GURUH WIRASAKTI
• Syok adalah pengiriman substrat dan oksigen secara fisiologis yang tidak
mencukupi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan metabolisme jaringan
• Gangguan pompa jantung, sistem peredaran darah, dan / atau volume yang
dapat menyebabkan gangguan perfusi jaringan.
Inadequate
Cellular
Oxygenation
Inadequate
Anaerobic Lactic Acid
Energy
Metabolism Production
Production
Metabolic Metabolic
Cell Death!
Failure Acidosis
Compensatory Mechanisms
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)-Adrenal Response
SNS - Neurohormonal response Stimulated by
baroreceptors
• Increased heart rate
• Increased contractility
• Vasoconstriction (Systemic Vascular Resistance/ SVR-
Afterload)
• Increased Preload
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
Plasma
Kidney
volume
Detected by (juxtaglomerular
&/Or apparatus)
[Na+] Releases
Via ACE
(Angiotensin
Converting Renin
Enzyme)
Converts
Angiotensin II…
Angiotensin I… Angiotensinogen
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
vasoconstriction PVR
Angiotensin II…
thirst
ADH
Fluid
(anti-diuretic BP!
hormone) volume
Penurunan pengisian
ventrikel (Preload, PCWP) Inadequate tissue perfusion
Penurunan CO (mekanisme
kompensasi)
% Blood loss Clinical Signs
< 15 (750ml) Peningkatan denyut jantung, pembengkakan
lokal, pendarahann
15-30 (750- Peningkatan heart rate, Peningkatan tekanan
1500ml) darah diastolic, Pengisian kapiler lama
• Other causes:
• Mechanical: complications of MI:
• Cardiomyopathies
• Papillary Muscle Rupture!!!! • tamponade
• Ventricular aneurysm • tension pneumothorax
• Ventricular septal rupture • arrhythmias
• valve disease
Gangguan kemampuan
memompa LV Patofisiologi
Penurunan stroke
volume
Penurunan CO
Penurunan perfusi jaringan
Penurunan BP
Mekanisme kompensasi
Gangguan kemampuan
memompa LV Patofisiologi
Ketidakmampuan
mengosongkan saat sistolik
Tekanan pengisian
Interstitial paru dan intra
ventrikel kiri (preload)
alveolar edema
• Pericardial tamponade
• Suara jantung terendam, elevated neck veins
• Tension pneumothorax
• JVD, deviasi trakea, penurunan atau tidak ada napas
unilateral suara, dan hyperresonance dada pada sisi yang
terkena
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
• Pulmonary & Peripheral Edema • PaO2
• JVD • UOP
• CO • LOC
• Hypotension • Hemodynamic changes:
• Tachypnea,
• Crackles
• Treatment is aimed at :
• Tujuan • Early assessment & treatment!!!
1. Mengobati penyebab reversible • Optimizing pump by:
2. Melindungi iskemik miokardium • Increasing myocardial O2
3. Meningkatkan perfusi jaringan delivery
• Maximizing CO
• Decreasing LV workload
(Afterload)
• Membatasi / mengurangi kerusakan miokard selama Myocardial Infarction:
• Peningkatan aksi pompa & menurunkan beban kerja jantung
1. Inotropic agents
2. Vasoactive drugs
3. Intra-aortic balloon pump
4. Cautious administration of fluids
5. Transplantation
• Pertimbangkan trombolitik, angioplasti dalam kasus-kasus tertentu
OPTIMIZING PUMP FUNCTION:
• Monitoring arteri pulmonalis suatu kebutuhan !
• Aggressive airway management: Mechanical Ventilation
• manajemen cairan yang tepat
• Vasoactive agents
• Dobutamine
• Dopamine
• Nor Epinephrine
OPTIMIZING PUMP FUNCTION (CONT.):
• Morphine as needed (Decreases preload, anxiety, sympathetic blunter, potent analgesic)
• Cautious use of diuretics in CHF
• Vasodilators as needed for afterload reduction
• Short acting beta blocker, esmolol, for refractory tachycardia
Hemodynamic Goals of Cardiogenic Shock
Tubuh dirangsang
Anaphylactic untuk memproduksi antibodi lgE spesifik terhadap
Response
antigen (obat, gigitan, kontras, darah, makanan, vaksin)
• Vasodilatasi
• Peningkatan permiabilitas pembuluh
darah Terpapar antigen kembali
Respons Anafilaksis
• Bronchoconstriction
• Increased mucus production
LgE mengikat sel-sel mast
• Peningkatan mediator inflamasi
dan basofil
• Respon segera setelah dipicu antigen
• Cutaneous manifestations
• Urticaria, erythema, pruritis, angioedema
• Respiratory compromise
• stridor, wheezing, bronchorrhea, resp. distress
• Circulatory collapse
• tachycardia, vasodilation, hypotension
• Early Recognition, treat aggressively
AIRWAY SUPPORT
• IV EPINEPHRINE (open airways)
• Antihistamines, diphenhydramine 50 mg IV
• Corticosteroids
• Segera penarikan antigen jika memungkinkan
• Pencegahan
• Pemberian kristaloid dengan tepat
• Vasopressors peningkatan perfusi organ.
• Positive inotropes
• Patient education
NEUROGENIC SHOCK
Gangguan Penurunan
Penurunan Stroke volume
perfusi supali oksigen
cardiac ouput menurun
jaringan seluler
Metabolisme
sel terganggu
PATIENT ASSESSMENT
• Hypotension
• Bradycardia MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Hypothermia
• Tujuan pengobatan untuk
•Akral hangat , kulit kering
menghilangkan penyebabnya atau
mencegah ketidakstabila
• RAP
kardiovaskuler dan meningkatkan
• PAWP
perfusi jaringan.
• CO
• Flaccid paralysis below level of the spinal lesion
• Hipovolemi pemberian cairan mencegah BP <90mmHg,
UO<30cc/hr
• Melihat kesadaran pasien
• Observasi resiko kelebihan cairan
• Vasopressors may be needed
• Hypothermia-
obervasi suhu tubuh, cegah peningkatan suhu tubuh
• Treat Hypoxia
Maintain ventilatory support
MANAGEMENT OF
NEUROGENIC SHOCK
• Observe for Bradycardia-major dysrhythmia
• Observe for DVT- venous pooling in extremities make patients
high-risk>>P.E.
• Use prevention modalities [TEDS, ROM,Sequential stockings,
anticoagulation]
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Fluid Volume Deficit r/t relative loss
• Decreased CO r/t sympathetic blockade
• Anxiety r/t biologic, psychologic or social integrity
Management Neurogenic Shock
Mediator Release
Activation of Complement, kallikrein / kinin/ coagulation
& fibrinolytic factors platelets, neutrophils & macrophages>>damage to endothelial
cells.
ORGAN DYSFUNCTION
• 2 Tahap:
• Fase awal = “Panas “shock
• Respon hiperdinamik dan vasodilatasi
• Fase akhir = ” dingin “ - shock
• Respon hipodinamik
• Dekompensasi
• EARLY---HYPERDYNAMIC STATE---
COMPENSATION
• Massive vasodilation
• Decreased SVR*
• Pink, warm, flushed skin
• Increased CO & CI
• Increased Heart Rate Full
bounding pulse • SVO2 will be abnormally high
• Tachypnea • Crackles
• L ATE--HYPODYNAMIC STATE--
DECOMPENSATION
• Vasoconstriction • Increase SVR
• Skin is pale & cool • Decreased CO
• Significant tachycardia • Decreased UOP
• Decreased BP • Metabolic & respiratory
• Change in LOC acidosis with hypoxemia
• Prevention !!!
• Find and kill the source of the infection • Maximize O2 delivery Support
• Fluid Resuscitation • Nutritional Support
• Vasoconstrictors • Comfort & Emotional support
• Inotropic drugs
• Efek dari endotoksin bakteri dapat terus
bahkan setelah bakteri mati !!!
Seminar PPNI Kab Probolinggo 31-1-16