UNIT I

LISTENING COMPREHENSION
PEMAHAMAN MENDENGARKAN

Waktu = 35 menit (termasuk pembacaan petunjuk pelaksanaan untuk setiap bagian) Tes ini memberikan
kesempatan untuk menunjukkan kemampuan memahami percakapan dan pembicaraan dalam bahasa
Inggris. Listening Comprehension Test terdiri dari 3 (tiga) bagian.

➢ TIPS UMUM
1. Pahami bentuk-bentuk perintah (direction) pada masing-masing bagian (part) dengan
baik.
2. Bacalah pilihan pada masing-masing soal sebanyak mungkin ketika narrator
membacakan direction dan example.
3. Konsentrasi dan fokuskan perhatian pada percakapan yang sedang didengarkan karena
hanya akan diperdengarkan satu kali.
4. Maksimalkan kemampuan listening pada soal-soal pertama pada masing-masing part.
5. Jika tidak tahu jawaban dari satu pertanyaan, tinggalkan dan tebak saja secara cepat
6. Jangan menghabiskan waktu di satu pertanyaan yang akan berakibat pada hilangnya
informasi penting pada pertanyaan selanjutnya.

➢ LISTENING COMPREHENSION (SUB SKILS)

1. Memahami perbedaan bunyi
2. Memahami idiom
3. Memahami ungkapan-ungkapan percakaan
4. Memahami frasa kata kerja
5. Menemukan informasi tersirat (unclear)
6. Memahami perbandingan
7. Memahami makna/isi percakapan
8. Memahami tekanan dan nada

➢ TYPES OF QUESTION (JENIS-JENIS PERTANYAAN)

1. MenanyakanTopik pembicaraan: (what is the text about? what is the talk about,
what does the text talk about, what is the topic of this talk?)
2. Menanyakan simpulan (conclusion/inference): (What can be inferred about the
man?What is the conclusion of this meeting?)
3. Menanyakan informasi detail (detailed information)Who, What, Where, When,
How: (Where did the accident happen?, When does the woman want to get up
tomorrow?, How does she feel when she leaves her office?, Who won the prize?, What
time did the class begin?)
4. Menanyakan saran (suggestion/advice): (What does the woman suggest the man
do?, What should the woman do?)
5. Menanyakan implikasi(implication) (What does the woman imply about the man?)

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 6. Pertanyaan tentang asumsi(Assumptions): (What had the man assumed about the
woman?)
7. Pertanyaan tentang prediksi (prediction): (What will the man probably do?)
8. Pertanyaan tentang masalah(problems): (What is the woman’s problem?)
9. Menanyakan Tujuan (Purpose): (What is the Purpose of the Talk?)
10. Pertanyaan yang menanyakan judul (title): (What is the best title of the talk?)
11. Menanyakan tentang sikap/pandangan pembicara (speaker’s view) Satisfied, sad,
happy, critical: (What’s the speaker’s impression about the event, What does the
speaker’s feel about it?)
12. Menanyakan tentang peserta ceramah (Audience): (Who is the audience for this
lecture? Whom is the speaker talk to?)

PART A : SHORT DIALOGUE (DIAL OG PENDEK=30 SOAL)

1. Akan ada sekitar 30 percakapan pendek (short conversation/dialogue) antara 2 orang
2. Setiap satu percakapan akan diikuti 1 pertanyaan
3. Satu pembicara hanya berbicara 1 kali (rata-rata)
4. Perhatikan dengan cermat ungkapan yang diucapkan pembicara ke 2 karena biasanya
kata kunci/informasi penting berada pada kalimat yang diucapkan pembicara ke 2
5. Empat pilihan jawaban sudah tersedia dalam lembar soal
6. Hanya ada 1 jawaban yang benar
7. Waktu menjawab setiap soal sekitar 12 detik

➢ TIPS PART A: SHORT CONVERSATION

1. Fokuskan pendengaran pada orang kedua.
2. Jangan panik jika tidak bisa memahami kata demi kata. Anda hanya perlu menangkap
ide/isi percakapan.
3. Bila sama sekali tidak memahami yang dibicarakan pembicara ke 2, pilih jawaban
yang paling berbeda.
4. Pahami bentuk functional expression, seperti: agreement, uncertainty
(ketidakpastian), suggestion, surprise, idiomatic expression, dan situasi ketika
pembicaraan dilakukan.
5. Setiap pertanyaan dimulai dengan question words, terutama:What, where, when
6. JARANG SEKALI pertanyaan dimulai dengan Why,which, who, how.

➢ PEMBAHASAN DIALOG PENDEK

1. SKILL 1: RESTATEMENT (Pernyataan Kembali)

Seringkali jawaban yang benar untuk sebuah pertanyaan dalam bagian dialog pendek
adalah jawaban yang berisi penyajian kembali ide-ide dalam baris terakhir dari dialog.

▪ Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(W) Steve, is something the matter? You
don’t look very good
(M) Oh, I’m feeling a little sick today
(N) What does the man mean?
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On the recording, you hear:
(M)Why did it take them so long to fix the car?
(W) Well, for one thing, they had to remove the
engine
(N) What does the woman mean?
In your test book you read:
(A)They had to move the car
 In your test book you read:
(A) He’s very good looking
(B) He’s a bit ill
(C) He looks worse than he feels
(D) His feet are a little thick
(B)There was only one thing wrong with
her car
(C)The engine had to be taken out of her
car
(D) She had to hire an engineer
➢ Jawab:(C)
➢ Kata Kunci : They had to remove the
engine
➢ Pembahasan: ucapan “they had to
remove the engine” memiliki arti bahwa
mesin mobil si wanita harus dikeluarkan

➢ Garis bawahi ide pokok dari dialog singkat dibawah

(W) What do you like about your new house? (M) Mark said some really nice things to me
(M) It’s very close to a park (W) He’s very grateful for what you did
(N) What does the man mean? (N) What does the woman say about Mark?

(A) The house is closed up now (A) He did a great job

(B) He parks his car close to his house (B) He bought a crate full of fruit
(C) His home is near a park (C) He made a great fool of himself
(D) He’s thankful
(D) He doesn’t really like his new house

2. SKILL 2: NEGATIVES (Pernyataan Negatif)

Pernyataan negatif seringkali digunakan dalam dialog singkat. Respon yang paling umum
respon untuk pernyataan negatif adalah pernyataan positif yang mengandung sebuah kata
dengan arti yang berlawanan.

▪ Example:
On the recording, you hear:
(W) Did you get a lot of work done at the
library today?
(M) I couldn’t. It wasn’t very quiet there
(N) What does the man mean?
In your test book, you read:
(A) The library was noisy
(B) He got a lot done
(C) He couldn’t quite get to the library today
(D) The library’s a good place to work because
it’s quite

Jawaban yang benar adalah jawaban (A). Jika tidak tenang di perpustakaan, berarti berisik.
Perhatikan bahwa jawaban yang benar menggunakan berisik, kebalikan dari tenang.

➢ Garisbawahi ungkapan negatif di baris terakhir dari setiap dialog singkat. Ingat bahwa
jawaban yang paling tepat adalah yang menggunakan makna berlawanan

(W) You made so many mistakes in this
homework
(M) I was not very careful
(N) What does the man mean?
(A) He was rather careless
(B) He does not care about mistakes
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(M) Is there a lot of soup? I’m kind of hungry
(W) Sorry, there’s not a lot
(N) What does the woman mean?
(A)There’s not very much soup
(B) She doesn’t like soup
(C) There’s only a little soup
 (C) He took care of the work at home (D) The man should not be hungry
(D) He did not carry the work home

3. SKILL3: SUGGESTIONS (SARAN)

Saran juga sangat umum digunakan dalam dialog singkat, perhatikan contoh dibawah.
Example:

On the recording, you hear: In your test book, you read:

(M) I haven’t talked with my parents in a
while
(W) Why don’t you call them now?
(N) What does the woman suggest?
(A) Calling off his visit
(B) Talking about his parents
(C) Calling his parents in a while
(D) Phoning his family
Dalam contoh ini, ekspresi “why not” merupakan
contoh saran, jadi saran si wanita adalah untuk
memanggil mereka. Ini berarti bahwa si wanita itu
menyarankan menelepon keluarganya. Sehingga
jawaban terbaik adalah (D).

➢ Garisbawahi ekspresi saran di setiap dialog singkat berikut. Kemudian, pilih jawaban
terbaik untuk pertanyaan itu. Ingat bahwa jawaban terbaik adalah yang memberikan
saran.
(M) The weather’s so beautiful today (W) I have never enough spending money
(W) Let’s walk to school instead of (M) Why not get a part-time job?
driving (N) What does the man suggest?
(N) What does the woman suggest?
(A) Spending less money
(A) Taking the car to school (B) Doing a better job at work
(B) Taking a walk instead of going to (C) Earning some money
school (D) Spending less time at her job
(C) Going for a drive in the beautiful
weather
(D) Going to class on foot

4. SKILL 4: PASSIVE
Kadang-kadang sulit untuk mengerti siapa atau apa yang melakukan tindakan dalam
kalimat pasif. Masalah ini sering diujikan dalam dialog singkat.
Example:
On the recording, you hear: In this test book, you read:
(M) Is that a new chair? (A) She brought the chair with her
(W) Yes, we just bought it last night (B) The chair was lost for a week
(N) What does the woman mean? (C) The chair was purchased recently
(D) She bought the last chair from the store
Dalam dialog ini, si wanita menggunakan ide aktif,
“kami baru saja membelinya (kursi)”. Jawaban yang
benar untuk menggunakan gagasan pasif adalah
“kursi itu dibeli”. Sehingga, jawaban terbaik untuk
pertanyaan di atas adalah (C).

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➢ Baca dialog singkat dan garisbawahi pernyataan aktif atau pasif yang ada. Kemudian
baca pertanyaan dibawah dan pilih jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan itu. Pastikan
Anda memahami siapa yang melakukan tindakan dalam kalimat pasif.
(M) what happened to your notebook? (M) When are we going to talk about the
(W) I left it in the cafeteria problem with the copy machine?
(N) What does the woman imply? (W) It will be discussed at the copy machine
(A) The cafeteria is to the left (N) What does the woman mean?
(B) She left a note on the cafeteria door (A) She needs to make copies before the
(C) She took some notes in the cafeteria meeting
(D) The notebook was left in the cafeteria (B) They will talk about the problem tomorrow
(C) It is a problem to have meeting
(D) They must discuss whether or not to have a
meeting

5. SKILL 5: WHO and WHERE (APA DAN DIMANA)

Keduanya sering digunakan dalam dialog singkat dengan tujuan menarik semacam
kesimpulan. Dalam hal ini jawabannya tidak jelas dinyatakan, melainkan harus dapat
disimpulkan berdasarkan klausa yang diberikan dalam dialog. Salah satu jenis kesimpulan
yang umum di bagian tes ini adalah meminta Anda untuk menentukan siapa pembicara
itu, berdasarkan clause dalam dialog.
Example:
On the recording, you hear: In your test book, you hear:
(M) : What do you do during your (A) An athlete
performance? (B) A member of the audience
(W) : I play the piano and sing (C) A clerk in a music store
(narrator) Who is the woman most likely to (D) A musician
be? Petunjuk piano dan bernyanyi dalam percakapan
menggiring kita pada kesimpulan bahwa wanita
itu seorang musisi sehingga (D) adalah jawaban
yang benar.
On the recording, you hear: In your test book, you read:
(M) I’d like to open an account, please (A) In a accounting class
(W) What type of account would you like, a (B) In a bank
checking or savings account? (C) At a service station
(N) Where does the conversation probably (D) In a market
take place?

➢ Dalam latihan ini, baca dialog singkat dan pertanyaan dibawah, garisbawahi petunjuk
yang bisa membantu dan pilih jawaban terbaik.

(M) I’d like to mail this package, please (W) How much are the flowers?
(W) First or second class? (M) Ten dollars a bouquet
(N) Who is the woman most likely to be? (N) Where does this conversation probably
(A) A school administrator take place?
(B) A postal worker (A) In a bakery
(C) A banker (B) In a grocery store
(D) A teacher (C) In a florist shop
(D) In a garden

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 6. SKILL 6: AGREEMENT (PERSETUJUAN)
Ungkapan persetujuan lazim digunakan dalam dialog singkat. Berikut contoh yang
menunjukkan perjanjian dengan pernyataan positif.
Example:
On the recording, you hear: In your test book, you read:
(M) I thought that the meal was overpriced (A) There were too many spices in the meal
(W) Me, too. (B) She has the same opinion of the meal as
(N) What does the woman mean? the man
(C) She wants to share the man’s meal
(D) The price of the meal was great

Ungkapan “Me, too” menunjukkan persetujuan

dalam hal positif. Hal ini berarti si wanita setuju
dengan pendapat si laki-laki. Sehingga (B)
adalah jawaban yang paling tepat.

➢ Garisbawahi ekspresi yang menunjukkan persetujuan di setiap dialog singkat. Pilih

jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan itu. Ingat bahwa jawaban terbaik adalah yang
menunjukkan persetujuan.
(W) This homework is going to take forever (W) A trip to the park might be nice?
(M) I’ll say (M) You can say that again
(N) What does the man mean? (N) What does the man mean?

(A) It’s going to take forever to get home
(B) It takes a long time to get from home
to work
(C) He and the woman have the same
opinion about the homework
(D) He needs to take the homework to
class
(A) The woman should repeat what she said
(B) It’s nice in the park at night
(C) The woman should tell him about part of
the trip
(D) He agrees about the trip to the park

PART B : LONG CONVERSATION (PERCAKAPAN PANJANG)

1. Pada part B, anda akan mendengar sebuah long conversation antara 2 orang dan setiap 1
percakapan Panjang akan diikuti beberapa pertanyaan pilihan ganda yang kesemuanya
merujuk pada percakapan panjang tersebut.
2. Teks lisan terdiri atas 140-290 kata dengan durasi 40-80 detik
3. Topik bersifat lebih akademis dari Part A
4. Berbicara seputar sejarah, ilmu pengetahuan, mata kuliah di Universitas, dan informasi
berkaitan angka-angka dalam percakapan
5. Waktu menjawab setiap pertanyaan 12 detik
6. Pertanyaan diucapkan sekali
7. Dimulai dengan question words, terutama: what (apa), how (bagaimana), where (di
mana), why (mengapa), who (siapa), whom (kepada/dengan siapa)
8. Saat mendengar satu pertanyaan, bacalah pilihan-pilihan jawaban yang ada di buku soal

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➢ Pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sering diperdengarkan dalam Part B
1. What is the main topic of this conversation?
2. Where does the conversation take place?
3. When did it occur?
4. What will the man probably do next?
5. How does the woman decide to buy a …?
6. Who is the quest speaker?

➢ TIPS PART B: LONG CONVERSATION (PERCAKAPAN PANJANG)

Pembicaraan panjang seringkali berkisar tentang beberapa beberapa aspek dari sekolah
(betapa sulitnya sebuah mata kuliah, bagaimana menulis sebuah makalah penelitian, bagaimana
cara mendaftar untuk kursus, dsb) atau tentang kehidupan secara umum (menyewa apartemen,
bermain olahraga, pergi ke bank). Percakapan juga dapat berupa kehidupan umum di Amerika
Serikat (desalinasi pasokan air, daur ulang produk yang digunakan, kerusakan dari badai atau
tipe lain dari fenomena alam). Percakapan panjang akan diikuti beberapa buah pertanyaan yang
merujuk dari tema yang sama.
1. Ketika narrator membacakan arahan, bacalah pilihan jawaban secara sekilas dan
perkirakan tema apa yang akan jadi perbincangan
2. Harus mengetahui tema/topik yang dibicarakan
3. Berhati-hatilah terhadap masing-masing pertanyaan
4. Cermati situasi dan kondisi, yakni menyangkut tempat dan waktu pembicaraan, apa, dan
siapa yang dibicarakan
Example:
On the recording you hear: Questions:
(N) Question 1 through 4. Listen to a On the recording you hear: (Narrator) What are
conversation between two people who are the man and woman discussing?
decorating an apartment. In your test book you read:
(W) Hey, Walt. Do you think you could help me (A) Taking some pictures
hang these pictures on the wall? There are only (B) Hanging some plants
two of them. (C) Taking a trip to the mountains
(M) Sure, Monica. Where do you want them to (D) Putting some pictures on the wall
go? Karena si wanita meminta si pria itu untuk
(W) I’d like to picture of the mountains over the membantu menggantung gambar-gambar di
fireplace, and I’d like the picture of my family dinding, jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini
over the sofa. What do you think? adalah jawaban ini (D), menaruh beberapa gambar
(M) I think they’ll look fine there. How about if di dinding.
you hold the pictures while I hammer the nails
into the wall? On the recording you hear:(Narrator) How many
(W) Okay. Let’s start with the picture of my pictures are there?
family. In your test book you read:
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
Pertanyaan kedua bertanya berapa banyak gambar
yang ada, dan si wanita dengan jelas mengatakan
bahwa ada dua, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah
jawaban (B).

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 On the recording you hear: (narrator) Where is the
picture of the woman’s family going?
In your test book you read:
(A) in the fireplace
(B) Above the sofa
(C) Home with Walt
(D) To the top of the mountain
Pertanyaan ketiga bertanya tentang lokasi gambar
keluarga. Wanita itu mengatakan bahwa dia akan
meletakkannya di atas sofa, jadi jawaban terbaik
untuk pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban (B), di atas
sofa.

On the recording you hear: (narrator) What is

Walt probably going to do next?
In your test book you read:
(A) Sit on the sofa
(B) Photograph Monica’s family
(C) Hammer the nails into the walls
(D) Climb the walls
Pertanyaan terakhir menanyakan apa yang
mungkin akan dilakukan oleh Walt. Walt telah
menyarankan bahwa ia harus memasang paku-
paku ke dinding, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah
jawaban (C).

On the recording you hear: Where does the woman work now?
(W) Dan, I’d like to change my job. (A) at Dan’s office
(B) at the subway
(M) you’re at the Hamburger Express in the (C) at a college
High St., aren’t you? What’s the problem? (D) at the hamburger express

(W)Well, I never know what hours I’m going What is the woman’s main problem?
to work. I start at 7 pm and I’m supposed to (A) She has to work over-time
finish at 11 pm, but sometimes they keep me (B) She is always late to work
until 2 or 3 am. (C) She feels bored working at the Hamburger
Express
(M)Yes. That is a bit late if you have to make a (D) She dislikes her colleagues
9 am lecture the next day.
What is the man’s attitude toward the woman’s
(W)And the other thing is the pay. They are problem?
supposed to pay me on Thursdays, but they (A) Annoying
never pay me on the correct day, often not (B) Excited
until Friday or Saturday. (C) Surprised
(D) understanding

When should the woman get her pay?

(A) Every Thursday
(B) Every Friday
(C) Every Saturday
(D) Every Sunday

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 Part C : SHORT LECTURE/TALKS (PEMBICARAAN)
1. Pada bagian ini, akan ada beberapa pembicaraan tentang kehidupan sekolah atau
perkuliahan, masing-masing diikuti dengan pertanyaan pilihan ganda.
2. Topik pembicaraan sering tentang beberapa aspek kehidupan sekolah atau topik dalam
berita. Dari sebuah long talks akan diberikan beberapa pertanyaan dalam tema yang
sama.
3. Setelah kuliah/ceramah pendek, anda akan mendengar 3-7 pertanyaan
4. Setiap ceramah terdiri atas 140-290 kata dan memiliki durasi 40-80 detik
5. Topik bersifat lebih akademis dan berbicara seputar sejarah, ilmu pengetahuan, atau
mata kuliah di Universitas.
6. Perhatikan informasi berkaitan dengan angka-angka yang terdapat dalam percakapan
7. Teks ceramah dan pertanyaan-pertanyaan akan diucapkan sekali saja
8. Waktu menjawab pertanyaan 12 detik.
➢ Pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sering diperdengarkan dalam Part C
1. Main Idea/Gagasan Utama (What is the main idea of the talk? What is the talk mainly
about?, What are the speakers discussing?, What is the suitable title for the lecture?)
2. Details/Detil (What does the woman say about…?,What does the man want?, What does
the woman suggest about…?, What is the man describing?)
3. Purpose/Tujuan (Why did…? (bentuk lampau), Why is…? (bentuk sekarang), Why does
the woman think…?, Why does the speaker mention…?)
4. Implication/Implikasi (What does the speaker imply about...?, What does the speaker
infer about…?, What does the man mean when he says…?)
5. Memilih gambar, mencocokkan pertanyaan, menyususun/mengelompokkan
pilihan jawaban (You may be asked to pick out the correct drawing from what was
described in words, You may be asked to match the two concepts together, You may be
asked to determine the sequence of events, You may be asked to categorize certain
concepts.)

➢ TIPS PART C: LECTURE/TALK

1. Lihatlah pilihan-pilihan jawaban yang tertera pada lembar soal dan temukan kata kunci
2. Simaklah secara seksama pembicaraan pada kalimat pertama karena biasanya akan
menjadi topik bagi kalimat-kalimat selanjutnya
3. Fokuskan pendengaran pada hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pertanyaan 5W+1H
4. Buatlah simpulan atas situasi yang terjadi saat pembicaraan dilakukan

Example:
On the recording, you hear: Questions:
(Narrator) Question 1 through 5. Listen to a On the recording, you hear: (Narrator) What is the
lecture in a history class topic of the talk?
(woman) Salt, which today seems so plentiful to In your test book, you read:
us, in the past used to be a valuable commodity. (A) Valuable commodities
In the ancient past in China, salt was used to (B) Salt
make coins, and in parts of Africa it was traded (C) Ancient China
in place of money. In the Roman Empire, soldiers (D) Money
were not paid in money but were instead paid in Pertanyaan pertama menanyakan tentang topik
salt. In fact, the English word “salary” which pembicaraan. Pembicaraan dimulai dengan topik
means the amount of money that one earns, garam dan terus berbicara tentang hal itu di seluruh
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comes from the latin root for “salt”. bagian, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B).

On the recording, you hear: (narrator) What was

salt used for in China?
In your test book, you read:
(A) To spice food
(B) To build houses
(C) To make coins
(D) To locate Africa
Pertanyaan kedua menanyakan tentang
penggunaan garam di Cina. Pembicara mengatakan
bahwa di Cina, Garam digunakan untuk untuk
membuat koin, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah
jawaban (C).

On the recording, you hear: (Narrator) What was

salt used for in China?
In your test book, you read:
(A) To spice food
(B) To build houses
(C) To make coins
(D) To locate Africa
Pertanyaan kedua menanyakan tentang
penggunaan garam di Cina. Pembicara mengatakan
bahwa di Cina, Garam digunakan untuk untuk
membuat koin, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah
jawaban (C).

On the recording, you hear: (Narrator) What does

“salary” mean in English?
In your test book, you read:
(A) Coins
(B) Earnings
(C) Soldiers
(D) Commodities
Pertanyaan ketiga menanyakan arti dari "gaji".
Pembicara mengatakan gaji yang berarti jumlah
uang, jadi jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (B).

On the recording you hear: (Narrator) What is the

meaning of the root “sal” in Latin?
In your test book, you read:
(A) Salt
(B) Rome
(C) Money
(D) Trade
Pertanyaan terakhir menanyakan tentang arti akar
kata dari "sal". Pembicara mengatakan bahwa "sal"
berasal dari akar bahasa Latin untuk "garam, jadi
jawaban terbaik adalah jawaban (A).

10
On the recording, you hear: Questions:
(Narrator) Question 1 through 3: On the recording, you hear: What is the topic of the
Good morning everyone, it’s a pleasure to be talk?
here as a representative of the Conversation (A) Conservation society
society, to talk to you about Green Cleaning, in (B) Green Cleaning
other words about ways you can help to save the (C) Cleaning products
environment at the same time as saving money. (D) Environment
I’ll start with saving money-as we’re all
interested in that, especially students who are Questions:
living on a tight budget. Probably none of you On the recording, you hear: What does the speaker
has sat down and calculated how much you spend say about Green Cleaning?
on cleaning products each year-everything from (A) It will be represented in the committee
dishwashing detergent, window cleaners and so (B) It will help the audience to gain money
on through to shampoos and conditioners for (C) It will spotlessly clean the house
your hair, and those disasters-products to get (D) It will save money and the environment
stain out of carpets or to rescue burnt saucepans.
I can see some nods of agreement, even if you Questions:
don’t spend a lot of time on housework, you’d end On the recording, you hear: What is not true about
up spending quite a lot of money over a period of Green Product?
time, wouldn’t you? We can save money on (A) Cheap
products and also use products which are cheap, (B) Biodegradable
biodegradable and harmless to the environment- (C) Ineffective
these I will call Green Products. (D) harmless

11
 UNIT II

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

(STRUKTUR KALIMAT DAN UNGKAPAN TERTULIS)

1. PASSIVE VOICE

➢ Passive Voice merupakan salah satu dari beberapa pola yang ada di dalam bahasa inggris
yang memiliki arti ( - di) dalam penggunaannya.

Passive voice merupakan kalimat dimana subjeknya merupakan objek yang dikenai tindakan
atau penerima tindakan.

Bentuk ini mempunyai rumus sebagai berikut: [ Be + V3 (past participle)]

Mr. Rob wrote “The History of America” “The History of America” was written by Mr.
Rob

Lihat Contoh Di Bawah Ini

• Simple Present
Aktif: Someone repairs the bicycle
Pasif: The bicycle is repaired by someone
• Present continuous
Aktif: Someone is repairing the bicycle
Pasif: The bicycle is being repaired by someone
• Present Perfect
Aktif: Someone has repaired the bicycle
Pasif: The bicycle has been repaired by someone
• Past simple
Aktif: Did john eat the food?
Pasif: Was the food eaten by John?
• Past Continuos
Aktif: Someone was repairing my bicycle when I arrived home
Pasif: The bicycle was being repaired by someone when I arrived home
• Past perfect
Aktif: Someone had repaired the bicycle
Pasif: The bicycle had been repaired by someone
• Simple future
Aktif: Someone will repair the bicycle
Pasif: The bicycle will be repaired by someone
• Modals
Aktif: Someone cannot repair the bicycle
Pasif: The bicycle cannot be repaired by someone

12
2. CONCORD
➢ Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian antara subject dalam suatu kalimat dengan kata
kerja / auxiliary-nya. Persesuaian yang harus diperhatikan sebagai berikut.
I. Subyek Tunggal
1. Berikut ini adalah kata-kata yang jika ditempatkan pada posisi subyek selalu berbentuk
tunggal, meskipun sebagian dari kata tersebut memiliki arti jamak.

Everyone someone Anyone no one Each

Everybody somebody Anybody Nobody either
Everything something Anything Nothing neither

• Everybody swims on weekdays.

• Either of the students disobeys the school regulations.
2. Jika each atau every muncul sebelum subyek tunggal yang dihubungkan dengan kata
sambung and, kalimat ini mensyaratkan adanya kata kerja tunggal.
• Every student and teacher is respectful
• Each child and mother makes a team
3. Subyek pembantu it selalu dianggap tunggal dan harus diikuti dengan kata kerja
tunggal.
• It is they that won the game.
• It is her carelessness that put her in trouble.
4. Kata yang muncul di antara sebuah subyek dan kata kerjanya tidak mengubah jumlah
subyek. Frasa preposisi seringkali berpola sebagai berikut ini:
• The child (together with, in addition to, along with, as well as) is crying loudly.
• Everyone except her goes to school.
• The coach along with his team is practicing for next week’s competition.
• One of the most ridiculous facts is that the reason is not valid.
5. There, here, dan where pada awal kalimat hanya berfungsi sebagai kata pelengkap. Jika
sebuah kalimat menggunakan salah satu dari ketiga kata tersebut, subyek kalimat ditulis
setelah kata kerjanya.
• There were no mosquitos in my house.
V S

• Here is the novel.

V S
II. Subyek Jamak
6. Subyek yang dihubungkan menggunakan and atau both . . . and . . . mensyaratkan kata
kerja jamak (kecuali pada perkecualian yang dijelaskan pada aturan kedua).
• A girl and a boy are studying together.
• Both students and teachers are working hard.
7. Several, many, both, few adalah kata-kata jamak dan selalu mensyaratkan kata kerja
jamak.
• Several years are long enough time to wait.
• Few students had good score.
13
 8. Sebagian noun berbentuk jamak dan selalu mensyaratkan kata kerja jamak.
• Clothes : trousers, pants, jeans, sunglasses
• Tools : scissors, pliers, tweezers
• Abstract : riches, thanks, means
Namun, kata-kata tersebut tetap diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal jika digunakan
dalam ekspresi semisal a pair of . . ., a word of . . .
• That pair of sunglasses is broken.
• A word of thanks is worth for me.
Alternatif

9. Jika subyek digabungkan menggunakan struktur berikut ini, kata kerja yang mengikuti
harus mengacu pada subyek yang lebih dekat dengannya.
• Neither the players nor the coach is allowed to come late.
S1 S2 Verb of S2

• Either the coach or the players come to practice.

S1 S2 V of S2
• Not only the players but also the coach is ready for the championship.
S1 S2 V of S2

3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
➢ Conditional Sentences (kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang mengatakan suatu
harapan atau gambaran/ lamunan dalam bentuk kalmiat bersyarat”. Pada umumnya
kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari dua bagian yaitu “main clause” dan“if clause”. Di
dalam “if clause‟ terkandung syarat – syarat yang harus di penuhi atas keadaan
seperti yang terkandung di dalam main clause dapat terwujud. Karena itu, di sebut
juga kalimat bersyarat.

➢ Jenis-Jenis Conditional Sentence

1. Tipe pertama (possibility)
Bentuk pertama dari conditional sentence disebut probable condition yang
artinya bahwa sesuatu akan mungkin terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang
maupun sekarang kalau saatnya di penuhi.

If + Subject + Simple Present + Subject + Future Tense

Atau

If + Subject + Future Tense + Subject + Future Tense

14
 Contoh:
- If Betha comes, I will give her the message.
Jika betha datang saya akan sampaikan pesan itu padanya.
- If we arrive late, he will be angry with us
Jika kita datang terlambat, dia akan marah (tapi jika dia tidak datang terlambat
maka dia tidak akan marah)
- He will not go to the picnic if it rains.
Dia tidak akan pergi piknik jika hari hujan

2. Tipe kedua (Unreal Present)

Bentuk kedua dari conditional sentence disebut improbable condition, yang
artinya bahwa kejadian tersebut bertentangan dengan yang sebenarnya, karena
ini merupakan lamunan/khayalan saja (contrary to fact)

If + subject + simple past … + subject + would + V-inf

Subject + Would/ Might/ Could + Verb Inf …, If + Subject + Simple

Contoh:
- If I were rich I would give my money to the poor.
Seandainya saya kaya, saya akan memberikan uang saya pada orang miskin
(makna sesungguhnya adalah “I am not rich so I don’t give my money to the
poor” – saya tidak kaya jadi saya tidak memberikan uang saya ke orang
miskin)

- If he smoked less, he wouldn’t cough so much.

Seandainya dia mengurangi merokok, maka dia tidak batuk terus. (Makna
sesungguhnya „‟he smokes much” maka dia akan batuk-batuk terus)

➢ Dalam pengandaian tipe ke 2 penggunaan kata “if” bisa di hilangkan dengan

menggunakan pola inversi, yaitu:
Contoh:
- Were he here, he would take care of our problem
Seandainya dia ada disini maka dia akan membantu menyelesaikan masalah.
(Maka sesungguhnya “he is not here” dan “he will/ can/do not take care of our
problem” dia tidak dapat membantu menyelesaikan masalah kita)
- Were we a movie star, I would be very famous
Seandainya saya seorang bintang saya akan sangat terkenal (Makna sebenarnya
adalah “I am not a movie star and I am not famous” saya bukan seorang bintang
film jadi saya tidak terkenal)
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 Note : Penggunaan kata were dalam tipe 2 digunakan untuk semua kata ganti orang
sedangkan kata was tidak digunakan sama sekali.

Tipe ke-3 Past-Unreal Conditional

Tipe ke-3 menggambarkan suatu kejadian yang bertentangan di masa lampau dan tidak
ada harapan akan terlaksana karena merupakan lamunan masa lalu.
(impossible condition)

IF + SUBJECT + PAST PERFECT … + SUBJECT +

COULD/WOULD/MIGHT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

atau

SUBJECT + (COULD/WOULD/MIGHT) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (V3),

IF+ SUBJECT + PAST PERFECT…

Contoh:
- If I had known her number, I would have called her.
Seandainya saya tahu nomor teleponnya saya akan menelponnya (makna
sesungguhnya adalah “I didn’t know her telephone number” and saya tidak
pernah meneleponnya).
- She could have finished the exam, if she had had more time.
Dia akan dapat menyelesaikan ujiannya, seandainya dia memiliki banyak waktu.
(makna sesungguhnya “she didn’t have enough time” dan dia tidak bisa
menyelesaikan ujiannya).

Dalam pengandaian tipe 3, penggunaan kata “if” dapat di hilangkan dengan menggunakan
pola kalimat inversi.
Had + Subject + Past Participle + Subject + Would + Have + Past Participle

Contoh:
Had I gone to the party, I would have met her.
Seandainya saya pergi ke pesta itu, saya akan bertemu dengannya. (makna
sesungguhnya saya tidak pergi ke pesta itu “I didn’t go to the party” dan saya tidak
bertemu dengannya).

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4. CAUSATIVE

➢ Adalah kalimat yang menyatakan bahwa orang lain lah yang melakukan pekerjaan
untuk subjek kalimat.
Pola - pola kalimat

A. Subject +have +active object + infinitive without to

B. Subject + have + passive object + past participle + (by someone else)

A. Pola ini menerangkan bahwa seseorang menyebabkan orang lain melakukan

sesuatu
▪ He has them answer the question (Dia menyuruh mereka menjawab pertanyaan
itu)
Kata kerja lain yang di pakai dengan cara ini adalah make dan get
▪ He makes them answer the question
▪ He gets them to answer the question
B. Cara lain untuk menyatakan causative adalah dengan menggunakan pola B,
menyebabkan sesuatu dikerjakan orang lain. Selain “Have” kita juga dapat
menggunakan “get”
▪ I had my shoes cleaned
(Means: I asked someone to clean my shoes my shoes for me) = I got my shoes
cleaned
▪ She had the floor swept
(Means: someone must sweep the floor for her)
➢ Apabila “have” dipakai dengan cara ini, bentuk negative dan interrogative nya
menggunakan do/did.
Example:
You have your windows cleaned every month. (+)
Do you have your windows cleaned every month? (?)
I had them cleaned yesterday. (+)
I didn’t have them cleaned yesterday. (-)

5. RELATIVE PRONOUN

➢ Relative Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan salah satu pokok
kalimat atau bagian kalimat lainnya yang menghubungkan dua buah kalimat menjadi
satu kalimat majemuk (compex sentence). Kata-kata yang digunakan sebagai
penghubung yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, where, when.

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 Jabatan dalam Orang Benda
kalimat
Subject Who Whom-which/ that
Object Whom/ that Which/ that
Kepunyaan Whose Whose

a. Who/that: Yang
• Digunakan untuk pengganti orang sebagai subjek
• Penggunaan relative pronoun “who/that”
We know a lot of people. They live in

Canada We know a lot of people who live

in Canada

The man. He lives next door – is very

friendly The man who lives next door is

very friendly

Contoh:
The man was an eyewitness The man who wrote about the explosion was an
He wrote about the eyewitness
explosion

b. Whom/that: Yang
• Digunakan untuk pengganti objek (pengganti unsur objek yang hilang)
• Penggunaan relative pronoun “whom/that”

The man wanted to see him. He was away on holiday.

The man whom/that I wanted to see was away on holiday.

The girl fell in love with the man. I met him last year
The girl fell in love with the man whom/that I met last year.

➢ Note:
Objeknya hilang karena sudah diganti dengan “whom/that” bentuk relative
pronoun yang objek dalam salah satu bagian kalimatnya mengandung preposisi
(in, at, for, to dll)

18
 I know the girl. Tom talking to her now.

I know the girl to whom Tom is talking now.

c. Which/ that = yang (untuk benda/binatang)

• Digunakan untuk menggantikan benda/binatang, baik kedudukannya dalam
kalimat sebagai subjek maupun sebagai objek (pengganti unsur benda yang
hilang).
• Contoh Penggunaan “which/that”
I don’t like stories – they have unhappy endings.
I don’t like stories that/which have unhappy endings.
The window – it was broken – it has now been repaired- The
window which was broken has now been repaired

➢ Note:
1. Unsur benda yang hilang karena sudah diganti dengan what/that
2. Relative pronoun yang salah satu bagian kalimatnya mengadung preposisi
diletakkan sebelum kata “which”.
Example: This is the club. He is the president of it This is
the club of which he is the president
d. Whose = yang(untuk manusia)
• Digunakan untuk menggantikan kata ganti kepunyaan: my, your, our, his, their,
its, her (possessive adjective). Dengan kata lain, “whose” digunakan untuk
menggantikan unsure kepunyaan yang dihilangkan.
• Penggunaan “whose”
Example: We saw the people. Their car has been stolen We
saw the people whose car had been stolen
The other day I met the man. I visited his friend The
other day I met the man whose friend I visited

e. Where = in which (dimana)

• Digunakan untuk menggantikan salah satu bagian kalimat yang menunjukan
tempat.
• Penggunaan “where”
Example: The hotel – We stayed there – it wasn‟t very clean.
The hotel where we stayed wasn‟t very clean.
I recently went back to the town. I was born there. I
recently went back to the town where I was born.

f. When = yang (benda/ manusia)

• Digunakan untuk menggantikan keterangan waktu. Dengan kata lain bahwa
relative clause when menggantikan salah satu keterangan waktu dalam salah satu
bagian kalimat yang lain.
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 • Penggunaan “when”

Ket. Waktu Relative Clause

She came on the day when her grandmother died

We got there at the time when when the party was on

6. NEGATIVE – EITHER NEITHER

➢ Either or neither di gunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat negative.

[S1 + auxiliary not + V + O dan S2 + auxiliary not + either / neither

+ auxiliary + S2]

Neither = not either, oleh karenanya setelah auxiliary tidak, tidak disertai „not‟ lagi.
Example:
- They do not come late
- Brian does not come late
They do not come late and Brian does not either / neither does Brian
- I did not like the food
- Sulton did not like the food
I did not like the food and Sulton did not either / neither did Sulton

➢ Gabungan Berlawanan Setara

Gabungan setara berlawanan menggunakan kata hubung but/ while.

[S1 + V1 + O, but/ while + S2 + do/does + not] [S1 + V2 +

O, but/ while + S2 + did + not]

[S1 + auxiliary + V + O, but/while + S2 + auxiliary + not] [S1 + auxiliary not

+ V + O, but/ while + S2 + auxiliary]
Example:
- She always comes late

- I do not always come late

- She always comes late but I do not

- We do not have to return the book tomorrow

- He has to return the book tomorrow
- We do not have to return the book tomorrow, but/ while he does

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 Note: Kalimat pertanyaan pertama yang mengandung kata: never, seldom, rarely,
hardly, few and little dianggap memiliki pengertian negative.
Example: I seldom visit my uncle, and neither does my sister
I rarely visit my uncle, but my sister does.

➢ Gabungan Setara

Bilamana kata ‘either’ dan ‘neither’ diikuti oleh ‘or’ dan ‘nor’ kata kerja/
auxiliarynya mungkin singular atau pun plural (jamak) bergantung pada kata setelah
‘or’ atau ‘nor’ apakah singular atau plural. Kalaupun kata ‘or’ atau ‘nor’ berdiri
sendiri, verb tetap di temukan oleh kata setelah, ‘or’ atau ‘nor’.

Neither/ Nor
…. Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary
Either or

Nor
Neither/ + Noun + Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary
Or
Either

Nor
Noun + + Singular noun + singular verb/ auxiliary
Or

Nor
Noun + + Plural noun + Plural verb/ Auxiliary
Or

Neither John nor Bill is going to class today

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
Neither John nor his friends are going to class today
Either John or George is going to the beach today.
John or George is going to class today.
Maria nor her friends are going to class today

➢ Kata sambung and menghubungkan pemakaina jenis dan bentuk kata yang setara,
misalnya gerund dengan gerund, klausa dengan klausa, noun dengan noun, adjective
dengan adjective dan frasa dengan frasa.

Example:
Children enjoy playing on the beach and swimming in the ocean
I know Dody as an awfully loyal employee and a very hard worker Every half an hour the guard
turns on the light and walks around

21
 Note:
Ungkapan “not only” … but also … “atau” … as well as … “juga menghubungkan
pemakaian jenis dan bentuk kata setara.

Adjective Adjective
Noun + but also + Noun
S+ verb + not only +
Adverb Adverb
Phrase Phrase
Atau
Adjective Adjective
Subject + Verb + Noun +As well as + Noun
Adverb Adverb
Phrase Phrase
Atau

Subject + verb + as well as + ...

Example: They got not only modal but also money.

The most developing countries are not only heavily burdened with foreign debts
but also with social problem such as unemployment.
Beth plays guitars as well as violin.

7. WORD ORDER
➢ Word Order membahas penempatan subjek, predikat, objek dan komplemen dalam
suatu kalimat sesuai dengan jabatan dan fungsinya.
Aturan pola normal susunan kalimat bahasa inggris sebagai berikut:

When Who, Who?which, Where When

which, Action what How
what (predicate) (adverb)
Ket Ket. Ket
waktu (subject) (subject) Tempat waktu
I Went to the
movie
Last
week I Had A very good
seat
He Took Her to the last
restaurant night
Anto Went Quickly

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➢ Keterangan
- Keterangan waktu bisa di letakkan baik di awal maupun di akhir kalimat. Namun
paling sering di akhir kalimat.
- Subjek selalu di ikuti oleh predikat lalu objek, adverb dan keterangan tempat.
- Berbeda dengan adverb of manner yang biasanya diletakkan setelah objek, adverb,
of frequency/ keterangan intensitas (never, seldom, often, usually dan sebagainya)
diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama.
- Apabila terdapat dua objek: objek langsung/direct object (D.O) dan tak langsung/
Indirect object (I.O). Objek tak langsung biasanya diletakkan sebelum objek
langsung. Di lain pihak bilamana objek langsung di letakkan sebelum objek tak
langsung, sebelum objek tak langsung harus diletakkan/ditambah „to‟ atau „for‟

Ati usually writes me a long letter on my birthday.

S K. Inten P I.O D.O Ket.waktu

She was driving the car very fast on the highway yesterday
S P O adv.manner ket.tempat ket.waktu

Tuti never forgets to send me a bird day card

S ket.inten P I.O D.O

➢ Urutan kata sifat (adjective) biasanya ditentukan dengan meletakkan kata sifat terdekat pada
benda yang dijelaskannya, dilanjutkan dengan kata sifat yang kurang dekat dan seterusnya.
Untuk mudahnya, berikut urutan formal:
1. Both, all, half the
2. Ordinal number (first, last)
3. Cardinal number (one, three)
4. General judgement (bad, good, nice, beautiful)
5. General mental judgement (intelligent, stupid)
6. Measurement (big, tall)
7. Age or temperature (old, young, hot)
8. Shape (round, square)
9. Color (red, green)
10. Verb participle form (carved, boiling)
11. Material (wooden)
12. Origin, nationality (French, Mediterranean)
13. Noun in apposition (steel, cigarette)

23
 Contoh:
All the first three competitors broke the record. (1, 2, 3)
There was a round green spot on the carved wooden Japanese screen. (9, 10, dan 2,
11, 12, 13)
He had a beautiful old ivory chess piece. (5, 8, 12)

8. EMBEDDED QUESTION

➢ Embedded question adalah suatu bentuk pertanyaan yang disisipkan pada kalimat atau
pertanyaan lainnya.

Pola embedded question tidak seperti pertanyaan lazimnya – polanya adalah:

[Subject + verb + question word + subject + (auxiliary) verb]

➢ Ingat – ingat pola berikut!

Question: where will the meeting take place?
Embedded question: she asked where the meeting will take place.

Question: why did the plane land at the wrong airport?

Embedded question: the authorities can’t figure out why plane landed at wrong
airport.

9. ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION

➢ Elliptical construction adalah bentuk kalimat majemuk gabungan setara,dimana ada

penghilangan bagian predikat yang sama dengan kalimat:

1. Gabungan setara
Gabungan setara menggunakan kata hubung ‘and’’ Gabungan
kalimat setara di bagi menjadi dua:

a. Positive
Too dan so digunakan untuk menggabungkan kalimat positive. Untuk mudahnya
kalimat kita golongkan menjadi dua:
1. Ber – auxiliary

[S1 + auxiliary + V + O dan S2 + Auxiliary + too]

Atau

[And so + Auxiliary + S2]

24
 My father will be interested in going to cinema this weekend. My mother will be
interested in going to cinema this weekend.
Example:
- My father loves going to the cinema
- My mother loves going to the cinema
My father will be interested in going to cinema this weekend and so will my
mother / my mother will too

- Anton is a student
- Rob is a student
Anton is a student and Rob is too / so is Rob

2. Tidak ber-auxiliary

[S1 + V1 + O dan S2 + do/ does + too/ so + do/does + S2]

- Your sister likes fried chicken

- I [Slike fried chicken
1 + V1 + O dan S2 + did + too / and so + did + S2]
(Your sister likes fried chicken and I do too/ so do I)
- You often miss the bus
- They often miss the bus (You often miss the bus and they do too/ so do they)

10. QUESTION TAG

➢ Question tag adalah pertanyaan berekor yang fungsinya untuk mempertegas suatu
pernyataan. Bisa diartikan sebagai ‘kan?’
➢ Syarat utama dalam question taq sebagai berikut:
1. Jika kalimat pertanyaan diungkapkan dalam bentuk positive, maka ta (ekor) – nya
harus dalam bentuk negative (+,- ?)
2. Jika kalimat pernyataan di ungkapkan dalam bentuk negative, maka tag/ ekornya harus
dalam bentuk positive (- , + ?)

Untuk memudahkan cara pembuatan tag, kalimat pernyataan disini dibagi menjadi
dua:
1. Mengandung auxiliary:

[S + auxiliary + V + O, auxiliary not + S?] [S +

auxiliary not + V + O, auxiliary + S?]

Example: She is going to come here, isn‟t she?

He can not go now, can he?

25
 2. Tidak mengandung auxiliary:

[S + V1 + O, [do/ does] not + S?] [S

+ V2 + O, did not + S?]

[S + (do/does/did) not + V + O, (do/does/did) + S?]

Example: She loves me, doesn’t she?

He went to school, didn’t he?
They do not want to join us, do
they? We did not see them, did we?
➢ Hal yang perlu di perhatikan:
1. Subjek dalam kalimat pernyataan diulang dalam tag – nya dalam bentuk
personal pronoun (kata ganti)
Example: Anto will be here, won’t he?
2. Pernyataan yang bersubjek: everybody/ one, everything, anybody/ one,
nobody/one di ulang dalam tag-nya menjadi ‘they’
Example: Everybody watched the movie, didn’t they?
3. Apabila peryataan dalam bentuk perintah, tag-nya „will you? ‟
Example: Come here, will you?
Be quiet, will you? Don’t
go away, will you?
4. Pernyataan yang berawalan ‘let’s/let us’ di ulang dalam tag-nya ‘shall we?’
Example: Let’s see the movie, shall we?
Let us catch him, shall we?
5. Pernyataan positive untuk ‘I am’ harusnya ber-tag-kan aren’t I?
Example: I am not guilty, am I?
Pengecualian: I am pretty, aren’t I?
6. Pernyataan yang mengandung kata never, seldom, rarely, hardly, few dan little
dianggap memiliki pengertian negative. Sehingga tag yang di gunakan harus dalam
bentuk positive.
Example; You seldom have your hair cut, do you?
She never seems to care, does she?

11. CONJUNCTION
1. Besides(preposisi) semakna dengan ‘in addition to’ yang berarti ‘lagi pula‟,‘selain’ yang berfungsi
menambah informasi. Kata ini mengawali noun/ prononun/ gerund.
Example:
Besides doing the cooking, I look after the garden Besides this
house, Fini has a beach home

Besides (adverb) berarti ‘lagi pula’ mengawali klausa,

I can’t go now; I am busy. Besides, my passport is out of date.
26
 Fitri doesn’t want to go, besides she has already been there. Kata ‘moreover’ dapat menggantikan
‘besides’ dalam situasi yang lebih formal.

2. However (namun demikian)

Mengawali kata sifat/ kata keterangan. Pernyataan yang di awali ‘however’ berkontradiksi
dengan pernyataan lainnya.
Example:You could not earn much, however hard you work.
However semakna dengan ‘but’, ‘nevertheless’ yang mana sering mengawali suatu kalimat. I’d
like to go; however, I don’t have the time.
3. Otherwise (sebaliknya, kalau tidak)
Menyatakan kemungkinan akibat yang tidak di harapkan kalau pernyataan sebelumnya/
lainnya tidak terpenuhi.
Example:We must be early; otherwise we won’t get seat.
Conjunction ‘or’ bisa menggantikan kedudukan otherwise, selain menyatakan piihan.You got with
me, or you stay here alone.
4. So (sehingga, oleh karena itu, makannya) Menunjukan akibat yang terjadi dari pernyataan
sebelumnya. Example: Our cases were too heavy, se we took a taxi.
Apabila ‘so’ mengawalli kata sifat (adjective)/ kata keterangan (adverb ‘so’ harus di rangkai dengan
kata ‘that’ dan membentuk arti ‘begitu … sehingga…‟ Example:
They ran so fast that I couldn’t beat them. (I couldn’t beat them because they ran fast)
5. Therefore (Oleh Karenanya)
‘Therefore’ mengawali kalimat yang menunjukan akibat dalalm suatu kalimat sebab-akibat.
Example:
There is fog on Chicago; therefore, the place has been diverted.
Conjunction consequently hampir sama dengan ‘therefore’.
6. Still and yet sebagai conjunction mempunyai arti sama yaitu ‘namun’ menunjukan sesuatu yang
kontradiksi.
Example:
They are ugly and expensive; yet/still, people buy them.
7. Though/ although, in spite of/ despite (walaupun)
Menunjukan kalimat yang bertentangan. Although selamanya diikuti klausa sedangkan in
spite of/ despite mengawali frase (noun/pronoun/gerund).
Example:
Though/ although he had no qualification, he got the job. In spite of having
no qualification, he got the job.
Although it was windy, he continued the cruise.
In spite of/ despite the wind, he continued the cruise.
8. For, because, since (karena)
Digunakan dalam kalimat sebab akibat.
Example:
Since/because it was wet, he took a taxi.
The days were short, for/since it was not December.
9. As/ when/ while (ketika, tatkala/ sementara) Menunjukan waktu saat terjadinya sesuatu.
Example:
My father came as/ when I was studying.
27
 Namun terkadang ‘as’ bisa bermakna ganda: tatkala atau karena.
Example:
As a student, he had known great poverty
10. Whereas (padahal)
Example: She can’t travel whereas she has a lot of money

➢ GERUND
Gerund adalah bentuk-ing dari kata kerja (verb), misalnya talking, playing, understanding.
Gerund, sama halnya dengan kata benda (noun), dapat digunakan sebagai subjek maupun objek.
Selain itu, gerund juga dapat digunakan sebagai objek preposisi.

V-ing

➢ Gerund dapat di gunakan dalam berbagai cara sebagai berikut:

✓ Sebagai subjek:
Reading horses scares me to death
Cooking is my daily routine
✓ Sebagai objek
I hate smoking
I love studying
✓ Sebagai komplemen
My capability is driving Their hobby is walking
✓ Setelah kata depan
Apabila kata kerja di tempatkan langung di belakang kata depan bentuk
gerund harus di pakai.
Example:
I am used to playing badminton
She is looking forward to seeing you.
I am really sorry for bothering you.
✓ Setelah kata kerja tertentu
Stop, finish, dread, like, prevent, deny, collect, delay, postpone, enjoy, stand and
etc
Example:
She kept doing the work though it was very late last night I will
finish doing my work within 2 hours
✓ Dalam kata majemuk
A reading book, a swimming pool, a diving board

28
➢ To infinitive
➢ To infinitive adalah bentuk to yang diikuti bentuk sederhana atau bentuk dasar dari kata
kerja, seperti to talk, to play, to understand.
Example:
They want to join us
My father promised to buy me a new jacket
Alice plans to visit her uncle this weekend
It seems to be good
➢ Berikut adalah beberapa kata kerja yang selalu diikuti oleh to:
hope to promise to seem to
expect to agree to appear to
plan to would like to intend to
offer to pretend to want to
decide to refuse to ask to need to
➢ Dibawah ini adalah jenis kata kerja yang bisa diikuti oleh to infinitive ataupun gerund

(Can) afford Continue Hate Regret

Attempt Deserve Intend Remember
Begin Dread Like Start
Bother Forget Prefer Try

Example:
I prefer to have egg for my breakfast this morning
I prefer having egg for my breakfast this morning
The teacher starts to thing about the issue
The teacher stars thinking about the issue

➢ Adjective berikut harus di ikuti to infinitive bilamana di ikuti oleh:

a. Kata kerja

[Adjective + to infinitive]

(im) possible Afraid Glad Slow

(in) competent Apt Good Sorry
(un) able Bound Hard Stupid
(un) ashamed Careful Impatient Sure
(un) happy Certain Interest Surprised
(un) lucky Difficult Nice Sweet
(un) willing Eager Quick Welcome
(un) wise Easy Ready Worried

29
 (un) likely Free Relevant Wrong

Example:
He was unable to come on time this morning
It is very hard to believe that he is one of the suspects of the bank robbery.
b. Setelah Objek Accusative

[Object Accusative + to infinitive]

Example:
They get us to clean the cars
Mr. Benson asked peter to bring his laptop to his room.

c. Setelah Kata Tanya (Question Word)

[Question word + to]

Example:
We know how to operate the machine
You do not know what to, so please shut up!!

GRAMMAR OVERVIEW
Simple Present
Affirmative She drinks.
Negative She does not drink.
Interrogative Does she drink?
Form I, you we they play | he, she, it plays
• action in the present taking place once, never or several times
Uses • facts
• actions taking place one after another
• action set by a timetable or schedule
Present Progressive
Affirmative He is reading.
Negative He is not reading.
Interrogative Is he reading?
Form To be (in the simple present) + verb + ing
• action taking place at the moment of reading
Uses
• action arranged for the future
Simple Past
Affirmative I cried.
Negative I did not cry

30
Interrogative Did I cry?
Regular verbs: Verb + ed | Irregular verbs: forms differ and should be learned by
Form
heart.
• action in the past taking place once, never or several times
Uses
• actions taking place one after another
Past Progressive
Affirmative He was driving.
Negative He was not driving.
Interrogative Was he driving?
Form to be (in the simple past) + verb + ing
• action going on at a certain time in the past
Uses • actions taking place at the same time
• action in the past that is interrupted by another action
Present Perfect Simple
Affirmative They have slept.
Negative They have not slept.
Interrogative Have they slept?
Form Have / has + past participle (past participle of regular verbs: verb + ed | Past paricple of
irregular verbs: forms differ and should be learned by heart.)
• emphasis is on the result (not the duration)
Uses • action that started in the past & is still going on
• action that stopped recently
• finished action that has an influence on the present
\Present Perfect Progressive
Affirmative He has been thinking.
Negative He has not been thinking.
Interrogative Has he been thinking?
have or has + been + past participle (past participle of regular verbs: verb + ed | Past
Form
participle of irregular verbs: forms differ and should be learned by heart)
• putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result)
Uses • action that recently stopped or is still going on
• finished action that influenced the present

Past Perfect Simple

Affirmative She had won.
Negative She had not won.
Interrogative Had she won?
had + past participle (past participle of regular verbs: verb + ed | Past participle of
Form
irregular verbs: forms differ and should be learned by heart.)
• action taking place before a certain time in the past
Uses • sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive
• putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)

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 Past Perfect Progressive
Affirmative He had been waiting.
Negative Had he been waiting?
Interrogative He had not been waiting.
had + been + past participle (past participle of regular verbs: verb + ed | Past participle
Form
of irregular verbs: forms differ and should be learned by heart)
• action taking place before a certain time in the past
Uses • sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
• putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action

Future Simple
Affirmative You will win.
Negative You will not win.
Interrogative Will you win?
Form will + verb
• action in the future that cannot be influenced
Uses • spontaneous decision
• assumption with regard to the future
Near Future (going to)
Affirmative He is going to watch TV.
Negative He is not going to watch TV.
Interrogativ Is he going to watch TV?
e
Form to be (in the simple present) + going + to + verb
• decision made for the future
Uses
• conclusion with regard to the future
Future Progressive
Affirmative She will be listening to music.
Negative She will not be listening to music.
Interrogativ Will she be listening to music?
e
Form will + be + verb + ing
• action that is going on at a certain time in the future
Uses
• action that is sure to happen in the near future
Future Perfect
Affirmative He will have spoken.
Negative He will not have spoken.
Interrogativ Will he have spoken?
e
will + have + past participle (past participle of regular verbs: verb + ed | Past paricple of
Form
irregular verbs: forms differ and should be learned by heart)

32
 Uses • action that will be finished at a certain time in the future
Future Perfect Progressive
Affirmative You will have been studying.
Negative You will not have been studying.
Interrogativ Will you have been studying?
e
Form will + have + been + verb + ing
• action taking place before a certain time in the future
Uses
• putting emphasis on the course of an action

33
 UNIT III
READING COMPREHENSION
PEMAHAMAN BACAAN

➢ READING COMPREHENSION
1. Menguji kemampuan Anda dalam memahami, menginterpretasikan, dan
menganalisis teks/bacaan mengenai berbagai macam topik
2. Terdiri dari 4-6 teks/bacaan (200-450 kata).
3. Setiap teks memiliki 5-12 pertanyaan.
4. Jumlah soal 50 soal
5. Topik berkaitan dengan masalah-masalah akademik (biologi,geografi, fisika,
sejarah Amerika, ekonomi, ilmu-ilmu social, dan seni.
6. Durasi waktu: 55 menit.
7. Materi: tema bacaan, main idea (gagasan utama), arti kosakata, informasi,
penyimpulan, identifikasi atas pengecualian-pengecualian, dan rujukan dari
pronoun (kata ganti) tertentu

➢ TIPS UMUM
1. Jangan panik jika anda tidak terbiasa dengan tema bacaan yang diberikan dalam
teks. Jawaban dari setiap pertanyaan bisa ditemukan dalam bacaan/teks yang
diberikan.
2. Tingkatkan kecepatan membaca anda.
3. Baca pertanyaan terlebih dahulu sehingga anda bisa langsung mencari
jawabannya dalam teks dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang ada.
4. Baca teks untuk mencari gagasan utama. Anda tidak perlu membuang-buang
waktu Anda untuk membaca teks dari awal sampai akhir secara detil.
5. Hindari menghabiskan waktu terlalu banyak untuk berpikir jika Anda menemui
kesulitan memahami arti kata/frasa. Tebak artinya dari konteks kalimat secara
keseluruhan. Ingat, waktu anda terbatas.
6. Identifikasi kata benda dan kata kerja yang penting.
7. Baca sekilas dan amati kalimat pertama dari masing-masing paragraph.
8. Baca teks dengan cermat, tandai poin utama, nama-nama, definisi, kesimpulan,
tempat, dan angka-angka.
9. Jawab semua soal. Jawaban salah tidak mengurangi nilai anda. Jika tidak tahu
jawaban pastinya, tebak saja.

34
➢ JENIS PERTANYAAN READING COMPREHENSION

1. PERTANYAAN TENTANG TOPIK ATAU TEMA

Topik atau tema bisa berupa inti isi tulisan/judul tulisan (bacaan itu bercerita tentang apa)
1. What is the main topic of this passage? (Apa topik utama bacaan ini?)
2. What is the text mainly talking about? (Bacaan ini sedang berbicara tentang apa?)
3. The passage is about … (Bacaan ini mengenai …)

TIPS
Untuk mengetahui topik bacaan, Anda tidak perlu membaca secara detail dan mendalam.
Yang perlu dilakukan:
1. Membaca kalimat pertama dan terakhir pada tiap-tiap paragraf bacaan
2. Temukan kata kunci (keyword) yang selalu diulang-ulang baik pada bagian awal,
tengah, atau akhir terutama pada bagian kesimpulan
3. Kata kunci/keyword ini dapat berupa sinonim/kata yang memiliki arti yang sama
4. Jika pertanyaannya mengenai suatu topik, Maka jawabannya berupa satu kata/
bentuk frasa (kelompok kata)

2. PERTANYAAN TENTANG GAGASAN UTAMA (MAIN IDEA)

Gagasan utama (pokok pikiran) biasanya terkandung dalam kalimat utama (topic sentence).
Di dalamnya, akan terdapat penjelasan untuk judul dari topik beserta sudut pandang si
penulis
1. What is the main idea of this passage? (Apa gagasan utama dari bacaan ini?)
2. What is the text talking about? (Teks ini menceritakan apa?)
3. The main idea of this passage is … (Gagasan utama dari bacaan ini adalah ….)
4. What is the author’s main idea of paragraph 2? (Apa ide utama paragraf 2 menurut
pengarang?)

TIPS
1. Cari topik/tema dari paragraf pertama
2. Cari kalimat utama dalam bacaan. Kalimat utama biasanya ada di awal atau akhir
paragraf
3. Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat selanjutnya yang merupakan kalimat pendukung dari
kalimat utama
4. Pada akhir paragraf, biasanya penulis akan memberikan kesimpulan. Dalam
kesimpulan ini, gagasan utama akan diulang sebagai penekanan maksud dari bacaan
5. Jika ada pertanyaan tentang gagasan utama, maka jawabannya berupa kalimat
lengkap (complete sentence), yang terdiri atas subjek dan predikat karena gagasan
utama selalu terkandung di dalam kalimat utama (topic sentence)
6. Subjek dalam Bahasa Inggris biasanya adalah kata benda (noun) atau kata ganti
(pronoun), sedangkan predikat adalah Kata kerja (verb).

35
3. PERTANYAAN TENTANG JUDUL (TITLE)

Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tentang judul (title), bacalah paragraf satu atau beberapa
paragraf awal. Judul biasanya berupa kata, frasa, atau kalimat yang sangat pendek.
1. What is the best title of the passage? (Apa judul yang paling tepat untuk bacaan ini?)
2. What will be the most suitable title for the passage? (Apa judul yang paling
tepat/sesuai untuk bacaan ini?)

4. PERTANYAAN TENTANG TUJUAN (PURPOSE, AIM)

Tujuan dan alasan dapat ditemukan pada paragraf pertama atau kedua dan biasanya
berhubungan erat dengan gagasan utama.
1. What is the purpose of the text? (Apa tujuan/maksud dari bacaan ini?)
2. What is the aim of the passage? (Apa tujuan dari bacaan ini?)

5. PERTANYAAN TENTANG INFORMASI DETAIL (DETAILED

INFORMATION)

Jenis pertanyaan ini biasanya bertanya mengenai informasi spesifik dan fakta-fakta dalam
bacaan, seperti: who, what, where,when, how, baik tersirat maupun tersurat.
1. According to the passage … ( Menurut teks tersebut …)
2. It is indicated that … (Ditunjukkan bahwa …)
3. It is stated that … (Dinyatakan bahwa …)
4. All of the following are mentioned, EXCEPT … ( Semua pilihan berikut disebutkan
dalam teks, KECUALI …)
5. Which of the following is NOT supported by … ( Manakah dari pilihan berikut ini
yang TIDAK didukung oleh …)
6. The passage states that … (Teks ini menyatakan bahwa …)
7. The author states that … (penulis menyatakan bahwa …)
8. What does the author say about … (Apa yang penulis katakan tentang …)

TIPS
1. Pertanyaan jenis ini biasanya tentang rincian atau detail tertentu yang terdapat pada
bagian-bagian tertentu dalam bacaan.
2. Pada umumnya, Anda bisa langsung menemukan jawaban dari tipe pertanyaan ini di
dalam bacaan.
3. Jawaban atas pertanyaan ini umumnya diberikan secara beruntun dalam bacaan.
Anda bisa mencari jawabannya dengan menggunakan kata kunci (keyword) yang
tersedia.
4. Dalam banyak hal, pertanyaan detail menuntut Anda untuk memilih jawaban yang
merupakan parafrasa, atau pengungkapan ulang intonasi yang sama dengan kata-kata
yang berbeda dan fakta yang terdapat dalam bacaan. Suatu parafrasa menyampaikan
makna yang sama, tetapi memiliki aturan penggunaan yang sedikit berbeda dalam
kosakata atau tata Bahasa.

36
6. PERTANYAAN TENTANG INFORMASI DETAIL (DETAILED
INFORMATION)

Kesimpulan merupakan rangkuman dari bacaan dan terletak pada bagian akhir bacaan.
1. It can be concluded that … (Dapat disimpulkan bahwa …)
2. What is the conclusion of this text? (Apa kesimpulan dari bacaan ini?)
3. We can conclude that … (Kita dapat menyimpulkan bahwa …)
4. It can be inferred that … (Dapat disimpulkan bahwa …)
5. What can be inferred from the passage? (Apa yang bisa disimpulkan dari bacaan
itu?)
6. It can be inferred from the passage that … (Dapat disimpulkan dari bacaan bahwa
…)
7. The author infers that … ( Penulis menyimpulkan bahwa …)
8. What can We infer from the text? (Apa yang bisa kita simpulkan dari teks?)

7. PERTANYAAN TENTANG RUJUKAN KATA (REFERENCE)

1. Kata ganti (pronoun) seperti he-him-his-himself, she-her-hers-herself, digunakan penulis

untuk mengganti kata benda yang baru saja disebutkan sehingga tidak terjadi pengulangan
kata yang sama terus menerus (redundancy)
2. Kata acuan seringkali, tetapi tidak selalu, berupa kata ganti /pronoun. Kata ini dapat
mengacu pada satu kata benda (noun) atau satu frasa kata benda (noun phrase) yang
tersusun dari beberapa kata.
Contoh:
The pronoun “he” in line 5 refers to …
The word “it” in line 10 refers to …

➢ EXERCISE:

One of the most popular literary figures in American literature is a woman who spent
almost half of her long life in China, a country on a continent thousands of miles from the
United States. In her lifetime she earned this country's most highly acclaimed literary
award: the Pulitzer Prize, and also the most prestigious form of literary recognition in the
world, the Nobel Prize for Literature. Pearl S. Buck was almost a household word
throughout much of her lifetime because of her prolific literary output, which consisted of
some eighty - five published works, including several dozen novels, six collections of
short stories, fourteen books for children, and more than a dozen works of nonfiction.
When she was eighty years old, some twenty - five volumes were awaiting publication.
Many of those books were set in China, the land in which she spent so much of her life.
Her books and her life served as a bridge between the cultures of the East and the West.
As the product of those two cultures she became as the described herself, "mentally
bifocal." Her unique background made her into an unusually interesting and versatile
human being. As we examine the life of Pearl Buck, we cannot help but be aware that we
are in fact meeting three separate people: a wife and mother, an internationally famous
writer and a humanitarian and philanthropist. One cannot really get to know Pearl Buck
without learning about each of the three. Though honored in her lifetime with the William
Dean Howell Medal of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in addition to the
Nobel and Pulitzer prizes. Pearl Buck as a total human being, not only a famous author. is
a captivating subject of study.

37
1. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
(A) To offer a criticism of the works of Pearl Buck.
(B) To illustrate Pearl Buck's views on Chinese literature
(C) To indicate the background and diverse interests of Pearl Buck
(D) To discuss Pearl Buck's influence on the cultures of the East and the West
2. According to the passage, Pearl Buck is known as a writer of all of the following EXCEPT
(A) novels (B) children's books (C) poetry (D) short stories
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as an award received by Pearl Buck?
(A) The Nobel Prize (B) The Newberry Medal
(C) The William Dean Howell medal (D) The Pulitzer prize
4. According to the passage, Pearl Buck was an unusual figure in American literature in that she
(A) wrote extensively about a very different culture
(B) published half of her books abroad
(C) won more awards than any other woman of her time
(D) achieved her first success very late in life
5. According to the passage, Pearl Buck described herself as "mentally bifocal" to suggest that she
was
(A) capable of resolving the differences between two distinct linguistic systems
(B) keenly aware of how the past could influence the future
(C) capable of producing literary works of interest to both adults and children
(D) equally familiar with two different cultural environments
6. The author's attitude toward Pearl Buck could best be described as
(A) indifferent (B) admiring (C) sympathetic (D) tolerant

38
 UNIT IV
SPEAKING

1. PERSONAL INFORMATION AND INTRODUCTION

➢ GRETINGS AND FAREWELLS

English-speaking people usually greet each other in an informal way, so you can
use these common conversational greetings for friends, family, as well as people
you meet in casual settings. Before we take a deep dive into English conversations,
let’s get some basics down. This lesson will teach you how to say hello, goodbye,
see you tomorrow and other useful phrases in English.
➢ Phrases for Greetings and Farewells
Repeat the following phrases and sentences after your teacher says them.

Greetings Responses Farewells

Hello! Hi! Goodbye!
Sleep well!
Good morning! So long!
Good Day! See you Tomorrow!
Farewell!
Good evening!
Good night!
How are you? Fine, thank you
How are you doing? Just fine, Thank you
Thanks.
She is alright
They are fine

Greetings Explanation
“Hello” a friendly greeting said when meeting someone

“Hey, Hey man, or Hi”
“How’s it going? or How
are you doing?”
a short and informal greeting said when meeting someone. You
can use “hey” and “hi” to greet someone instead of “hello”. Both
are particularly popular among younger people. While “hi” is
appropriate to use in any casual situation, “hey” is for people who
have already met. If you say “hey” to a stranger, it might be
confusing for that person because he or she will try to remember
when you met before! You can also add “man” to the end of
“hey” when greeting males. Some people also use “hey man” to
casually greet younger women, but only do this if you know the
woman very well. Remember that “hey” doesn’t always mean
“hello”. “Hey” can also be used to call for someone’s attention.
These are casual ways of asking “how are you?” If you’re trying
to be particularly polite, stick with “how are you?” but otherwise,
you can use these expressions to greet almost anyone. The word
“going” is usually shortened, so it sounds more like “go-in”. You
can answer with “it’s going well” or “I’m doing well” depending

39

“What’s up?, What’s new?,
or What’s going on?”
“How’s everything? How
are things?, or How’s life?”
“How’s your day? or
How’s your day going?”
“Good to see you or Nice to
see you”
“Long time no see or It’s
been a while”
“Good morning, Good
afternoon, or Good
evening”
“It’s nice to meet you or
Pleased to meet you”
on the question. Although it’s not grammatically correct, most
people just answer “good” – and you can too. Like when
responding to “how are you?” you can also follow your answer by
asking “and you?”.
These are some other informal ways of asking “how are you?”
which are typically used to casually greet someone you have met
before. Most people answer with “nothing” or “not much”. Or, if
it feels right to make small talk, you could also briefly describe
anything new or interesting that’s going on in your life, before
asking “what about you?” to continue the conversation.
These are some other common ways of asking “how are you?”
They can be used to casually greet anyone, but most often they’re
used to greet someone you already know. To these, you can
answer “good” or “not bad”. Again, if small talk feels
appropriate, you could also briefly share any interesting news
about your life, and then ask the person “what about you?” or
another greeting question.
These questions mean “how are you?” not just right now, but how
you’ve been all day. You would use these greetings later in the
day and with someone you see regularly. For example, you might
ask a co-worker one of these questions in the afternoon, or a
cashier that you see at the grocery store every evening. “It’s going
well” is the grammatically correct response, but many people
simply answer with “fine”, “good” or “alright”. By the way,
notice that “good”, “fine” or “not bad” are perfect answers to
almost any greeting question.
These casual greetings are used with friends, co-workers or
family members that you haven’t seen in a while. It’s common for
close friends to hug when they greet each other, particularly if
they haven’t seen each other in some time; so you might use this
greeting along with a hug or handshake depending on your
relationship with the person.
These casual greetings are used when you haven’t seen someone
in a long time, particularly if you meet that person unexpectedly.
How much is a long time? It depends on how often you normally
see that person. For example, you could use one of these greetings
if you normally see the person every week, but then don’t see
them for a few months or more. Usually, these phrases are
followed with a question like “how are you”, “how have you
been?” or “what’s new?”
These are formal ways of saying “hello”, which change
depending on the time of day. Keep in mind that “good night” is
only used to say “good bye”, so if you meet someone late in the
day, remember to greet them with “good evening”, rather than
“good night”. Good morning can be made more casual by simply
saying “morning”. You can also use “afternoon” or “evening” as
informal greetings, but these are less commonly used.
These greetings are formal and polite. If you say this to someone
when you meet him or her for the first time, it will make you
seem courteous. Remember to only use these greetings the first
time you meet someone. Next time you see the person you can
show that you remember him or her by saying “it’s nice to see
you again”.
40
 “How have you been?” This greeting question is only asked by people who have already
met. If someone asks you “how have you been?” they want to
know if you have been well since the last time the two of you
met.
“How do you do?” This greeting is VERY formal, and quite uncommon, but it may
still be used by some older people. The proper response is “I’m
doing well” or, as strange as it seems, some people even ask “how
do you do?” right back as an answer.
Slang Slang greetings are extremely informal, and should only be used
“Yo!” with people that you know very well, and feel very comfortable
This extremely informal with. Keep in mind that a lot of slang is regional, and using
greeting is common in Australian slang, for example, in America can sound quite
America. It comes from 1990’s strange. You’ll need to learn the local slang wherever you are, but
hip-hop slang and these days these common examples will help you get started.
it’s often used jokingly. This
greeting should only be used
with very close friends, and
never in a business setting.
“Are you OK?, You alright?,
or Alright mate?”
This casual way of asking both
“hello” and “how are you” is
common in Britain. You can
respond “yeah, fine”, or simply
“alright”.
“Howdy!”
This is a very informal
abbreviation of “how do you
do?” that is common in certain
parts of Canada and the U.S.
Keep in mind that if you say
“howdy” outside of these
regions, you will sound like a
cowboy, and it might make the
other person laugh.
“Sup? or Whazzup?”
These greetings are
abbreviations of “what’s up?”
which are common among
teenagers. Like with “what’s
up?” you can answer “nothing”
or “not much”.
“G’day mate!”
This casual greeting is an
Australian abbreviation of
“good day”. Keep in mind that
Australian greetings often use
“ya” instead of “you”. So “how
are ya?” is the same as “how
are you?”, and “how are ya
going?” is basically the same as
“how’s it going?” or “how are
you doing?”
“Hiya!”
This greeting, short for “how
are you?”, is commonly used in

41
 certain parts of England.
However, you don’t need to
actually answer this question –
you can just say “hey!” right
back.
“Good night” a farewell said in the evening or before going to sleep
“Goodbye” a farewell said when you or the other person are leaving

➢ Conversation Model

Conversation I Conversation III

Angel : Good evening, Mr. Black. John : Hi! Steve. How are you doing?
Mr. Black : Hi! Angel. How are you? Steve : Fine. I’ve just received an
Angel : I’m very well. Thank you, excellent grade on my final
and how are you? exam.
Mr. Black : Just fine. Thanks. John : Congratulations. What are going
Angel : How is Mrs. Black? to do?
Mr. Black : She is alright. She has Steve : I am preparing for my major
retired, and she enjoys doing paper. What about you, John?
her hobby, gardening. John : I still have another two courses
to finish this year.
Conversation II Steve : Good. How is your family?
Alex : Hi, Martin. John : They are all right. We live in a
Martin : Oh! Hi, Alex. How’re you new house.
doing?
Alex : I’m doing fine. I’ve just
finished my final exam, and
now I’m waiting for the
result.
Martin : I hope you get a good grade.
Alex : Thank you Martin. How is
your father?
Martin : He’s not very well. He has
high blood pressure, and he
is under the doctor’s
control.

➢ Exercise
Perform role plays based on the following social situation:
1. A teacher and a student greet each other after a summer away from school. They
have a short conversation and then say goodbye.
2. Two good friends greet each other after not seeing each other for a long time.
They have a conversation and then say goodbye.
3. Two people who don’t know each other very well greet each other in a store.
They have a brief conversation and they say goodbye.

42
➢ INTRODUCING
Introducing, either self-introduction or introducing someone to someone else, is
realized when people meet for the first time or they do not know each other previously.
People need to know each other because of some reasons, for examples for initiating a
conversation, avoiding a bad image, facilitating business, etc. If people know each
other, they will build further conversation easier.
The expressions to introduce oneself and others may include ranges of formality as
shown by the following scale.

Introducing oneself Formal Introducing people to other(s)

Allow me to introduce myself. My name is .... I would like you to meet X (title+name)

I would like to introduce myself, I’m… I’d like to introduce you to X

Let me introduce myself. I'm ... X please meet Y

Excuse me my name's…

How do you do? My name is .... X this is Y, Y this is X

Hello! My name is ...

I’m… Less formal

➢ Phrases to Introduce Yourself

Repeat the following phrases and sentences after your teacher says them.

Informal Informal or formal Formal

“Hi, I’m……”
“Nice to meet you.” (after
someone has told you his/her
name.) “I’m ….”
“Hello. My name is …” “Let me introduce my-self. My
name is …”
“It’s nice to meet you. My name I don’t believe we’ve met. I’m
is ….” …”

➢ Phrases to Introduce Others

Repeat the following phrases and sentences after your teacher says them.

Informal Informal or formal Formal

“Meet my friend, Nina.” “I’d like you to meet my friend, “I’d like to introduce you to Nina
“Nina, meet John.” Nina Adams.” Adams, a friend of mine.”

“Let me introduce you
two. John …” (gesturing
with your hand toward
John.) “… Nina.”
(gesturing toward Nina.)
“Let me introduce you to Nina. “I don’t believe you two have met.
John, this is Nina. Nina, this is John, this is Nina Adams. Nina,
Jhon.” this is John Howard.”

43
 “This is Nina. This is “Have you met Nina? John this is “Mr. Howard, have you met Ms.
John.” Nina Adams.” Adams?

➢ The most common non-verbal cues involved in an introduction are shaking hands,
making an eye contact, and smiling. In a wider communication context, when
introducing oneself, apart from one’s name, one could consider other aspects, such as
his/her job, business, and position, a brief description of his/her job or business.
Personal information is often asked in the introduction, but cultural differences
should be taken into account. Avoiding asking the following personal questions is
much safer when you meet people for the first time.

1. Where do you live? Or what’s your address?

2. What’s your zip code?
3. What’s your telephone number/area code?
4. Where were you born?/what’s your place of birth?
5. What’s your date of birth?
6. When were you born?
7. How old are you?/what’s your age?
8. Are you married or single?
9. How many children do you have?
10. How much money do you earn?

➢ Conversation Model
(Adam is picking up Albert and Bobby, his new colleagues, at the airport. They have
never met before)
Albert : Excuse me. Are you Adam?
Adam : Yes, I'm.
Albert : I'm Albert and this is Bobby.
Adam : How are you? Nice to meet you.
Bobby : Nice to meet you too.
Adam : Did you have a good journey?
Albert : Yes, it was fine, thanks.
Adam : Let me help you to bring your suitcase.
Albert : That's very kind of you.
Adam : Not at all. You must be tired. I'll take you to the hotel first. Tonight, we have
a meeting at 8 p.m., and tomorrow we start working.
Albert : OK. Thanks, Adam. We’ll be on time

From the conversation, it can be learnt that the speakers used less formal expressions
although they did not know each other before, for example Albert introduced his friend
using less formal expression: this is Bobby and himself: I’m Albert. The way they
addressed each other with their first name also shows informality. This could be that they
were at the same age.

44
➢ Exercise
Perform role plays based on the following social situations:

(1) You are attending a meeting of other company and you have to introduce your new
boss to the boss of that company.
(2) Your sister has just come to your boarding house and you have to introduce her to
your roommate.
(3) You are attending an international seminar. You meet a participant from other
country, and you introduce yourself to him/her.

➢ GIVE SELF-IDENTIFICATION AND PERSONAL INFORMATION

➢ Phrases to Ask Personal Information

Repeat the following phrases and sentences after your teacher says them.
Name Birthplace Age Address Postal code and
telephone number
“What’s your “What is your “What is your “What’s your “What’s your zip
name, please?” birthplace?” birthday?” address?” code?”
“May I have your “Where were you “When were you “Where do you “What’s your
name, please?” born?” born?” live?” postal code?”
“How old are “What’s your
you?” telephone
number?”

➢ Conversation Model

Conversation I: Conversation II:

Nina : Hello, I’m Nina Adams. Registrar officer : Hello. Good morning.
John : Hi, I’m John Roberts. John : Good morning.
Nina : Where are you from? Registrar officer : What’s your name, please?
John : I’m from Australia. And you? John : My name is John Roberts.
Nina : I’m from Canada. Registrar officer : What is your birthplace?
John : It’s nice to meet you. John : Jakarta.
Nina : It’s nice to meet you, too. Registrar officer : When were you born?
John : October 15, 1991.
Registrar officer : What’s your address?
John : My address is 1723 Broadway
street.
Registrar officer : What’s your zip code?
John : it’s 92301
Registrar officer : What’s your telephone number?

John : (714) 550 3211

Registrar officer : This is your school registration
card.
John : Thank you very much.
Registrar officer : You’re welcome.

45
 Expressing Happiness:
I’m happy to meet you
I’m glad to meet you
I’m pleased to meet you

Conversation III Conversation IV

John : Hi, Nina. How are you? Tiny : Hello! I’m Tiny. May I have your
Nina : Oh, hi, John. I’m very well. name, please?
Thank you. How about you? Dody : I’m Doddy.
John : Fine. Thanks. I heard that you Lisa : What’s your family name?
have just married. Where is Dody : Fernandez.
your husband from? Lisa : You are from East Folres, aren’t
Nina : He is from Indonesia. you?
John : How old is he? Dody : Yes, I am Larantukanese. What
Nina : He is 31 years old. He is three about you? Where do you come
years older than me. from?
John : What is your address now? Lisa : I come from North Sumatra, and my
Nina : Jalan Melati No. 3 Maumere, surname is Sihotang.
Flores. Dody : Where were you born?
John : Your phone number? Lisa : I was born in Bandung. Were you
Nina : 081 238 007 345 born in Larantuka?
John : Thank you, Nina. Dody : No, I wasn’t. I was born in Kupang.
Nina : That’s all right. Lisa : How old are you?
Dody : I’m fifteen years old.

Place/country Nationality/citizenship
1. Tony is from central Java He is Javanese
2. Rafli is from Bandung He is Sundanese
3. Ni ketut is from Bali She is Balinese
4. Novri is from Kalimantan He is Dayakese
5. Tony Stark is from America He is American
6. Donny is from Indonesia He is Indonesian
7. Maya Simpsons is from Britain She is British
8. Keiko is from Japan She is Japanese
9. Jackie Chan is from China He is Chinese
10. Boy is from Timor He is Timorese

➢ Exercise
Perform role plays based on the following social situation:
You are in the situation where you are demanded to give your personal information.

46
 ➢ STATES OF BEING/FEELING
People experience similar emotions all over the world, but sometimes express them
differently. To understand other people, it is necessary to understand both their verbal
and nonverbal communication.

Repeat these after your lecturer says them:

To ask about feelings, use the following Phrases for Expressing Feeling
questions:
✓ How do you feel? ✓ Let me explain how I’m feeling
✓ How does she feel? ✓ Let me explain how I feel
✓ How does he feel? ✓ Let me tell you my reaction to that
✓ Is she happy? ✓ I feel tired
✓ Is she depressed? ✓ We are tired
✓ Are you hungry? ✓ They are tired
✓ Are you thirsty? ✓ I feel sleepy
✓ I feel hungry
✓ I feel sad

Subject Predicate (to be) State of feeling/being

I Am Tired, hungry, thirsty, busy,
sleepy, happy
She/he Is Tired, hungry, thirsty, busy,
sleepy, happy
You/We/They Are Tired, hungry, thirsty, busy,
sleepy, happy
John/Nina Is Tired, hungry, thirsty, busy,
sleepy, happy

➢ Conversation Model
Conversation I Conversation II
Leah : Hi, Stella. You look so miserable. How Bob : Roy, you look very busy. Do you have a
do you feel? lot of work to do?
Stella : I feel tired! How about you? Roy : Yes, I’ve been very busy for a couple of
Leah : No, I’m not tired, but I’m sleepy. days.
Bob : Are you tired?
Roy : No, I’m not tired, I am excited.
➢ Exercise
Perform role plays on above situations with your partner!

47
 ➢ JOBS (PROFESSIONS)
Repeat these after your lecturer says them:

Asking someone about his/her job Response

✓ What is your occupation? ✓ I’m a Lecturer
✓ What is your job? ✓ I’m a principal
✓ What is your work? ✓ I’m taking a Sarjana Pendidikan at Nusa
✓ What do you do? Nipa University
✓ What do you do for a living? ✓ I’m a student
✓ What kind of job do you have? ✓ I’m a housewife
✓ What kind of work do you do? ✓ I’m an actor
✓ I’m an artist
✓ I’m retired
✓ I’m jobless
✓ I’m unemployed

➢ Conversation Model

Tony : Hello! Are you Sarah?

Mandy : No, I’m Mandy.
Tony : Oh … Hi! Mandy. How are you?
Mandy : Fine, thanks. And you?
Tony : Very well. Thank you. What do you do now?
Mandy : I go to a university, and I take English Education. How about you?
Tony : I have a part time job at law firm office, and I take an extension class on
psychology at Nusa Nipa University

➢ Exercise
Perform role plays on above situations with your partner!

➢ DAILY ROUTINES

Daily Routines in English is one of the most common topics when you are trying to
learn English.Daily Routines in English can be linked to two important tenses in
English: Simple Present and Simple Past. We use the simple present to talk about daily
routines because the simple present is used to describe actions that happen
regularly.We also use the simple past to talk about daily routines in the past.

Adverb of frequency Example

Always (100%) I always wake up at 04.00 o’clock in the morning
Usually She usually gets up at 04.00 o’clock in the morning
Often He often drinks coffee in the morning
Sometimes I sometimes come to school late
Seldom I seldom eat breakfast
Rarely I rarely walk to school
Never (0%) She never rides a bike to Campus

48
➢ Conversation Model

Conversation I: Conversation II:

Teacher : Tell me about your daily activities Teacher : Tell me about his daily activities
from the time you get up until 06.00 from the time he gets up until
in the morning. 06.00 in the morning.
Student : I always get up at 05.00 o’clock. Student : He always gets up at 05.00
Teacher : And then? o’clock.
Student : I take a bath and pray. Teacher : And then?
Teacher : What do you usually do after Student : He takes a bath and pray.
praying? Teacher : What does he usually do after
Student : I put on my clothes, and I eat praying?
breakfast. Student : He puts on his clothes, and he
Teacher : Do you always eat breakfast? eats breakfast.
Student : Yes, I do. Teacher Does he always eat breakfast?
Teacher : What do you usually have for Student : Yes, he does.
breakfast? Teacher : What does he usually have for
Student : Bread and cheese, and a glass of breakfast?
milk. Sometimes, I have chicken Student : Bread and cheese, and a glass of
porridge or fried rice. milk. Sometimes, he has chicken
Teacher : What do you do after breakfast? porridge or fried rice.
Student : I go to school at 06.00 o’clock. Teacher : What does he do after breakfast?
Teacher : How do you usually go to school? Student : He goes to school at 06.00
Student : By public transportation. o’clock.
Teacher : Do you often come to school late? Teacher : How does he usually go to
Student : Sometimes. I sometimes come to school?
school late. Student : By public transportation.
Teacher : Does he often come to school
late?
Student Sometimes. he sometimes comes
: to school late.

➢ Exercise
Arrange and perform your own daily routines!

➢ HOBBIES (WHAT DO YOU DO ON YOUR SPARE TIME?)

A hobby is an activity which is pursued in leisure time, mainly for recreation and
replenishing the energy lost through work. There are several hobbies which one
may pursue, such as photography, stamp collecting, reading etc. A hobby should be
pursued according to one’s nature of work and aptitude.
Repeat these after your lecturer says them:

My hobby Is Singing, Swimming, Fishing, Cooking, playing chest,

Her/his hobby Playing football, Writing, Riding a bike, Driving,
Their/our hobby Listening to the music, Gardening, Dancing, Drawing,
Mountaineering

Example I:
Hi. My name is Edward Norton. My colleagues call me Edward. I work for Nusa Nipa University. I
am the head of English Education study program. I like sport and I am having an exercise, now.

49
 Sport is my hobby. What is your hobby?
Example II:
Hi. I am Stella. Unlike Mr. Norton, sport is not my hobby. Of course, I sometimes do sport. My
hobby is writing. Actually, writing is not only a hobby, but it is also my profession. I write to make a
living. What is your hobby?

Example III (conversation):

Situation:
It is Sunday, 9 o’clock a.m. Jimmy is in the veranda. He is playing guitar. He often plays guitar on
his spare time. He plays guitar just for hobby. Just a second ago John came. John is Jimmy’s
neighbor. He is also jimmy’s colleague. They work at the same office but in different departments.
John : Hi Jimmy, how are you doing?
Jimmy : Fine. Come and have a seat.
John : Thanks. I heard someone’s playing guitar. I knew it was you, so I came. I hope I am
not bothering you.
Jimmy : No, no, not at all. I usually practice my guitar on my spare time.
John : That’s good.
Jimmy : Yeah … but I am not so good in playing guitar. I do it just for fun. What about you?
What do you do on your spare time?
John : Me? Well, I usually read books. I sometimes cook for lunch.
Jimmy : You cook?
John : Yeah
Jimmy : Really?
John : Just for fun. I cook with my son. He likes cooking. We sometimes cook on Sundays.
Jimmy : It’s interesting. I don’t cook. I know nothing about cooking. My wife does. I think I
have to taste your cooking sometime.
John : I would be glad. Well, I have to go home. My son is waiting for me. We are going to
cook. Come this afternoon if you want to taste my cooking.
Jimmy : Ok, I will. Bye.
John : See you then.

➢ Exercise
Perform role plays on above situations with your partner!

➢ FAMILY RELATIONSHIP

A family is a group of people who share a very personal level of relationship. On the other hand, a
family is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by
marriage or other relationship). The purpose of family is to maintain the well-being of its members and
of society.
Family types

Nuclear family is also known as conjugal family or family of procreation. Nuclear families are
comprised of married partners and their offspring. Some anthropologists
identify a second type of nuclear family, the non - conjugal family. In this type
of nuclear family, there is one parent with dependent children. Additionally,
there is the polygamous family, which is comprised multiple spouses and
dependent children.

Extended family is the most common type of family in the world. Extended family includes at
least three generations: grandparents, married offspring, and grandchildren.

50
 Joint families are composed of sets of siblings, theirs spouses, and their
dependent children. Blended families are becoming more common, especially
in industrial societies like the United States. A blended family is formed when
divorced or widowed parents who have children marry.
Family by choice can include adopted children, live-in partners, kin of each member of the
household and close friends. Increasingly family by choice is being practiced
by unmarried people and families who move away from the consanguine
family.

➢ Vocabulary:
Family tree Meaning
Sibling Saudara kandung
Stepsister Saudari tiri
Step brother Saudara tiri
Step father Ayah tiri
Step mother Mama tiri
Step son Anak laki laki tiri
Step daughter Anak perempuan tiri
Mother in law Ibu mertua
Father in law Ayah mertua
Son in lw Menantu laki – laki
Daughter in law Menatu perempuan
Brother in law Kakak ipar laki – laki
Sister in law Kakak ipar perempuan
Half brother Saudara laki2 satu ibu atau saudara laki2 satu ayah
Half sister Saudara perempuan satu ibu atau saudara perempuan satu ayah

✓ Describing the members of the family

There are ten people in the family: Mr. Sadipun, Mrs. Sadipun, Bob Sadipun, Mike Sadipun, Tom
Sadipun, Susan Sadipun, Markus Parera, Diky, Helen, and Sely.

Mr. Sadipun + Mrs. Sadipun

Tom Sadipun + Sely Helen + Bob Sadipun

Mike Sadipun
Susan Sadipun + Markus Parera

Diky

51
Mr. and Mrs. Sadipun have two sons, Bob Sadipun and Tom Sadipun. Tom Sadipun married Sely and
they have one daughter. She is Susan Sadipun. Susan Sadipun was married and they have one child.
His name is Diky. Mike Sadipun is Bob Sadipun and Helen’s son. Sely and Helen are Mr. Sadipun’s
daughter-in-law. Susan Sadipun and Mike Sadipun are Mr. Sadipun’s grandchildren. Sely is Bob’s
sister-in-law while Helen is Tom’s sister-in-law. Mike Sadipun is Markus’s brother-in-law. Diky is
Mike’s nephew while Mike is Diky’s uncle. Mr. and Mrs. Sadipun are Diky’s great grandparents.
Questions:
1. How many people are there in the family?
2. How many men and women are there in the family?
3. Who is Diky?
4. Who are Bob and Tom?
5. Who is Helen?
6. Who is Markus?
7. Who is Mike?
8. Who is Mike’s aunt?

When we need to describe something clearly, whether it is a thing or person, we have to use adjectives
(beautiful, handsome, pretty, kind, generous, friendly, gentle, good, etc.).
There are many words that can be categorized into words that describe a person’s general appearance,
eyes, ears, face, nose, arms, hair, height, etc.

✓ Describing people
➢ Practice:

Her name is Nirma. She is
from Lela. She is twenty-two
years old. She is a university
student at Nusa Nipa
University. Her skin is white.
Her hair is long, straight, and
blond. She has brown eyes and
a high nose. She is a friendly
beautiful girl.
Laurensius is fat and tall man. Please describe a woman in
He is 176 cm height and 86 kg the picture.
weight. He is 50 years old. He
wears a black T-shirt and black
trousers. His hair is straight,
short, and brown. He has big
bosom and he has a distended
abdomen. He has white skin.

52
✓ Describing things
➢ Conversation Model
Custom officer : What can I do for you, Sir?
The tourist : Yes, I haven’t found my travel bag.
Custom officer : May I see you baggage check, please?
The tourist : Sure. Here it is.
Custom officer : Can you describe your travel bag, please?
The tourist : Yes, it is classic polo with the trolley on it. It is black. It is made of hard plastic,
and the outer shape is hard.
Custom officer : How big is it?
The tourist : It is about 30 by 60 cm, or it is rectangular is shape. It is a good quality bag.
Custom officer : Do you write your name inside of your bag?
The tourist : I’m sorry. I don’t write my name inside.
Custom officer : What does it contain?
The tourist : It contains of my clothes (casual and formal), my underwear, and my sport
shoes.
Custom officer : Well. We’ll find it for you, sir?
The tourist : Thank you very much.
Custom officer : That’s all right.
The tourist See you later. Bye, bye.

➢ Practice:
Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 4 Picture 5 Picture 6

This is my This is a new This is my I left behind I lost my Please describe

handbag. It is model of a new handbag. my purse in a handbag. It is a handbag in
made of fabric. handbag. It is It is black and taxi light brown. the picture.
The basic color in fashion it is made of yesterday. It It is made of
is white, it has a now. It is leather. It is is a black pearl. It is
dog, and flower trapezoidal in rectangular in purse. It is about is
pictures on it. I shape. It is shape. I use it made of square in
use it to put my brown. It is for a special leather. It is shape. There
makeup. made of occasion to put square in are a purse
leather. It can my purse and shape. There and a box of
be used to put my makeup. is a logo LV makeup
your purse and on it. I put all inside.
daily makeup. my cards and
money in it.

53
• Describe the names in the following table based on the data in the table.

No. Name Occupation Date of Birth (Age) Education Hobby

1. Rosa Elementary School November 20, 1998 S1 Reading
Principal FKIP PGSD
2. Agustina Accounting Division, January 31, 1999 S1 Hiking
Astra Indonesia Ekonomi
Manajemen
3. Edi Lecturer March 24, 1991 Boston Camping
University

➢ Vocabulary:

Immediate family : keluarga dekat Great grandparents : buyut

Atomic family : keluarga inti/keluarga kecil Colleague : kolega
Extended family : keluarga besar Curly hair : rambut keriting
Mother : ibu Straight and blond : lurus dan pirang
Father : bapak Brown eyes : mata coklat
Sister : kakak atau adik perempuan A high nose : hidung mancung
Brother : kakak atau adik laki-laki Friendly : ramah
Daughter : anak perempuan Big bosom : dadanya besar
Son : anak laki-laki A distended abdomen : perutnya buncit
Grandmother : nenek Sunglasses : kacamata hitam
Grandfather : kakek A casual cloth : pakaian santai
Aunt : bibi Fat : gemuk
Uncle : paman Weight : berat
Niece : kemenakan perempuan Height : tinggi
Nephew : kemenakan laki-laki Wristwatch : jam tangan
Cousin : sepupu Her hair is braded : rambutnya
Mother-in-law : ibu mertua dikepang
Father-in-law : bapak mertua Custom officer : pegawai bandara
Sister-in-law : kakak ipar perempuan Baggage : bagasi
Brother-in-law : kakak ipar laki-laki

2. ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTION

Asking and giving direction is an expression used to ask directions. In asking directions, we
ask other people who already know the exact location of the destination. We have to know
how to ask a question about a place or location, while in giving directions, we give directions
to get to a place or we respond to a question asked by someone (who does not know a place or

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location). For example, in our daily life, we have met people who are confused about the
location and we show directions for it or vice versa.
➢ Phrases for Giving Direction
Repeat the following phrases and sentences after your teacher says them.
Giving directions to say ‘Go Go straight, Go along the road, Go down there, Go down or walk down the
Straight’ street, Go up or walk up the street, Go straight along this road, Go toward
the church, Go ahead, Go straight ahead, Go ahead and ask someone, Go
on ahead, Go straight on until you come to the crossroad, Go straight on
left/right, Go straight at the lights/at the roundabout/at the junction,
Continue straight ahead for about a mile, Continue straight ahead for about
two kilometers, Keep going to another station, Keep going down this street,
Keep going to another shop a hundred meters, Keep going straight ahead
you will see it on the right, Keep on the straight road, Keep walking ahead,
Take this road, Walk to the corner, Follow this street for 300 meters, Follow
the road until you get to the bank.
Giving directions to say Turn right.
‘Turn’ Turn left.
Turn back. (go back)
Turn left after the bridge.
Turn right at the second turning (turn left when you reach the turning)
Turn right from the first alley.
Turn left on to Pramuka Street.
Turn left at the end of the corridor.
Turn right/left at the traffic lights / roundabout, etc.
Turn right on after you pass the market on the right also.
Turn left after you pass the bakery.
When you see a school on your right-hand side, turn left into
Pahlawan Street.
Turn left after you pass the bakery.
Go right/left at the end of the road.
Take the first right.
Take the first/second/third street on the left/right.
Take the first left when you enter Nairoa Street.
You need to take a left/a right at the next traffic lights.
Take a right/left at the junction.
Take the second exit at the T- junction and then turn right at the traffic

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 lights.
When you get to Kesehatan Street, take your next right.
After you pass the restaurant on your left, take a right at the next crossroad.
If you take the road on the left, you’ll come to the post office.
Take a left when you come to the main street.
Round the corner from the post office.
Giving directions to say Cross the pub.
‘Cross’ Pass the school.
You will cross some traffic lights.
Cross the taxi rank and you are there.
Go over the bridge.
Other useful phrases for It is this way/that way.
giving direction You are going in the wrong direction.
You will pass a bakery on your left.
It will be on your left or right.
This straight road will lead you to the hospital.
You will see the entrance on the left.
You will pass a taxi rank on your left.
Follow the sign for the town center.
You will see the car park in front of you.
You can’t miss it.
Come off the motorway/highway at the junction.
Follow the signs to...
You will come to the bus station.

➢ To take part in conversations including directions, we will need to know about:

• Starting conversations (getting people’s attention and offering help)
• Requests:
o Can you tell me the way to _____?
o I am looking for this address, Am I in the right place?
o How can I get there?
• Offers:
o Shall I show you on the map?
• Imperatives:
o Take the second turning on the left.
o Don’t cross the road.
• Directions (right, left, northwest):
o Just turn the right and you’ll find the mosque.
o It’s near the park. Go straight until you pass a bakery on your left.
o Turn left at the intersection and it is across the post office.

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 • Prepositions of position and movement (next to, over, along, behind, beside, etc.):
o The swimming pool is behind the hotel.
• Lengths of time, distances and means of transport:
o It takes five minutes by train.
• There is/there are:
o Is there a post office near here?
o There is a convenience store on the corner.
o Is there a shop near here?”)
• Future tenses:
o If you get to the river, you’ve gone too far.
o You will see a big Chinese restaurant in front of you.
• Checking/clarifying:
o Can I check that back?
• Ending conversations (thanking and good wishes for the future)
➢ Conversation Model
Conversation I: Conversation II:
A : Excuse me. May I have your time? A : Hello.
B : Yes. How can I help you? B : Hi. What can I help you?
A : Can you show me the fastest way to get to A : Sorry to bother you. But, could you tell me
the bus station, please? where the nearest supermarket is?
B : You can take a taxi from the bus stop. B : Which supermarket? There are Rezeki
A : Okay. Where should I go from there? Express supermarket and Roxy supermarket
B : If you take a taxi, you can get off right at around here.
the bus station. Just ask the driver to go to A : Ehmm… Rezeki Express supermarket, I
Madawat Bus Station. suppose.
A : And, how to go there by bus? Is it far from B : It’s about two blocks from here. Go along this
here? road until you pass a blue building. The
B : No. it’s pretty near. The bus station is supermarket is across that building.
around 200 meters from here. A : That’s a clear direction. Thank you!
A : I see. Thank you very much! B : No problem. Be careful.
B : You’re welcome. A : Of course!
Conversation III: Conversation IV:
A : Excuse me. A : Excuse me. Could you help me? I think I’m
B : Yes? lost.
A : Are you from around here? B : Where are you heading to?
B : Yes, I live down the road. Is there A : I’m looking for Sylvia Hotel.
anything I can help you with? B : Oh, too bad. You’re going in the wrong
A : Can you show me the quickest way to get direction. It’s on the opposite side of the town.
to El-Tari Street? I’m going to visit a A : Where am I, exactly?
friend’s house there. B : It’s Mawar Street.

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 B : Sure. It’s quite near, though. The address A : How can I get to Moan Subu Street?
is 314 El-Tari Street. Go straight from B You can take a taxi. Just go left from here. Be
here until you see a junction. Turn left careful of the crowded street.
there. A : Thank you so much!
A : And then? B : No problem.
B : There’s another junction. Take the street
on the left and you will arrive there.
A : I get it. Thanks!
B : It’s okay.

➢ Practice:
I. Excuse me, where is the ______?
Excuse me, how do I get to ______?
Excuse me, is there a ______ near here?
How do I get to ______?
What's the way to ______?
Where is _____ located?
II. Role play: Your friend is going to the post office to post a letter. He needs your help. Both of
you are in Barata Department Store. Please complete the following dialogue with the correct
form of the words in the box and practice it with a friend.

Is it by car / motorcycle Can you tell me I go I’m going

You : Hi, where are you going?

Friend : ___________ to post the letter. ___________ the way to the post office?
You : Sure, it is on Ahmad Yani Street.
Friend : ___________ far from here?
You : No, it is not. It is near here.
Friend : How can ___________ there?
You : You can go there ___________.
Friend : OK. Thank you!
You : Don’t mention it!

➢ Directions Vocabulary:
Roundabout : Bundaran T-junction : pertigaan
Sidewalk : trotoar Signpost : plang
Zebra crossing : jalur penyeberangan bagi Walkway : gang
pejalan kaki Intersection : persimpangan
Traffic lights : lampu lalu lintas Bridge : jembatan
Street : jalan Country road : jalan negara
Avenue : jalan besar Exit ramp : jalan keluar

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 Road : jalan Freeway : jalan bebas hambatan
Corner : sudut Lane : jalur
Sidewalk : trotoar Overpass : jembatan penyeberangan
Highway : jalan raya Alley : gang
Crossroad : perempatan Boulevard : jalan raya
Junction : persimpangan jalan Tunnel : terowongan

3. FACING A JOB INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

I. Preparing a Job Interview

Preparation is a must-to-do thing if you want to succeed in doing anything. To prepare for a
successful interview, you should refer to the Job Interview Checklist before the day of the
interview as stated below:

Do Company Research
Interview Questions
Understanding interview
process
Come early instead of on
time
• Industry standards: current trends, required skills, and career
prospective
• Organization: main business lines, vision, mission,
background, future plans and past achievements, competitors
• Job opportunity: job requirements, possible problems asked
during an interview
• Interviewer: name, position, designation and department;
research on the website or make a call and ask for such
details
• Salary: travel expenses, living costs, acceptable range,
acceptable salary offer for the positions
• Try to be natural and remember not to memorize answers
• You can write down your points before answering questions
so that you can refer to them at a later time;
• You can ask a friend to have a mock-up interview with you
to practice;
• Try to remain calm, confident and positive;
Each company adopts a different interview process and each
interview round is intended for a certain purpose. You need to
understand the goals of the employer for each round. It doesn‘t mean
that you will succeed if you answer the questions professionally
and fluently, but you need to put a focus on what the employer
expects from you during an interview.
Many experts will advise you to go to the interview early or at least
10 minutes earlier. I myself recommend that 30 minutes earlier
should be reasonable. Why should you take up to 30 minutes?
• To find the address of the company;
• To complete check-in procedures;
• To find the location and office where the interview shall take
place;
• To check your appearance before getting into the interview

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 room
• To find out more about the company; many interviewers may
ask you how the
• Organization of their companies is, about the reception area,
welcoming atmosphere, etc.
• However, arriving early may also cause some pressure on you
for having to wait. Please note that you shouldn‘t spend such
waiting time revising your lessons or doing any work since
there will be insufficient time and the pressure will become
greater if you do so. You can take the time prepare some stories
or jokes that can help you keep cool and comfortable for the
upcoming interview.
First impression Remember the time when you met a new partner, a new friend or
your new love… how did your first impression on them affect on
your feeling?
It is clear that first impression play a crucial role in determining the
success of an interview.

II. Common Interview Questions

Question 1: Tell me about yourself?

Step 1: For example:
Give a brief introduction about “My name is Peter. I graduated from XYZ University with
yourself: bachelor degree in Sales.
After 5 years working as a Sales Manager, I have well
experienced in training, mentoring and motivating other
sales personnel to achieve the goals of the Company.”

Step 2: Give a brief summary of For example:

your experience in your latest
positions:
A) “Recently, I have worked for ABC Company as
Sales Manager for North-East Region. With my
skills from training courses, I developed many
sales campaigns which contributed much to the
development of new customers and maintenance of
current customer base. After 6 months, my sales
force and I did regain the company‘s market and
promote the sales revenue up by 37%.”
B) “I have not any experience of working for a
company. This is my new experience of applying a
job.”

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Question 2: What are your biggest strengths?
Step 1: For example:
Identify which you are good • Knowledge; “I have learnt about Marketing Management”
at/your strong points: • Experience; “I have an experience of working as a Marketing
Manager.”

• Abilities.
“As a cyber security specialist, my greatest strength is my
intellectual curiosity. I enjoy researching the latest technology
trends so that our critical information technology systems
remain uncompromised. Not only do I do this by reading the
latest issues of cyber security journals, I also convinced my
employer to fund my participation in quarterly information
technology conferences. This has allowed me to build a network
of peer resources—many of whom are leaders in the field—that
I can call upon for strategies when new threats arise to our
systems.”
Step 2: Consider Strong points For example:
that the employer may concern • Great communication skills;
about: • Ability to adapt to the change in company culture;
• Ability to solve problems flexibility;
• Hard-working;
• Ability to learn from failure;
• Group work spirit.

Question 3 Why do you want to work here?

This is a very simple question, but in order to give a suitable answer to the recruitment
position, you must know how to answer. You need to know about the company you are
willing to work for and read their job description. When you are asked this question, tell them
that working for XXX will be a challenging and beneficial experience to you.
Type 1: Normally, a candidate may answer in such ways as
following:
• I don‘t know;
• Because I like the job and like other employees in the
company;
• The job is quite a challenge to you which will help
improve your development.

Type 2: • “I have heard that XXX is currently the company with

the best training & development policy. This is really
a good chance for me to develop my career.”
• “XXX is the number one in ABC industry which I have
long been studying and aiming for. I hope with my
ability and the opportunity to work here, I will be able
to make a breakthrough in ABC area.”
• “This is a new industry in XYZ region. I am
researching on this industry and aiming to be a

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 leading specialist in the sector. Therefore, I would
like to have an opportunity to develop my career as
expected as this opportunity.”

Question 4 What kind of salary are you looking for?

Answer samples:
1. “Sir, salary is very secondary. What matters is you are providing me with the kind of work I
have always wanted to do and the kind of work environment too.”
2. “I am looking for the kind of salary that I can not only live on, but enjoy life with as well. I
don‘t want to be the person who works just to pay bills and have hardly anything left for
myself. I don‘t know about anyone else, but when I look for a job, it has to meet my needs
both mentally and money-wise or I don‘t take the job.”

Question 5 How long would you expect to work for us if hired?

Some tips for this question:
• It is not right to be specific; else you are giving them the impression that you are not
going to stay if hired.
• Specifics here are not good. Something like this should work: I‘d like it to be a long
time. Or As long as we both feel I‘m doing a good job.
Answer samples:
1. I‘d like it to be here a long time; as much as you permit me and believe that I am doing a
good job to remain in your company.
2. I worked for my previous employer for … years. That demonstrates my loyalty. So, as long as
the work is challenging, and I will have growth and training potential, I will be happy to work
here.
3. First of all I pity you for hiring me, I will rob you blind, eat all the almonds and pee in the
punch bowl any chance I get. So the answer to your question is, until you catch on.

Question 6: Why should we hire you?

1. Weak answers:
a) “I am a hard worker.” (This is a really trite answer, almost anyone can say he or she is a
hard worker.)
b) “Because I need a job.” (This answer is about YOU. They want to know what you can do for
them.)
c) “I saw your ad and could do the job.” (This answer lacks of passion and purpose.)

2. Stronger answers:
a) “Because I have what it takes to fill the requirements of this job – solve customer problems
using my excellent customer service skills.”
b) “Because I have three years experience working with customers in a very similar
Environment.”
c) “Because I have the experience and expertise in the area of customer support that is required
in this position.”
d) “Because I sincerely believe that I‘m the best person for the job. I realize that there are many
other college students who have the ability to do this job. I also have that ability. But I also
bring an additional quality that makes me the very best person for the job–my attitude for
excellence. Not just giving lip service to excellence but putting every part of myself into
achieving it. In _____ and _____ I have consistently reached for becoming the very best I
can become by doing the following . . .

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Question 7: What are you looking for in a job?
Answer samples:
• “I want to gain experience in many areas of accounting. I want a position where things are
not routine and where many of my accounting skills are utilized.”
• “In my next job, I want more opportunities to write automation. In my previous position, we
didn‘t have these opportunities because we outsourced this work to other groups.”

Question 8: Are you willing to work overtime? Nights? Weekends?

Answer samples:
a) “I already do work overtime. I love my job and when a project deadline is coming up,
everyone has to pull together to finish it – even if that means investing our beloved
weekends….”
b) “I do understand that it will occasionally be necessary in software industry to work overtime.
Generally I feel that the work can be completed on time if we work sincerely and utilize the
work hours. However I have no problem in working overtime if the project deadlines are very
tight and require me to work hard.”
c) “I am very responsible person ,and I have definite plan and I go according to that in a
systematic way, so in case I am behind schedule I will surely work overnight and make
sure i complete it in time.”
d) “It depends on the responsibilities on your shoulder. If I have to complete a task then I can
work overnight and weekends…………. after that I will be happy that I have completed my job
on time.”
e) “I can normally work in a few nights or weekends of overtime through the month if required
to meet some deadlines. I hope projects are scoped and scheduled in such a way that
overtime and nights are not a common requirement.”

Question 9: What is more important to you: the money or the work?

General tips
Money is always important, but the work is the most important. There is no better answer.
Answer samples
• “Money and work both are like siblings. But I believe when you work hard; money will
flow to you. So work is more important than money. Only hard work can help you put
another feather in your success cap.”

• “ I believe they are equally important to our well-being. Certainly both. Even though Work is
Worship money makes livelihood. Work follows money and money follows work. So, without
existence of one another we can‘t be achievable. However, I can adjust for money up to some extent
if the work is really challenging and doing which gives me job satisfaction.”

Question 10: What qualities do you look for in a boss?

Answer tips
Be generic and positive. Safe qualities are knowledgeable, a sense of humor, fair, loyal to
subordinates and holder of high standards. All bosses think they have these traits.

Samples of answer
Following is the few qualities but not limited to, that I would look for in a Boss:
• Treat me with respect, dignity and equally.

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 • Have a honest and open communication with me.
• Recognize me for my efforts and the value I provide to the company.
• He has a proper quality to guide his/her employee. He has decision taking tendency and can
control his team & team members. He has capacity to lead the team according to
circumstances.

4. ASKING AND GIVING OPINION/CRITICS/ INTERACTING IN GROUP

Opinion is phrase or sentence that consists of argument, reason or opinion from
someone. Opinion includes the words of opinion and argument/ reasons. It is a subjective
belief and is the result of emotion, understanding, beliefs, desires, or interpretation of facts.
Opinions are never right or wrong, because they are merely a figment of what someone
believes.
Opinion dialogue is a dialog consists of two persons or more who have opinion each other. It
can use the expressions, such as in my opinion, in my view, I think etc. Argument dialogue is
a dialog that states the arguments or reasons. It can use the words such as first, second etc for
arranging arguments.
Asking Opinion is a sentence which asking opinion or argument to other people to
satisfaction. Giving Opinion is a sentence that gives a reason to someone or other people.
Therefore, Asking and Giving Opinion is expressions that is used for talking about argument
or opinion of two or more people.

➢ Phrases for Asking other people’s opinions

Formal
• Have you got any comments on….
• Do you have any idea?
• Do you have any opinion on …
• Would you give me your opinion
on……….?
• Do you think I can afford it?
• Do you think is it good?
• What is your reaction to ……
• What is your opinion about……….?
• What are you feeling about………….?
• What are your views on……….?
• Please give me your frank opinion?
Informal
• What do you think of…….?
• What do you think about………?
• What is your opinion?
• Why do they behave like that?
• How about …?
• What about …?
• Is it right what I’ve done?
• Do you think it’s going?
• How do you like?
• How was the trip?
• How do you think of … idea ?
• How do you feel about ….?

➢ Phrases for Expressing Opinions

Formal
• I personally believe ….
• I personally consider ….
• I personally think /feel ….
• I hold the opinion ….
• My own view of the matter is
……
Informal
• I think I like it.
• I don’t think I care for it.
• I think it’s good/nice/terrific……..
• I don’t think much of it.
• I think that……..
• In my opinion, I would rather……….

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 • Well, personally …….
• If I had my view, I would ….
• In my case …..
• What I’m more concerned with ….
• What I have in my mind is………
• The way I see is that…………
• No everyone will agree with me, but
• To my mind …..
• From my point of view ….

➢ Phrases for Expressing Agreement and Disagreement

Saying that you agree • Yes, I agree with you

Saying that you don’t agree
Saying that you don’t agree politely
Making a conclusion
• I’m sure you’re right
• I think so too
• I absolutely agree
• That’s exactly what I think
• Yes, I suppose so
• We will never agree
• Not at all/not really
• I disagree
• I think that’s nonsense
• I see your point, but….
• Yes, may be, but….
• I don’t entirely agree with….
• You may be right, but….
• I see what you mean, but….
• I’m not sure I agree with you
• In conclusion, we state that…
• On the whole, we state that…
• From the statement, we can
conclude…
• On this basis, we agree that…

➢ Conversation Model

Conversation I
A : What do you think of my new house?
B : It is beautiful. I think. Oh you have many
novels in your new house.
A : Yeah, some. I like Andrea Hirata’s novels.
B : How do you feel about Andrea Hirata’s
novels?
A : I feel they are great novels.
B : Yes, you are right. I think it is going to
rain.
A : I don’t think so. Look outside at the sky!
It’s so clear. No clouds there.
Conversation II
Situation: John and Mike are arguing about
smoking.
John : Hi Mike, by the way, I just don’t
understand why you guys like
smoking?
Mike : Well… It’s nice you know…
John : Nice? What’s nice about smoking? In
my opinion, there is nothing nice
about smoking; it’s dangerous for
your health. And it is waste of
money.
Mike : I’ve heard many times, but I don’t
believe it.

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 B : But I watched the weather forecast John : Maybe you’ll believe it when you get
yesterday. It said that today is going to your lung cancer.
rain.
A : OK. See you.

Conversation III Conversation IV

Situation: They are discussing about a new smart
phone. Asking and Giving Opinion About Financing
Education
A : Do you like your smart phone? Harry : Hello guys, I need your suggestion. I
B : Yes. I think I got more than I expected. have a really serious problem right
A : Why? now and I can not found the best
B : I just want to buy a smart phone which has
solution. Would you like to help me?
1 gigabyte of RAM. But this smart phone
gives me more. Ron : Just tell us what is your problem,
A : I think you’re lucky. Harry.
B : Yeah. I think with the price I’ve paid, got a Harry : Well, I am really sad now. Next
smart phone with 2 gigabytes of RAM is week I have to stop my study in this
very awesome. school because my father retired two
A : But what do you think about the camera? days ago. He cannot pay my school
Is it good?
fees anymore.
B : Not too bad. I got 8 megapixels for
primary cameras, and its secondary Peter : You should take it easy, man.
camera 5 megapixels. But it is not the Actually it is not a really serious
important point. problem.
A : Why? Harry : How can I solve it? I have no money
B : I do not like selfie. to pay my school fees.
Peter : Okay. I think you should ask for a
letter from our headmaster telling
that your parents cannot afford your
school fees. So you can get a
scholarship.
Ron : Yeah, I think you are one of the
smartest students here; you should
be given a scholarship. So you can
continue your study here.
Harry : Thank you so much, guys for your
suggestions. I’ll try to do that.

➢ Exercise
Choose your own topics to be discussed with your partner and perform role plays using above
expressions!

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