• Topik Minggu 1:
– Himpunan
– Operasi-operasi pada Himpunan
• Tujuan instruksional:
– Mahasiswa memiliki pengetahuan, pemahaman, dan
kemampuan untuk menerapkan dasar-dasar ilmu Matematika
Diskrit dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan, khususnya di
bidang ICT (Teknik Informatika, Sistem Komputer, dan
Sistem Informasi)
• Mekanisme perkuliahan:
– Paparan teori: 2x50 menit
– Latihan soal (kelompok/individu): 50 menit
– Paparan dalam bahasa Indonesia, slide presentasi dalam
bahasa Inggris (menyesuaikan dengan textbook)
Textbook
R. Johnsonbaugh, Discrete Mathematics, Pearson International
Edition (7th edition), 2009
K.H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications,
McGraw-Hill (6th edition),2006
S. Lipschutz, et. al, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems
of Discrete Mathematics, McGraw-Hill (3th edition), 2009
Ketentuan Penilaian
• Tugas Mandiri
– Quiz (minimal 2 kali)
• Diumumkan seminggu sebelumnya
– Penyelesaian soal-soal latihan (kelompok/individu)
Disiplin Perkuliahan
Minggu ke Topik
1 - Konsep Himpunan
- Operasi-operasi pada himpunan
2 - Proposisi
- Operator logika dan tabel kebenaran
- Implikasi dan bi-implikasi
- Tautologi, kontradiksi, dan kontingensi
- Argument dan aturan inferensi
- Quantifiers
4 - Fungsi
- Barisan dan strings
- Deret jumlahan dan kalian
Pokok Bahasan (2)
Minggu ke Topik
5 - Relasi
- Matriks relasi
Minggu ke Topik
8 - Peluang diskret
- Koefisien binomial
- Identitas kombinatorik
9 - Algoritma rekursif
- Relasi rekurensi
- Penyelesaian relasi rekurensi
- Fungsi pembangkit
11 - Representasi graf
- Graf isomorfis
- Graf planar
- Permasalahan lintasan terpendek
Pokok Bahasan (4)
Minggu ke Topik
12 - Terminologi dan karakterisasi pohon
- Spanning Trees
- Binary Trees
13 - Tree traversals
- Decision trees
- Pohon isomorfis
- Game trees
14 - Kombinatorial sirkuit
- Aljabar Boolean
Definition:
A set is unordered collection of objects.
A = { a, b, c, d }
B = { 1, 2, 3 }
Notation:
a is an element of the set: a A
f is not an element of the set: f A
Describing a Set (1)
{…}
Set Builder
OR
{0, 3, 6, 9, 12}
{m, n, o, p}
{1, 2, 4, 8, 16}
Describing a Set:
Common Notations
Venn Diagram
Rectangle: the universal set U
Circle : sets, e.g. V
•a
U
•o
•e V •u
•i
Equality
Definition:
Two sets are equal if and only if they have the same
elements. That is, if A and B are sets then A and B
are equal if and only if
For every x, if x A, then x B
For every x, if x B, then x A
A=B
Examples:
A = {1, 3, 5}
B = {5, 1, 3}
C = {1, 1, 3, 3, 5}
A = B ? Yes
B = C ? Yes
Equality
A = { X | X2 + X – 6 = 0 }
B = { 2, 3 }
A=B?
No
A≠B
A = { X | X2 + 5 X + 6 = 0 }
B = { -2, -3 }
A=B?
Yes
Empty Set & Singleton
Definition:
Empty set or null set is a set that has no elements.
Notation:
, { }
Definition:
The set A is said to be a subset of B if and only if
every element of A is also an element of B.
Notation:
AB
U
A B
Subset: Theorem
(i) S
(ii) S S
Proof:
- Show that: for every x, if x then x S)
- Because the empty set contains no elements, it
follows that x is always false.
- It means that x x S is always true
(you will learn the truth table for conditional
statements in next week’s lecture)
Proper Subset
Definition:
The set A is a subset of B but A ≠ B
Notation:
AB
A B and B C
A B and B C
Equality of two sets
Definition:
IF A B and B A THEN A = B
Example:
B = {1, 1, 3, 5, 7}
|B|=4
Infinite Set
Definition:
A set S is said to be infinite if it is not finite.
Example:
the set of positive integers.
Power Set
Definition:
Given a set S, the power set of S is the set of all
subsets of the set S.
Notation:
P(S)
|S| = 3
|P(S)| = 23 = 8
Set Operations
(Operasi-operasi pada Himpunan)
Union
Definition:
Let A and B be sets. The union of the sets A and B,
denoted by A B, is the set that contains those
elements that are either in A or in B, or in both.
Notation:
A B = {x | x A or x B}
Union: Example
A = {1, 3, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 5}
Intersection
Definition:
Let A and B be sets. The intersection of the sets A
and B, denoted by A B, is the set containing
those elements in both A and B
Notation:
A B = {x | x A and x B}
Intersection: Example
A = {1, 3, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3}
A B = {1, 3}
Difference
Definition:
Let A and B be sets. The difference of A and B,
denoted by A – B, is the set containing those
elements that are in A but not in B. it is also called
the complement of B with respect to A.
Notation:
A – B = {x | x A and x B}
Difference: Example
A = {1, 3, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3}
A–B={5}
B–A={2}
In general : A – B ≠ B – A
Disjoint
Definition:
Two sets are called disjoint if their intersection is the
empty set.
Notation:
A B=
A = {1, 3, 5}
B = {2, 4, 6}
AB=
Cardinality of Union
Definition:
The cardinality of a union of two finite sets A and B
is | A B |
Notation:
|AB|=|A|+|B|-|A B|
Complement
Definition:
Let U be the universal set. The complement of the
set A, denoted by Ā, is the complement of A with
respect to U or U – A.
Notation:
Ā = U – A ={x | x A}
Example
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
U – A = all other alphabets
Definition:
The ordered n-tuple (a1, a2, …, an) is the ordered
collection that has a1 as its first element, a2 as its
second element, …, and an as its nth element.
Definition:
Let A and B be sets. The Cartesian product of A and
B, denoted by A B, is the set of all ordered pairs
(a, b), where a A and b B.
Notation:
A B = {(a,b) | a A b B}
Cartesian Products: Example
A = {0, 1}
B = {1, 2}
C = {0, 1, 2}
ABC=?
{(0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), …, (1, 2, 2)}
Students Courses
|Students| = m
|Courses| = n
|Students Courses| = ?
Exercises
Show that:
A (B C) = (C B) A
A (A B) = A
A (A B) = A
Venn Diagram:
A (B – C)
(A B) (A C)
Latihan Soal
&
Pembagian Kelompok