DISTRIBUSI NORMAL

Capaian Pembelajaran:
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, mahasiswa mampu menggunakan rumus nilai baku untuk
menyelesaikan terapan distribusi normal, membaca tabel distribusi normal, dan menghitung
luas daerah di bawah kurva untuk menentukan nilai probabilitas dari suatu peristiwa yang
berdistribusi normal.

1.1 Kurva Normal

Kurva normal mempunyai distribusi berbentuk lonceng yang variabel acaknya kontinu,
seperti ditunjukkan pada gambar 4.1. Distribusi normal atau disebut juga distribusi Gauss
adalah distribusi kontinu dengan parameter µ dan  yang ditulis N (  , ) dengan persamaan
umum atau disebut juga fungsi Gauss seperti rumus 5.1.

𝑋̅

Gambar 4.1 Grafik Fungsi Probabilitas Distribusi Normal

Grafik fungsi distribusi normal tersebut di atas membentang dari minus tak hingga
sampai tak hingga. Hanya saja, semakin jauh dengan rata-rata (𝑋̅), nilai probabilitas akan
semakin mendekati nol (Furqon, 2004).
1  x 
2

1   
 
f ( x)  e 2
 2 (4.1)
untuk    x  
Keterangan: 𝜋 = 3,14159…;  = rata-rata; e = 2,7183
 = simpangan baku atau standar deviasi

Jika nilai  dan  diketahui, maka kurva normal dapat digambarkan dengan pasti.
Kurva normal sangat bergantung pada dua variabel ini dan mempunyai bentuk yang simetris
terhadap rata-rata  . Bentuk kurva normal dipengaruhi oleh besar kecilnya rata-rata dan
simpangan baku. Makin kecil simpangan baku maka bentuk kurva semakin runcing dan
sebagian nilai x berkelompok mendekati nilai rata-rata. Sebaliknya, jika simpangan baku
semakin besar maka bentuk kurva tumpul dan nilai x makin jauh dari rata-rata. Beberapa
karakteristik distribusi normal diuraikan sebagai berikut:
1. Mempunyai dua parameter  dan  yang masing-masing menentukan lokasi dan bentuk
distribusi.
2. Titik tertinggi pada rata-rata atau mempunyai satu modus (unimodal, nilai modus = median
= rata-rata
3. Kurva setangkup seperti lonceng dan simetri terhadap garis tegak (simetris)
4. Kurva selalu berada di atas sumbu x dan luas daerahnya adalah satu (100%).
5. Kurvanya mendekati sumbu x tetapi tidak akan memotong sumbu x (asimtotik)
Dalam distribusi normal yang berbeda dapat memiliki nilai rata-rata atau varian yang
berbeda.

1.2 Luas Daerah Di Bawah Kurva Normal

Menurut Furqon (2004), distribusi normal memegang peranan yang sangat penting
dalam statistik inferensial, yaitu sebagai model distribusi peluang. Minimal ada 3 alasan yang
melandasinya yaitu:
1. Distribusi normal merupakan model yang baik untuk mendekati frekuensi
distribusi fenomena alam dan sosial jika sampelnya besar.
2. Ada hubungan yang kuat antara jumlah sampel dengan distribusi rata-rata yang
diambil dari populasi yang sama.
3. Distribusi normal memberikan penghampiran yang baik terhadap distribusi teoritis
lainnya.
Probabilitas P ( a  x  b ) normal ditunjukkan oleh luas arsiran dibawah kurva normal
yang dapat dihitung dengan rumus 5.2:
1  x 
2

P (a  x  b ) =  
b  
1 -
2  
 e dx
a  2  (4.2)
Untuk mengatasi kesulitan menghitung integral pada fungsi normal (rumus 5.2), maka dibuat
tabel F (kurva normal) seperti pada tabel 4.1. Tabel ini dapat digunakan setelah nilai data (X)
ditransformasikan menjadi nilai baku atau nilai standar (Z). Nilai Z dapat dihitung
menggunakan rumus 4.3.
𝑋− µ
𝑍= 𝜎
(4.3)
 Distribusi normal Z mempunyai  = 0 dan standar deviasi   1 , ditulis N(0,1),
disebut distribusi normal standar atau distribusi normal baku. Distribusi normal baku sangat
bermanfaat sebagai model distribusi peluang dalam analisis statistik inferensial.
Setelah diperoleh nilai Z, pembacaan tabel 4.1 dilakukan dengan cara menentukan nilai
Z dalam dua desimal, selanjutnya membaca kolom pertama dengan menemptakan nilai Z
sampai satu desimal, sedangkan desimal kedua dibaca pada kolom-kolom sebelah kanan.

Contoh Soal:
Dengan menggunakan tabel kurva normal, perhatikan contoh berikut:
1. Diketahui distribusi normal baku, carilah luas di bawah kurva yang terletak pada:
a. sebelah kanan z = 1,84
b. antara z = -1,97 dan z = - 0,86
c. antara z = -1,97 dan z = 0,86

Penyelesaian:
a. luas sebelah kanan z = 1,84 adalah 0,0329 = 3,29%, atau
P(z > 1,84) = 3,29%

LUAS =
0,4671

LUAS ?
=0,5-0,4671
=0,0329

Z
Z=0 Z=1,84
 b. Luas antara z = -1,97 dan z = -0,86 adalah 0,1705 = 17,05%, atau
P(-1,97<z<0,86) = 17,05%

LUAS =
0,3051

LUAS SISA
=0,4756-0,3051
=0,1705

LUAS
=0,4756

Z=-1,97 Z=-0,86 Z=0

c. Luas antara z = -1,97 dan z = 0,86 adalah 0,7807 = 78,07%

LUAS LUAS =
=0,3051+0,4756 0,3051
=0,7807

LUAS =0,4756

Z=-1,97 Z=0 Z=0,86

2. Diketahui suatu distribusi normal dengan  = 50 dan   10 , tentukan probabilitas bahwa

X mendapat nilai diantara 45 dan 62.
Jawab:
Nilai X diubah menjadi nilai baku Z, maka:
45  50 62  50
z1   0,50 dan z 2   1,20
10 10
Jadi P(45 < X < 62) = P(-0,5 < Z < 1,2) = P(Z < 1,2) – P(Z < -0,5)
= 0,8849 – 0,3085 = 0,5764
3. Dengan menggunakan Tabel Distribusi Normal, hitunglah:
a. 𝑃 (0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,20)
b. 𝑃 (𝑧 ≥ 1,54)
c. 𝑃(𝑧 ≥ −0,86)
 d. 𝑃 (0,43 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,12)
e. 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0,77)
f. 𝑃 (−1,5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
g. 𝑃 (−0,5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0,75)
Jawab:
a. 𝑃 (0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,20)
Perpotongan antara baris 1,2 dengan kolom 0,00, diperoleh nilai dalam tabel sebesar
0,3849.
Berarti, 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,20) = 0,3849 = 38,49%
b. 𝑃(𝑧 ≥ 1,54)
Perpotongan antara baris 1,5 dengan kolom 0,04, diperoleh nilai dalam tabel sebesar
0,4382.
Berarti, 𝑃(𝑧 ≥ 1,54) = 𝑃 (𝑧 ≥ 0) − 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 1,54)
= 0,5000 – 0,4382 = 0,0618 = 6,18%
c. 𝑃(𝑧 ≥ −0,86)
Perpotongan antara baris 0,8 dengan kolom 0,06 diperoleh nilai dalam tabel sebesar
0,3051
Berarti, 𝑃(𝑧 ≥ −0,86) = 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0,86) + 𝑃(𝑧 ≥ 0)
= 0,3051 + 0,5000 = 0,8051 = 80,51%
d. 𝑃(0,43 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,12)
Perpotongan antara baris 0,4 dengan kolom 0,03 diperoleh nilai dalam tabel normal
sebesar 0,1664.
Perpotongan antara baris 1,1 dengan kolom 0,02 = 0,3686
𝑃(0,43 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,12) = 𝑃(0,43 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,12) - 𝑃(0,43 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,12)
= 0,3686 – 0,1664 = 0,2022 = 20,22%
e. 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0,77)
Perpotongan antara baris 0,7 dengan kolom 0,07 diperoleh nilai dalam tabel sebesar
0,2794
Berarti, 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ 0,77) = 𝑃 (𝑧 ≤ 0) - 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0,07)
= 0,5000 + 0,2794 = 0,7794 = 77,94%
f. 𝑃(−1,5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0)
Perpotongan antara baris 1,5 dengan kolom 0,00 diperoleh nilai dalam tabel sebesar
0,4332
 Berarti, 𝑃(−1,5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0) = 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,5) = 0,4332 = 43,32%
g. 𝑃(−0,5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0,75)
Perpotongan antara baris 0,5 dengan kolom 0,00 diperoleh nilai dalam tabel sebesar
0,1915
Perpotongan antara baris 0,7 dengan kolom 0,05 = 0,2734
𝑃(−0,5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0,75) = 𝑃(0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0,5) + 𝑃 (0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0,75)
= 0,1915 + 0,2734 = 0,4649 =46,49%

1.3 Nilai Peubah Acak Berdasarkan Luas Daerah di bawah Kurva Normal
Diketahui luas daerah di bawah kurva distribusi normal yang diinginkan terkait dengan
besarnya peluang, ingin dicari nilai peubah acak X yang terkait.
Contoh :
Misalkan sebaran normal mempunyai parameter 𝜇 = 40 dan 𝜎 = 6. Carilah nilai x0
sehingga :
a. P ( X < X0) = 45 %
b. P ( X > X0) = 14%
Jawab :
a. P ( X < X0) = 45 %

Gambar daerah di sebelah kiri seluas 0,45

Untuk mencari nilai – Zα dilihat nilai pada tabel Z.

Didapatkan Z= - 0,13
 𝑋0 − 𝜇
𝑍=
𝜎
𝑋0 − 40
−0,13 =
6
𝑋0 = (6 ∗ −0,13) + 40
𝑋0 = 39,22

b. P ( X > X0) = 14%

Gambar daerah di sebelah kanan seluas 0,14

Didapatkan Z = 1,08
𝑋0 − 𝜇
𝑍=
𝜎
𝑋0 − 40
1,08 =
6
𝑋0 = (6 ∗ 1,03) + 40
𝑋0 = 46,48

1.4 Soal Latihan:

1. Suatu distribusi data berat jenis kerikil diperoleh nilai rata-rata 2,00 dengan simpangan
baku 0,42. Dengan menggunakan Tabel Distribusi Normal, tentukan nilai-nilai berikut:
a) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2,50)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
 ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................

b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1,24)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
c) 𝑃(0,43 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 2,12)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
d) 𝑃(𝑧 ≤ −0,77)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
e) 𝑃(−1,5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ −0,5)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
f) 𝑃(0,5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1,75)
 ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
g) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2,50)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

h) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 1,24)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

2. Diketahui suatu data berdistribusi normal dengan rata-rata 50 dan simpangan baku 5,
selesaikan soal-soal berikut:
a) P(x ≤ 65)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
b) P(x ≥ 42)
 ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
c) P(42 ≤ x ≤ 65)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
d) P(35≤ x ≤ 40)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

3. a. Jika Z ~ N (0,1) maka tentukan P (Z < 0,23)

................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
b. Jika Z ~ N (0,1) maka tentukan P ( Z > 1,237)
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
c. Jika Z ~ N (0,1) maka tentukan P (Z < -0,7)
 ...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
d. Jika Z ~ N (0,1) maka tentukan peluang P (-0,42 < Z < 1,271)
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
e. Jika Z ~ N (0,1) maka tentukan peluang P (-1,2 < Z < -0,5)
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................
f. Diketahui Z ~ N (0,1) tentukan nilai a jika P ( Z < a) =0,67
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................

g. Diketahui Z ~ N (0,1) tentukan nilai a jika P ( Z < a) = 0, 2912

...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4. Diketahui X ~ N ( 100, 64) maka tentukan :
a. P ( X < 90)
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...................................
 b. P (80 < X < 105)
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
5. a. Jika X ~ N ( 20, 4) maka tentukan nilai t jika P (X < t ) =0, 832
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
b.Jika X ~ N ( 100, 25) tentukan nilai t jika P ( X > t ) = 0,788
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
6. a. Jika X ~ N ( 100, 64) maka tentukan P ( X < 90)
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
b. Jika X ~ N ( 165, 100) maka tentukan P ( 155 < X < 175)
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
 ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................
7. Tabel di bawah menunjukkan data distribusi normal dari tegangan rusak suatu material,
tentukan banyaknya tegangan rusak dengan ketentuan berikut.

Breaking Stress (kN/m2) Frekuensi

1000 – 1099 19

1100 – 1199 29

1200 – 1299 28

1300 – 1399 13

1400 – 1499 7

1500 – 1599 4

Total 100

a. ≥ 1450 kN/m2
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
b. ≤ 1250 kN/m2
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
c. Diantara 1200 sd 1399 kN/m2
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
 ..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

8. Tabel berikut menunjukkan Data Curah Hujan tahun 2000 sd 2013

Tabel 5.1 Data Curah Hujan
Tahun Curah Hujan (mm)
2000 60
2001 85
2002 56
2003 73
2004 64
2005 80
2006 76
2007 87
2008 75
2009 81
2010 70
2011 68
2012 85
2013 66

a) Tentukan rata-rata dan standar deviasi

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
b) Carilah P(x ≥ 65)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
c) Carilah P(62 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 85)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
 ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
9. Pengamatan curah hujan harian di suatu lokasi selama satu tahun (365 hari) menunjukkan
rata-rata 65 mm dan standar deviasi 16 mm. Pencatatan curah hujan selalu dibulatkan dalam
satuan mm. Jika sebaran data dianggap berdistribusi normal, jawablah pertanyaan berikut:
a) Berapa hari dalam setahun hujan turun lebih dari 60 mm/hari?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
b) Berapa hari dalam setahun hujan turun kurang dari 62 mm/hari?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
c) Berapa hari dalam setahun hujan turun tepat 75 mm/hari?
(Petunjuk: Gunakan angka 74,5 dan 75,5 sebagai batas)
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
10. Buatlah masing-masing dua sketsa kurva normal yang sesuai pernyataan berikut.
a)  1 =  2 dan  1≠  2
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
 ..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
b)  1 ±  2 dan  1≠  2
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
c)  1 ≠  2 dan  1=  2
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................