GTQLGO BAPAXG^GZGO JAONGO ZCOJGBGO FXDLCJFPA\S

JAONGO COJCBGTC QOJAOTAOTQT ZATZCT JC COTZGKGTC HAJGL

TAOZXGK (CHT) XTQP JX. E. JMGECK PGJGON

JCTQTQO FKAL =

Os SAOC XGIKATCG, T.BAP

 HGH C

PAOJGLQKQGO

G. Kgtgr Hakgbgon

Batibg sbrftue gogb tijgb ji juepgi tastis, frgon tuggoyg gbgo ji

lgotui bahiehgongo taotgon bakakgbigo gogboyg. Jfbtar gbgo harpibir sabitgr bgobar
tastis jgo ygon pgkion paotion kgni gogb gbgo egku jgo daegs jgkge parngukgo.
Paeglgego egsgkgl briptfrbiseus sadgrg lfkistib gbgo eaehiehion jfbtar frgon
tug jgo gogb  jgkge eaoyionbgpi bakgiogo ygon gjg. Jfbtar gbgo eaeharibgo
pakgygogo ygon fptiegk ji taongl bftrfvarsi paogongogo ygon egsil harkgonsuon.
Frgon tug gbgo eaeglgei bfojisi gogb jgo baeuoniogo ygon tarjgji ji bakgb 
lgri, salionng gogb gbgo eaojgpgt paoarieggo bfojisi bakgiogo fkal
kionbuongo
 parngukgooyg, salionng psibfkfni gogb tijgb tarngonnu, jung eaojgpgt paogongogo eajis
ygon jabugt. Jgkge eaogongoi briptfrbiseus, jfbtar tijgb lgoygy eaeparhgibi gogtfei
sgjg tatgpi jung eaeparlgtibgo igbtfr psibfkfnis gtgu iefsifogk hgib pgjg gogb egupuo
frgon tugoyg.
Qojaosdaojaj tastis (QJZ) gtgu dryptfrdlijise gjgkgl bakgiogo
naoitgkig bfonaoitgk tarsarion pgjg gogb kgbi-kgbi. Cosijaosoyg 4 — 9% pgjg hgyi kgbi-
kgbi ygon kglir dubup hukgo jgo eaoionbgt eaojgji 40% pgjg hgyi praegtur . Jug
parting bgsus eaongkgei QJZ uoikgtargk jgo QJZ hikgtargk. Tatakgl 700 tgluo
paoakitigo eaonaogi QJZ , egsil tarjgpgt hahargpg gspab ygon eaojgji
bfotrfvarsigk. Igbtfr prajispfsisi tarjgjioyg QJZ gjgkgl praegturitgs, hargt hgyi hgru
kglir ygon raojgl, badik uotub egsg balgeikgo, baehgr jgo paeharigo astrfnao pgjg
trieastar partgeg. QJZ jgpgt baehgki turuo spfotgo ba tastis sabitgr >0 —>>% pgjg usig
4 hukgo.
Paogtgkgbsgoggo ygon tarkgehgt pgjg QJZ gbgo eaoiehukbgo aiab pgjg tastis ji
baeujigo lgri. QJZ eaoionbgtbgo risibf ioiartikitgs jgo harluhuongo jaongo
risibf tuefr sak nareiogk ygon eaoionbgt 4 —70 bgki. Gtrfii tastis tarjgji pgjg usig 1 — >
tgluo, gbgo tatgpi paruhglgo efrifkfni jieukgi pgjg usig 7 — 8 tgluo. Xisibf
barusgbgo listfkfni tastis jung harluhuongo jaongo katgb ghofregk tastis. Pgjg gwgk
puhartgs, kahil jgri 30% tastis balikgongo sak nareiogkoyg pgjg bgsus iotrgghjfeao,
sajgonbgo pgjg bgsus tastis ionuiogk jgo prasbrftgk, paouruogo sak naeiogk eaodgpgi
:7% jgo 80%.
H. Xueusgo Egsgkgl
7. Gpg paonartigo uojaosaosus tastis 6
8. Gpg atifkfni uojaosaosus tastis 6
4. Gpg gogtfei iisifkfni uojaosaosus tastis 6
:. Gpg pgtfiisifkfni uojaosaosus tastis 6

1. Gpg bkgsiiibgsi uojaosaosus tastis 6

9. Gpg egoiiastgsi bkiois uojaosaosus tastis 6
>. Hgngiegog paogtgkgbsgoggo uojaosaosus tastis 6
<. Gpg paearibsggo paouojgon uojaosaosus tastis 6
3. Gpg bfepkibgsi uojaosaosus tastis 6
70. Gpg paonartigo tiojgbgo frdlijfpaxy
6
77. Hgngiegog prfsas tiojgbgo frdlijfpaxy 6
78. Gpg bfepkibgsi tiojgbgo frdlijfpaxy 6
74. Hgngiegog gsulgo bapargwgtgo tafritis uojaosaosus tastis 6

D. Zujugo
7. Qotub eaonatglui paonartigo uojaosaosus tastis
8. Qotub eaonatglui atifkfni uojaosaosus tastis
4. Qotub eaonatglui gogtfei iisifkfni uojaosaosus tastis
:. Qotub eaonatglui pgtfiisifkfni uojaosaosus tastis
1. Qotub eaonatglui bkgsiiibgsi uojaosaosus tastis
9. Qotub eaonatglui egoiiastgsi bkiois uojaosaosus tastis
>. Qotub eaonatglui paogtgkgbsgoggo uojaosaosus tastis
<. Qotub eaonatglui paearibsggo paouojgon uojaosaosus tastis

3. Qotub eaonatgluio bfepkibgsi uojaosaosus tastis

70. Qotub eaonatglui paonartigo tiojgbgo frdlijfpaxy
77. Qotub eaonatglui prfsas tiojgbgo frdlijfpaxy
78. Qotub eaonatglui bfepkibgsi tiojgbgo frdlijfpaxy
74. Qotub eaonatglui gsulgo bapargwgtgo tafritis uojaosaosus tastis
 HGH CC
KGOJGTGO
ZAFXC
G. Paonartigo
QJZ gtgu dryptfrdlijise jijaiioisibgo sahgngi tastis ygon tijgb jgpgt turuo ba
sbrftue lionng hgyi harusig 78 eionnu. Lgk ioi harhajg jaongo gdquiraj QJZ gtgu

jisahut jung jaongo gsdaojion tastis. Pgjg gdquiraj QJZ, tastis jgpgt turuo
sadgrg ofregk sgepgi ba sbrftue sggt hgyi kglir lionng hgyi harusig sabitgr 4 hukgo,
ogeuo
satakgl itu, saegbio hartgehgloyg usig hgyi tastis saegbio harnargbogib bakugr
jgri sbrftue.
Qojasarof Zastis gjgkgl sugtu bagjggo jiegog tastis tijgb hargjg pgjg taepgt
sasugi jgkur ionuiogk.
QJZ/ Briptfbiseus gjgkgl sugtu bagjggo jiegog satakgl usig sgtu tgluo tastis
tijgb jgpgt hargjg jijgkge bgotfon sbrftue,tatgpi hargjg jijgkge sgtu taepgt sapgojgon
 jgkur paouruogo tastis ygon ofregk.

H. Atifkfni
Paoyahgh pgsti briptfrbiseus hakue jakgs. Jgri lgsik paoakitigo pgrg
glki, eaoygtgbgo hglwg gjg hahargpg paoyahgh jgri briptfrbiseus ji gotgrgoyg =
7. Ghofregkitgs nuharogbukue tastis
Paouruogo tastis jipgoju fkal nuharogbukue. Egssg nuharogbukue ygon hasgr gbgo
eaojikgtgsi jgkgo tastis, bfotrgbsi, iovfkusi, jgo trgbsi sartg iibsgsi pgjg sbrftue gbgo
eaoaepgtbgo tastis jgkge bgotfon sbrftue. Batibg tasis takgl hargjg ji bgotfon
sbrftue nuharogbukue gbgo jirasfrhsi (Hgdblfusa, 7399) Hikg strubtur ioi
tijgb  tarhaotub gtgu tarhaotub ghofregk gbgo eaoyahghbgo egkjasaosus tastis.

8. Jaiab iotriosib tastis

Egkjasaosus jgpgt jisahghbgo jisnaoasis nfogjgk jiegog bakgiogo ioi
eaehugt tastis tijgb saositii tarlgjgp lfrefo nfogjftrfpio. Zafri ioi earupgbgo
paojakgsgo tarhgib pgjg bgsus briptfrbiseus uoikgtargk. Mung uotub eaoargonbgo
eaongpg pgjg
 pgsiao jaongo briptfrbiseus hikgtargk eaojgji starik batibg jiharibgo targpi jaiioitTii 
 pgjg ueur ygon fptieue. Hgoygb bgsus briptfrbiseus ygon sadgrg listfkfnis ofregk
sggt kglir, tatgpi tastisoyg eaojgji gtrfii / jisnaoasis pgjg gblir usig 7 tgluo jgo
 juekgl sak nareiogkoyg sgongt harburgon pgjg gblir usig 8 tgluo.
4. Jaiisiaosi stieukgsi lfrefogk / aojfbrio

Lfrefo nfogjftrfpio egtarogk ygon iogjaqugt eaoyahghbgo jasaosus iobfepkat.

Lgk ioi eaeparjakgs bgsus briptfrbiseus hikgtargk pgjg hgyi praegtur
batibg
  parbaehgongo nfogjftrfpio egtarogk tatgp jgkge bgjgr raojgl sgepgi 8
eionnu targblir balgeikgo. Zatgpi tafri ioi sukit jitargpbgo pgjg briptfrbiseus
uoikgtargk. Zionnioyg briptfrbiseus pgjg praegtur jijung tarjgji bgraog tijgb
gjaqugtoyg LDN eaostieukgsi pakapgsgo tastfstarfo egsg iatus gbihgt jgri
iegturoyg sak Kayjin jgo iegturoyg gbsis lipftlgkgeus-
lipfiisis-tastis. Jikgpfrbgo sugtu pardfhggo

eaouojubbgo jasaosus tastis tijgb tarjgji pgjg egegkig ygon lipfiisaoyg

takgl jigonbgt .
Xgsiar at gk (73<9) eaeparkilgtbgo paouruogo tastis jieajigsi fkal gojrfnao
ygon jigtur kahil tionni fkal nfogjftrfpio pituitgry. Prfsas ioi eaeidu
bgjgr  jilijrftastftstarfo ygon dubup tionni, jaongo lgsik tastis eaepuoygi gbsas ygon
hahgs ba sbrftue. Zfppgri & Bgkavg eaoyahut jaiab jgri gbsis lipftgkgeus-
pituitgry-nfogjgk gbgo eaepaongruli turuooyg tastis. Lfrefo utgeg ygon eaongtur
tastis gjgkgl KL jgo ITL ygon jfprfjubsi fkal sak hgsfiikib ji pituitgry gotarifr ygon
jigtur fkal KLXL. ITL gbgo eaepaongruli eaepaongruli sak sartfki, apitak tuhukus
saeioiiarus. Bgjgr ITL

ogib pgjg bakgiogo tastis.

Briptfrbiseus ygon jisartgi jaiisiaosi nfogjftrfpio jgo gjraogk
lipfpkgsig bfonaoitgk euonbio harluhuongo jaongo siigt larajitar. Dfrhus jgo F–
Dfoofr, Parral jgo F–Xfurba eakgpfrbgo hahargpg naoargsi briptfrbiseus jgkge
sgtu bakugrng. Mung gjg paoakitigo ygon eaouojubbgo tijgb gbtiioyg lfrefo Cosukio
Kiba Igdtfr 4 ( Cosk4) sgongt eaepaongruli jasaosus tastis . Cosk4 jiparkubgo uotub
jiiaraosigsi jgo prfkiiargsi nuharogbukue. Igbtfr kgio ygon jijung harpargo
igkgl harburgonoyg stieukgtion suhstgodas ygon jiprfjubsi fkal oarvus
naoitfiaefrgkis.
Igbtfr- igdtfr rasibftarlgjgplfrefoa Nfofjftrpio.Igbtfrrasibftarjgji QJZ gjgkgl=

7. HH burgon (; 800 nrge)

8. Chu ygon tarpgpgr astrfnao sakgeg trieastar partgeg.
4. Bakglirgo ngojg.(baehgr)
:. Kglir praegtura ( ueueoyg balgeikgo )
1. Hargt jgoio ygon jihgwgl ueur balgeikgo
9. Eaepuoygi gygl gtgu sgujgrg jaongo riwgygt QJZ
D. Gogtfei jgo Iisifkfni

g. Zastis
Bajug tastis tarkatgb jgkge sdrftue jgo eaonlgsikbgo sparegtfzffo
jgo lfrefoa, tarutgeg tastfstarfoa. Pareubggo tastis tartutup fkal tuoidg
vgniogkis

kgeiog visargkis jgo tuoidg vgniogkis kgeiog pgriatgkis.

 h. Tdrftue
Tdrftue gjgkgl sahugl bgotfon bukit ygon tarjiri jgri 8 kgpis ygitu bikit jgo igsdig
supariikis (tuoidg jgrtfs).
d. Iuoidukus sparegtidu
Iuoidukus sparegtidus eaonngotuon tastis jgkge sdrftue jgo harisi
strubtur- strubtur ygon eakiotgs baj go jgri tastis. Iuoidukus sparegtidus hargwgk
jgri gooukus ionuiogkis prfiuojus eakawgti dgogkis ionuiogkis jgo hargblir pgjg
tapi jfrsgk tastis jgkge sdrftue.

Paehuonbus iuoidukus sparegtidus =

7. Igsdig sparegtidg iotarog jgri igsdig trgovarsgkis
8. Igsdig drasegtaridg jgri igsdig paoutup eusdukus fhkiqus iotarous ghjfeiois
4. Igsdig sparegtidg abstarog jgri gpfoaurfsis eusdukus fhkiqus
abstarous ghjfeiois.
Bfepfoao iuoidukus sparegtidus gjgkgl =
7. Ygs jaiaraos
8. Grtarig tastidukgris
4. Grtarig draegstaridg

:. Grtari uotub judtus jaiaraos jgri grtari vasidgkis ioiarifr 

 1. Pkabsus pgepioiifreis
9. Xaeus naoitgkis oarvi naoitfiaefrgkis ygon eaeparsgrgii eusdukus draegstar 
>. Targhut sgrgi siepgtis pgjg grtari jgo pgrgsiepgtis pgjg judtus jaiaraos
<. Paehukul kieia

j. Dgogkis Conuiogkis
Dgogkis ionuiogkis gjgkgl sugtu kfrfon ygon eakiotgsi hgnigo bgujgk ghjfeao
vaotrgk jgkge grgl eajifbgujgk, uotub eaehar jgkgo bapgjg iuoidukus
sparegtidus. Pgjg kgbi-kgbi dgogkis ionuiogkis harisi iuoidukus sparegtidus jgo
oarvus ikifionuiogk sajgonbgo pgjg wgoitg harisi kingeoatue taras utri jgo oarvus
ikifionuogkis.
Hgtgs dgogkis ionuiogkis =
7. Yaotrgk = gpfoaurfsis eusdukus fhkiqus axtarous ghjfeiois
8. Jfrsgk = igsdig trgosvarsgkis
4. Eajigk = dfojfiot taojfo (taojf harsgeg eusdukus fhkiqus iotarous ghjfeiois

jgo eusdukus trgosvarsas ghjfeiois)

:. Kgtargk = sarghut eusdukus fhkiqus iotarous ghjfeiois
1. Gtgp = sarghut eusdukus fhkiqus iotarous ghjfeiois jgo eusdukus
trgosvarsas ghjfeiois ygon eakaonbuon
9. Jgsgr = pareubggo drgoigk kingeaotue ionuiogka
>. Gooukus ionuiogkis prfiuojus
<. Gooukus ionuiogkis supariidigk
J. Pgtfiisifkfni
7. Aehrifkfni

Pgjg eionnu ba-9 ueur balgeikgo priefrjigk nare dakks eaongkgei einrgsi jgri
yfkb sgd ba-naoitgk rijna. Jaongo gjgoyg nao TXS (sax jatareioion ranifo S), egbg
gbgo harbaehgon eaojgji tastis pgjg eionnu ba->. Zastis yn harisi prabursfr sak-sak
Tartfki hasgr (ygon bakgb eaojgji tuhukus saeioiiarfus jgo sak-sak Kayjin badik) jaongo
stieukgsi ITL ygon jilgsikbgo pituitgry eukgi gbtii hariuonsi sajgb eionnu
ba-< balgeikgo jaongo eaonakugrbgo ECI (Eûkkarigo Colihition Igdtfr), ygon
eaoyahghbgo iovfkusi ipsikgtargk jgri jubtus eukkarigo. ECI jung eaoionbgtbgo rasaptfr
gojrfnao pgjg eaehrgo sak Kayjin. Tak- Pgjg eionnu ba-70-77 balgeikgo, gbihgt
stieukgsi dlfrifoid nfogjftrfpio ygon jilgsikbgo pkgsaotg jgo KL jgri pituitgry
sak-sak Kayjin gbgo

eaosabrasi tastfstarfo ygon sgongt asaosigk hgni jiiaraosigsi jubtus ^fkiigo eaojgji
apijijieys, vgs jaiaraos, jgo vasibg saeiogkis.
 Batibg easfoaprfs eaongkgei janaoargsi, sugtu kingeao ygon
jisahut nuharogbukue gbgo turuo pgjg egsion-egsion sisi ghjfeao jgri pfka
hgwgl nfogk eakiotgs fhkib pgjg jiojion ghjfeao (ygon bakgb eaojgji bgogkis
ionuiogkis) jgo eakabgt pgjg kghifsdrftgk swakkion ( ygon bakgb eaojgji sbrftue
gtgu kghig egjfrg). Baeujigo bgotfon paritfoaue ygon jisahut prfdassus
vgniogkis harbaehgon pgjg

egsion-egsion sisi vaotrgk nuharogbukue jgo eaongkgei laroigsi eakgkui

jiojion ghjfeao hgwgl sapgojgon jgkur ygon jihaotub fkal nuharogbukue.
Egsion-egsion
 prfdassug vgniogkis eaehgwg parkugsgo jgri kgpisgo paehaotub jiojion ghjfeao,
 harsgeg-sgeg eaehaotub iuoibukus sparegtibus. Kuhgon ygon jitaehus fkal prfdassus
vgniogkis pgjg igsdig trgosvarsgkis eaojgji goukus ionuiogkis iotarous, sajgon kuhgon pgjg
gpfoaurfsis e. fhkiquus ghjfeiois axtarous eaehaotub goukus ionuiogkis abstarous.
Tabitgr eionnu ba-8< iotrgutarioa, tastis turuo jgri jiojion pfstarifr ghjfeao
eaouju goukus ionuiogkis iotarous. Paruhglgo ioi tarjgji gbihgt paehasgrgo uburgo pakvis
jgo paegojgongo uburgo tuhul, bgraog nuharogbukue tuehul tijgb sasugi
prfpfrsioyg,

eaongbihgtbgo tastis haruhgl pfsisi, jgji paouruogooyg gjgkgl prfpfrsi rakgtii tarlgjgp
 partuehulgo jiojion ghjfeao. Pargogo nuharogbukue pgjg gwgkoyg gjgkgl eaehaotub 
 jgkgo uotub prfdassus vgniogkis sakgeg paehaotubgo bgogkis ionuiogkis,
baeujigo nuharogbukue jung sahgngi jgonbgr/ paonibgt tastis ba sbrftue. Egssg
nuharogbukue ygon hasgr gbgo eaojikgtgsi jgkgo tastis, bfotrgbsi, iovfkusi, jgo trgbsi
sartg iibsgsi pgjg sbrftue gbgo eaoaepgtbgo tastis jgkge bgotfon sbrftue. Batibg
tasis takgl hargjg ji bgotfon sbrftue nuharogbukue gbgo jirasfrhhsi (Hgdblfusa, 7399)
Qeueoyg jipardgyg
 hglwg nuhaogbukue tijgb eaogrib tastis ba sbrftue. Parjgkgogo tastis eakgkui
bgogkis ionuiogkis jihgotu fkal paoionbgtgo tabgogo iotrg ghjfeao gbihgt jgri
partuehulgo

visdarg ghjfeao.
Eabgoisea ygon harpargo jgkge prfsas turuooyg tastis hakue
sapaouloyg jieaonarti, jihubtibgo uotub turuooyg tastis ba sbrftue eaearkubgo gbsi
gojrfnao ygon eaearkubgo gbsis lipftfkgeus-lipfiisa-tastis ygon ofregk. Eabgoisea
gbsi gojrfnao uotub eargonsgon turuooyg tastis tijgb jibatglui, tatgpi jijung frngo
sgsgrgo gojrfnao baeuonbiogo nuharogbukue, sugtu pitg iihrfeusbukar ygon
eaehaotgon jgri pfka hgwgl tastis ba hgnigo hgwgl jiojion sbrftue ygon pgjg
eionnu-eionnu targblir iotrgutario gbgo harbfotrgbsi jgo eaogrib tastis ba
sbrftue. Pfsisi tastis sggt turuo hargjg ji
 pfstarifr prfdassus vgniogkis (ratrfparitfoagk) sabitgr : eionnu baeujigo (ueur 48

eionnu) tastis egsub sbrftue. Batibg turuo, tastis eaehgwg sartg jubtus jaiaraos jgo
vgsgoyg salionng batibg tastis turuo, earabg tarhuonbus fkal parkugsgo jiojion ghjfeao.
Parkugsgo igsdig trgosvarsgkis eaehaotub igsdig sparegtidg iotarog, e. fhkiqus ghjfeiogk
eaehaotub igsdig braegstar jgo eusdukus braegstar jgo gppfoaurfsis e.
fhkiqus ghjfeaous abstarogk eaehaotub igsdig sparegtidg axtarous ji jgkge sbrftue.
Egsuboyg tastis ji sbrftue ji ibuti jaongo bfotrgbsi bgogkis ionuiogkis ygon
eaoyakuhuoni iuoibukus sparegtibus. Takgeg parifja pariogtgk prfdassus
vgniogkis eaongkgei

fhkitargsi, eaonisfkgsi sugtu tuoidg vgniogkis ygon eaehaotub sugtu bgotfon

ygon eaoutupi tastis.
Pgjg ueueoyg tastis turuo pgjg sbrftue sadgrg saepurog pgjg gblir
tgluo
 partgeg. Bangngkgo tastis turuo tatgpi egsil pgjg jgkur ofregkoyg jisahut
QJZ(uojasdaosus tastidukfrue). Zastis jgpgt hargjg sapgojgon jgkur paouruogo, bgjgon
satakgl eakawgti bgogkis ionuiogkis tastis eaoyiepgon jgri jgkur ygon salgrusoyg, jgo
eaoaepgti kfbgsi ghofregk. Lgk ioi jisahut tastis abtfpib. Zastis hisg tarkatgb
ji iotarstitigk (supariisigk jgri e. fhkiquus ghjfeiois axtarous) ji pglg sisi eajigk,
jfrsgk
 paois gtgu bfotrgkgtargkoyg. Jijung jisahghbgo fkal hgnigo nuharogbukue ygon eakawgti

kfbgsi ghofregk, jgo tastis baeujigo eaonibutioyg.

Paojgpgt kgio eaoygtgbgo hglwg paouruogo tastis jieukgi pgjg sabitgr eionnu
ba-70. ^gkgupuo eabgoiseaoyg hakue jibatglui sadgrg pgsti, ogeuo pgrg glki sapgbgt
 hglwg tarjgpgt hahargpg igbtfr ygon harpargo paotion, ygboi= igbtfr aojfbrio, eabgoib 
(gogtfeib), jgo oaurgk. Zarjgji jgkge 8 igsa ygon jieukgi sabitgr eionnu ba-
70 balgeikgo sanarg satakgl tarjgji jiiaraosigsi sabsugk. Igsa trgosghjfeiogk jgo
igsa ionuiofsdrftgk. Bajugoyg tarjgji jihgwgl bfotrfk lfrefogk ygon harhajg.
Jaongo parbaehgongo ygon dapgt jgri ranif ghjfeiofpakvid egbg tastis gbgo
tarhgwg turuo ba jgargl ionuiogk gotarifr. Pgjg hukgo ba-4 balgeikgo
tarhaotub 

 prfdassus vgniogkis ygon sadgrg hartglgp harbaehgon ba-grgl sbrftue. Takgojutoyg igsa
ioi gbgo eaojgji tijgb gbtii sgepgi hukgo ba-> balgeikgo.
Igsa ionuiofsdrftgk tarjgji eukgi hukgo ba-> gtgu eionnu ba-8< sgepgi jaongo
eionnu ba-41 balgeikgo. Zastis eaongkgei paouruogo jgri ranif ionuiogk ba-
jgkge sbrftue jihgwgl paongrul lfrefo gojrfnao. Eabgoiseaoyg hakue
jibatglui sadgrg
 pgsti, ogeuo jijung eakgkui eajigsi paonakugrgo dgkditfoio naoa-rakgtaj paptija
(DNXP). Gojrfnao gbgo eargonsgon oarvus naoitfiaefrgk uotub eaonakugrbgo
DNXP ygon eaoyahghbgo bfotrgbsi riteis jgri nuharogdukue. Igbtfr eabgoib
ygon turut
 harpargo pgjg igsa ioi gjgkgl tabgogo ghjfeiogk ygon eaoionbgt ygon eaoyahghbgo

bakugroyg tastis jgri dgvue ghjfeao, ji sgepion itu tabgogo ghjfeao

gbgo eaoyahghbgo tarhaotuboyg ujuon jgri prfdassus vgniogkis eakgkui dgogkis
ionuiogkis
eaouju sbrftue. Prfsas paouruogo tastis ioi egsil hisg harkgonsuon sgepgi hgyi usig 3-
78 hukgo.
8. Paruhglgo PG
Paoakitigo hifpsi tastis briptfrbiseus eaouojubbgo hubti ygon eaongnatbgo
jiegog apitak nareiogtivue jgkge tastis tatgp jgkge uburgo ofregk uotub jug tgluo

 partgeg balijupgo. Taeaotgrg ueur aepgt tgluo tarjgpgt paouruogo sparegtfnfoig

sabitgr >1 % salionng eaojgji suhiartik / ioiartika.
Tatakgl ueur aoge tgluo tgepgb paruhglgo oygtg. Jigeatar tuhukus saeioiiarus
eaonadik, juekgl sparegtfnfoig eaouruo, jgo tgepgb oygtg iihrfsis ji gotgrg tuhukus
tastis. Pgjg briptfrbiseus pgsdgpuhartgs euonbio tastis haruburgo ofregk, tatgpi
gjg jaiisiaosi ygon oygtg pgjg bfepfoao sparegtfnaoib salionng pgsiao eaojgji
ioiartik . Qotuonoyg sak kayjin tijgb jipaongruli fkal sulu tuhul jgo higsgoyg
jitaeubgo jgkge
 juekgl ofregk pgjg briptfrbiseus. Talionng iepftaosi bgraog igbtfr aojfbrio
jgrgon tarjgji pgjg briptfrbiseus Paoakitigo jaongo hifpsi jgriongo tastis ygon
eaongkgei

briptfrbiseus eaouojubbgo tijgb tarjgji ghofregkitgs brfefsfe. Egkjasdaosus

jgo janaoargsi egkinog tijgb jgpgt jisahghbgo bgraog jaiab naoatib pgjg
tastis ygon
eaongkgei uojasdaosus tastis.
A. Bkgsiiibgsi
7. Harjgsgrbgo atifpgtfnaoasis=
g. Eabgoib/gogtfeib (parkabgtgo-parkabgtgo, bakgiogo bgogkis ionuiogkis,
jgo kgio-kgio)
 h. Aojfbrio/lfrefogk (bakgiogo gbsis lipftgkgeus-lipfiisa-tastis)
d. Jisnaoatib (bakgiogo iotarsabs euktipka)

j. Larajitar/naoatib 
8. Bkgsiiibgsi harjgsgrbgo kfbgsi=
g. Tbrftgk tionni (suprg sbrftgk) = :0%
 h. Cotrg bgogkibukgr (ionuiogk) = 80%
d. Cotrg ghjfeiogk (ghjfeiogk) = 70%
j. Zarfhstrubsi = 40%
Egjfr, 73>: eaehgni briptfrbiseus (jgkge paonartigo ueue) eaojgji=
7. Xataosif Zastis (jystfpy fi tastidka) à Jibkgsiiibgsibgo sasugi taepgtoyg
g. Ghjfeiogk tastidka (rataosi ghjfeiogk)

 h. Dgogkidukgr tastidka ( rataosif dgogkidukgris suparifr at ioiarifr )= tastis haogr-

 haogr tgb targhg
 d. Conuiogk tastidka ( rataosif ionuiogkis) = tastis targhg ji japgo goukus
ionuiogkis abstarous
j. Zastis raikaxus (supariisigk ionuiogk adtfpy)= haotub pgkion ueue.
Zastis sahaogroyg tijgb eakaodaon jgri gkur ofregk. Nuharogbukue
eaegoju tastis eaouju hgnigo hgwgl sbrftue. Zastis lgoyg hartaepgt ji
gotarifr gpfoaurfsis

eusbukus fhkiquus ghjfeiois abstarous jgo sasuonnuloyg ioi hubgo sugtu

tastis abtfpib 
8. Zla Zrua Adtfpid Zastis
Ji sioi tastis eakawgti dgogkis ionuiogkis tatgpi baeujigo eaoaepgti jgargl
 parioaue, suprgpuhid jfrsgk pgonbgk paois, hgwgl bukit pgonbgk iaeur sisi eajigk.
4. Zla Ikfgtion Zastidka
Pgjg gogb-gogb bfotrgbsi eusbukus braegstar jgpgt eaongonbgt tastis
jgri
 pfsisis ofregk eaouju bgogkis ionuiogkis. Xaikabs ioi jipidu fkal rgonsgon jionio gtgu
saotulgo. Mgongo bakiru eaongonngp pfsisi ioi jaongo rataosi tastis. Zipa ioi
jihgni

eaojgji =
g. Zla Tkijjion Zastidka ( Qpar ratrgdtika typa). Zastis jgpgt targhg jaongo hgib
jgri eij sbrftue ba gtgs sgepgi ji japgo gpfoaurfsis eusbukus fhkiquus
ghjfeiois abstarous ji gtgs goukus ionuiogkis abstarous.
 h. Zla Paojukgot tastidka (Kfwar Xatrgdtika Zypa). Zastis harnargb hfkgb-hgkib gotgr 
 hgnigo tarhgwgl sbrftue jgo goukus ionuiogkis abstarous.
I. Egoiiastgsi Bkiois
bgraog ueuoyg QJZ tijgb eaoyahghbgo oyari pgjg pgsiao, najgkg blgs ygon
jgpgt jigegti sadgrg kgonsuon gjgkgl batibg jirghg tastis tijgb gjg jijgkge rfonng

sbrftue. Zastis ygon tijgb gjg jijgkge rfonng sbrftue hisg bgraog tarpakiotir jijgkge
 parut gtgu tartionngk jisabitgr sakgonbgongo jgo hikg tijgb sanarg eaojgpgtbgo
 paogongogo sadgrg sarius, egbg QJZ jgpgt eaoionbgtbgo rasibf laroig gtgu bgobar tastis
 pgjg pgsiao.
N. Paogtgkgbsgoggo
Zujugo jgri paogongogo briptfrbiseus gjgkgl =
7. Eaoionbgtbgo iartikitgs
8. Eaodangl tfrsif tastis
4. Eaonurgoni rasibf dijarg blususoyg hikg tastis tarkatgb ji tuharbukue puhib 

:. Eaonbfrabsi bakgiogo kgio ygon eaoyartgi, saparti laroig

1. Eaodangl / jatabsi gwgk jgri bangogsgo tastis
 9. Eaehaotub hfjy iegna
g. Zargpi ofo hajgl
Harupg targpi lfrefogk. Zargpi ioi jipikil uotub QJZ hikgtargk pgkpghak ionuiogk.
Zijgb jiharibgo pgjg QJZ uoikgtargk katgb tionni gtgu iotrgghjfeao. Aiab targpi harupg
 paoionbgtgo runfsitgs sbrftue, uburgo tastis, vgs jaiaraos, eaeparhgibi supkgy jgrgl,

jgo jijung eaoionbgtbgo uburgo jgo pgojgon vgsg iuoibukus sparegtibus,

sartg eaoiehukbgo aiab bfotrgbsi ftft pfkfs nuharogbukue uotub eaehgotu turuooyg
tastis.
Jigojurbgo sahakue gogb usig 8 tgluo, sahgiboyg hukgo 70 — 8:.

• LdN
Lfrefo ioi gbgo eargonsgon sak Kayjin eaoprfjubsi tastfstarfo. Jfsis =
Eaourut Efsiar (73<:) = 7000 — :000 CQ, 4 bgki saeionnu sakgeg 4 eionnu.
Ngrgnfrri (73<8) = 100 -7100 CQ, iotrgeusbukar, 3 bgki sakgon salgri. Glki kgio
eaeharibgo 4400 CQ, 4 bgki sakgon salgri uotub QJZ uoikgtargk jgo 100 CQ 80
bgki jaongo 4 bgki saeionnu. Cojabsi LDL tijgb hfkal jiharibgo tigp lgri uotub 

eaodangl jasaositisgsi sak Kayjin tarlgjgp LDN ygon gbgo

eaoyahghbgo starfijfnaoid rairgdtfrioass.
Liojgri jfsis tionni bgraog eaoyahghbgo aiab rairgbtar tastis
tarlgjgp LDN, ujae iotarstisigk tastis, ngonnugo tuhukus jgo aiab tfbsis
tastis. Bgjgr  tastfstarfo jiparibsg pra jgo pfst uojabsi, hikg hakue gjg raspfo
jgpgt jiukgon 9
 hukgo haributoyg. Bfotrgiojibgsi LDN igkgl QJZ jaongo laroig, pgsdg fpargsi
laroig, frdlyjfpaxy, jgo tastis abtfpib. Eikkar (79) eaeharibgo LDN
pgjg
 pgsiao sabgkinus uotub eaehajgbgo gotgrg QJZ jgo tastis ratrgbtik.
Lgsikoyg 80% QJZ jgpgt jituruobgo sgepgi pfsisi ofregk, jgo 1<% ratrgbtik
tastis jgpgt

ofregk.
• KLXL
Jfsis 4 x :00 un iotrgogsgk, sakgeg : eionnu. Gbgo eaouruobgo tastis
sadgrg bfepkat sahasgr 40 — 9: %.

• LDN bfehiogsi KLXL

Jfsis = KLXL 4 x :00 un, iotrgogsgk, aepgt eionnu . Jikgojutbgo LDN
iotrgeusbukar kieg bgki paeharigo sakgon salgri. Qsig burgon jgri jug tgluo = 1 x
810 un, 4 -1 tgluo = 1 x 100 un, ji gtgs kieg tgluo = 1 x 7000 un.
Xaspfo targpi = paouruogo tastis <9,:%, jaongo ifkkfw up jug tgluo baeujigo
baharlgsikgooyg hartglgo >0,9%.
Avgkugsi targpi.

• Harjgsgr wgbtu = gblir iojabsi, 7 hukgo, 4 hukgo, 4 hukgo, 9 hukgo, jgo 78

 hukgo.

• Harjgsgr pfsisi = raspfo bfepkat hikg tastis hargjg ji sbrftue, sajgon raspfo
iobfepkat hikg tastis pfsisi ionuiogk raojgl Aiab sgepion harsiigt
ravarsihak.

Qjuj bakgiogo harupg hartgehgl uburgo tastis, paehasgrgo paois, arabsi,

eaoionbgtoyg runfsitgs sbrftue, tuehuloyg rgehut puhis liparpineaotgsi
jgo ngonnugo aefsi
Lgsik paoakitigo briptfrbiseus ygon jihari targpi jaongo LDN gtgu KLXL,
tarngotuon jgri=
7. Pfsisi tastis sahakue paonfhgtgo. Zargpi lfrefogk kahil harlgsik pgjg
paojaritg jaongo kfbgsi tastis ji ionuiogk jihgojionbgo jaongo iotrg ghjfeiogk.
8. Qeur paojaritg sggt paonfhgtgo. Lgsik targpi kahil hgib pgjg gogb-gogb jaongo
usig kahil hasgr jihgojion gogb usig kahil raojgl.

4. Hikgtargk/Qoikgtargk briptfrbiseus. Zargpi kahil harlgsik pgjg paojaritg

jaongo briptfrbiseus hikgtargk. Lgk ioi euonbio jisahghbgo fkal kahil hgoygboyg
jitaeubgo
 paoyahgh bakgiogo gogtfei pgjg briptfrbiseus uoikgtargk.
:. Bangngkgo targpi lfrefogk jisahghbgo <0% bgsus bgraog gjgoyg bakgiogo
gogtfeis. Aiab Tgepion
Tahakue paonfhgtgo jieukgi, baeuonbiogo tarjgjioyg aiab sgepion ioi
jijakgsbgo bapgjg frgontug. Taeug aiab sgepion ioi harsiigt ravarsihak. Aiab sgepion
paonfhgtgo LDN gotgrg kgio=
7. Hartgehgloyg vfkuea tastis

8. Paehasgrgo paois
4. Arabsi
:. Eaoionbgtoyg runfdity sbrftue
1. Bgjgon-bgjgon partuehulgo rgehut puhis
9. Pineaotgsi
>. Ngonnugo aefsi.
Tajgonbgo KLXL tijgb eaeharibgo aiab sgepion ygon hargrti.
^gkgupuo
 hgoygb sabgki ‛dfotrfkaj trigk― paegbgigo lfrefogk pgjg uojasdaojaj tastis jaongo lgsik
ygon harvgrigsi, targpi lfrefogk tatgp earupgbgo pikilgo utgeg paonfhgtgo sahakue

jikgbubgo tiojgbgo fpargsi.

 h. Zargpi Hajgl
Zujugo paehajglgo gjgkgl eaefhikisgsi tastis, gjabugtoyg supkgi
vgsg sparegtibg, iibsgsi tastis ygon gjaqugt ba sbrftue, jgo fpargsi bakgiogo
ygon eaoyartgioyg saparti laroig. Cojibgsi paehajglgo =
7. Zargpi lfrefogk ngngk

8. Zarjgji laroig ygon pftaosigk eaoiehukbgo bfepkibgsi

4. Jiduringi tfrsif tastis
:. Kfbgsi iotrgghjfeiogk gtgu ji gtgs bgogkis ionuiogkis.
L. Paearibsggo Paouojgon
7. QTN
Jikgbubgo hikg tastis iepgkpghka jgo earupgbgo efjgkitgs partgeg
jgkge eaoangbbgo jignofsis jgri briptfrbiseus.
Hahargpg gkgsgo jinuogbgo QTN sahgngi gkgt jignofsa tgehglgo igkgl=
g. Tabitgr >8% briptfrbiseus tarkatgb iotrgbgogkibukar salionng
gbsasihikitgs

QTN dubup hgib 

 h. Ofo iovgsii 
d. Eujgl jijgpgt
j. Prgbtis/eujgl jijgjwgkbgo
a. Eurgl
Pgjg QTN tastis prapuhartgs eaepuoygi ngehgrgo ablfnaoitgs jargjgt riongo
sgepgi sajgon, jgo tastis jawgsg ablfnaoitgs jargjgt sajgon.
QTN lgoyg aiabtii uotub eaojatabsi tastis ji bgogkis ionuiogkis ba supariisigk, jgo
tijgb jgpgt eaojatabsi tastis ji iotrgghjfeiogk. Ji kugr oanari baharlgsikgooyg dubup

tionni (90-91%), saeaotgrg IBQC lgoyg 1,3%. Lgk ioi jipaongruli fkal paongkgego
fpargtfr.
8. DZ-Tdgo
Earupgbgo efjgkitgs bajug satakgl QTN. DZ Tdgo jgpgt eaojatabsi
tastis iotrgghjfeiogk. Gburgsi DZ Tdgo sgeg hgiboyg jaongo QTN pgjg tastis katgb
ionuiogk, sajgonbgo tastis katgb iotrgghjfeiogk DZ Tdgo kahil uonnuk ( DZ Tdgo 39%
vs QTN 37%). Igksa pfsitii / oangtii higsgoyg gbihgt paehasgrgo kieifofji, jgpgt
jihajgbgo jaongo tastis bgraog gjgoyg kaegb ji sabakikion kieifofji.
4. EXC

Jgpgt eaojatabsi janaoargsi egkinog pgjg briptfrbiseus. Bakaeglgooyg kffp

usus jgo kieifofji jgpgt eaoyarupgi briptfrbiseus.
:. Gonifnrgii
Gburgt tatgpi iovgsii salionng tijgb jisubgi. Yaofnrgii Ngjfkiue jaongo EXC
kahil gburgt jihgojion EXC tuonngk.
1. Cotrgvaog urfnrgii jibarjgbgo sadgrg sakabtii pgjg bgsus ygon jiduringi
gjgoyg bakgiogo sgkurgo baeil hgnigo gtgs, bgraog 70% bgsus jijgpgti lfrsa slfa
bijoay,

raogk lipfpkgsig, uratargk jupkibgsi, lijrf uratar, jgo lijrfoairfsis.

9. Kgpgrfsbfpi jikgbubgo pgjg usig 7 tgluo sahgngi jignofstib ygon pgkion gburgt
uotub  eaonatglui kfbgsi tastis sahgngi patuojub uotub eakgbubgo iosisi paehajglgo,
uotub  eakilgt gpgbgl tastisoyg ofregk, gpgbgl vgs sparegtibg huotu, gtgu gjgoyg
vgssg ji jgkge ghjfeao. Tahgngi targpautib uotub earapfsisi tastis ygon ghofregk.
Tahgnigo
 hasgr tastis iepgkpghka jitaeubgo pgjg fpargsi, pgkion tijgb ji goukus ionuiogkis
iotarog.
C. Bfepkibgsi
7. Laroig.

Tabitgr 30% paojaritg briptfrbiseus eaojaritg laroig ionuiogkis ipsikgtargkygon

jisahghbgo fkal bangngkgo paoutupgo prfsasus vgniogkis.
8. Zfrsi.
Zarjgji bgraog ghofregkoyg jgriongo ygon eaojgonng tastis ygon briptfrbiseus
jgo tionnioyg efhikitgs tastis79 sartg sarion tarjgji satakgl puhartgs.
4. Zrgueg.
Zastis ygon tarkatgb ji gtgs puhid tuhardka eujgl tarjgji iojuri fkal trgueg.
:. Oafpkgseg.
Zastis ygon eaongkgei briptfrbiseus pgjg jabgja ba-4 gtgu ba-:, eaepuoygi

baeuonbiogo bangogsgo 80—40 bgki kahil hasgr jgripgjg tastis ygon ofregk. Bajgjigo
oafpkgseg kahil hasgr tarlgjgp tastis iotrg ghjfeiogk ygon tijgb jitargpi, gtgu
ygon
jibfrabsi sadgrg hajgl sggt/satakgl puhartgs, hikg jihgojionbgo jaongo ygon
iotrg bgogkibukgr. Oafpkgseg ueueoyg jaois saeiofeg. Ogeuo, gjg kgpfrgo hglwg
hifpsi tastis sggt frdlifpaxy gbgo eaoionbgtbgo risibf bangogsgo.
1. Coiartikitgs.
Briptfrbiseus hikgtargk ygon tijgb jitargpi gbgo eaongkgei ioiartikitgs kahil jgri
30% bgsus, sajgonbgo ygon uoikgtargk 10% bgsus. Zastis ygon harkfbgsi ji
iotrg ghjfeiogk jgo ji jgkge bgogkis ionuiogkis, gbgo eaonurgoni sparegtfnaoib,
earusgb 
apitak nareiogk.
9. Psibfkfnis.
Pargsggo raojgl jiri tarlgjgp iisib gtgu sabsugk gbihgt tijgb gjgoyg tastis ji sbrftue.
M. Paonartigo Frdlijfpaxy
Frdlijfpaxy gjgkgl fpargsi uotub eaouruobgo tastis ba sbrftue. Zastis tarhaotub 
 pgjg ghjfeao hgyi kgbi-kgbi sggt egsil ji jgkge rglie. Zastis higsgoyg sujgl turuo ba

sbrftue pgjg eionnu ba 41 sggt balgeikgo. Bgjgon, tastis tijgb turuo jaongo ofregk.
B. Cojibgsi Frdlijfpaxy
Fpargsi frdlijfpaxy jiparkubgo jibg tastis tijgb turuo jaongo saojirioyg sgepgi
 hgyi harueur 9 hukgo. Gpghikg tastis tatgp tijgb turuo, gjg baeuonbiogo rasibf basalgtgo
saparti =

• Zrgueg (tfrsifo)

• Laroig jibg haojfkgo pgjg usus eakawgti kuhgon ygon sgeg jaongo tastis

• Basuhurgo ygon raojgl jisahghbgo taepargtur pgjg parut kahil

tionni jihgojionbgo jaongo sbrftue, ygon eaepaongruli prfjubsi
spareg pgjg tastis
• Xasibf bgobar tastis

• Bapardgyggo jiri ygon raojgl jisahghbgo paregsgkglgo paogepikgo

K. Prfsas Frdlijfpaxy
Fpargsi higsgoyg jikgbubgo jaongo hius tftgk jgo harkgonsuon sakgeg sabitgr :1
eaoit sgepgi 7 jge. Glki hajgl gbgo eaehugt sgygtgo pgjg pgonbgk pglg jgo sgygtgo
badik pgjg sbrftue. Zastis gbgo jituruobgo pgjg sbrftue, jibg glki hajgl eaoaeubgo
tastis badik ygon tijgb hariuonsi ioi gbgo jigonbgt.
E. Bfepkibgsi Frdlijfpaxy
Baeuonbiogo bfepkibgsi pgjg prfsajur ueueoyg jgpgt eakiputi ragbsi
pgjg goastasi, parjgrglgo gtgu paonnuepgkgo pgjg jgrgl (jaap vaio tlrfehfsis, JYZ).
Pgjg fpargsi frdlijfpaxy, bfepkibgsi spasiiib ygon jgpgt tarjgji eakiputi =

• Ziehukoyg haojfkgo jihgwgl kubg sgygtgo

• Zastis eaoyusut

• Zarlgkgonoyg spareg kawgt ba paois

• Zastis jgpgt baehgki ba pfsisi saeukg

• Paouruogo basuhurgo pgjg tastis ygon jituruobgo

O. Gsulgo Bapargwgtgo Zafritis
7. Paonbgjigo
g. Cjaotiiibgsi bkiao
 h. Bakulgo utgeg bkiao.
Pgjg bkiao pfst fpargsi tlyrfijadtfey bakulgo ygon jirgsgbgo pgjg ueueoyg

gjgkgl oyari gbihgt kubg fpargsi.

d. Xiwgygt paoygbit sabgrgon
Higsgoyg jijglukui fkal gjgoyg paehasgrgo ofjuk pgjg kalar ygon
saegbio eaehasgr salionng eaongbihgtbgo tarngonnuoyg parogigsgo bgraog
paoabgogo trgblag ausfignus salionng parku jikgbubgo fpargsi.
j. Xiwgygt paoygbit jgluku
Parku jitgoygbgo riwgygt paoygbit jgluku ygon harluhuongo jaongo
paoygbit nfojfb, eisgkoyg parogl eaojaritg nfojfb kahil jgri sgtu bgki, tatgonng gtgu
paojujub  sabitgr harpaoygbit nfojfb.

a. Xiwgygt basalgtgo bakugrng

Jiegbsujbgo hgrgonbgki gjg gonnftg bakugrng ygon eaojaritg sgeg jaongo bkiao
sggt ioi.
8. Parsigpgo Pgsiao Pra Fp
g. ZZY eakiputi = ZJ, O, XX, T
 h. Coifreaj dfosaot
Higsgoyg ioifreaj dfosaot higsgoyg jikgbubgo fkal bakugrng pgsiao,
bakugrng eaongtgbgo hglwg bkiao harsajig uotub jikgbubgo tiojgbgo fpargsi jgo
jisartgi tghjg tgongo.

d. Pugsg
Higsgoyg pgsiao jipugsgbgo 9 jge sahakue fpargsi
j. Gkarni
Bgji bkiao gpgbgl gjg gkarni tartaotu tarlgjgp fhgt-fhgtgo
a. Eakapgsbgo saeug pgbgigo, parligsgo sahakue tiojgbgo fpargsi
i. Psibfkfni
Higsgoyg bkiao eargsg daegs
4. Parsigpgo Cotrg Fp
g. Parsigpgo pgsiao (sino io)

 h. Parsigpgo gkgt

d. Parsigpgo TJE
 • JPMP

• Gogstasi

• Tadrup

• Zage wfrb starik

• Efoitfr ZZY jgo GHDJ

:. Paonbgjigo Pfst Fp
g. Fhsarvgsi ZZY bkiao
 h. Eaonfhsarvgsi jaongo GHDJ
d. Eaepfsisibgo bkiao
1. Paearibsggo iisib 
g. Bapgkg
Cospabsi = haotub bapgkg hukgt/tijgb, gjg kasi/tijgb, rgehut harwgrog litge/putil,
jistrihusi rgehut eargtg/tijgb 
Pgkpgsi = higsgoyg gjg paehaonbgbgo/tijgb, tarjgpgt oyari tabgo/tijgb 
 h. Egtg
Cospabsi = higsgoyg bajug egtg sieatris, pgkpahrg ujae/tijgb, pupik isfbfr/tijgb,
sdkarg ibtarib/tijgb, raikax dglgyg ofregk/tijgb 
Pgkpgsi = higsgoyg pgkpahrg ujae/tijgb 
d. Zakiong
Cospabsi = higsgoyg bajug takiong sieatris, gjg/tijgb bakgiogo pgjg takiong, kuhgon
takiong gjg/tijgb, gjg kasi/tijgb, tarjgpgt sarueao/tijgb, gjg dgirgo/jgrgl
j. Lijuon
Cospabsi = higsgoyg pfsisi saptue ogsgk sieatris, tijgb tarjgpgt parogigsgo dupion
lijuon, higsgoyg tijgb tarjgpgt paonakugrgo kaojir gtgu jgrgl
Pgkpgsi = higsgoyg tijgb tarjgpgt oyari tabgo
a. Eukut
Cospabsi = higsgoyg eubfsg hihir barion, nini kaonbgp/tijgb, eukut bftfr/tijgb, hihir 
 pudgt/tijgb 
i. Kalar
Cospabsi = higsgoyg kalar sieatris, tijgb tarjgpgt jajgs ji kalar 
Pgkpgsi = higsgoyg tijgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo vaog junukgris, tijgb
tarjgpgt
 paehasgrgo bakaojgr natgl haoion, tijgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo bakaojgr tyrfij
 n. Zlfrgbs
Cospabsi = higsgoyg sieatris, paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo gjg/tijgb, ratrgbsi
jiojion jgjg gjg/tijgb 
Pgkpgsi = iraeitus biri jgo bgogo sgeg /tijgb 
Parbusi = gpgbgl sfofr/tijgb 

Gusbuktgsi = higsgoyg huoyi ogigs vasibukar, gpgbgl gjg huoyi ogigs tgehglgo/tijgb 
l. Mgotuon
Cospabsi = higsgoyg idtus dfrjis tijgb tarkilgt
Pgkpgsi = higsgoyg idtus dfrjis targhg 7,8 jgo jgri ji kad Y
Parbusi = higsgoyg hgtgs jgotuon ofregk
Gusbuktgsi = higsgoyg HM 7 jgo HM 8 ranukar 
i. Ghjfeao
Cospabsi = higsgoyg parut tarkilgt eaehuodit/tijgb, gpgbgl tarjgpgt kubg
habgs fpargsi/tijgb, gistas/tijgb 

Pgkpgsi = higsgoyg bgji gpgbgl tarjgpgt paehasgrgo lapgr, gjgbgl

paehasgrgo kiao/tijgb, ofjuk/tijgb, oyari tabgo gjg/tijgb 
Parbusi = higsoyg tyepgoi
Gusbuktgsi = hision usus ofregk/tijgb 
 j. Naoatgkig
Cospabsi = higsoyg tarkilgt harsil/tijgb, gjg bakgiogo/tijgb,
laefrfij/tijgb  b. Abstareitgs
Cospabsi = higsgoyg tarjgpgt ujae/tijgb, gjg vgrisas/tijgb 
Pgkpgsi = gbrgk targhg lgongt/jionio, DXZ ?8 jtb/;8 jtb, ujae/tijgb 

k. Paearibsggo paouojgon
Higsgoyg jikgbubgo paearibsggo rfotnaot
9. Jignofsg Bapargwgtgo
g. Pra Fp

• Gosiatgs harluhuongo jaongo burgon paonatglugo

•  Oyari gbut harluhuongo jaongo eaousub jgriongo

• Ngonnugo akieiogsi harluhuongo jaongo ioiiktrgsi ba saptue radtue vgniog

 h. Cotrg Fp

• Xasibf parjgrglgo harluhuongo jaongo rfhaboyg/tarputusoyg

jgriongo

 paehukul jgrgl hasgr 

 • Tyfb lipfvfkaeib harluhuongo jaongo parjgrglgo

• Xasti paouruogo vfkuea dgirgo harluhuongo jaongo pargjgrgl spfotgo

d. Pfst Fp

• Xasibf ioiabsi harluhuongo jaongo paehajglgo

•  Oyari gbut harluhuongo jaongo kubg jglit fpargsi

• Parjgrglgo harluhuongo jaongo ranrasi spfotgo

• Lgehgtgo efhikitgs harluhuongo jaongo kubg iosisi

>. Cotarvaosi Bapargwgtgo

Jignofsg OCD OFD

Pra Fp Goxiaty saki-dfotrfk Goxiaty Xajudtifo

Gosiatgs 
Goxiaty kavak (paouruogo badaegsgo)

Dfpion 7. Nuogbgo
 paojabgtgo ygon
Britarig Lgsik = eaoaogonbgo

7. Bkiao egepu 8. Oygtgbgo jaongo

 jakgs lgrgpgo
eaonijaotiiibgsi jgo
eaonuonbgpbgo tarlgjgp pakgbu

najgkg daegs.  pgsiao

8. Eaonijaotiiibgsi, 4.Makgsbgo saeug

eaonuonbgpbgo jgo  prfsajur jgo gpg

eaouojubbgo taloib ygon jirgsgbgo

uotub eaonfotfk sakgeg prfsajur 

daegs. :. Pglgei praspabtii

4.Yitgk sino jgkge hgtgs  pgsiao tarlgjgp

ofregk. situgsi strass

:. Pfstur tuhul, absprasi 1.Zaegoi pgsiao

wgjgl, hglgsg tuhul uotub eaeharibgo

jgo tionbgt gbtiviitgs bagegogo jgo

eaouojubbgo eaonurgoni tgbut

 harburgonoyg 9. Jfrfon bakugrng

badaegsgo. uotub eaoaegoi

gogb 

>.Kgbubgo hgdb /
 oadb ruh
<. Jaongrbgo jaongo
 paoul parlgtigo
3. Cjaotiiibgsi
tionbgt badaegsgo

70. Hgotu pgsiao

eaonaogk situgsi
ygon eaoiehukbgo
badaegsgo
77. Jfrfon pgsiao
uotub
eaonuonbgpbgo
 pargsggo,
batgbutgo, parsapsi
jistaosi
ghjfeiogk

Cotrg Fp • Hkffj kfsa savarity

Xasibf Parjgrglgo • Hkffj bfgnukgtifo
Britarig Lgsik =

7. Zijgb gjg
laegturig jgo
laegtaeasis
8. Balikgongo
jgrgl ygon
tarkilgt
4. Zabgogo jgrgl
jgkge
 hgtgs ofregk sistfk
jgo jigstfka
:. Zijgb gjg
parjgrglgo
 parvgniog

1. Zijgb gjg
 78.
Costrubsib
go pgsiao
eaonnuogb
go
taboib
rakgbsgsi
74. Haribgo
fhgt uotub
eaonurgo
ni
badaegsg
o
 Hkaajion
pradgutif
os 7.

Efoitfr
batgt
tgojg-tgojg

 parjgrglgo
8. Dgtgt oikgi
Lh jgo
LZ
sahakue
jgo
sasujgl
tarjgjìoyg
 parjgrglgo
4. Efoitfr
oikgi kgh
(bfgnukg
si) ygon
eakiputi
PZ, PZZ,
trfehfsit

:.
Efoi
tfr
ZZ
Y
frtfs
tgti
b 
 9. Laefnkfhio jgo 1. Partglgobgo haj
laegtrfbrit jgkge rast sakgeg
 hgtgs ofregk  parjgrglgo gbtii
>. Pkgseg, PZ, PZZ 9. Bfkghfrgsi jgkge
jgkge hgtgs ofregk  paeharigo prfjub

jgrgl (pkgtakat gtgu

irasl irfzao
 pkgseg)
>. Kiojuoni pgsiao
jgri trgueg ygon
jgpgt eaoyahghbgo
 parjgrglgo
<. Liojgri eaonubur
sulu kawgt radtgk

3. Liojgri
paeharigo gspirio
jgo
gotidfgnukgot
70. Gojurbgo pgsiao
uotub
eaoionbgtbgo
iotgba egbgogo
ygon hgoygb
eaongojuon

vitgeio B 
77. Liojgri
tarjgjioyg
bfostipgsi jaongo
eaongojurbgo
uotub
eaepartglgobgo
iotgba dgirgo ygon
gjabugt jgo
 pakaehut iasas


Pfst Fp Pgio kavak Pgio Egognaeaot

 Oyari Gbut • Pgio dfotrfk 7. Kgbubgo
 • Dfeifrt kavak  paonbgjigo oyari
Britarig lgsik = sadgrg bfepralaosii
7. Egepu eaonfotrfk taregsub kfbgsi,
oyari (tglu paoyahgh bgrgbtaristib,
oyari, egepu jurgsi
eaonnuogbgo taloib irabuaosi, bugkitgs
ofoigregbfkfni jgo igbtfr
uotub  eaonurgoni  prasipitgsi
oyari, 8. Fhsarvgsi ragbsi
eaodgri hgotugo) ofovarhgk jgo
8. Eakgpfrbgo hglwg batijgboygegogo
oyari harburgon 4. Nuogbgo taboib
jaongo bfeuoibgsi
eaonnuogbgo targpautib uotub
egogjaeao oyari
eaonatglui
4. Egepu eaonaogki  paongkgego oyari
oyari (sbgkg,  pgsiao
iotaositgs, irabuaosi :. Bgji buktur ygon
jgo tgojg oyari) eaepaongruli
:. Eaoygtgbgo rgsg raspfo oyari
oygego satakgl oyari 1. Avgkugsi
 harburgon  paongkgego oyari
egsg kgepgu

9. Avgkugsi harsgeg
 pgsiao jgo tie
basalgtgo kgio
taotgon
batijgbaiabtiigo
bfotrfk oyari egsg
Cgepgu
>. Hgotu pgsiao
jgo bakugrng
uotub

eaodgri jgo
eaoaeubgo
 jubuongo
<. Bfotrfk
kionbuongo ygon
jgpgt
eaepaongruli
oyari saparti sulu

rugongo,
 paodglgyggo jgo
bahisiongo
3. Burgoni igbtfr
 prasipitgsi oyari
70. Pikil jgo kgbubgo
 paogongogo oyari
(igregbfkfni,
ofo igregbfkfni
jgo

iotar parsfogk)
77. Bgji tipa jgo
suehar oyari uotub
eaoaotubgo
iotarvaosi
78. Gjgrbgo
taotgon taboib
ofo
igregbfkfni
74. Haribgo gogCnatib

uotub eaonurgoni
oyari
7:. Avgkugsi
baaiabtiigo bfotrfk
oyari
71. Zionbgtbgo istirglgt
79. Bfkghfrgsibgo
jaongo jfbtar jibg
gjg bakulgo jgo

tiojgbgo oyari tijgb 

 harlgsik
7>. Efoitfr
 paoarieggo pgsiao taotgon egogjaeao oyari

HGH CCC
KGPFXGO BGTQT

7. Paonbgjigo pra fpargsi

  Ogeg pgsiao = Go. ]
Zgonngk kglir/ueur = 4->-800< (70
tl) Gngeg = Cs kge
Paojijibgo =T J
Gkgegt = Jusuo Baeiri Tibgkgon, Zgkgwi Tgwgl Kuotf

 Of.EX = 07.00.<0.83
Jignofsg eajis = uojaosaosus
tastis Ziojgbgo eajis = frdlijfpaxy
Paogonnuon jgwgh pgsiao
 Ogeg = Oy.G
Qeur = 41 tl
Gngeg = Cskge
Paojijibgo = T EG
Pabarjggo = C XZ

Luhuongo jaongo pgsiao = ihu

bgojuon Gsgk pgsiao = rgwgt iogp
8. Parsigpgo pgsiao pra fpargsi
g. Zgojg-tgojg
vitgk ZJ =
 O = 778 x/e
XX = 88 x/e
T = 4 9,1 D
 h. Coifreaj dfosaot

Coifreaj dfosaot jikgbubgo ihu bgojuon bkiao, ihu bkiao eaongtgbgo hglwg
bkiao harsajig uotub jikgbubgo fpargsi jgkge haotub eaogojgtgongoi
kaehgr 
 parsatujugo fpargsi. Chu bkiao eaongtgbgo takgl eaoarieg ioifregsi ygon jakgs jgri
jfbtar.
d. Pugsg
Chu bkiao eaongtgbgo targblir egbgo jgo eioue pubuk 8:.00 ^CH bgraog
jisurul pugsg fkal pargwgt ji rugon rgwgt iogp
j. Gkarni = Chu bkiao eaongtgbgo bkiao tijgb gjg gkarni tarlgjgp fhgt-fhgtgo
a. Eakapgsbgo saeug pgbgigo, parligsgo sahakue eakgbubgo tiojgbgo fpargsi saparti

diodio, bgkuon, jge tgongo jgo gotion

i. Psibfkfni
 Bkiao eargsg daegs jaongo tiojgbgo fpargsi ioi. Bkiao hgoygb hartgoyg pgjg patungs
basalgtgo ygitu pgjg jfbtar jgo pargwgt
4. Xiwgygt Basalgtgo
g. Xiwgygt basalgtgo sabgrgon
Pgjg sggt jikgbubgo paonbgjigo pgjg tgonngk 88 Egrat 807< jge 03.00 ^CH jirugon

fpargsi sahakue jikgbsgogbgooyg fpargsi, bkiao eaongtgbgo tgbut gbgo

prfsajur  fpargsi, wgjgl bkiao tgepgb pudgt, bkiao tgepgb tangon, bkiao eaongtgbgo
ioi gjgkgl
fpargsi partgegoyg, lgsik ZZY ZJ = O = 774 x/e XX = 88 x/e T = 49,1 D
 h. Xiwgygt basalgtgo jgluku
Bkiao eaongtgbgo tijgb gjg eaojaritg paoygbit kgio sahakueoyg jgo hakue parogl
jirgwgt ji XT. Bkiao eaongtgbgo sujgl eaojaritg paoygbit ioi sajgb 7 tgluo ygon
kgku.
d. Xiwgygt basalgtgo bakugrng
Bkiao eaongtgbgo tijgb gjg eaojaritg paoygbit baturuogo gtgu eaoukgr kgiooyg,

saparti lipartaosi, JE, jgotuon jkk.

:. Paearibsggo Iisib 
g. Bapgkg
Cospabsi = bapgkg sieatris, rgehut litge, harsil, uhgo (-), kubg (-)
Pgkpgsi = paehaonbgbgo (-), oyari tabgo (-)
 h. Egtg
Cospabsi = bajug egtg sieatris, pgkpahrg tijgb ujae, sdkarg tijgb ibtarib, pupik isfbfr 
8ee/8ee, raikab dglgyg +/+, bfojuonitvg tijgb goaeis
d. Zakiong

Cospabsi = takiong sieatris, tijgb gjg bakgiogo pgjg takiong, kuhgon takiong gjg,
sarueao (+), paonakugrgo jgrgl (-)
Pgkpgsi = paehaonbgbgo (-), oyari tabgo (-)
j. Eukut
Cospabsi = eubfsg hihir barion, nini harsil, eukut harsil, hihir tarkilgt pudgt
a. Lijuon
Cospabsi = pfsisi saptue ogsgk sieatris, parogigsgo dupion lijuon (-), sarueao (-),
 paonakugrgo kaojir/jgrgl (-)
Pgkpgsi = paehaonbgbgo (-), oyari tabgo (-)

i. Kalar
Cospabsi = tijgb tarjgpgt jajgs, tijgb gjg jistaosi vaog junukgris
 Pgkpgsi = tijgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo bakaojgr natgl haoion, tijgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo
bakaojgr tyrfij, trgbag sieatris
n. Zlfrgbs

• Pgru
Cospabsi = tijgb tarjgpgt, sieatris, paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo (+), ratrgbsi

jiojion jgjg (-), jajgs (-)

Pgkpgsi = iraeitus biri jgo bgogo sgeg
Parbusi = sfofr 
Gusbuktgsi = vasibukar, wlaazion (-), rfodli (-)

• Mgotuon
Cospabsi = idtus bfrjis tijgb tarkilgt
Pgkpgsi = idtus bfrjis targhg 7 jgri ji iotardfstg ba Y sioistrg
Parbusi = hgtgs jgotuon ofregk
Gusbuktgsi = HM 7 jgo HM 8 ranukar, eureur (-), ngkkfp (-)
l. Ghjfeao
Cospabsi = parut tijgb eaehuodit, gsitas (-), jistaosi (-), kasi (-), kubg fp (-)
Pgkpgsi = tijgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo lapgr, tijgb tarjgpgt paehasgrgo niojgk jgo kiao,
oyari tabgo (-), egssg (-)
Parbusi = tyepgoi
Gusbuktgsi = hision usus 70 x/i
i. Naoatgkig
Cospabsi = harsil, gjgoyg bakgiogo pgjg sbrftue, laefrfij (-)
 j. Abstraeitgs

• Abstraeitgs gtgs
Cospabsi = bkiao tarpgsgon CYIJ XK 80 tts/i ji tgongo sahakgl biri, ujae (-),
turnfr bukit (+)
Pgkpgsi = ujae (-), gbrgk targhg lgongt

• Abstraeitgs hgwgl
Cospabsi = vgrisas (-), irgbtur (-), ujae (-)[
Pgkpgsi = ujae (-), gbrgk targhg lgongt
b. Paearibsggo paouojgon

• Paearibsggo laegtfkfni
Kaubfsit 9.970/ee4 (O = 1000-70000)
 Zrfehfsit 47<.000/ee4 (O = 710000-:00000)
LZ :7% (O = 4>-:4%)
PZ 70,4 (O = 3,7-78,:)
LPZZ 4:,< (O = 8<,<-
43,0)

• Paearibsggo rgjifkfni = rfotnao

1. Paonbgjigo iotrg fp
g. Parsigpgo bkiao (sino io) 0<.00 ^CH

• Jirugon FB bkiao ji pgsgon ioius XK :0 tts/i pgjg abstraeitgs biri gtgs

• Bkiao jikgbubgo goastasi ueue

 h. Parsigpgo gkgt

• Hfwak

• Bgssg starik

• Tat starik

• Tudtifo starik

• Tgruon tgongo starik

• Tat starik

• Haogon jglit starik jaongo harhgngi uburgo

• Hatgjioa

• Pkastar

• Jub kuhgon starik

• ^gsbfe jgo
oarhabao d. Parsigpgo TJE

• JPMP =
Gsistao =

• Goastasi =

Gsistao =

• Tdruh =
Xuooar =

• Zage wfrb starik = tage wfrb eakgbubgo dudi tgongo paehajglgo, eaegsgon
 hgju starik jgo lgojsdffo starik, eakgbubgo jasioiabsi kfbgsi fpargsi jgo ygon
targblir jripion (eaoutup bkiao jaongo bgio starik)
• Kgbubgo tiea fut jaongo kagjar jgo ruooar pubuk 03.:1 ^CH jgo fpargtfr 
eakgbubgo iosisi kfbgsi fpargsi

• Efoitfr ZZY jgo

GHDJA 7 jge partgeg
ZJ

 O 707 x/e
XX 80
x/e T 49,1
D TF8
33%
G=
Nurnkion (-)
Tofrion (-)
^laazion (-)
Ttrijfr (-)

Tuehgtgo jgkgo ogigs (-)

Mgkgo ogigs pgtao
H=
XX 80 x/e
Parogigsgo dupion lijuon (-)
Xatrgbsi jiojion jgjg (-)
Paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo (-)
Huoyi ogigs vasibukar
D=

ZJ
 O >< x/e
XX 87 x/e
T 49,< D
Gbrgk targhg lgongt, DXZ ; jatib 
Bfojuontivg tijgb goaeis, ujae (-), pgkpahrg tijgb ujae

J =
Pupik isfbfr 8ee/8ee

Xaikab dglgyg +/+

 A=
Kubg iosisi lfrizfotgk ·70 de pgjg naoatgkig
Fpargsi sakasgi pubuk 77.40 ^CH
9. Paonbgjigo pfst fp
Paonbgjigo fpargsi sakasgi pgjg tgonngk 88 Egrat 807< pubuk 77.:1 ^CH jirugon XX,

bkiao tgepgb tarhgrion kaegl jitaepgt tijur/hrgobgr, gbrgk jionio,

basgjgrgo sfeofkao, bagjggo ueue kaegl, tarjgpgt kubg iosisi pfst fp ·70 de
pgjg jgargjl
naoatgkig, bkiao tgepgb pudgt, bfojuontivg goaeis, DXZ ; 8 jtb, hihir pudgt, ZZY =
7 jge partgeg =
ZJ
 O 33 x/e
XX 87
x/e T 49,<
D
G=

Mgkgo ogigs pgtao

Tuehgtgo jgkgo ogigs (-)
Nurnkion (-)
Tofrion (-)
^laazion (-)
Ttrijfr (-)
H=
XX 87 x/e
Parogigsgo dupion lijuon (-)

Xatrgbsi jiojion jgjg (-)

Paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo (-)
Huoyi ogigs vasibukar (-)
D=
ZJ
 O 33 x/e
XX 87
x/e T 49,<
D
Gbrgk targhg lgongt, DXZ ; 8 jtb 

Bfojuontivg tijgb goaeis, ujae (-), pgkpahrg tijgb ujae

J=
Pupik isfbfr 
Xaikabs dglgyg +/+
A=
Zarjgpgt kubg iosisi lfrizfotgk ·70 de pgjg jgargl naoatgkig
7 jge bajug

ZJ
 O >< x/e
XX 88 x/e
T 49,> D
Tgt F8 3<%
Parjgrglgo ·700 dd
G=
Mgkgo ogigs pgtao
Tofrion (-)

^laazion (-)
Ttrijfr (-)
H=
XX 88 x/e
Parogigsgo dupion lijuon (-)
Xatrgbsi jiojion jgjg (-)
Paonnuoggo ftft hgotu parogigsgo (-)
Huoyi ogigs vasibukar 
D=

ZJ
 O >< x/e
XX 88 x/e
T 49,> D
Gbrgk targhg jionio, DXZ ; 8 jtb 
Bfojuontivg tijgb goaeis, ujae (-)
J=
NDT 74
Bagjggo ueue sfeofkao

Pupik isfbfr 
Xaikabs dglgyg +/+
 A=
Zarjgpgt kubg iosisi ·70 de pgjg jgargl naoatgkig
>. Gogkisg Jgtg
Of Tyeptfe Atifkfni Prfhkae
.

7. Pra Fpargsi -bfojuontivg Bakgiogo jgri bfotrfk

JT = tijgb goaeis lfrefo gtgu prfsas
-bkiao eaongtgbgo daegs gogtfei ygon jiparkubgo
gbgo ji fpargsi jgkge prfsas paouruogo
-bkiao eaongtgbgo tgbut tastis sadgrg ofregk
eaoionngk jibg fpargsi tijgb 
 harlgsik Ngngkoyg nuharogbukue
-bkiao eaongtgbgo ioi  hareinrgsi ba sbrftue
fpargsi partgegoyg jgo tastis targhg ji jgargl

JF = ionuiogk
-wgjgl bkiao tgepgb tangon
-bkiao tgepgb daegs Qojaosaosus
-wgjgl bkiao tgepgb pudgt
tastis
ZJ
 O 707 x/e
Burgon paonatglugo
XX 87
x/e
Badaegsgo
T 49,> D
8. Cotrg
Bakgiogo jgri bfotrfk
Fpargsi JT =
lfrefo gtgu prfsas
-
gogtfei ygon
JF =
jiparkubgo jgkge
-tgepgb jgargl naoatgkig ji
prfsas paouruogo tastis
iosisi ·70 de
sadgrg ofregk
-kubg tgepgb harjgrgl
-parjgrglgo ·700 dd
ZJ Ngngkoyg nuharogbukue

 O 704 x/e  hareinrgsi ba sbrftue

XX 88 jgo tastis targhg ji jgargl

x/e T 49,3 ionuiogk

D
Qojaosaosus tastis
Gosiatgs

Xasibf Parjgrglgo
 -sgt F8 3<%
-tarpgsgon XK :0 tts/e Paehajglgo

Zarputusoyg jgriongo

Xasibf parjgrglgo
4. Pfst Fpargsi Bakgiogo jgri  Oyari gbut
bfotrfk
JT =-
lfrefo gtgu prfsas
JF =
gogtfei ygon
-bkiao tgepgb earionis
jiparkubgo jgkge prfsas
P =oyari pgjg habgs
paouruogo tastis sadgrg
kubg
ofregk
 pfst fpargsi
W = oyari saparti jitusub-
Ngngkoyg nuharogbukue
tusub 
 hareinrgsi ba sbrftue jgo
X = jihgnigo jgargl
naoatgkig tastis targhg ji jgargl
ionuiogk
T = sbgkg oyari >
Z = oyari sggt harnargb
Qojaosaosus tastis
ZZY
ZJ
Zarputusoyg bfotiouitgs
 O 708 x/e
XX 87
 Oyari gbut
x/e T 49,>
D

<. Jignofsg bapargwgtgo

g. Pra Fp
Gosiatgs
 h. Cotrg Fp
Xasibf parjgrglgo

d. Pfst Fp
 Oyari gbut
3. Cotarvaosi bapargwgtgo

Jignofsg OFD OCD

Pra Fp
• Goxiaty saki-dfotrfk Goxiaty Xajudtifo
Gosiatgs
• Goxiaty kavak (paouruogo

• Dfpion badaegsgo)

Britarig Lgsik 7. Nuogbgo

 paojabgtgo ygon
=
eaoaogonbgo

7. Bkiao egepu 8. Oygtgbgo jaongo

 jakgs lgrgpgo
eaonijaotiiibgsi
tarlgjgp pakgbu
jgo
 pgsiao
eaonuonbgpbgo
4. Makgsbgo saeug
najgkg daegs.
 prfsajur jgo gpg
8. Eaonijaotiiibgsi,
ygon jirgsgbgo
eaonuonbgpbgo
sakgeg prfsajur 
jgo eaouojubbgo
:. Pglgei praspabtii
taloib uotub
eaonfotfk daegs.  pgsiao tarlgjgp
situgsi strass
4. Yitgk sino jgkge
1. Zaegoi pgsiao
hgtgs ofregk.
uotub eaeharibgo
:. Pfstur tuhul, absprasi
bagegogo jgo
wgjgl, hglgsg tuhul
eaonurgoni tgbut
jgo tionbgt gbtiviitgs
9. Jfrfon bakugrng
eaouojubbgo
uotub eaoaegoi
 harburgonoyg
gogb 
badaegsgo.
>. Kgbubgo hgdb /
oadb ruh
<. Jaongrbgo jaongo
 paoul parlgtigo
3. Cjaotiiibgsi
tionbgt badaegsgo
70. Hgotu pgsiao
eaonaogk situgsi
ygon eaoiehukbgo

badaegsgo
77. Jfrfon pgsiao
 uotub
eaonuonbgpbgo
 pargsggo,
batgbutgo, parsapsi
78. Costrubsibgo pgsiao

eaonnuogbgo
taboib rakgbsgsi
74. Haribgo fhgt uotub
eaonurgoni
badaegsgo
Cotrg Fp • Hkffj kfsa savarity Hkaajion pradgutifos
Xasibf Parjgrglgo • Hkffj bfgnukgtifo 7. Efoitfr batgt

Britarig Lgsik = tgojg-tgojg

7. Zijgb gjg laegturig  parjgrglgo

jgo laegtaeasis 8. Dgtgt oikgi Lh

8. Balikgongo jgo LZ sahakue
jgo
jgrgl ygon
sasujgl tarjgjìoyg
tarkilgt
 parjgrglgo
4. Zabgogo jgrgl
jgkge 4. Efoitfr oikgi kgh

 hgtgs ofregk sistfk (bfgnukgsi) ygon

jgo jigstfka eakiputi PZ, PZZ,

:. Zijgb gjg trfehfsit

parjgrglgo :. Efoitfr ZZY
 parvgniog
frtfstgtib 
1. Zijgb gjg jistaosi
1. Partglgobgo
ghjfeiogk haj rast sakgeg
9. Laefnkfhio jgo  parjgrglgo gbtii 
laegtrfbrit jgkge
9. Bfkghfrgsi jgkge
 hgtgs ofregk
 paeharigo prfjub
>. Pkgseg, PZ, PZZ jgrgl (pkgtakat
jgkge hgtgss ofregk
gtgu irasl irfzao
 pkgseg)

>. Kiojuoni
pgsiao jgri
trgueg ygon
 jgpgt eaoyahghbgo
 parjgrglgo
<. Liojgri
eaonubur sulu
kawgt radtgk
3. Liojgri paeharigo

gspirio jgo
gotidfgnukgot
70. Gojurbgo pgsiao
uotub
eaoionbgtbgo
iotgba egbgogo
ygon hgoygb
eaongojuon
vitgeio B 

77. Liojgri
tarjgjioyg
bfostipgsi jaongo
eaongojurbgo
uotub
eaepartglgobgo
iotgba dgirgo ygon
gjabugt jgo
Pfst Fp Pgio kavak
•
 pakaehut iasas
Pgio Egognaeaot
 Oyari Gbut • Pgio dfotrfk
• Dfeifrt kavak 7. Kgbubgo
Britarig lgsik =  paonbgjigo oyari

7. Egepu eaonfotrfk sadgrg bfepralaosii

oyari (tglu paoyahgh taregsub kfbgsi,

oyari, egepu bgrgbtaristib, jurgsi

eaonnuogbgo taloib irabuaosi, bugkitgs

ofoigregbfkfni uotub  jgo igbtfr

eaonurgoni oyari,  prasipitgsi

eaodgri hgotugo) 8. Fhsarvgsi

8. Eakgpfrbgo hglwg ragbsi
ofovarhgk jgo
 oyari harburgon batijgboygegogo
jaongo eaonnuogbgo 4. Nuogbgo taboib
egogjaeao oyari bfeuoibgsi
4. Egepu eaonaogki targpautib uotub
oyari (sbgkg, eaonatglui

iotaositgs, irabuaosi  paongkgego oyari

jgo tgojg oyari)  pgsiao
:. Eaoygtgbgo rgsg :. Bgji buktur ygon
oygego satakgl oyari eaepaongruli
 harburgon raspfo oyari
1. Avgkugsi
 paongkgego oyari
egsg kgepgu
9. Avgkugsi harsgeg

 pgsiao jgo tie

basalgtgo kgio
taotgon
batijgbaiabtiigo
bfotrfk oyari egsg
Cgepgu
>. Hgotu pgsiao jgo
bakugrng uotub
eaodgri jgo

eaoaeubgo
jubuongo
<. Bfotrfk
kionbuongo
ygon jgpgt
eaepaongruli
oyari saparti sulu
rugongo,
 paodglgyggo jgo
bahisiongo

3. Burgoni igbtfr
 prasipitgsi oyari
 70. Pikil jgo kgbubgo
 paogongogo oyari
(igregbfkfni, ofo
igregbfkfni jgo
iotar parsfogk)

77. Bgji tipa jgo

suehar oyari uotub
eaoaotubgo
iotarvaosi
78. Gjgrbgo
taotgon taboib
ofo
igregbfkfni
74. Haribgo gogCnatib
uotub eaonurgoni
oyari
7:. Avgkugsi
baaiabtiigo bfotrfk
oyari
71. Zionbgtbgo istirglgt
79. Bfkghfrgsibgo
jaongo jfbtar jibg
gjg bakulgo jgo
tiojgbgo oyari tijgb 

 harlgsik
7>. Efoitfr
 paoarieggo pgsiao
taotgon egogjaeao
oyari
1. Cepkaeaotgsi
bapargwgtgo

 Of. Zgonngk/Mge Jignofsg Cepkaeaotgsi TFGP ZZJ

7. Gosiatgs -eaonnuogbgo T=
 paojabgtgo ygon Bkiao
eaoaogonbgo eaongtgbgo
-eaoygtgbgo daegs sajibit
 jaongo jakgs  harburgon
lgrgpgo tarlgjgp F=
 pakgbu pgsiao ^gjgl bkiao
-eaojakgsbgo tgepgb sajibit
 prfsajur jgo gpg rikabs
ygon jirgsgbgo ZJ
sakgeg prfsajur  O 30 x/e
-eaeglgei XX 87
 parspabtii pgsiao x/e T 49,>
tarlgjgp situgsi D
strass G=
-eaonijaotiiibgsi Egsgkgl hakue
tionbgt badaegsgo targtgsi
-eaehgotu pgsiao P=
eaonaogi situgsi Cotarvaosi
ygon eaoiehukbgo jikgojutbgo
badaegsgo
8. Xasibf -eaefoitfr
 parjgrglgo tarlgjgp gjgoyg T =-
raspfo bfepaosgsi F=
gwgk syfb  -bkiao tgepgb
-eaefoitfr  pudgt
tarlgjgp tgojg- -eubfsg hihir
barion
tgojg raspfo
siojrfeg
-parjgrglgo
ioikgegsi
·700 dd
sistaeib 
-ZZY
-eaefoitfr
ZJ
tarlgjgp gjgoyg
 O 708 x/e
tgojg gwgk ragbsi
XX 87
gkarni
x/e T 49,<
-eaefoitfr
D
tarlgjgp tgojg
G=
gwgk jgri Egsgkgl hakue
 paouruogo iuonsi
targtgsi
P=
  jgotuon Cotarvaosi
-eaeharibgo jikgojutbgo
dgirgo eakgkui CY
4. Oyari g but -eaefoitfr t gojg- T =-
tgojg vitgk F=

-eaeharibgo pfsisi-bkiao tgepgb

ygon gego jgoearionis

oygego P = oyari pgjg

-eaongjgrbgo  habgs kubg pfst
taboib rakgbsgsi fpargsi
uotub eaongtgsi W = oyari saparti
oyari jitusub-tusub 
-egogjaeao oyari X = jihgnigo
-harbfkghfrgsi naoatgkig

jgkge paeharigo T = sbgkg >

targpi Z = oyari sggt
 harnargb  ZJ
 O 3< x/e XX 87 x/e T 49,> D
G=
Egsgkgl hakue

targtgsi
P=
Cotarvaosi jikgojutbgo
 HGH CY
PAEHGLGTGO

Qojasdaojaj tastis earupgbgo bakgiogo ygon sarion tarjgji pgjg hgyi kgbi-
kgbi, ygitu pgjg :-1% hgyi kgbi-kgbi jaongo ueur balgeikgo ygon dubup jgo 80-44%
 pgjg hgyi kgbi-kgbi praegtur. Tadgrg aehrifkfni, tglgp gblir jgri paouruogo tastis
eaodgpgi sbrftue sadgrg ofregk gjgkgl pgjg eionnu ba 81 sgepgi eionnu ba 41
 pgjg usig balgeikgo. Zarjgjioyg bakgiogo jgri bfotrfk lfrefo gtgu prfsas

gogtfei ygon jiparkubgo jgkge prfsas paouruogo tastis sadgrg ofregk jgpgt

eaoyahghbgo uojasdaojaj tastis.

 Qojasdaojaj tastis jgpgt jihajgbgo eaojgji pgkpghka jgo ofo pgkpghka.
Zastis euonbio hargjg pgjg kalar sbrftue, ji jgargl ionuiogk gtgu ji jgargl iotrg
ghjfeao. Jignofsis jgri uojasdaojaj tastis jgpgt jibatglui eakgkui paearibsggo
iisib. Ogeuo,
 jibg tastis tijgb targhg, kgpgrfsbfpi jgpgt jikgbubgo uotub eaoaotubgo pfsisi tastis.
Zargpi lfrefogk uotub eaongtgsi uojasdaojaj tastis egsil
jgkge bfotrfvarsi. Ziojgbgo ygon sarion jikgbubgo gjgkgl paehajglgo
ygon jisahut frdlijfpaxy. ^gbtu ygon fptiegk uotub eakgbubgo frdlijfpaxy
gjgkgl sggt gogb 
 harusig 9-78 hukgo. Paehajglgo ygon jikgbubgo jihajgbgo harjgsgrbgo
bkgsiiibgsi jgri uojasdaojaj tastis. Bfepkibgsi ygon pgkion sarius jgri
frdlijfpaxy gjgkgl gtrfply tastis. Lgk ioi tarjgji pgjg prasaotgsa ygon badik, ygitu
1-70%.
Coiartikitgs euonbio tarjgji pgjg 7 lionng 4 jgri : kgbi-kgbi jawgsg jgo rasibf
tarjgjioyg bangogsgo eaoionbgt sahgoygb 1-70 bgki kahil tionni pgjg kgbi-kgbi
jaongo riwgygt uojasdaojaj tastis. Tugtu eatg gogkisis eaouojubgo hglwg
prfnofsis gbgo eaehgib jibg frdlijfpaxy jikgbubgo sggt gogb harusig jgul kahil
eujg. Basaehulgo

 pfst fpargsi jgri prfsajur frdlijfpaxy sgongt dapgt, jiegog satakgl hahargpg lgri
 pgsiao jgpgt baehgki eakgbubgo gbtivitgs paoul. Fkglrgng euonbio parku jiliojgri
jgkge 7-8 eionnu. Paearibsggo kahil kgojut parku jikgbubgo satakgl 9-78 hukgo uotub 
eaygbiobgo hglwg gtrfply tijgb tarjgji. Tggt gogb takgl harueur 7:
tgluo,
 paearibsggo tarlgjgp puhartgs jgo baeuonbiogo tarjgjioyg ioiartikitgs jgo bangogsgo
 jung parku jikgbubgo.
 

HGH Y
PAOQZQP
G.
Basiepukgo

Jignofsis briptfrbiseus jitangbbgo satakgl usig 7 tgluo, wgkgupuo sasujgl usig 3

 hukgo lgepir tijgb jijgpgtbgo kgni paouruogo tastis sadgrg spfotgo. Jigojurbgo
jifhgti gotgrg usig 70 hukgo sgepgi 8: hukgo. Cosijao uojasdaojaj tastis kahil tionni
 pgjg hgyi burgon hukgo, tatgpi gjg kgpfrgo pgjg usig 4 hukgo jasaosus tastis
kahil

 hgoygb tarjgji jihgojionbgo jaongo hgyi dubup hukgo. Cosijaos briptfrbiseus pgjg
gogb usig 7 tgluo sahasgr 0,1—0,<%. ^gkgupuo paoyahgh briptfrbiseus sahgnigo
  hasgr tijgb jibatglui, targpi lfrefogk jigojurbgo tarutgeg tarlgjgp briptfrbiseus
 hikgtargk, kfbgsi tastisoyg ji ionuiogk, sartg tijgb jijuepgi bakgiogo gogtfei jgo bfotrg
iojibgsi tarlgjgp LDN.
Zargpi lfrefogk KLXL tijgb jigojurbgo bgraog pftaosioyg ji hgwgl LDN, jgo
sajiggo fhgt ioi hakue gjg ji Cojfoasig. Harvgrigsioyg jfsis jgo kgeg paeharigo
LDN, jiparkubgo paoakitigo uotub eaoikgi egog ygon kahil hgib. Zargpi
hajgl jikgbubgo hikg tijgb gjg raspfos jaongo paonfhgtgo lfrefogk, tarjgjioyg
fhstrubsi, laroig ygon pftaosigk eaoiehukbgo fhstrubsi, gtgu jiduringi tarjgjioyg
tfrsi.

H. Tgrgo
Mibg gjg basgkglgo jgo babakirugo pgjg egbgkgl ioi egbg bgei eaeiotg britib 
egupuo sgrgo ygon eaehgonuo jgri paehgdg gngr hisg kahil hgib bajapgooyg.

JGIZGX PQTZGBG
Egdbakkgr G. Gpprfprigta egognaeaot fi tla uojasdaojaj tastis. Mfurogk fi pgajigtrids,
fhstattrids goj nyogadfkfny 73<12 70(7)=84-<.
Pajigtrid Jgtg Hgsa. Dryptfrdlijise. Gvgikghka irfe =
lttp=//www.idfojgtg.dfe/lagktl/pajhgsa/iikas/dryptfrd.ltek.
Pgrbar XE. Dryptfrdlijise. Pajs Qrf Kfnid. Gvgikghka irfe=
lttp=//www.pajsurfkfnid.dfe/pgeplkats/dryptfrdlijise/uojasdao jajZastas.ltek.

Zla Jivisifo fi Qrfkfny, Dlikjrao–s Lfspitgk, Hfstfo. Qojasdaojaj tastas io dlikjrao.

Jinitgk Qrfkfny Mfurogk. Gvgikghka irfe = lttp=//www.juj.dfe/tastis.ltek.
Nriiiitl L^. Zastas, uojasdaojaj (dryptfrdlijise). Zla dfepkata nuija tf pajigtrid
syeptfes, ikkoass & eajidgkitifos Rditaj tla Putoge Harbkay Nrfup. Cod.2 akadtrfoid rinlts
 hy Eajidgk Jgtg AxdlgonaU. Gvgikghka irfe=
lttp=//www.tlrivafokioa.dfe/lagktl/kihrgry/pajikksyep/pajikksyep:77.ltek.
Bijs Lagktl Frn. Zla igdts fo uojasdaojaj tastidkas. Gvgikghka irfe=
lttp=//bijslagktl.frn/pgraot/lagktly/dryprf.ltek.
Hrguostaio NJ. Dryptfrdlijise. Jgkge = Nraaospgo IT, Ttrawkar NM, paoyuotion. Hgsid &
Dkioidgk aojfdriofkfny. Ajisi ba-1. Kfojfo= Praotida-Lgkk, 733>. l.:73-80.
Liegwgo T. Tani pgtfkfnib briptfbiseus. Jisgepgibgo pgjg Tiepfsiue Talgri Zgtgkgbsgog
Fptiegk Briptfrbiseis, Mgbgrtg, 74 Gnustus, 733:.
Hgtuhgrg MXK. Zargpi lfrefogk pgjg briptfrbiseus. Jisgepgibgo pgjg Tiepfsiue Talgri
Zgtgkgbsgog Fptiegk Briptfrbiseus, Mgbgrtg, 74 Gnustus, 733:.
Tgotao XM. Dryptfrdlijise. Jgkge = Iakin P, Hgxtar MJ, Hrfgjus GA, Irflego KG,
 paoyuotion. Aojfdriofkfny goj eatghfkise. Ajisi ba-8. Oaw Sfrb= Ed Nrgw-Likk,

73<>. l.<<4-9.