Dalam soal TOEFL listening dialong singkat (short dialog) berisi percakapan antara 2 orang.

Setiap
dialog akan diikuti sebuah pertanyaan. Ingatlah kunci menjawab soal jenis ini, paling sering
ditemukan berada di baris terakhir dari percakapan.
Perhatikan contoh berikut.

Terdengar di dalam rekaman:

(Man) : Billy really made a big mistake this time.

(Billy sungguh telah membuat kesalahan saat ini)
(Woman): Yes, he forgot to turn in his research paper.
(Ya, dia lupa menyerahkan karya ilmiahnya)
(Narator): What does the woman say about Billy?
(Apa yang dikatakan wanita mengenai Billy?)

>> Pada buku tes atau pada layar komputer terdapat pilihan jawaban:

(A) It was the first time he made a mistake.

(Ini pertama kalinya dia membuat kesalahan)
(B) He forgot to write his paper.
(Dia lupa untuk menulis karya ilmiahnya)
(C) He turned in the paper in the wrong place.
(Dia menyerahkan karya ilmiahnya pada tempat yang salah)
(D) He didnt remember to submit his assignment.
(Dia tidak ingat untuk mengumpulkan tugasnya)

Baris terakhir dari dialog ini menunjukkan bahwa Billy lupa menyerahkan karya ilmiahnya, dan ini
berarti bahwa Dia tidak ingat untuk mengumpulkannya. Maka jawaban yang tepat untuk soal ini
adalah (D).

(Woman) : Why is Barbara feeling so happy?

(Kenapa Barbara merasa sangat senang)
(Man) : She just started working in a real estate agency.
(Dia baru saja mulai bekerja di agensi perumahan)
(Narator) : What does the man say about Barbara?
(Apa yang dikatakan pria itu mengenai Barbara?)

>> Pada buku tes atau layar komputer terdapat pilihan jawaban:
(A) She always liked her work in real estate.
(Dia selalu menyukai pekerjaannya di perumahan)
 (B) She began a new job.
(Dia memulai pekerjaan baru)
(C) She just bought some real estate.
(Dia baru saja membeli beberapa perumahan)
(D) She bought a real estate agency.
(Dia membeli agensi perumahan)

Pada dialog ini, kata kuncinya started (mulai) yang berarti began (mulai), dan kata kunci working
(pekerjaan) mengarah ke job (pekerjaan). Maka jawaban tepat dari soal di atas adalah (B).

Pada rekaman terdengar:

(Man) : Why couldn't Mark come with us?
(Kenapa Mark tidak bisa datang bersama kita?)
(Woman): He was searching for a new apartment
(Dia sedang mencari apartemen baru)
(Narator) : What does the woman say about Mark ?
(Apa yang dikatakan wanita itu mengenai Mark?)

Pada buku tes atau layar komputer terdapat pilihan jawaban:

(A) He was in the department office.
(Dia berada di kantor departemen)
(B) He was looking for a place to live.
(Dia sedang mencari tempat untuk tinggal)
(C) He was working on his research project.
(Dia sedang mengerjakan proyek penelitiannya)
(D) He found perch and parchment.
(Dia menemukan tenggeran burung dan kertas kulit)

Kata kunci pada baris terakhir dialog adalah searching (mencari) dan apartment (apartemen). pada
jawaban (C) dan (D), kata research (penelitian) dan perch (tenggeran burung) terdengar seperti kata
serach (mencari), maka pilihan jawaban ini salah. Pada pilihan jawaban (A) dan (D), kata
department (departemen) dan parchment (kertas kulit) terdengar seperti kata apartment, maka
pilihan jawaban ini salah. Karenanya, jawaban yang tepat adalah (B).

Umumnya, pada dialog singkat tes TOEFL listening, Anda diminta untuk membuat beberapa
kesimpulan. Pada jenis soal TOEFL ini, pilihan jawaban yang tepat tidak begitu jelas. Bahkan Anda
harus membuat kesimpulan berdasarkan petunjuk yang diberikan. Salah satu kesimpulan yang
umumnya diminta adalah diminta untuk menentukan siapakah yang berbicara, berdasarkan petunjuk
tersebut.
Perhatikan contoh soal berikut ini.

Dalam audio rekaman terdengar:

(Woman): Can you tell me what assignments I missed when I was absent from your
class?
(Bisakah beritahu saya tugas apa yang diberikan saat saya tidak hadir di kelas Anda?)
(Man) : You missed one homework assignment and a quiz
(Kamu ketinggalan satu tugas pekerjaan rumah dan ulangan)
(Narator) : Who is the man?
(Siapakah pria ini?)

Pada buku tes atau layar komputer terdapat pilihan jawaban:

(A) A newspaper editor (Editor koran)
(B) A police officer (Polisi)
(C) A teacher (Guru)
(D) A student (Siswa )

Petunjuk your class (pelajaran Anda), assigments (pekerjaan rumah), quiz (ulangan) pada dialog di
atas menunjukkan bahwa pria itu kemungkinan seorang guru. Maka pilihan jawaban (C) adalah
jawaban yang tepat.

Ciri lain dari jenis soal ini, biasanya meminta Anda untuk menentukan apa kemungkinan yang akan
terjadi selanjutnya, melalui kata petunjuk yang diberikan dalam dialog.
Perhatikan contoh soal berikut ini.

Dalam audio rekaman terdengar:

(Woman): Are you going to read those books here in the library?
(Apakah Anda akan membaca buku-buku itu di sini di perpustakaan?)
(Man) : I think Id rather check them out now and take them home.
(Menurut saya, saya lebih baik meregistrasi keluar buku itu sekarang dan membawanya
pulang)
(Narator) : What will the man probably do next?
(Apa kemungkinan yang akan dilakukan pria itu kemudian?)
Pada buku tes atau layar komputer terdapat pilihan jawaban:
(A) Sit down in the library. (Duduk di perpustakaan)
 (B) Look for some more books. (Mencari beberapa buku lagi)
(C) Return the books to the shelves. (Mengembalikan buku ke rak buku)
(D) Go to the circulation desk. (Pergi ke meja sirkulasi)

Pria tersebut mengatakan akan meregistrasi keluar buku itu sekarang (check them out now).
Sedangkan meja sirkulasi buku adalah tempat di mana Anda meregistrasi keluar buku dari
perpustakaan. Pria tersebut pastinya akan pergi ke meja sirkulasi buku (circulation desk), maka
pilihan jawaban yang tepat adalah (D).

Jenis terakhir dari tipe soal membuat kesimpulan, pada umumnya menentukan di mana --tempat--
dialog tersebut terjadi, berdasarkan kalimat petunjuk yang diberikan dalam percakapan.
Perhatikan contoh soal berikut ini.

Dalam audio rekaman terdengar:

(Woman) : Are you going into the water, or are you just going to lie there on the sand?
(Apakah Anda akan menyelam ke dalam air atau hanya berbaring di atas pasir?)
(Man) : I think I need to put on some suntan lotion.
(Menurut saya, saya harus memakai losion anti matahari)
(Narrator) : Where does this conversation probably take place?
(Di mana kemungkinan dialog ini berlokasi?)
Pada buku tes atau layar komputer terdapat pilihan jawaban:
(A) At a beauty salon. (Di salon kecantikan)
(B) At the beach. (Di pantai)
(C) In a sandbox. (Di kotak pasir)
(D) At an outdoor restaurant. (Di luar restoran)

Kata kunci water (air), sand (pasir) dan suntan lotion (losion anti matahari) menjelaskan bahwa
kemungkinan dialog ini bertempat di pantai. Maka, pilihan jawaban yang tepat adalah (B).
Perhatikan skema berikut ini untuk mendapatkan titik kunci dalam menjawab jenis soal ini.
DENGARKAN SIAPA (WHO) DAN APA (WHAT) DALAM
PERNYATAAN PASIF

Terkadang sulit untuk memahami siapa dan apa

yang dikerjakan dalam pernyataan pasif. Masalah ini seringkali ditanyakan dalam soal dialog tes
TOEFL listening. Kunci menjawab jenis soal ini adalah memerhatikan siapa dan apa dalam
pernyataan pasif.

Perhatkan contoh soal berikut ini.

Dalam audio rekaman, Anda mendengar:

(Man) : Did Sally go to the bank this morning?

(Apakah Sally pergi ke Bank hari ini?)
(Woman): Yes, she did. She got a new checking account
(Ya, dia sudah berangkat. Dia mendapat rekening baru)
(Narrator): What does the woman imply?
(Apa yang diisyaratkan wanita itu?)

Pada buku tes atau layar komputer, Anda akan membaca:

(A) Sally wrote several checks. (Sally menulis beberapa rekening)

(B) Sally wanted to check up on the bank. (Sally ingin memeriksa rekening di bank)
(C) A new checking account was opened. (Rekening baru telah dibuka)
(D) Sally checked on the balance in her account. (Sally memeriksa saldo rekeningnya)
Dalam dialog ini, wanita ini menggunakan pernyataan aktif; Sally telah mendapat rekening baru (She
got a new checking account). Pilihan jawaban yang tepat menggunakan kalimat pasif; yaitu rekening
baru telah dibuka (A new checking account was opened) yang menyatakan gagasan makna yang
sama. Maka, pilihan jawaban yang tepat adalah (C).

Hampir semua jenis tes TOEFL menggunakan model soal multiple choice yang menanyakan
tentang gagasan utama (main idea) bacaan. Pertanyaan ini dapat muncul dalam berbagai variasi
kata, sekalipun dengan maksud yang sama. Bacaan dalam tes TOEFL biasanya ditulis dengan cara
tradisional sehingga memudahkan Anda menemukan jawaban untuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang
diberikan. Tip trik menjawab soal TOEFL reading Gagasan Utama ini, jawabannya biasanya termuat
di awal paragraf. Jika bacaan hanya terdiri dari satu paragraf, Anda harus mempelajari bagian awal
dari paragraf tersebut untuk menentukan gagasan utamanya.

Perhatikan contoh berikut.

The passage:
In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is made
between "intelligence" and "reasoning". According to Dewey,
intelligence is the only absolute way to achieve a balance between
Line realism and idealism, between practicality and wisdom of life.
(5) Intelligence involves "interacting with other things and knowing
them," while reasoning is merely the act of an observer, "... a mind
that beholds or grasps objects outside the world of thing.... "
With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it
is through intelligence that control is taken of events that shape
(10) one's life.

The question:
What is the topic of this passage?
(A) The intelligence ofjohn Dewey
(B) Distinctions made by John Dewey
(C) Deweys ideas on the ability to reason
(D) How intelligence differs from reasoning in Deweys works

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Kalimat pertama pada bacaan ini membahas sebuah perbedaan antara gagasan "intelligence"
(kecerdasaan) dan "reasoning" (penalaran) dalam pandangan hidup John Dewey, maka
kemungkinan inilah topiknya. Cepat periksa bagian dari kalimat dalam bacaan ini untuk memastikan
bahwa topik yang dibicarakan adalah fakta perbedaan antara"intelligence" dan "reasoning".
Kemudian, periksa setiap pilihan jawaban untuk menentukan manakah yang paling sesuai.

Jawaban (A) hanya menyebutkan intelligence (kecerdasan), sehingga ia bukan topiknya. Jawaban
(B) menyebutkan perbedaan yang John Dewey buat, tetapi tidak mengatakan secara khusus apa
jenis perbedaannya. Jawaban (C) hanya menyebutkan penalaran (reasoning), dan tidak lengkap.
Karena itu, jawaban yang paling benar adalah (D); gagasan how intelligence differs from reasoning
(bagaimana kecerdasan berbeda dengan penalaran) berasal dari kalimat pertama pada bacaan itu,
yang menyebutkan a sharp distinction is made between "intelligence" and "reasoning".

Sementara itu, jika suatu bacaan berisi lebih dari satu paragraf, sebaiknya pelajari awal tiap
paragraf untuk menentukan gagasan utama (main idea). Pelajari contoh berikut ini.

The passage:
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen is
continuously fed into biological circulation. In this process, certain
algae and bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia (NH3). This
Line newly created ammonia is then for the most part absorbed by
(5) plants.
The opposite process of denitrification returns nitrogen to
the air. During the process of denitrification, bacteria cause some
of the nitrates from the soil to convert into gaseous nitrogen or
nitrous oxide (N2O). In this gaseous form, the nitrogen returns to the
(10) atmosphere.
The question:
Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
(A) The Process of Nitrogen Fixation
(B) Two Nitrogen Processes
(C) The Return of Nitrogen to the Air
(D) The Effect of Nitrogen on Plant Life

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang judul terbaik untuk bagian ini. Dalam bagian yang memiliki lebih
dari satu paragraf, Anda harus yakin untuk membaca kalimat pertama dari setiap paragraf untuk
menentukan subjek, topik, judul, atau gagasan utama. Dalam contoh ini, kalimat pertama dari
paragraf pertama menunjukkan bahwa paragraf pertama membahas tentang proses fiksasi nitrogen.
Jika Anda hanya melihat paragraf pertama, Anda mungkin memilih jawaban yang salah (A), yang
dapat jadi judul yang baik untuk paragraf pertama saja. Kalimat pertama dari paragraf kedua
menunjukkan bahwa proses denitrification (denitrifikasi) dibahas dalam paragraf kedua. Jawaban
(C) juga tidak benar, karena kembalinya nitrogen ke udara adalah proses denitrifikasi (lihat kalimat:
In this gaseous form the nitrogen returns to the atmosphere), dan ini dibahas dalam paragraf kedua
saja. Sedangkan jawaban (D) juga tidak benar, karena pengaruh nitrogen pada tanaman hidup tidak
dibahas dalam bagian ini. Untuk itu, jawaban yang tepat atas pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban (B);
dua proses nitrogen, yaitu fixation nitrogen yang dibahas dalam paragraf pertama, dan denitrification
yang dibahas dalam paragraf kedua.

Mengenal Penyusunan Gagasan-gagasan (Recognize

The Organization of Ideas)

Di dalam bagian Reading Comprehensioan, baik pada

Paper Test maupun Computer Test, ada pertanyaan mengenai penyusunan (organization) gagasan-
gagasan dalam suatu bacaan. Anda mungkin diminta menentukan bagaimanakah gagasan dalam
satu paragraf atau lebih, berkaitan dengan gagasan-gagasan di paragraf lainnya. Tip trik menjawab
soal TOEFL reading bentuk ini, perhatikan contoh dari lembar kerja test TOEFL yang memintamu
untuk menentukan bagaimana informasi bacaan itu disusun.
The passage:
If asked who invented the game of baseball, most
Americans would probably reply that it was their belief that
Abner Doubleday did. They believe this because the story
Line about Doubleday is part of the tradition of baseball.
(5) Doubleday was given credit for this invention early in the
twentieth century when sporting-goods manufacturer
Spaulding inaugurated a commission to research the question
of who invented baseball. In 1908, a report was published by
the commission in which Abner Doubleday, a U.S. Army
(10) officer from Cooperstown, New York, was given credit for the
invention of the game. The National Baseball Hall of Fame
was established in Cooperstown in honor of Doubleday.
Today, most sports historians are in agreement that
Doubleday really did not have much to do with the
(15) development of baseball. Instead, baseball seems to be a close
relative of the English game of rounders and probably has
English rather than American roots.

The Question:
In this passage
(A) an idea is presented and then refuted
(B) a concept is followed by examples
(C) a cause is followed by an effect
(D) a belief is supported with reasons

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Pertanyaan ini mengenai bagaimana informasi disusun dalam bacaan. Untuk menjawab
pertanyaan ini, perlu memperhatikan gagasan utama (main idea) setiap tiga paragraph itu. Gagasan
utama dari paragraph pertama ditemukan di awal kalimat: yaitu "If asked who invented the game of
baseball, most Americans would probably reply that it was their belief that Abner Doubleday did"
(jika diminta siapa penemu permainan baseball, kebanyakan orang Amerika mungkin akan
menjawab dengan yakin yaitu Abner Doubleday). Gagasan utama dari paragraph kedua ditemukan
di baris pertama: yaitu "Doubleday was given credit for this invention" (Daubleday diberikan
penghargaan atas penemuannya). Gagasan utama paragraph ketiga ditemukan di baris pertama:
yaitu "most sports historians are in agreement that Doubleday really did not have much to do with
the development of baseball" (kebanyakan sejarahawan olaharaga setuju bahwa Doubleday tidak
sungguh-sungguh banyak melakukan pengembangan baseball). Jika Anda pelajari informasi
tersebut pada setiap baris pertama dari masing-masing paragraph, Anda dapat menentukan bahwa
paragraph ketiga berlawanan atau menyangkal (refutes) informasi yang diperkenalkan
diperkenalkan (presented) di awal dua paragraph tersebut. Untuk itu, jawaban (A) adalah yang
paling benar untuk pertanyaan ini.

INGAT
Tip Trik menjawab soal TOEFL reading nomor ke-2 adalah "Mengenal Penyusunan Gagasan-
gagasan (Recognize The Organization of Ideas)". Strategi dan penjelasan lengkapnya dapat dilihat
di software belajar TOEFL. Silakan download software Genius TOEFL.

RUMUS JAWABAN TIP TRIK 2

Ingatlah skema di bawah ini agar Anda dapat menjawab pertanyaan tentang penyusunan gagasan
dalam tulisan (organization of ideas)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cara Mengidentifikasi : How is the information in the passage organized?

Pertanyaan : How is the information in the second paragraph related to the
information in the first paragraph?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mencari Jawaban : Jawaban untuk tipe soal ini, secara umum dapat ditentukan dengan
melihat kalimat pertama setiap paragraf.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cara Menjawab : 1. Baca baris pertama setiap paragraf.
2. Lihat kata yang tampak memiliki kaitan antarparagaf.
3. Pilih jawaban yang memiliki kaitan paling kuat.
Menjawab Pertanyaan Khusus dengan Benar (Stated
Detail Questions)

Apa makna dari stated detail question? Stated detail

question menanyakan tentang informasi tertentu secara khusus yang terdapat dalam bacaan, tidak
menanyakan secara keseluruhan. Jawaban dari pertanyaan ini secara umum telah termuat dalam
bacaan dan muncul berulang dengan ungkapan atau kata yang berbeda.

The passage:
Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia that was settled
by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the first
permanent English colony in America was settled at
Line Jamestown. In the beginning, the colony at Williamsburg was
(5) named Middle Plantation because of its location in the middle
of a peninsula between two rivers, the York and the James.
The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists
because the soil drainage was better there than at the
Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes.
The question:
The passage indicates that Jamestown
(A) was settled in 1633
(B) was settled twenty-six years after Williamsburg
(C) was the first permanent English colony in America
(D) was originally named Middle Plantation

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Pertanyaan ini menanyakan bacaan apa yang mengindikasikan tentang Jamestown. Jadi, Anda tahu
bahwa jawabannya sudah langsung dinyatakan dalam bacaan tersebut. Bacalah sekilas untuk
menemukan bagian bacaan yang membahas Jamestown. Jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini ditemukan
di pernyataan bahwa "Williamsburg.... was settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years
after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown." (Williamsburg
diduduki oleh penjajah Inggris di Th 1633, 26 tahun setelah menetap pertama kalinya penjajah
Inggris di Amerika menduduki Jamestown). Jawaban (A) salah, karena Williamsburg diduduki di
tahun 1633. Jawaban (B) salah, karena Jamestown diduduki sebelum Williamsburg. Jawaban (D)
salah, karena nama Middle Plantation diperuntukkan bagi Williamsburg. Jawaban yang paling benar
adalah (C), karena bacaan tersebut secara langsung menyatakan bahwa Jamestown yang pertama
kali diduduki jajahan Inggris di Amerika, "...the first permanent English colony in America....".

INGAT
Tip Trik menjawab soal TOEFL reading nomor ke-3 adalah "Menjawab Pertanyaan Khusus dengan
Benar (Stated Detail Questions)". Strategi dan penjelasan lengkapnya dapat dilihat di software
belajar TOEFL. Silakan download software Genius TOEFL.

RUMUS JAWABAN TIP TRIK 3

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cara Mengidentifikasi - According to the passage,....
Pertanyaan - It is stated in the passage....
- The passage indicates that....
- Which of the following is true....
- The author mentions that....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mencari Jawaban Jawabannya terletak di dalam urutan bacaan
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jawaban Pertanyaan 1. Pilih kata kunci dari pertanyaan
2. Saring bagian yang sesuai dengan kata kunci atau pokok bacaan
3. Baca baik-baik kalimat yang memaut kata kunci atau pokok bacaan.
Jawab Pertanyaan Gagasan Utama dengan Tepat
(Answer Main Idea Questions Correctly)

Hampir semua jenis tes TOEFL menggunakan model soal

multiple choice yang menanyakan tentang gagasan utama (main idea) bacaan. Pertanyaan ini dapat
muncul dalam berbagai variasi kata, sekalipun dengan maksud yang sama. Bacaan dalam tes
TOEFL biasanya ditulis dengan cara tradisional sehingga memudahkan Anda menemukan jawaban
untuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diberikan. Tip trik menjawab soal TOEFL reading Gagasan
Utama ini, jawabannya biasanya termuat di awal paragraf. Jika bacaan hanya terdiri dari satu
paragraf, Anda harus mempelajari bagian awal dari paragraf tersebut untuk menentukan gagasan
utamanya.

Perhatikan contoh berikut.

The passage:
In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is made
between "intelligence" and "reasoning". According to Dewey,
intelligence is the only absolute way to achieve a balance between
Line realism and idealism, between practicality and wisdom of life.
(5) Intelligence involves "interacting with other things and knowing
them," while reasoning is merely the act of an observer, "... a mind
that beholds or grasps objects outside the world of thing.... "
With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it
is through intelligence that control is taken of events that shape
(10) one's life.
The question:
What is the topic of this passage?
(A) The intelligence ofjohn Dewey
(B) Distinctions made by John Dewey
(C) Deweys ideas on the ability to reason
(D) How intelligence differs from reasoning in Deweys works

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Kalimat pertama pada bacaan ini membahas sebuah perbedaan antara gagasan "intelligence"
(kecerdasaan) dan "reasoning" (penalaran) dalam pandangan hidup John Dewey, maka
kemungkinan inilah topiknya. Cepat periksa bagian dari kalimat dalam bacaan ini untuk memastikan
bahwa topik yang dibicarakan adalah fakta perbedaan antara"intelligence" dan "reasoning".
Kemudian, periksa setiap pilihan jawaban untuk menentukan manakah yang paling sesuai.

Jawaban (A) hanya menyebutkan intelligence (kecerdasan), sehingga ia bukan topiknya. Jawaban
(B) menyebutkan perbedaan yang John Dewey buat, tetapi tidak mengatakan secara khusus apa
jenis perbedaannya. Jawaban (C) hanya menyebutkan penalaran (reasoning), dan tidak lengkap.
Karena itu, jawaban yang paling benar adalah (D); gagasan how intelligence differs from reasoning
(bagaimana kecerdasan berbeda dengan penalaran) berasal dari kalimat pertama pada bacaan itu,
yang menyebutkan a sharp distinction is made between "intelligence" and "reasoning".

Sementara itu, jika suatu bacaan berisi lebih dari satu paragraf, sebaiknya pelajari awal tiap
paragraf untuk menentukan gagasan utama (main idea). Pelajari contoh berikut ini.

The passage:
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen is
continuously fed into biological circulation. In this process, certain
algae and bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia (NH3). This
Line newly created ammonia is then for the most part absorbed by
(5) plants.
The opposite process of denitrification returns nitrogen to
the air. During the process of denitrification, bacteria cause some
of the nitrates from the soil to convert into gaseous nitrogen or
nitrous oxide (N2O). In this gaseous form, the nitrogen returns to the
(10) atmosphere.
The question:
 Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
(A) The Process of Nitrogen Fixation
(B) Two Nitrogen Processes
(C) The Return of Nitrogen to the Air
(D) The Effect of Nitrogen on Plant Life

Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban

Pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang judul terbaik untuk bagian ini. Dalam bagian yang memiliki lebih
dari satu paragraf, Anda harus yakin untuk membaca kalimat pertama dari setiap paragraf untuk
menentukan subjek, topik, judul, atau gagasan utama. Dalam contoh ini, kalimat pertama dari
paragraf pertama menunjukkan bahwa paragraf pertama membahas tentang proses fiksasi nitrogen.
Jika Anda hanya melihat paragraf pertama, Anda mungkin memilih jawaban yang salah (A), yang
dapat jadi judul yang baik untuk paragraf pertama saja. Kalimat pertama dari paragraf kedua
menunjukkan bahwa proses denitrification (denitrifikasi) dibahas dalam paragraf kedua. Jawaban
(C) juga tidak benar, karena kembalinya nitrogen ke udara adalah proses denitrifikasi (lihat kalimat:
In this gaseous form the nitrogen returns to the atmosphere), dan ini dibahas dalam paragraf kedua
saja. Sedangkan jawaban (D) juga tidak benar, karena pengaruh nitrogen pada tanaman hidup tidak
dibahas dalam bagian ini. Untuk itu, jawaban yang tepat atas pertanyaan ini adalah jawaban (B);
dua proses nitrogen, yaitu fixation nitrogen yang dibahas dalam paragraf pertama, dan denitrification
yang dibahas dalam paragraf kedua.

INGAT
Kunci menjawab soal TOEFL reading nomor ke-1 adalah "Jawab Pertanyaan Gagasan Utama
dengan Tepat (Answer Main Idea Questions Correctly)". Strategi dan penjelasan lengkapnya dapat
dilihat di software belajar TOEFL. Silakandownload software Genius TOEFL.

RUMUS JAWABAN TIP TRIK 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STRATEGI MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cara Mengidentifikasi : What is the topic of the passage?

Pertanyaan : What is the subject of the passage?
What is the main idea of the passage?
 What is the authors main point in the passage?
With what is the author primarily concerned?
Which of the following would be the best title?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cara Mencari : Jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini secara umum dapat ditemukan di
Jawaban : bagian pertama tiap paragraf.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cara Menjawab : 1. Baca bari pertama dalam masing-masing paragraf.
Pertanyaan : 2. Cari sebuah tema atau gagasan umum dalam baris pertama.
3. Lihat sekilas bacaan untuk mengecek apakah Anda benar-benar
telah menemukan topik/gagasan pokok.
4. Eliminasi keberadaan jawaban-jawaban yang tidak sesuai dan
pilih jawaban terbaik dari pilihan yang tersisa.

Bagian ini merupakan bagian terakhir dalam tes TOEFL. Bagian yang paling panjang
dan menyita waktu paling lama. Di bagian ini, peserta tes harus mengerjakan 50 butir
soal dalam waktu 55 menit. Sehingga rata-rata waktu yang diperlukan untuk
mengerjakan satu soal adalah satu menit. Ini tentu lebih lama jika kita bandingkan
dengan rata-rata waktu untuk mengerjakan satu pertanyaan SWE (Structure & Written
Expressions) yang kurang dari 45 detik.
Pada bagian ini, terdapat 5 bacaan (passage), dengan sejumlah pertanyaan (antara 7 -
13 pertanyaan) di bawahnya. Pertanyaan tersebut menanyakan informasi yang terdapat
di dalam teks, baik informasi yang eksplisit (tersurat) maupun yang implisit (tersirat).
Jadi, sesungguhnya bagian ini marupakan bagian yang paling mudah karena semua
jawabanPASTI ditemukan di dalam bacaan. Yang terpenting adalah di mana letak
jawaban yang kita cari itu. Jika kita termasuk orang yang hoby membaca, maka ada
kecenderungan untuk mendapatkan skor yang lebih baik. Bahkan, bagian ini bisa
dijadikan 'tambang nilai' untuk menutupi kekurangan pada Section Listening maupun
Structure.
Untuk mengerjakan bagian ini dengan baik, maka kita harus memiliki kemampuan
teknik membaca yang baik. Dua teknik membaca yang harus dikuasai
adalah skimming dan scanning.
Skimming adalah membaca cepat sebuah teks untuk mendapatkan
gagasan pokok, ide pokok, atau isi bacaan secara general. Pada skill ini kita tidak
mencari informasi yang spesifik, hanya ide pokok bacaan yang kita cari. Sehingga tidak
perlu membaca seluruh bagian bacaan.
Scanning adalah memaca cepat sebuah teks untuk MENCARI informasi
tertentu. Jadi kita memiliki pertanyaan terlebih dahulu dan mencari jawabannya dengan
cara di-scan. Pada scanning, informasi yang tidak relevan dengan apa yang kita cari
diabaikan. Sehingga dalam suatu scanning, kita harus memiliki ke words yang hendak
kita cari di dalam bacaan. Pada umumnya, skill scanning inilah yang kita gunakan
dalam mengerjakan soal-soal Reading Comprehension.
Pada bagian Reading Comprehension ini, peserta cenderung untuk membaca teks
terlebih dahulu baru kemudian mencoba menjawab pertanyaan. Hal ini sangat tidak
disarankan. MULAILAH DARI PERTANYAAN DAN SCANJAWABANNYA DI DALAM
BACAAN. Jadi, membaca teks terlebih dahulu menjadi tidak efektif dalam konteks
strategiscanning. Jika kita membaca teks terlebih dahulu dan menjawab pertanyaan
kemudian, maka kita akan kembali lagi ke bacaan untuk menjawab pertanyaan Ini
TIDAK EFEKTIF!
Ada 4 jenis pertanyaan dalam Section Reading Comprehension:
1. MAIN IDEA question: yakni pertanyaan yan menanyakan gagasan pokok,
ide pokok, tema, atau judul bacaan (bacaan TOEFL tidak disertai judul!). Jumlah
pertanyaan ini hanya ada SATU dan umumnya diletakkan sebagai pertanyaan
pertama dalam satu teks.
2. DETAIL question: yakni pertanyaan yang menanyakan informasi spesifik
di dalam teks. Jawaban atas pertanyaan jenis ini terdapat di dalam bacaan
secara EKSPLISIT (TERSURAT). Jumlah pertanyaan ini paling banyak dalam
setiap bacaan.
3. IMPLIED question: adalah pertanyaan yang mirip seperti pertanyaan
detail, dengan cara menjawab yang juga sama dengan menjawab pertanyaan
detail. Namun, jawaban atas pertanyaan jenis ini ditemukan di dalam bacaan
secara IMPLISIT (TERSIRAT). Jumlah pertanyaan ini tidak sebanyak
pertanyaan Detail.
4. VOCABULARY question: adalah pertanyaan yang menanyakan sinonim
atau mencari padanan kata yang maknanya paling dekat dengan kata yang
ditanyakan. Menjawab pertanyaan ini HARUS DITEBAK BERDASARKAN
KONTEKS KALIMATNYA. Hindarilah menebak hanya dengan mengandalkan
pengetahuan kita saja tanpa mengeceknya di dalam kalimat bacaan. Selalu
baca kalimat di mana sebuah kata ditanyakan secara utuh, lalu tebaklah
berdasarkan konteks kalimat tersebut. Tidak ada cara lain untuk menjawab
jenis pertanyaan ini kecuali dengan menebak berdasarkan konteks.
Pertnyaannya kemudian adalah: bagaimana jika pertanyaan pertama bacaan adalah
Main Idea? Pertanyaan yang menanyakan isi bacaan, atau gagasan pokok bacaan.
Jawabnya adalah: LEWATILAH MENJAWAB PERTANYAAN MAIN IDEA, TAPI
JANGANLAH MELEWATI MENJAWAB PERTANYAAN SELAIN MAIN IDEA.
Hal ini dikarenakan LETAK JAWABAN SELAIN MAIN IDEA DIURUTKAN DARI ATAS
KE BAWAH DI DALAM BACAAN. Misalnya, pertanyaan No. 1 adalah Main Idea, tapi
pertanyaan No. 2 adalah pertanyaan Detail, maka jawaban pertanyaan No. 2 ditemukan
pada baris-baris pertama bacaan. Jika pertanyaan No. 3, misalnya, adalah Implied,
maka jawaban pertanyaan ini letaknya di bawah pertanyaan sebelumnya. Terus seperti
itu sampai pertanyaan terakhir. Jika kita kembali lagi ke pertanyaan No.1 tentang Main
Idea, maka sekarang kita pasti bisa menjawabnya, karena kita sudah membaca bacaan
dari atas hingga selesai. Namun pada saat yang sama kita juga selesai menjawab
pertanyaan selain main idea karena letak jawabannya terurut di dalam teks. Nah, jika
selama ini Anda memulai mengerjakan section III ini dengan membaca teks, sekarang
mulailah mengerjakan section ini dari pertanyaan lantas scan-lah jawabannya di dalam
teks. Kini kita bisa memperkirakan letak jawaban karena letaknya diurutkan di dalam
teks. Mudah 'kan?
Berikut ini adalah rincian strategi menjawab setiap jenis pertanyaan pada Section
Reading Comprehension:
1. MAIN IDEA QUESTION
Redaksi kalimat pertanyaan Main Idea di antaranya adalah: What is the topic of
the passage?/ What is the subject of the passage?/ What is the main idea of the
passage?/ What is the author's main point in the passage?/ With what topic is the
author primary concerned?/ Which of the following would be the best title of the
passage?
Jika ingin menjawab pertanyaan ini tanpa melewatinya, bacalah kalimat
pertama di masing-masing paragraf.
Pikirkanlah tema bacaan yang bisa disimpulkan dari kalimat-kalimat pertama di
masing-masing alinea.
Eliminasilah pilihan jawaban yang: terlalu umum, terlalu spesifik, atau tidak
berhubungan sama sekali dengan topik bacaan.
Jawaban atas pertanyaan main idea harus secara pas menjelaskan isi bacaan,
tidak boleh lebih (cakupannya terlalu umum/luas) atau kurang (cakupannya terlalu
sempit).

Catatan: pertanyaan tentang 'main idea' ini tidak harus langsung dijawab. Biarkan saja
kosong di lembar jawaban untuk diisi kemudian setelah menyelesaikan pertanyaan-
pertanyaan setelahnya. Namun, berhati-hatilah ketika menandai jawaban pada lembar
jawaban. Jangan sampai menghitamkan pilihan untuk jawaban yang kita lewati. Dalam
prakteknya, kita lebih sering harus melewati menjawab pertanyaan jenis ini ketimbang
menjawabnya secara langsung. Membaca dan menemukan pikiran utama (main idea)
di setiap paragraf dan menyimpulkannya kemudian menyeleksi jawaban yang sama
dengan kesimpulan kita akan lebih lama dibanding kita mengerjakan pertanyaan-
pertanyaan yang bisa langsung dijawab dengan cara scanning.

The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean.
It stretches southward across the largest and northernmost state in
the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village nearly
 Line 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely
(5) complicated to operate.
The steel pipe crosses windswept plains and endless miles of
delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through
crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky
crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or
(10) under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter,
and up to 2 million barrels (or 84 million gallons) of crude oil can
be pumped through it daily.
Resting on H-shaped steel racks called "bents," long sections of
the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth.
(15) Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky
ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the
pipeline's up-and-down route is determined by the often harsh
demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the
land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permafrost
(20) (permanently frozen ground). A little more than half of the pipeline
is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere
from 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and
the properties of the soil.
One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately
(25) $8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction
project ever undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single
business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies
formed a consortium in order to share the costs. Each company
controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oil fields and
(30) paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its
holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply
shortages, equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous
terrain, a certain amount of mismanagement, and even theft, the
Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.

1. The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's

A. operating costs
B. employees
C. consumers
D. construction
2. The word "it" in line 4 refers to

A. pipeline
B. ocean
C. state
D. village
3. According to the passage, 84 million gallons of oil can travel through the pipeline each
A. day
B. week
C. month
D. year
4. The phrase "Resting on" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

A. Consisting of
B. Supported by
C. Passing under
D. Protected with
5. The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline's route EXCEPT the

A. climate
B. lay of the land itself
C. local vegetation
D. kind of soil and rock
6. The word "undertaken" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

A. removed
B. selected
C. transported
D. attempted
7. How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 8
D. 12
8. The word "particular" in line 29 is closest in meaning to

A. peculiar
B. specific
C. exceptional
D. equal
9. Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortium would
pay?

A. How much oil field land each company owned

B. How long each company had owned land in the oil fields
C. How many people worked for each company
D. How many oil wells were located on the company's land
10. Where in the passage does the author provide a term for an earth covering that always remains frozen?

A. Line 3
B. Line 13
C. Line 19
D. Line 32
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. C

Whereas literature in the first half of the eighteenth century in America had been largely religious and
moral in tone, by the latter half of the century the revolutionary fervor that was coming to life in the
colonies began to be reflected in the literature of the time, which in turn served to further influence the
population. Although not all writers of this period supported the Revolution, the two best-known and most
influential writers, Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine, were both strongly supportive of that cause.

Ben Franklin first attained popular success through his writings in his brother's newspaper, the New
England Current. In these articles he used a simple style of language and common sense argumentation
to defend the point of view of the farmer and the Leather Apron man. He continued with the same
common sense practicality and appeal to the common man with his work on Poor Richard's Almanac from
1733 until 1758. Firmly established in his popular acceptance by the people, Franklin wrote a variety of
extremely effective articles and pamphlets about the colonist's revolutionary cause against England.

Thomas Paine was an Englishman working as a magazine editor in Philadelphia at the time of the
Revolution. His pamphlet Common Sense, which appeared in 1776, was a force in encouraging the
colonists to declare their independence from England. Then throughout the long and desperate war years
he published a series of Crisis papers (from 1776 until 1783) to encourage the colonists to continue on
with the struggle. The effectiveness of his writing was probably due to his emotional yet oversimplified
depiction of the cause of the colonists against England as a classic struggle of good and evil.

1. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses

a. how literature influence the population
b. religious and moral literature
c. literature supporting the cause of the American Revolution
d. what made Thomas Paine's literature successful

2. The word "fervor" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

a. war
b. anxiety
c. spirit
d. action

3. The word "time" in line 3 could best be replaced by

a. hour
b. period
c. appointment
d. duration

4. It is implied in the passage that

a. some writers in the American colonies supported England during the Revolution
b. Franklin and Paine were the only writers to influence the Revolution
c. because Thomas Paine was an Englishman, he supported England against the colonies
d. authors who supported England did not remain in the colonies during the Revolution

5. The pronoun "he" in line 8 refers to

a. Thomas Paine
b. Ben Franklin
c. Ben Franklin's brother
d. Poor Richard

6. The expression "point of view" in line 9 could best be replaced by

a. perspective
b. sight
c. circumstance
d. trait

7. According to the passage, the tone of Poor Richard's Almanac is

a. pragmatic
b. erudite
c. theoretical
d. scholarly

8. The word "desperate" in line 16 could best be replaced by

a. unending
b. hopeless
c. strategic
d. combative

9. Where in the passage does the author describe Thomas Paine's style of writing?
a. lines 4-6
b. lines 8-9
c. lines 14-15
d. lines 18-20

10. The purpose of the passage is to

a. discuss American literature in the first half of the eighteen century
b. give biographical data on two American writers
c. explain which authors supported the Revolution
d. describe the literary influence during revolutionary America

Vocabulary List:

fervor kb. kegairahan, semangat.

reflect kkt. 1 menggambarkan, membayangkan, mencerminkan (an opinion). 2 mewakili (o's
feeling). 3 memantulkan (heat). -kki. 1 membayang. 2 memikirkan (a matter). 3 merendahkan,
mengurangi arti.
attain kkt. mencapai. He's attained the age of 70 Ia telah mencapai usia 70 tahun. -kki. to a. to
mencapai. He finally attained to a very high position Akhirnya ia mencapai kedudukan yang
sangat tinggi.
appeal kb. 1 seruan. 2 permohonan (dari hati ke hati) . 3 banding, apel, pertimbangan. 4 daya
penarik. kki. to a. a case naik banding (dalam suatu perkara.). --kki. 1 menarik 2 memohon
kepada (dari hati ke h
firmly dengan kuat
desperate ks. 1 yang sangat menyedihkan. 2 nekat. 3 putus asa. to do s.t. d. melakukan yang
tidak-tidak. -desperately kk. mati-matian

1. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses

a. how literature influence the population
b. religious and moral literature
c. literature supporting the cause of the American Revolution
d. what made Thomas Paine's literature successful

2. The word "fervor" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

a. war
b. anxiety
c. spirit
d. action

3. The word "time" in line 3 could best be replaced by

a. hour
 b. period
c. appointment
d. duration

4. It is implied in the passage that

a. some writers in the American colonies supported England during the Revolution
b. Franklin and Paine were the only writers to influence the Revolution
c. because Thomas Paine was an Englishman, he supported England against the
colonies
d. authors who supported England did not remain in the colonies during the Revolution

5. The pronoun "he" in line 8 refers to

a. Thomas Paine
b. Ben Franklin
c. Ben Franklin's brother
d. Poor Richard

6. The expression "point of view" in line 9 could best be replaced by

a. perspective
b. sight
c. circumstance
d. trait

7. According to the passage, the tone of Poor Richard's Almanac is

a. pragmatic
b. erudite
c. theoretical
d. scholarly

8. The word "desperate" in line 16 could best be replaced by

a. unending
b. hopeless
c. strategic
d. combative

9. Where in the passage does the author describe Thomas Paine's style of writing?
a. lines 4-6
b. lines 8-9
c. lines 14-15
d. lines 18-20

10. The purpose of the passage is to

a. discuss American literature in the first half of the eighteen century
b. give biographical data on two American writers
c. explain which authors supported the Revolution
d. describe the literary influence during revolutionary America

Whereas literature in the first half of the eighteenth century in America had been largely religious and
moral in tone, by the latter half of the century the revolutionary fervor that was coming to life in the
colonies began to be reflected in the literature of the time, which in turn served to further influence the
population. Although not all writers of this period supported the Revolution, the two best-known and most
influential writers, Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine, were both strongly supportive of that cause.

Ben Franklin first attained popular success through his writings in his brother's newspaper, the New
England Current. In these articles he used a simple style of language and common sense argumentation
to defend the point of view of the farmer and the Leather Apron man. He continued with the same
common sense practicality and appeal to the common man with his work on Poor Richard's Almanac from
1733 until 1758. Firmly established in his popular acceptance by the people, Franklin wrote a variety of
extremely effective articles and pamphlets about the colonist's revolutionary cause against England.

Thomas Paine was an Englishman working as a magazine editor in Philadelphia at the time of the
Revolution. His pamphlet Common Sense, which appeared in 1776, was a force in encouraging the
colonists to declare their independence from England. Then throughout the long and desperate war years
he published a series of Crisis papers (from 1776 until 1783) to encourage the colonists to continue on
with the struggle. The effectiveness of his writing was probably due to his emotional yet oversimplified
depiction of the cause of the colonists against England as a classic struggle of good and evil.

1. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses

a. how literature influence the population
b. religious and moral literature
c. literature supporting the cause of the American Revolution
d. what made Thomas Paine's literature successful

2. The word "fervor" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

a. war
b. anxiety
c. spirit
d. action

3. The word "time" in line 3 could best be replaced by

a. hour
b. period
c. appointment
d. duration

4. It is implied in the passage that

a. some writers in the American colonies supported England during the Revolution
b. Franklin and Paine were the only writers to influence the Revolution
c. because Thomas Paine was an Englishman, he supported England against the colonies
d. authors who supported England did not remain in the colonies during the Revolution

5. The pronoun "he" in line 8 refers to

a. Thomas Paine
b. Ben Franklin
c. Ben Franklin's brother
d. Poor Richard

6. The expression "point of view" in line 9 could best be replaced by

a. perspective
b. sight
c. circumstance
d. trait

7. According to the passage, the tone of Poor Richard's Almanac is

a. pragmatic
b. erudite
c. theoretical
d. scholarly

8. The word "desperate" in line 16 could best be replaced by

a. unending
b. hopeless
c. strategic
d. combative

9. Where in the passage does the author describe Thomas Paine's style of writing?
a. lines 4-6
b. lines 8-9
c. lines 14-15
d. lines 18-20

10. The purpose of the passage is to

a. discuss American literature in the first half of the eighteen century
b. give biographical data on two American writers
c. explain which authors supported the Revolution
d. describe the literary influence during revolutionary America

FOR ANSWER KEY CLICK HERE.

Vocabulary List:

fervor kb. kegairahan, semangat.

reflect kkt. 1 menggambarkan, membayangkan, mencerminkan (an opinion). 2 mewakili (o's
feeling). 3 memantulkan (heat). -kki. 1 membayang. 2 memikirkan (a matter). 3 merendahkan,
mengurangi arti.
attain kkt. mencapai. He's attained the age of 70 Ia telah mencapai usia 70 tahun. -kki. to a. to
mencapai. He finally attained to a very high position Akhirnya ia mencapai kedudukan yang
sangat tinggi.
appeal kb. 1 seruan. 2 permohonan (dari hati ke hati) . 3 banding, apel, pertimbangan. 4 daya
penarik. kki. to a. a case naik banding (dalam suatu perkara.). --kki. 1 menarik 2 memohon
kepada (dari hati ke h
firmly dengan kuat
desperate ks. 1 yang sangat menyedihkan. 2 nekat. 3 putus asa. to do s.t. d. melakukan yang
tidak-tidak. -desperately kk. mati-matian

reading 4

It has been noted that, traditionally, courts have granted divorces on fault grounds: one spouse is
deemed to be at fault in causing the divorce. More and more today, however, divorces are being
granted on a no-fault basis.

Proponents of no-fault divorces argue that when a marriage fails, it is rarely the case that one
marriage partner is completely to blame and the other blameless. A failed marriage is much more
often the result of mistakes by both partners.

Another argument in favor of no-fault divorce is that proving fault in court, in a public arena, is a
destructive process that only serves to lengthen the divorce process and that dramatically increases
the negative feelings present in a divorce. If a couple can reach a decision to divorce without first
deciding which partner is to blame, the divorce settlement can be negotiated more easily and
equitably and the postdivorce healing process can begin more rapidly.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. Traditional grounds for divorce
b. Who is at fault in a divorce
c. Why no-fault divorces are becoming more common
d. The various reasons for divorces

2. The word "spouse" in line 1 is closest in meaning to a

a. judge
b. problem
c. divorce decree
d. marriage partner

3. according to the passage, no-fault divorces

a. are on the increase
b. are the traditional form of divorce
c. are less popular that they used to be
d. were granted more in the past

4. It is implied in the passage that

a. there recently has been a decrease in no-fault divorces
b. not all divorces today are no-fault divorces
c. a no-fault divorce is not as equitable as a fault divorce
d. people recover more slowly from a no-fault divorce

5. The word "proponents" in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

a. Advocates
b. Recipients
c. Authorities
d. Enemies

6. The passage states that a public trial to prove the fault of one spouse can
a. be satisfying to the wronged spouse
b. lead to a shorter divorce process
c. reduce negative feelings
d. be a harmful process

7. Which of the following is NOT listed in this passage as an argument in favor of no-fault divorce?
a. Rarely is only one marriage partner to blame for a divorce
b. A no-fault divorce generally costs less in legal fees
c. Finding fault in a divorce increases negative feelings
 d. A no-fault divorce settlement is generally easier to negotiate

8. The word "present" in line 9 could most easily be replaced by

a. existing
b. giving
c. introducing
d. resulting

9. The word "settlement" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

a. development
b. serenity
c. discussion
d. agreement

10. The tone of this passage is

a. emotional
b. enthusiastic
c. expository
d. reactionary

Vocabulary list:
court: pengadilan
granted: mengakui
divorce: perceraian
fault: kesalahan
one spouse: seorang pasangan (suami/istri)
proponent: pendukung
deemed: dianggap
completely to blame: sepenuhnya disalahkan
in favor: yang setuju
destructive process: proses yang merusaak
equitably: dengan baik/pantas

Reading 3

The locations of stars in the sky relative to one another do not appear to the naked eye to change,
and as a result stars are often considered to be fixed in position. Many unaware stargazers falsely
assume that each star has its own permanent home in the nighttime sky.

In reality, though, stars are always moving, but because of the tremendous distances between
stars themselves and from stars to Earth, the changes are barely perceptible here. An example of
a rather fast-moving star demonstrates why this misconception prevails; it takes approximately
200 years for a relatively rapid star like Bernard's star to move a distance in the skies equal to the
diameter of the earth's moon. When the apparently negligible movement of the stars is contrasted
with the movement of the planets, the stars are seemingly unmoving.

1. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

a. What the eye can see in the sky
b. Bernard's star
c. Planetary Movement
d. The Evermoving stars

2. The expression "naked eye" in line 1 most probably refers to

a. a telescope
b. a scientific method for observing stars
c. unassisted vision
d. a camera with a powerful lens

3. According to the passage, the distances between the stars and Earth are
a. barely perceptible
b. huge
c. fixed
d. moderate

4. The word "perceptible" in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

a. noticeable
b. persuasive
c. conceivable
d. astonishing

5. In line 6, a "misconception" is closest in meaning to a (n)

a. idea
b. proven fact
c. erroneous belief
d. theory

6. The passage states that in 200 years Bernard's star can move
a. around Earth's moon
b. next to the earth's moon
c. a distance equal to the distance from earth to the moon
d. a distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the moon

7. The passage implies that from earth it appears that the planets
a. are fixed in the sky
b. move more slowly than the stars
c. show approximately the same amount of movement as the stars
d. travel through the sky considerably more rapidly than the stars

8. The word "negligible" in line 8 could most easily be replaced by

a. negative
b. insignificant
c. rapid
d. distant
9. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
a. starts do not appear to the eye to move.
b. the large distances between stars and the earth tend to magnify movement to the eye
c. Bernard's star moves quickly in comparison with other stars
d. although stars move, they seem to be fixed

10. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

a. the movement of the planets
b. Bernard's star
c. the distance from earth to the moon
d. why stars are always moving

11. This passage would most probably be assigned reading in which course?
a. astrology
b. geophysics
c. astronomy
d. geography

.
Vocabularies:

relative to: berhubungan dengan

stargazers: orang yg suka memperhatikan bintang
barely: hampir tidak
perceptible: nampak. jelas
prevail: terjadi, berlaku, menang
negligible: tak berarti, dapat ditiadakan, sepele

reading 2

The next artist in this survey of American artist is James Whistler; he is included in this survey of
American artist because he was born in the United States, although the majority of his artwork was
completed in Europe. Whistler was born in Massachusetts in 1834, but nine years later his father moved
the family to St. Petersburg, Russia, to work on the construction of a railroad. The family returned to the
United States in 1849. Two years later Whistler entered the U.S. military academy at West Point, but he
was unable to graduate. At the age of twenty-one Whistler went to Europe to study art despite familial
objections, and he remained in Europe until his death.

Whistler worked in various art forms, including etchings and lithographs. However, he is most famous for
his paintings, particularly Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1: Portrait of the Artists Mother or
Whistlers Mother, as it is more commonly known. This painting shows a side view of Whistlers mother,
dressed I black and posing against a gray wall. The asymmetrical nature of the portrait, with his mother
seated off-center, is highly characteristic of Whistlers work.
1. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses
A. A survey of eighteenth-century art
B. a different American artist
C. Whistlers other famous paintings
D. European artists

2. Which of the following best describes the information in the passage?

A. Several artists are presented
B. One artists life and works are described
C. Various paintings are contrasted
D. Whistlers family life is outlined.

3. Whistler is considered an American artist because

A. he was born in America
B. he spent most of his life in Americat
C. he served in the U.S. military
D. he created most of his famous art in America

4. The world majority in line 2 is closest in meaning to

A. seniority
B. maturity
C. large pices
D. high percentage

5. It is implied in the passage that Whistlers family was

A. unable to find any work at all in Rusia
B. highly supportive of his desire to pursue art
C. working class
D. military

6. The word objections in line 7 is closest in meaning to

A. protests
B. goals
C. agreements
D. battles

7. In line 8, the etchings are

A. a type of painting
B. the same as a lithograph
C. an art form introduced by Whistler
D. an art form involving engraving

8. The word asymmetrical in line 11 is closest in meaning to

A. proportionate
B. uneven
C. balanced
D. lyrical
9. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passsage?
A. Whistler work with a variety of art forms.
B. Whistlers Mother is not the official name of his painting.
C. Whistler is best known for his etchings.
D. Whistlers Mother is painted in somber tones.

10. where in the passage does the author mention the types of artwork that Whistler was involved in?
A. Lines 1-3
B. Lines 4-5
C. Lines 6-7
D. Lines 8-10

Reading 1

Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by combining
carbon disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today because of its
effectiveness as a solvent as well as its use in the production of propellants.

Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use. In the
past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used
throughout the home, but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it changes into a poisonous
gas that can cause severe illness and even death if it is inhaled. Because of this dangerous
characteristic, the United States revoked permission for the home use of carbon tetrachloride in
1970. The United States has taken similar action with various other chemical compounds.

1. The main point of this passage is that

A. carbon tetrachloride can be very dangerous when it is heated
B. the government banned carbon tetrachloride in 1970
C. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home
products.
D. carbon tetrachloride used to be a regular part of cleaning compounds
2. The word widely in line 2 could most easily be replaced by
A. grandly
B. extensively
C. largely
D. hugely
3. The word banned in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A. forbidden
B. allowed
C. suggested
D. instituted
4. According to the passage, before 1970 carbon tetrachloride was
A. used by itself as a cleanser
B. banned in industrial use
C. often used as a component of cleaning products
D. not allowed in home cleaning products
5. It is stated in the passage that when carbon tetrachloride is heated, it becomes
A. harmful
B. colorless
C. a cleaning compound
D. inflammable
6. The word inhaled in line 7 is closest in meaning to
A. warmed
B. breathed in
C. carelessly used
D. blown
7. The word revoked in line 8 could most easily be replaced by
A. gave
B. granted
C. instituted
D. took away
8. It can be inferred from the passage that one role of the U.S. government is to
A. regulate product safety
B. prohibit any use of carbon tetrachloride
C. instruct industry on cleaning methodologies
D. ban the use of any chemicals
9. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
A. additional uses of carbon tetrachloride
B. the banning of various chemical compounds by the U.S. government
C. further dangerous effects of carbon tetrachloride
D. the major characteristic of carbon tetrachloride

FOR ANSWER KEY CLICK HERE.

inflammable liquid : cairan yang mudah terbakar

widely used: digunakan secara meluas
solvent: bahan pelarut
propellant: bahan pembakar
banned: dilarang
inhaled: dihirup
extensively: secara meluas