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GENERAL OBJECTIVES
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EPIDEMIOLOGI, Untuk Apa ?
Misi Public Health :
Mencegah penyakit
Mencegah kematian dini.
Membudayakan perilaku sehat
Mencegah penyakit dan kematian dini, dibutuhkan:
Kemampuan Identifikasi Penyakit , Faktor Penyebab,
Populasi Beresiko.
Kemampuan Pengembangan Kebijakan, Strategi, Sistem,
Program, Fasilitas Pelayanan, Research dll
Jadi Epidemiologi adalah “Tools dan Metoda”
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Ruang Lingkup masalah
kesehatan
Meliputi 6 D
1. Death ( Kematian )
2. Disease ( Penyakit )
3. Disability ( Kecacatan )
4. Discomfort ( Kekurangnyamanan )
5. Dissatisfaction ( Kekurangpuasan )
6. Destitution ( Kelemahan )
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Ruang Lingkup Epidemiologi
dalam masalah kesehatan ( 6 E )
1.Etiologi, mengidentifikasi penyebab dan faktor penyebab
penyakit dan masalah kesehatan
2.Efikasi, terkait dengan efek atau daya optimal yg dapat
diperoleh dari adanya intervensi kesehatan
3.Efektifitas, besarnya hasil yg dapat diperoleh dari suatu
tindakan ( pengetahuan atau intervensi ) dan besarnya
perbedaan dari suatu tindakan yang satu dengan yang lain
4.Efisiensi, pengaruh yang diperoleh berdasarkan besarnya
beaya yang diberikan ( konsep ekonomi )
5.Evaluasi ,penilaian secara keseluruhan keberhasilan
suatu pengobatan atau program kesehatan masyarakat
6.Edukasi ,intervensi berupa peningkatan pengetahuan
tentang kesehatan Masyarakat sbg bagian dari upaya
pencegahan penyakit
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POKOK BAHASAN
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LINGKUP BAHASAN
Konsep Dasar /
Pengertian
Prinsip Dasar
Tehnik Dan Metoda
Fungsi-Kegunaan
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PENGERTIAN/DEFINISI EPIDEMIOLOGI
1. Ilmu tentang Epidemi atau Wabah (Lama)
2. Ilmu yang mempelajari Frekuensi dan Distribusi penyakit dan faktor-faktor yang
menentukan terjadinya penyakit tersebut pada manusia (Mac Mahon & Pugh,
1970)
3. “Study of disease and other health related phenomena” in group of persons
(Kramer MS, 1988)
4. The study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in
human populations (Mausner JS, 1985)
5. Epidemiology is concerned with the patterns of disease occurrence in human
populations and of the factors that influence these patterns (Lilienfeld AM, 1980)
6. Study distribusi dan faktor determinant kejadian yang berkaitan dengan
kesehatan dalam populasi manusia (CDC, 1992)
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AREA POKOK
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Prinsip Dasar Epidemologi/Karakteristik
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Epidemiologi
Ilmu yg mempelajari masalah kes pada
Sekelompok manusia
Epidemiologi Epidemiologi
Diskriptif Analitik
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HEALTH PROBLEMS
APPROACH
WHAT is the health problem,disease or event and what are its manifestations
and characteristics ?
WHO is affected with reference to age,sex, social class, ethnic, occupation,
heredity and personal habits ?
WHERE does the problem occur, in relation to place of residence, geographical
distribution and place of exposure ?
WHEN does it happen, in terms of days,months,seasons or years ?
HOW does the health problem, disease or event occur,and what is its
association with spesific conditions,agents, vectors, sources of infection,
susceptible groups and other contributing factors ?
WHY does it occur, in terms of the reasons for its persistence or occurrence ?
SO WHAT interventions have been implemented as a result of the information
gained and what was their effectiveness ? Have there been any improvements in
health status ?
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AREA POKOK
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SCHEME FOR AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY CYCLE
DESCRIPTIVE
STUDIES
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS,
Profile ?
SUGGEST FURTHER- MODEL BUILDING
DESCRIPTIVE AND NEW FORMULATION OF
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
TEST HYPOTHESIS
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STRATEGI EPIDEMIOLOGI
Merumuskan Merumuskan Merumuskan
Hipotesa Hipotesa
Hipotesa
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Variable
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EFEK
Ya Tidak Jumlah
Ya A B A+B
Faktor
Resiko
Tidak C D C+D
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Analisis Hubungan Antara variable
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4 SPECIFICITY/DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
Measures the degree to which one particular
exposure produces one specific disease.
5 COHERENCE WITH EXISTING KNOWLEDGE
(BIOLOGICAL PLAUSIBILITY)
Support for the causal of an association exist if a
causal interpretation is plausible in term of current
knowledge about the factor and the disease.
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The sistematic thinking of causal
association
abcent
Statistical Association Conclude the
suspected factor
present is not implicated
in Etiology
present Conclude association is
Bias
abcent artifactual ( sporius )
Aply 5 criteria
satisfied
Conclude Association is Causal
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Pengunaan Epidemiologi
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PENGGUNAAN EPIDEMIOLOGI
LINGKUNGAN
• FISIK PELA
• BIOLOGIS YANAN KESE
• KIMIA DERAJAT HATAN
• SOSEKBUD KESEHATAN
• ERGONOMI
LIFE STYLE
(PERILAKU)
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2. RIWAYAT PENYAKIT
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4. Evaluasi dan Intervensi
Caring/Perawatan :
Curing / Pengobatan
Promotive
Penyembuhan
Preventif
Curatif
5.Individual Descision
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HEALTH PROBLEMS APPROACH
CLINICAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGIC
APPROACH PROBLEMS APPROACH
IN C
DI O
VI M
M
D
U
U NI
TY
CURING
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CARING 28
RESEARCH DESIGN IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTIC
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