oleh
IR. IN JUMANDA KASDADI, MT
(Staf Pengajar Jurusan Teknik Kimia Polban,
Kepala Laboratorium Pengendalian Proses)
Usaha untuk
mengetahui
mengenal
memperkirakan
adanya bahaya pada suatu sistem
(peralatan, unit kerja, prosedur, dll)
PENDEKATAN
Pendekatan Fundamental Pendekatan Teknis
(Fundamental approach) (Technical approach)
ANALISA BAHAYA
(HAZARD ANALYSIS)
KEGUNAAN
Mengetahui bahaya-bahaya yang ada
Mengetahui potensi bahaya tersebut (akibat,
frekuensi)
Mengetahui lokasi bahaya
Menunjukkan bahwa potensi bahaya-bahaya
tertentu telah diberikan perlindugnan
Menunjukkan bahwa bahaya-bahaya tertentu
tidak akan menimbulkan akibat kecelakaan
sehingga tidak perlu diberikan perlindungan
Untuk analisa lebih lanjut
KEUNTUNGAN
Dapat ditentukan sumber atau penyebab
timbulnya bahaya
Dapat ditentukan kualifikasi fisik & mental
seseorang yang diberi tugas
Dapat ditentukan cara, prosedur-prosedur,
pergerakan-pergerakan dan posisi-posisi yang
berbahaya dan untuk dicari cara mengatasinya
Dapat ditentukan lingkup yang harus dianalisa
lebih lanjut
Untuk tujuan dan keselamatan seperti
peningkatan mutu dan keandalan
SAAT IDENTIFIKASI
Pra-rancang Pendekatan Teknis
(pra-disign) (Technical approach)
Riwayat Insiden/Kecelakaan
Gejala
– Insiden Berulang
– Operasi terputus
– Biaya yang berlebihan
– Pemakaian tenaga yang berlebihan
– Banyak beban terbuang
– Keluhan karyawan
– Prosedur tidak karuan (interferance)
– Catatan Rumah Sakit
– Keterlambatan atau penundaan-penundaan
“PANCINGAN” 7 PERTANYAAN:
1) Sesuatu yang menakutkan
2) Bahaya yang mengancam teman sejawat
3) Insiden yang dialami
4) Ada bagian pekerjaan yang berbahaya
5) Minta Tolong
6) Penolakan atau penundaan pekerjaan
7) Perubahan Prosedur Kerja
METODE KARTU IDENTIFIKASI
TAHAP Identifikasi:
1) Menelusuri Sumber Bahaya
2) Mengenali Bahaya Potensial
3) Menentukan Potensi Bahaya
4) Menentukan Biaya & Prioritas
POTENSI BAHAYA
Bahaya Kimia: Zat Beracun
Bahaya Ruang Tertutup
Bahaya Temperatur
Bahaya Listrik & Api
Bahaya Getaran & Kebisingan
Bahaya Mesin
Bahaya Akibat Stress
Bahaya Mengangkat & Jatuh
Bahaya dari Ergonomik
Bahaya Otomatisasi & Teknologi
Bahaya Radiasi
Bahaya Penyakit-penyakit di Lingkungan
Kerja
BAHAN BERACUN
Inhalation
Bahan kimia masuk melalui pernafasan (konsentrasi, lama, volume)
Absorption
Bahan kimia masuk melalui jaringan kulit dan darah
Ingestion
Bahan kimia masuk melalui mulut
Injection
Bahan kimia masuk ke jaringan darah dengan cara disuntikan
Dose Threshold
Dosis yang dapat mengakibatkan efek yang tampak.
Lethal Dose
Dosis yang dapat menyebabkan kematian.
Lethal Concentration
Konsentrasi yang dapat menyebabkan kematian
Melindungi pekerja
Pedoman untuk perencanaan proses produksi
Merancang teknologi pengendalian kualitas udara
termasuk ventilasi ruang kerja
Menentukan substitusi bahan proses produksi
yang lebih aman
Menentukan alat perlindungan diri yang sesuai
(Personal Protection Equipment PPE)
Membantu menentukan diagnosa gangguan kerja
Exposure Limits for Gaseous Pollutans (ppmv)
CO 50 25 25 - 10 mg/m3
CO2 5.000 5.000 5.000 30.000 -
NO 25 25 25 - -
SO2 5 2 2 5 0,06 mg/m3
NO2 5 3 3 5 0,1 mg/m3
Istilah - istilah
TLVs : The maximum concentration of a hazardous of a
substance in a workplace to which workers may
be exposed to for a normal 8 hour day or a 40
hour working week
Ceiling Exposure Limit : The maximum concentration of a
hazardous substance in workplace that should
never be exceeded during any part of the
working day
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) : The maximum
concentration of a hazardous Substance in a
workplace to which workers may be exposed for
up to 15 minutes continuously
ADI : Acceptable daily intake
LEL (Lower Explosion Limit) : percentage composition of
combustible as mixed with other gases or air,
above with the mixture explodes when ignited
BAHAYA RUANG TERTUTUP
(Confined Space)
NB: heat stress can quickly develop into heat stroke which
can be fatal. Act early if you are feeling unwell.
Symptoms of Too Much Heat
Confusion Aggression
High pulse rate Hot dry skin
No sweating Unconsciousness
How to Avoid Heat Stress/Stroke
ENGINEERING CLOTHING
Loose fitting clothing aids
Exhaust hot and high water vapour air
from building. Increase air flow evaporative cooling
Install barriers to reflect radiant heat Remove hard hats when not required
Use power tools to save manual labour
DRINKING WATER
Erect temporary shade cloths if working
outside Have good quality, cool water readily
WORK PRACTICES available (add minimal flavouring if
required).
Plan your day around coolest times
Take adequate rest periods If sweating more than 5L, add some
drinking salts to your water
Cycle jobs (hot, not so hot, hot...........)
Leave heavy work to cooler part of day
Spend as little time in direct sun as
possible
Electrical & Fire Hazards
Dosis (mA) Efek pada Tubuh Manusia
<1 Tidak ada efek
1 Tidak ada bahaya langsung, tetapi keterkejutan akibat
aliran listrik bisa membahayakan
>3 Painful shock
6 Let-go current for women
9 Let-go current for men
10 – 15 Local muscle contractions. Freezing to the conductor for
2,5% of the population.
30 – 50 Local muscle contractions. Freezing to the conductor for
50% of the population.
50 – 100 Pingsan. Lebih dari 3 manit kematian
100 – 200 Kontak lebih dari ¼ detik dapat menyebabkan fibrillation
pada jantung & kematian
> 200 Jantung berhenti selama kontak dan dapat menyebabkan
kematian.
Electrical Safety
This does not mean that the piece of equipment you are about to use is
in good working order. YOU should check everything every time you
want to use it.
9 Keep air ventilation holes clear and free from dust and dirt.
10 Avoid getting the tool wet and take extra care in a damp
situations.
11 Do not allow leads to drag through or drape into water.
12 Ensure leads are in good working condition.
13 Do not overload power points, limit leads to outlet socket
design.
14 Ensure bits, teeth, attachments,heads, etc are in best working
condition.
15 Do not use any equipment that you are not comfortable with.
16 Only use equipment that you have been trained to use.
Fire Safety And Evacuation
All Orica sites have emergency and evacuation
plans and assembly points.
2 jam 91
– Mata
– Influenza
– TBC
– Hepatitis
– HIV/AIDS
– dll
Hazard Identification Methods
guidewords that can be considered
External and Environmental Hazards
Hazard Type Guideword Expanders
Natural Hazards Extreme Weather Temperature extremes; wave; wind; dust;
flooding; sandstorm; ice; blizzards
Lightning
Seismic Activity
Erosion Ground slide; coastal
Subsidence Ground structure; foundation; reservoir
depletion
Environmental Impact Discharges to Air Flaring; venting; fugitive emissions;
energy efficiency
Discharges to Water Drainage; water quality; waste disposal
options
Discharges to Soil Drainage; chemical spillage; waste
disposal options
Location and Layout Previous land use; vulnerable fauna and
flora; visual impact; local population; area
minimization
External & 3rd Party Hazards Sabotage Internal & external security threats