Pengantar Kecerdasan

Buatan dan Sistem Cerdas

DR. AMALIA, ST, MT

Dr. ENG. ADE CANDRA, ST, M.KOM
Outline
• Kontrak Kuliah
• Pendahuluan Kecerdasan Buatan
Deskripsi Umum Mata kuliah
• Kecerdasan buatan (Artificial Intelligence/AI)
adalah cabang ilmu komputer yang berkenaan
dengan otomasi perilaku cerdas.
• Berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip teoritis dan praktis
yang lengkap:
§ Struktur data (representasi pengetahuan)
§ Algoritma (mengaplikasikan pengetahuan)
§ Bahasa dan teknik-teknik pemrograman
(implementasi).
Tujuan Pembelajaran
• Mengidentifikasi definisi-definisi dasar, isu dan pertanyaan filosofis
dalam sistem-sistem cerdas.
• Mengidentifikasi sejarah dasar AI
• Memahami pemodelan dunia nyata
• Memahami peranan heuristik dalam AI
• Mengimplementasikan search dan constraint satisfaction
menggunakan two-player games.
• Memahai dan engimplementasikan KR dan reasoning.
• Mengimplementasikan advanced search menggunakan baik
genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, atau salah satu local
search.
• Memahami agen dan aplikasinya
• Memahami dan mengimplementasikan machine learning dan a
neural network.
Materi Kuliah
Kontrak Kuliah
PRODI : Kecerdasan Buatan dan Sistem Cerdas
Kode : ILK3231
JUMLAH SKS :2
SEMESTER : VI
Referensi
KETENTUAN PERKULIAHAN
• Tatap muka
• Penyampaian Materi : 14 kali
• Ujian (UTS/UAS) : 2 kali
• Penilaian : Tugas, Project, UTS, UAS
• Penyampaian materi dengan metode ceramah, diskusi dan problem
solving.
• Tugas terstruktur secara mandiri.
• Saat kuliah HP harap dimatikan / silent.
• Toleransi terlambat masuk : 15 menit
• Pengumuman dan bahan kuliah perkuliahan Kecerdasan Buatan
dan Sistem Cerdas dapat di lihat di elearning
PENILAIAN

Elemen Persen
Tugas 10
UTS 20
UAS 50
Projek 50
Referensi
• https://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs188/su22/assets/slides/Lecture1.pdf
• http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/
• https://github.com/aimacode
Pendahuluan
Sci-Fi AI?
News AI
Apa itu Kecerdasan?
Berbagai definisi
• David Wescler : kecerdasan sebagai suatu
kapasitas umum dari individu untuk bertindak,
berpikir rasional dan berinteraksi dengan
lingkungan secara efektif (Syaiful Sagala,
2010: 82).
• Sehingga dapat diartikan pula bahwa
kecerdasan atau Intelligensi adalah
kemampuan untuk menguasai kemampuan
tertentu
Komposisi Kecerdasan :
• Reasoning (Mampu Berpikir) − dasar untuk
penilaian, pengambilan keputusan dan prediksi.
• Learning (Mampu belajar) - menghimpun
pengetahuan dengan belajar, latihan, diberi tahu
dan pengalaman.
• Problem Solving − Dapat menerima situasi dari
lingkungan dengan cepat. Menggunakan alasan
untuk memecahkan problem secara efektif,
Berurusan dengan situasi yang membingungkan
terutama memilih satu pilihan dari beberapa
pilihan
• Perception − Menerapkan pengetahuan untuk
memanipulasi lingkungan berhubungan dengan
proses pengumpulan, interpreting, seleksi dan
organizing informasi dari sensor.
• Linguistic Intelligence − kemampuan untuk
menerima dan memahami suatu bahasa
termasuk bicara dan menulis.
Kecerdasan Buatan ??
Mesin yang :
• Berpikir seperti manusia
• Bertindak seperti manusia
• Berpikir secara rasional
• Bertindak secara rasional
Beberapa Definisi AI
Perbedaan Definisi AI
Berpikir Seperti Manusia
Bertindak seperti manusia
Turing Test
Berpikir Secara Rasional : Pendekatan
Logika
Berpikir Secara Logika VS Berpikir Seperti
Manusia
Bertindak Secara Rasional : Konsep Agent
Klasifikasi AI
 Task Domains of Artificial Intelligence

Mundane (Ordinary) Formal Tasks Expert Tasks

Tasks
•PerceptionCompute •Mathematics •Engineering
r Vision •Geometry •Fault Finding
•Speech, Voice •Logic •Manufacturing
•Integration and •Monitoring
Differentiation
•Natural Language •GamesGo Scientific
ProcessingUndersta •Chess (Deep Analysis
nding Blue)
•Language •Ckeckers
Generation
•Language
Translation
Common Sense Verification Financial
Analysis
Reasoning Theorem Proving Medical
Diagnosis
Planing Creativity
Perbedaan AI dan sistem konvensional
Perbedaan Kecerdasan Manusia dan Mesin
Manusia Mesin / Komputer
Melihat Pola Set Aturan dan Data
Menyimpan dan mencari informasi Menyimpan dan mencari informasi
dengan pola dengan algoritma Searching /
Pencarian

Dapat menebak dengan mudah Membutuhkan algoritma yang rumit

suatu objek walaupun ada bagian untuk menetukan suatu objek jika
yang hilang ada bagian yang hilang
Bidang Ilmu yang Mendasari AI
Research Area
Real Life Applications of AI Research Areas
No. Research Areas Example
1 Expert Systems Examples − Flight-
tracking systems, Clinical systems.
2 Natural Language Processing
Examples: Google Now feature,
speech recognition, Automatic voice
output.
3 Neural Networks Examples −
Pattern recognition systems such as
face recognition, character
recognition, handwriting recognition.

4 Robotics Examples − Industrial

robots for moving, spraying, painting,
precision checking, drilling, cleaning,
coating, carving, etc.
5 Fuzzy Logic Systems Examples −
Consumer electronics, automobiles,
etc.
Sejarah AI
Year Milestone / Innovation
1923 Karel Kapek's play named “Rossum's Universal
Robots” (RUR) opens in London, first use of the
word "robot" in English.
1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.
1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni,
coined the term Robotics.
1950 Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation
of intelligence and published Computing
Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon
published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as
a search.
1956 John McCarthy coined the term Artificial
Intelligence. Demonstration of the first running AI
program at Carnegie Mellon University.
1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming
language for AI.
1964 Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT
showed that computers can understand
natural language well enough to solve
algebra word problems correctly.
1965 Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an
interactive problem that carries on a
dialogue in English.
1969 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute
Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped with
locomotion, perception, and problem
solving.
1973 The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the
Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble
models.
1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.
1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.
1990 Major advances in all areas of AI −
•Significant demonstrations in machine learning
•Case-based reasoning
•Multi-agent planning
•Scheduling
•Data mining, Web Crawler
•natural language understanding and translation
•Vision, Virtual Reality
•Games
1997 The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry
Kasparov.
2000 Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet,
a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores
remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.
• 2012— ___: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands again?
• Big data, big compute, deep learning
• AI used in many industries
 AI as Designing Rational Agents

▪ An agent is an entity that perceives and acts.

▪ A rational agent selects actions that maximize
its expected utility.
▪ Characteristics of the sensors, actuators, and
environment dictate techniques for selecting
rational actions
▪ This course is about:
▪ General AI techniques for many problem
types

Environment
Sensors Percepts
▪ Learning to choose and apply the technique

Agent
appropriate for each problem ?
Actuators
Actions

Pac-Man is a registered trademark of Namco-Bandai Games, used here for educational purposes
 Agents and environments

Agent Environment
Sensors
Percepts
?
Actuators
Actions

▪ An agent perceives its environment through sensors and acts upon it

through actuators (or effectors, depending on whom you ask)
▪ The agent function maps percept sequences to actions
▪ It is generated by an agent program running on a machine
A human agent in Pacman
 The task environment - PEAS
▪ Performance measure
▪ -1 per step; + 10 food; +500 win; -500 die; +200
hit scared ghost
▪ Environment
▪ Pacman dynamics (incl ghost behavior)
▪ Actuators
▪ Left Right Up Down or NSEW
▪ Sensors
▪ Entire state is visible (except power pellet duration)
 PEAS: Automated taxi
▪ Performance measure
▪ Income, happy customer, vehicle costs,
fines, insurance premiums
▪ Environment
▪ US streets, other drivers, customers,
weather, police…
▪ Actuators
▪ Steering, brake, gas, display/speaker
▪ Sensors
▪ Camera, radar, accelerometer, engine
sensors, microphone, GPS

Image: http://nypost.com/2014/06/21/how-google-
might-put-taxi-drivers-out-of-business/
 PEAS: Medical diagnosis system
▪ Performance measure
▪ Patient health, cost, reputation
▪ Environment
▪ Patients, medical staff, insurers, courts
▪ Actuators
▪ Screen display, email
▪ Sensors
▪ Keyboard/mouse
 Environment types
Pacman Backgammon Diagnosis Taxi

Fully or partially observable

Single-agent or multiagent

Deterministic or stochastic

Static or dynamic

Discrete or continuous

Known physics?

Known perf. measure?

 Agent design
▪ The environment type largely determines the agent design
▪ Partially observable => agent requires memory (internal state)
▪ Stochastic => agent may have to prepare for contingencies
▪ Multi-agent => agent may need to behave randomly
▪ Static => agent has time to compute a rational decision
▪ Continuous time => continuously operating controller
▪ Unknown physics => need for exploration
▪ Unknown perf. measure => observe/interact with human principal
Simple reflex agents
 Pacman agent program in Python
class GoWestAgent(Agent):

def getAction(self, percept):

if Directions.WEST in percept.getLegalPacmanActions():
return Directions.WEST
else:
return Directions.STOP
Eat adjacent dot, if any
Eat adjacent dot, if any
 Pacman agent contd.
▪ Can we (in principle) extend this reflex agent to behave well in all
standard Pacman environments?
▪ No – Pacman is not quite fully observable (power pellet duration)
▪ Otherwise, yes – we can (in principle) make a lookup table…..
▪ How large would it be?
Model-based agents
Goal-based agents
Spectrum of representations
Issues Of AI

• Ancaman Bagi Privasi

Program AI dapat mengerti bahasa alami manusia secara teori dapat
mengerti juga semua jenis percakapan di email dan sambungan telepon.
• Ancaman terhadap Martabat Manusia
Sistem AI sudah mulai mengganti manusia di beberapa industri . Ini tidak
harus mengganti orang di sektor mana mereka memegang posisi
bermartabat yang berkaitan dengan etika seperti perawatan , dokter
bedah , hakim , polisi , dll
• Ancaman terhadap keselamatan
Sistem AI diri meningkatkan dapat menjadi begitu perkasa daripada
manusia yang bisa sangat sulit untuk berhenti dari mencapai tujuan
mereka , yang dapat menyebabkan konsekuensi yang tidak diinginkan
Terminologi
Term Meaning
Agent Agents are systems or software programs capable of autonomous, purposeful and
reasoning directed towards one or more goals. They are also called assistants, brokers,
bots, droids, intelligent agents, and software agents.
Autonomous Robot free from external control or influence and able to control itself independently.
Robot
Backward Strategy of working backward for Reason/Cause of a problem.
Chaining
Blackboard It is the memory inside computer, which is used for communication between the
cooperating expert systems.
Environment It is the part of real or computational world inhabited by the agent.
Forward Strategy of working forward for conclusion/solution of a problem.
Chaining
Heuristics It is the knowledge based on Trial-and-error, evaluations, and experimentation.
Knowledge Acquiring knowledge from human experts and other resources.
Engineering
Percepts It is the format in which the agent obtains information about the environment.
Pruning Overriding unnecessary and irrelevant considerations in AI systems.
Rule It is a format of representing knowledge base in Expert System. It is in the form of IF-
THEN-ELSE.
Shell A shell is a software that helps in designing inference engine, knowledge base, and
user interface of an expert system.
Task It is the goal the agent is tries to accomplish.
Turing Test A test developed by Allan Turing to test the intelligence of a machine as compared to
Simple Reflex Agent
Model-Based Reflex Agent
Goal-Based Reflex Agent
Utility-Based Reflex Agent
Diskusi
• Bentuk kelompok masing-masing kelompok 5
orang
• Baca tentang ChatGPT
• Diskusi kelas terkait ChatGPT sekitar 30 menit
• Goal: Menurutmu apa kehebatan ChatGPT
dibanding search engine Google?
• Mengapa ChatGPT berbahaya bagi ilmu
pengetahuan terutama terkait plagiasi?