= 1 x 10-10 m
c=.
Spektrum elektromagnetik
Spektrum dan Spektrograf
m = 6 λ = 4.101 Å m = 4 λ = 4.861 Å
m = 3 λ = 6.563
Å
m = ~ λ = 3.650 Å
h = 3,6546 x 10-7 m n m
R = konstanta Rydberg 10.967.800 m-1
C = kecepatan cahaya 2,997925 x 108 m/s
Soal Latihan
Gunakan Persamaan Balmer untuk menghitung
a. Frekuensi radiasi dengan n = 5
b. Panjang gelombang garis dalam deret balmer
dengan m = 7
c. Nilai m untuk garis dalam deret Balmer pada 380
nm.
Kenapa mempelajari struktur
atom?
Ilmu kimia pada akhirnya bermuara pada struktur elektronik
molekul
Alasan: Struktur elektronik mengatur ikatan, memprediksi
struktur molekul dan reaktifitas
Struktur elektronik atom dapat dipaham dengan mudah
berdasarkan struktur atom
Energy Levels?
• Consider 3 approaches:
• Classical
• Bohr Model (old quantum theory)
• Full Quantum: Schrödinger Equation
Dalton’s Atomic Postulates (1803)
• Each element is composed of indivisible particles called
atoms.
• All atoms of an element are identical
• In chemical reactions, the atoms are not changed.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one
element combine.
• Dalton’s law of multiple proportions: When two elements
form different compounds, the mass ratio of the elements
in one compound is related to the mass ratio in the other
by a small whole number.
J. J. Thomson’s Discovers the Electron (1897)
Mekanika Klasik
“Berdasarkan Pendekatan
Rumus Planck-Einstein
E = h.ν”
Model Bohr untuk Atom Hidrogen
Hydrogen Energy Level Diagram
• Energy levels constructed
based on spectral lines
observed for Hydrogen.
• WAY COOL!!!!!!!!!!
Emission Line Spectra
B
E n 2 , B : konstanta numerik dengan nilai 2,179 x 10 -18 J
n
B B B B 1 1
E E3 E 2 2 2 2 2 B 2 2
3 2 2 3 2 3
E h
1 1 1 1
E B 2 2 ; h B 2 2
2 3 2 3
B 2,179 x 10 8 J 1
3, 289 x 10 15
det
h 6,626 x 10 34 J det 1
De Broglie
(1927) p = h/
However: Electrons can also be described as
Wavelength
(characterised by wavelength, frequency, amplitude)
and show properties such as interference,
diffraction
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 10-34 Js
Principles of Quantum Mechanics
The Wavefunction
Y(position, time)
Important
2 2
V(r) Y EY
2μ
2
2 2
where 2 2 2 ,
2
x y z
Y is the wavefunction,
E the total energy
z x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
r z = r cos
y
(takes advantage of
x the spherical symmetry
of the system)
Fungsi gelombang Radial dan Angular
Fungsi radial bergantung pada jarak
antara elektron dan inti
Fungsi angular bergantung arah atau
orientasi
Ingat......!!!!!
Ψ2 merupakan probabilitas
ditemukannya sebuah elektron dalam
volume ruang, sehingga hal ini dapat
dijelaskan dengan persamaan R(r)2 dan
A(θ, φ)2
....which can be solved exactly for the H-atom with
the solutions called orbitals, more specifically,
atomic orbitals.
• Y(,) yields:
the orbital angular momentum quantum
number, l and the magnetic quantum number,
ml
i.e., Y=Rn,l(r)Yl,m(,)
Fungsi Gelombang Radial
e.g., l =0 is labelled s
l =1 is labelled p
l =2 is labelled d
l =3 is labelled f etc...
The values of n, l, & ml
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, .......
Important
l = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......(n-1)
ml = -l, -l+1, -l+2,..0,..., l-1, l
Looked at another way.....
n =1 l= 0 ml= 0 1s orbital (1 of)
n =2 l= 0 ml= 0 2s orbital (1 of)
l= 1 ml= -1, 0, +1 2p orbitals (3 of)
Important