MODUL BENGKEL BIOLOGY BOMB

TINGKATAN 4

31. a) Terangkan bagaimana pengecutan otot jantung secara beritma berlaku

Explain how the rhythmic contraction of heart muscles occurs.
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b) Kaki Ali berasa kebas selepas duduk bersila selama 1 jam. Cadanagkan tindakan yang
patut diambil dan jelaskan alasan anda.
Ali’s leg feels numb after sitting cross-legged for an hour. Suggest the action to be taken and
give your reasons.
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c) Elly suka makan rendang daging dan nasi lemak.Terangkan mengapa amalan
pemakanan ini untuk jangka masa lama boleh membawa kesan buruk terhadap
kesihatannya.
Elly enjoys eating beef rendang and nasi lemak. Explain why this practice of eating in the
long term can affect her health.
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BAB 11

32. i) Terangkan bagaimana seorang ibu yang membawa virus HIV dapat menjangkiti fetus
dalam
kandungannya.
Explain how a mother who has HIV can infect a foetus in her womb
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(a)Nyatakan keimunan yang diperoleh oleh fetus daripada ibunya

State the type of immunity a foetus receives from its mother
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(b) Terangkan bagaimana plasenta membantu sistem pertahanan badan fetus

Explain how the placenta helps in the immune system of the foetus.
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(c) Huraikan bagaimana virus HIV dapat melumpuhkan sistem keimunan seseorang yang
dijangkiti oleh virus ini.
Explain how HIV can paralyse the immune system of a person infected by the virus.
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Rajah 1 menunjukkan perubahan aras antibodi dalam darah individu x dan y bagi satu
sempoh tertentu.
Figure 1 illustrates the changes in the antibody levels in the blood of individuals X and Y for
a specific period of time.

(i)Apakah keimunan yang diperoleh oleh individu x dan y?

What type of immunity did individuals X and Y acquire?
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(ii) Nyatakan bahan yang disuntik ke dalam individu x dan y

State the substance injected in individuals X and Y.
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(iii) Jelaskan perbezaan kandungan bahan yang anda nyatakan di a(ii)

Explain the differences in the content of the substances you mentioned in (a)(ii)
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b) (i) Pada lengkung graf bagi individu X dan Y, tandakan dengan anak panah masa kedua
suntikan diberikan
On the graph curves of individuals X and Y, mark with an arrow, the time of the second
injection is given.

(ii) Mengapakan suntikan kedua diperlukan oleh individu X dan Y?

Why do individuals X and Y need a second injection?
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(iii) Berdasarkan lengkung graf bagi individu X dan y, nyatakan dua perbezaan keimunan
yang dicapai
oleh X dan Y.
Based on the graph curves for individuals X and Y, state two differences in the immunity
achieved by individuals X and Y
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34. (a) Seorang bayi yang baru dilahirkan perlu menerima imunisasi berdasarkan
Rancangan Imunisasi yang disyorkan oleh Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO).
Terangkan mengapa program imunisasi ini diperlukan.
A newborn baby needs to receive immunisation based on the Immunisation Plan
recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Explain why the immunisation
programme is required.
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(i) sesetengah suntikan vaksin memerlukan satu dos sahaja sepanjang hayat seorang
individu. Jelaskan mengapa.
Some vaccine injections require only one one dose throughout the llifetime of an individual.
Explain why.
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(ii) Ibu Sinti terlupa membawa Sinti ke klinik untuk mendapatkan suntikan dos ketiga
hepatitis. Jelaskan kesannya terhadap keimunan Sinti.
Sinti’s mother forgot to bring Sinti to the clinic for the third dosage of the hepatitis
vaccination. Explain the effects on Sinti’s immunity.
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(iii) Aziman terpijak paku berkarat semasa ekspedisi mendaki gunung. Huraikan jenis
suntikan yang sesuai diberikan oleh doktor. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Aziman accidentally stepped on a rusty nail during a mountain climbing expedition. Describe
the type of injection that is suitable to be administered by the doctor. Explain your answer.
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BAB 12

35. (a) Bandingkan fungsi serebelum dengan medulla oblongata.

Compare the function of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata.
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(b) Takrifkan tindakan refleks dan nyatakan kepentingannya.

Define reflex action and state its importance
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(c) Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan rentas sebahagian daripada sistem saraf.

Figure 1 shows the cross section of a part of the nervous system.

(i) Namakan struktur X. Nyatakan fungsi struktur X.

Name structure X. State the function of structure X
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 (ii) Mengapakah bahagian Y membengkak.
Why is part Y swollen?
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(iii) Lengkapkan Rajah 1 dengan neuron yang terlibat dalam tindakan refleks. Tandakan arah
pergerakan impuls pada neuron.
Complete Figure 1 with neurones involved in a reflex action. Mark the direction of impulse on
the neurone.

(iv) Jika saraf spina dipotong pada Z, apakah kesan terhadap

organ yang bersambung dengannya? Terangkan mengapa.
If the spinal nerve is cut at Z , what is the effect on the organ that is connected to it?
Explain why.
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36. a) Namakan kelenjar endokrin yang utama dalam sistem endokrin manusia.
Mengapakah kelenjar ini dianggap sebagai kelenjar utama?
Name the main endocrine gland in the endocrine system of humans. Why is this gland
considered the main gland?
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b) Nyatakan kesan kelebihan dan kekurangan hormon pertumbuhan (GH) dalam manusia
State the effects of excessive and insufficient growth hormones (GH) in humans
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37. a) Nyatakan faktor yang menyebabkan seseorang menghidap penyakit diabetes

insipidus
State the factors that cause a person to suffer from diabetes insipidus
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b)Nyatakan dua simptom yang dialami oleh pesakit diabetes melitus.

State two symptoms experienced by patients with diabetes mellitus.
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c) Bandingkan antara sistem sarat dengan sistem endokrin
Compare the loaded system with the endocrine system
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d) Seorang murid telah mendapati dirinya diekori sebuah van dan mengesyaki kemungkinan
ada cubaan untuk menculiknya. Dalam keadaan cemas, murid tersebut mampu berlari
dengan laju menjauhi van tersebut. Huraikan situasi lawan atau lari tersebut.
A student has found himself being followed by a van and suspects there may be an attempt
to kidnap him. In a state of anxiety, the student was able to run quickly away from the van.
Describe the fight or flight situation.
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38. (a)(i) Banding dan bezakan antara sistem saraf dengan sistem endokrin
Compare and contrast the nervous system with the endocrine system
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(ii) Nora terpijak paku secara tidak sengaja. Dia menjerit sambil memegang kaki yang
terluka. Huraikan gerak balas Nora apabila terpijak paku tersebut.
Nora accidentally stepped on a nail. She screamed as she held the injured leg. Describe
Nora's reaction when she stepped on the nail.
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(b) Selepas minum petang, Azman pergi ke taman bermain untuk menunggang basika.
Semasa dia sedang menunggang basikal, Azman sedar akan tindakan yang dilakukan
olehnya. Akan tetapi, dia tidak sedar apa yang sedang berlaku kepada makanan yang baru
selesai dimakan. Huraikan mengapa Azman sedar tentang tindakannya apabila dia
menunggang basikal tetapi tidak sedar apa yang sedang berlaku kepada makanan yang
telah dimakan.
After tea time, Azman went to the playground to ride his bicycle. While riding his bicycle,
Azman is conscious of his actions. However, he is not conscious of what is happening to the
food he had just eaten. Describe why Azman is conscious of his actions riding the bicycle
but is not conscious of the food he had just eaten.
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(c) Seorang pesakit menghidap sejenis penyakit yang menyebabkan pankreas terpaksa
dibuang. Terangkan kesan pembuangan pankreas terhadap penghasilan enzim dan hormon,
dan seterusnya terhadap pencernaan serta aras glukosa dalam darah individu tersebut.
A patient had a disease that caused the pancreas to have to be removed. Explain the effect
of pancreatic excretion on the production of enzymes and hormones, and subsequently on
serum digestion.
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(d) Apakah nasihat yang boleh diberikan kepada pesakit itu untuk membantunya menangani
masalah kesihatan yang disebabkan oleh pembuangan pankreas?
What advice can be given to the patient to help him deal with the health problems caused by
the removal of the pancreas?
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39. Rajah 2(a) menunjukkan sebahagian neuron motor dan Rajah 2(b) menunjukkan keratan
rentas bonggol sinaps.
Figure 2 (a) shows a portion of motor neurons and Figure 2 (b) shows a cross section of a
synaptic hump.

(a) Namakan bahagian berlabel V,T dan U.

Name the parts labeled V, T and U.
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(b) Namakan bahan kimia yang terkandung dalam U.
Name the chemicals contained in U.
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(c) Bonggol sinaps mengandungi banyak V. Apakah fungsi V?

The synaptic knob contains many V. What is the function of V?
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(d) Lukis satu anak panah untuk menunjukkan arah pengaliran impuls di sepanjang akson S.
Draw an arrow to indicate the direction of impulse flow along the axon S.

(e) Terangkan. Explain.

(i) mengapa penghantaran impuls melibatkan lintasan impuls melalui T.
Why does the transmission of impulse involves the passage of impulses through T.
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(ii) bagaimana penghantaran impuls berlaku.

How impulse transmission occurs.
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(f) Berdasarkan Rajah 2(a) dan (b), terangkan mengapa penghantaran impuls melalui
neuron berlaku dalam satu arah sahaja.
Based on Figures 2 (a) and (b), explain why the transmission of impulse through neurone
occurs in only one direction.
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(g) Terangkan kesan dadah perangsang dan dadah penenang terhadap perighantaran
impuls melalui sinaps.
Explain the effects of stimulant drugs and sedatives on the transmission of impulses through
synapses.
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BAB 13
40. Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur satu nefron dan duktus pengumpul.
Figure 1 shows the structure of a nephron and collecting duct.

(a) Namakan proses yang berlaku di J.

Name the process that happens in J.
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(b) Namakan dua bahan yang tidak dituras keluar melalui glomerulus.
Name two substances that are not filtered out through the glomerulus.
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(c) Huraikan bagaimana proses yang anda namakan di (a) boleh berlaku.
Explain how the process you named in (a) occurs.

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(d) Terangkan mengapa bendalir yang mengalir di liku Henle tidak mengandungi glukosa
walaupun glukosa terdapat dalam kapsul Bowman.
Explain why the fluid flowing in the loop of Henle does not contain glucose even though
glucose is present in Bowman’s capsule.
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(e) Mamalia yang berlainan mempunyai struktur ginjal yang berlainan, bergantung pada
kehadiran air dalam habitatnya. Kepekatan air kencing yang dihasilkan bergantung pada
panjang liku Henle. Semakin panjang liku Henle, semakin tinggi kepekatan garam dalam
bendalir di sekitar liku Henle. Berdasarkan maklumat ini, apakah yang dapat anda ramalkan
mengenai liku Henle bagi haiwan yang hidup dalam keadaan persekitaran yang lembap
berbanding dengan haiwan yang hidup dalam keadaan persekitaran yang kering?
Mammals have different kidney structures depending on the presence of water in their
habitats. The concentration of urine produced depends on the length of the loop of Henle.
The longer the loop of Henle, the higher the salt concentration in the fluid surrounding the
loop of Henle. Based on this information, what can you predict about the loop of Henle in
animals living in a humid environment compared to animals living in a dry environment?
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