk targhg jconco, DXZ ; 8
jtb Bfomuontcvg tcjgb goaecs,
ujae (-) J=
NDT 74
Bagjggo ueue sfeofkao

Pupck csfbfr Xaikabs
dglgyg +/+
 A=
Zarjgpgt kubg coscsc ·70 de pgjg jgargl naoatgkcg
>. Gogkcsg Jgtg
Of Tyeptfe Atcfkfnc Prfhkae
.

7. Pra Bakgcogo jgrc bfotrfk Goscatgs

Fpargsc JT lfrefo gtgu prfsas
=
gogtfec ygon jcparkubgo
-bkcao eaongtgbgo daegs
jgkge prfsas paouruogo
gbgo jc fpargsc
tastcs sadgrg ofregk
-bkcao eaongtgbgo tgbut
eaoconngk mcbg fpargsc tcjgb 
Ngngkoyg nuharogbukue
 harlgsck
 harecnrgsc ba sbrftue jgo
-bkcao eaongtgbgo coc
tastcs targhg jc jgargl
fpargsc partgegoyg
conucogk
JF =
-wgmgl bkcao tgepgb tangon
Qojaosaosus tastcs
-bkcao tgepgb daegs
-wgmgl bkcao tgepgb pudgt
Burgon paonatglugo
ZJ
 O 707 x/e
Badaegsgo
XX 87 x/e
T 49,> D Bakgcogo jgrc bfotrfk Xascbf Parjgrglgo
8. Cotrg
lfrefo gtgu prfsas
Fpargsc JT =
gogtfec ygon jcparkubgo
-
jgkge prfsas paouruogo
JF =
tastcs sadgrg ofregk
-tgepgb jgargl naoatgkcg jc
coscsc ·70 de
Ngngkoyg nuharogbukue
-kubg tgepgb harjgrgl
 harecnrgsc ba sbrftue jgo
-parjgrglgo ·700 dd
tastcs targhg jc jgargl
ZJ
conucogk
 O 704 x/e
XX 88 x/e
Qojaosaosus tastcs
T 49,3 D
-bfomuontcvg tcjgb goaecs
 -sgt F8 3<%
-tarpgsgon XK :0 tts/e Paehajglgo

Zarputusoyg mgrcongo

Xascbf parjgrglgo
4. Pfst Bakgcogo jgrc bfotrfk  Oyarc gbut
Fpargsc JT lfrefo gtgu prfsas
=- gogtfec ygon jcparkubgo
JF = jgkge prfsas paouruogo
-bkcao tgepgb earconcs tastcs sadgrg ofregk
P =oyarc pgjg habgs kubg
 pfst fpargsc Ngngkoyg nuharogbukue
W = oyarc sapartc jctusub-  harecnrgsc ba sbrftue jgo
tusub 
tastcs targhg jc jgargl
conucogk
X = jchgncgo jgargl
naoatgkcg
T = sbgkg oyarc > Qojaosaosus tastcs
Z = oyarc sggt
harnargb ZZY Zarputusoyg bfotcouctgs
ZJ
 O 708 x/e  Oyarc gbut
XX 87 x/e
T 49,> D

<. Jcgnofsg bapargwgtgo

g. Pra Fp
Goscatgs
 h. Cotrg Fp
Xascbf parjgrglgo

d. Pfst Fp
 Oyarc gbut
3. Cotarvaosc bapargwgtgo

Jcgnofsg OFD OCD

Pra Fp
 Goxcaty saki-dfotrfk Goxcaty Xajudtcfo
Goscatgs
 Goxcaty kavak (paouruogo badaegsgo)

 Dfpcon 7. Nuogbgo

Brctarcg Lgsck =  paojabgtgo ygon

eaoaogonbgo

7. Bkcao egepu 8. Oygtgbgo jaongo

eaoncjaotcicbgsc jgo  makgs lgrgpgo

eaonuonbgpbgo tarlgjgp pakgbu

namgkg daegs.  pgscao

8. Eaoncjaotcicbgsc, 4. Makgsbgo saeug

eaonuonbgpbgo jgo  prfsajur jgo gpg

eaouomubbgo talocb ygon jcrgsgbgo

uotub eaonfotfk sakgeg prfsajur 

daegs. :. Pglgec praspabtci

4. Yctgk scno jgkge  pgscao tarlgjgp

hgtgs ofregk. sctugsc strass

:. Pfstur tuhul, 1. Zaegoc pgscao

absprasc wgmgl, uotub eaeharcbgo

hglgsg tuhul jgo bagegogo jgo

tconbgt gbtcvictgs eaonurgonc tgbut

eaouomubbgo 9. Jfrfon bakugrng

 harburgonoyg uotub eaoaegoc

badaegsgo. gogb 

>. Kgbubgo hgdb

/ oadb ruh
<. Jaongrbgo jaongo
 paoul parlgtcgo
3. Cjaotcicbgsc
tconbgt badaegsgo
70. Hgotu pgscao
eaonaogk sctugsc
ygon eaocehukbgo

badaegsgo
77. Jfrfon pgscao
 uotub
eaonuonbgpbgo
 pargsggo,
batgbutgo, parsapsc
78. Costrubscbgo pgscao

eaonnuogbgo
tabocb rakgbsgsc
74. Harcbgo fhgt uotub
eaonurgonc
badaegsgo
Cotrg Fp  Hkffj kfsa savarcty Hkaajcon pradgutcfos
Xascbf Parjgrglgo  Hkffj bfgnukgtcfo 7. Efoctfr

Brctarcg Lgsck = batgt tgojg-

7. Zcjgb gjg laegturcg tgojg

 parjgrglgo
jgo laegtaeascs
8. Balckgongo 8. Dgtgt ockgc Lh
jgrgl ygon jgo LZ sahakue
jgo
tarkclgt
sasujgl tarmgjëoyg
4. Zabgogo jgrgl
jgkge  parjgrglgo

 hgtgs ofregk scstfk 4. Efoctfr ockgc kgh

jgo jcgstfka (bfgnukgsc) ygon

:. Zcjgb gjg eakcputc PZ, PZZ,

parjgrglgo
trfehfsct
 parvgncog :. Efoctfr ZZY
1. Zcjgb gjg jcstaosc
frtfstgtcb 
ghjfecogk 1. Partglgobgo
9. Laefnkfhco jgo
haj rast sakgeg
laegtrfbrct jgkge  parjgrglgo gbtci 
 hgtgs ofregk
9. Bfkghfrgsc jgkge
>. Pkgseg, PZ, PZZ  paeharcgo prfjub
jgkge hgtgss ofregk
jgrgl (pkgtakat
gtgu irasl irfzao
 pkgseg)

>. Kcojuonc
pgscao jgrc
trgueg ygon
 jgpgt eaoyahghbgo
 parjgrglgo
<. Lcojgrc
eaonubur sulu
kawgt radtgk
3. Lcojgrc paeharcgo

gspcrco jgo
gotcdfgnukgot
70. Gomurbgo pgscao
uotub
eaoconbgtbgo
cotgba egbgogo
ygon hgoygb
eaongojuon
vctgeco B 

77. Lcojgrc tarmgjcoyg

bfostcpgsc jaongo
eaongomurbgo
uotub
eaepartglgobgo
cotgba dgcrgo ygon
gjabugt jgo
 pakaehut iasas
Pfst Fp  Pgco kavak Pgco Egognaeaot

 Oyarc Gbut  Pgco dfotrfk 7. Kgbubgo

 Dfeifrt  paonbgmcgo oyarc

kavak Brctarcg lgsck = sadgrg

7. Egepu eaonfotrfk bfepralaosci

oyarc (tglu paoyahgh taregsub kfbgsc,

oyarc, egepu bgrgbtarcstcb, jurgsc

eaonnuogbgo talocb irabuaosc, bugkctgs

ofoigregbfkfnc jgo igbtfr

uotub eaonurgonc oyarc,  prascpctgsc

eaodgrc hgotugo) 8. Fhsarvgsc

8. Eakgpfrbgo hglwg ragbsc ofovarhgk
jgo
 oyarc harburgon batcjgboygegogo
jaongo eaonnuogbgo 4. Nuogbgo tabocb
egogmaeao oyarc bfeuocbgsc
4. Egepu eaonaogkc targpautcb uotub
oyarc (sbgkg, eaonatgluc

cotaosctgs, irabuaosc  paongkgego oyarc

jgo tgojg oyarc)  pgscao
:. Eaoygtgbgo rgsg :. Bgmc buktur ygon
oygego satakgl oyarc eaepaongrulc
 harburgon raspfo oyarc
1. Avgkugsc
 paongkgego oyarc
egsg kgepgu
9. Avgkugsc harsgeg

 pgscao jgo tce

basalgtgo kgco
taotgon
batcjgbaiabtcigo
bfotrfk oyarc egsg
Cgepgu
>. Hgotu pgscao jgo
bakugrng uotub
eaodgrc jgo

eaoaeubgo
jubuongo
<. Bfotrfk
kconbuongo
ygon jgpgt
eaepaongrulc
oyarc sapartc sulu
rugongo,
 paodglgyggo jgo
bahcscongo

3. Burgonc igbtfr
 prascpctgsc oyarc
 70. Pckcl jgo kgbubgo
 paogongogo oyarc
(igregbfkfnc, ofo
igregbfkfnc jgo
cotar parsfogk)

77. Bgmc tcpa jgo

suehar oyarc uotub
eaoaotubgo
cotarvaosc
78. Gmgrbgo
taotgon tabocb
ofo
igregbfkfnc
74. Harcbgo gogCnatcb
uotub eaonurgonc
oyarc
7:. Avgkugsc
baaiabtcigo bfotrfk
oyarc
71. Zconbgtbgo cstcrglgt
79. Bfkghfrgscbgo
jaongo jfbtar mcbg
gjg bakulgo jgo
tcojgbgo oyarc tcjgb 

 harlgsck
7>.
Efoctfr
 paoarceggo pgscao
taotgon egogmaeao
1. Cepkaeaotgsc oyarc
bapargwgtgo

 Of. Zgonngk/Mge Jcgnofsg Cepkaeaotgsc TFGP ZZJ

7. Goscatgs -eaonnuogbgo T=
 paojabgtgo ygon Bkcao
eaoaogonbgo eaongtgbgo
-eaoygtgbgo daegs sajcbct
 jaongo makgs  harburgon
lgrgpgo tarlgjgp F=
 pakgbu pgscao ^gmgl bkcao
-eaomakgsbgo tgepgb sajcbct
 prfsajur jgo gpg rckabs
ygon jcrgsgbgo ZJ
sakgeg prfsajur  O 30 x/e
-eaeglgec XX 87 x/e
 parspabtci pgscao T 49,> D
tarlgjgp sctugsc G=
strass Egsgkgl hakue
-eaoncjaotcicbgsc targtgsc
tconbgt badaegsgo P=
-eaehgotu pgscao Cotarvaosc
eaonaogc sctugsc jckgomutbgo
ygon eaocehukbgo
badaegsgo
8. Xascbf -eaefoctfr T =-
 parjgrglgo tarlgjgp gjgoyg F=
raspfo bfepaosgsc -bkcao tgepgb
gwgk syfb   pudgt
-eaefoctfr -eubfsg hchcr
tarlgjgp tgojg- barcon

tgojg raspfo -parjgrglgo

scojrfeg coikgegsc · 700 dd

scstaecb  -ZZY
-eaefoctfr ZJ
tarlgjgp gjgoyg  O 708 x/e
tgojg gwgk ragbsc XX 87 x/e
gkarnc T 49,< D
-eaefoctfr G=
tarlgjgp tgojg Egsgkgl hakue

gwgk jgrc targtgsc

 paouruogo iuonsc P=
  mgotuon Cotarvaosc
-eaeharcbgo jckgomutbgo
dgcrgo eakgkuc CY
4. Oyarc g but -eaefoctfr t gojg- T =-
tgojg vctgk F=

-eaeharcbgo pfscsc-bkcao tgepgb

ygon gego jgoearconcs

oygego P = oyarc pgjg

-eaongmgrbgo  habgs kubg pfst
tabocb rakgbsgsc fpargsc
uotub eaongtgsc W = oyarc sapartc
oyarc jctusub-tusub 
-egogmaeao oyarc X = jchgncgo
-harbfkghfrgsc naoatgkcg

jgkge paeharcgo T = sbgkg >

targpc Z = oyarc sggt
 harnargb ZJ
 O 3< x/e XX 87 x/e T 49,> D
G=
Egsgkgl hakue

targtgsc
P=
Cotarvaosc jckgomutbgo
 HGH CY
PAEHGLGTGO

Qojasdaojaj tastcs earupgbgo bakgcogo ygon sarcon tarmgjc pgjg hgyc kgbc-
kgbc, ygctu pgjg :-1% hgyc kgbc-kgbc jaongo ueur balgeckgo ygon dubup jgo 80-44%
 pgjg hgyc kgbc-kgbc praegtur. Tadgrg aehrcfkfnc, tglgp gblcr jgrc paouruogo
tastcs eaodgpgc sbrftue sadgrg ofregk gjgkgl pgjg econnu ba 81 sgepgc econnu
ba 41
 pgjg uscg balgeckgo. Zarmgjcoyg bakgcogo jgrc bfotrfk lfrefo gtgu prfsas

gogtfec ygon jcparkubgo jgkge prfsas paouruogo tastcs sadgrg ofregk jgpgt

eaoyahghbgo uojasdaojaj tastcs.

 Qojasdaojaj tastcs jgpgt jchajgbgo eaomgjc pgkpghka jgo ofo pgkpghka. Zastcs
euonbco hargjg pgjg kalar sbrftue, jc jgargl conucogk gtgu jc jgargl cotrg ghjfeao.
Jcgnofscs jgrc uojasdaojaj tastcs jgpgt jcbatgluc eakgkuc paearcbsggo icscb. Ogeuo,
 mcbg tastcs tcjgb targhg, kgpgrfsbfpc jgpgt jckgbubgo uotub eaoaotubgo pfscsc tastcs.
Zargpc lfrefogk uotub eaongtgsc uojasdaojaj tastcs egscl
jgkge bfotrfvarsc. Zcojgbgo ygon sarcon jckgbubgo gjgkgl paehajglgo ygon
jcsahut frdlcjfpaxy. ^gbtu ygon fptcegk uotub eakgbubgo frdlcjfpaxy gjgkgl
sggt gogb 
 haruscg 9-78 hukgo. Paehajglgo ygon jckgbubgo jchajgbgo harjgsgrbgo
bkgscicbgsc jgrc uojasdaojaj tastcs. Bfepkcbgsc ygon pgkcon sarcus jgrc
frdlcjfpaxy gjgkgl gtrfply tastcs. Lgk coc tarmgjc pgjg prasaotgsa ygon badck, ygctu
1-70%.
Coiartckctgs euonbco tarmgjc pgjg 7 lconng 4 jgrc : kgbc-kgbc jawgsg jgo rascbf
tarmgjcoyg bangogsgo eaoconbgt sahgoygb 1-70 bgkc kahcl tconnc pgjg kgbc-kgbc jaongo
rcwgygt uojasdaojaj tastcs. Tugtu eatg gogkcscs eaouomubgo hglwg prfnofscs gbgo
eaehgcb mcbg frdlcjfpaxy jckgbubgo sggt gogb haruscg mgul kahcl eujg. Basaehulgo

 pfst fpargsc jgrc prfsajur frdlcjfpaxy sgongt dapgt, jcegog satakgl hahargpg
lgrc
 pgscao jgpgt baehgkc eakgbubgo gbtcvctgs paoul. Fkglrgng euonbco parku
jclcojgrc jgkge 7-8 econnu. Paearcbsggo kahcl kgomut parku jckgbubgo satakgl 9-78
hukgo uotub eaygbcobgo hglwg gtrfply tcjgb tarmgjc. Tggt gogb takgl
harueur 7: tgluo,
 paearcbsggo tarlgjgp puhartgs jgo baeuonbcogo tarmgjcoyg coiartckctgs jgo bangogsgo
 mung parku jckgbubgo.
 

HGH Y
PAOQZQP
G. Bascepukg
o

Jcgnofscs brcptfrbcseus jctangbbgo satakgl uscg 7 tgluo, wgkgupuo sasujgl uscg 3

 hukgo lgepcr tcjgb jcjgpgtbgo kgnc paouruogo tastcs sadgrg spfotgo. Jcgomurbgo
jcfhgtc gotgrg uscg 70 hukgo sgepgc 8: hukgo. Coscjao uojasdaojaj tastcs kahcl tconnc
 pgjg hgyc burgon hukgo, tatgpc gjg kgpfrgo pgjg uscg 4 hukgo jasaosus tastcs
kahcl

 hgoygb tarmgjc jchgojconbgo jaongo hgyc dubup hukgo. Coscjaos brcptfrbcseus

pgjg gogb uscg 7 tgluo sahasgr 0,1—0,<%. ^gkgupuo paoyahgh brcptfrbcseus
sahgncgo
  hasgr tcjgb jcbatgluc, targpc lfrefogk jcgomurbgo tarutgeg tarlgjgp brcptfrbcseus
 hckgtargk, kfbgsc tastcsoyg jc conucogk, sartg tcjgb jcmuepgc bakgcogo gogtfec jgo bfotrg
cojcbgsc tarlgjgp LDN.
Zargpc lfrefogk KLXL tcjgb jcgomurbgo bgraog pftaoscoyg jc hgwgl LDN, jgo
sajcggo fhgt coc hakue gjg jc Cojfoascg. Harvgrcgscoyg jfscs jgo kgeg
paeharcgo LDN, jcparkubgo paoakctcgo uotub eaockgc egog ygon kahcl hgcb.
Zargpc hajgl jckgbubgo hckg tcjgb gjg raspfos jaongo paonfhgtgo lfrefogk,
tarmgjcoyg fhstrubsc, larocg ygon pftaoscgk eaocehukbgo fhstrubsc, gtgu jcdurcngc
tarmgjcoyg tfrsc.

H. Tgrgo
Mcbg gjg basgkglgo jgo babakcrugo pgjg egbgkgl coc egbg bgec eaecotg
brctcb egupuo sgrgo ygon eaehgonuo jgrc paehgdg gngr hcsg kahcl hgcb bajapgooyg.

JGIZGX PQTZGBG
Egdbakkgr G. Gpprfprcgta egognaeaot fi tla uojasdaojaj tastcs. Mfurogk fi pgajcgtrcds,
fhstattrcds goj nyogadfkfny 73<12 70(7)=84-<.
Pajcgtrcd Jgtg Hgsa. Dryptfrdlcjcse. Gvgckghka irfe =
lttp=//www.cdfojgtg.dfe/lagktl/pajhgsa/ickas/dryptfrd.ltek.
Pgrbar XE. Dryptfrdlcjcse. Pajs Qrf Kfncd. Gvgckghka irfe=
lttp=//www.pajsurfkfncd.dfe/pgeplkats/dryptfrdlcjcse/uojasdao jajZastas.ltek.

Zla Jcvcscfo fi Qrfkfny, Dlckjrao–s Lfspctgk, Hfstfo. Qojasdaojaj tastas co dlckjrao.

Jcnctgk Qrfkfny Mfurogk. Gvgckghka irfe = lttp=//www.jum.dfe/tastcs.ltek.
Nrciictl L^. Zastas, uojasdaojaj (dryptfrdlcjcse). Zla dfepkata nucja tf pajcgtrcd
syeptfes, ckkoass & eajcdgkctcfos Rdctaj tla Putoge Harbkay Nrfup. Cod.2 akadtrfocd rcnlts
 hy Eajcdgk Jgtg AxdlgonaU. Gvgckghka irfe=
lttp=//www.tlrcvafokcoa.dfe/lagktl/kchrgry/pajckksyep/pajckksyep:77.ltek.
Bcjs Lagktl Frn. Zla igdts fo uojasdaojaj tastcdkas. Gvgckghka irfe=
lttp=//bcjslagktl.frn/pgraot/lagktly/dryprf.ltek.
Hrguostaco NJ. Dryptfrdlcjcse. Jgkge = Nraaospgo IT, Ttrawkar NM, paoyuotcon. Hgscd &
Dkcocdgk aojfdrcofkfny. Ajcsc ba-1. Kfojfo= Praotcda-Lgkk, 733>. l.:73-80.
Lcegwgo T. Tanc pgtfkfncb brcptfbcseus. Jcsgepgcbgo pgjg Tcepfscue Talgrc Zgtgkgbsgog
Fptcegk Brcptfrbcsecs, Mgbgrtg, 74 Gnustus, 733:.
Hgtuhgrg MXK. Zargpc lfrefogk pgjg brcptfrbcseus. Jcsgepgcbgo pgjg Tcepfscue Talgrc
Zgtgkgbsgog Fptcegk Brcptfrbcseus, Mgbgrtg, 74 Gnustus, 733:.
Tgotao XM. Dryptfrdlcjcse. Jgkge = Iakcn P, Hgxtar MJ, Hrfgjus GA, Irflego KG,
 paoyuotcon. Aojfdrcofkfny goj eatghfkcse. Ajcsc ba-8. Oaw Sfrb= Ed Nrgw-Lckk, 73<>.

l.<<4-9.