Session 2

By:
Sarah Suzanna,dr.
 Sulit?  perlahan-lahan menghilang
• pahami elemen-elemen istilah medis
• analisa sebuah kata berdasarkan asal-usul dan arti
 Tujuan:
• mampu membaca dan memahami bahasa medis
 Konsentrasi pada:
• elemen-elemen istilah medis
• paham singkatan standard medis
• bisa mengeja istilah medis
• penghayatan metode terminologi secara logis
• 75 %  Latin dan Yunani
• Hippocrates, Galen, Aristoteles (460 SM-
201 M )  menulis dalam bahasa
Yunani : bronchus, carcinoma, coccyx,
diastole, emphysema, erytheme,
glaucoma, herpes, meninges, pancreas,
thorax, dan urethra  masih digunakan
hingga 2000 tahun kemudian
• Tiap hari istilah2 br yang muncul dalam
kedokteran Latin kuno (30 – 79 M) ditulis
: abdomen, cancer, delirium, fistula,
hernia, patella, pus
 Hippocrates (460-370 BC)
• anatomis: acromion, apophysis,
olecranon,bronchus, thorax, meninges,
peritoneum, symphysis, ureter.
• konsep obstetri: bregma, chorion, dan lochia
• penyakit: carcinoma, emphysema, ileus, nephritis,
phthisis, kyphosis, dan lordosis.

 Aristotle (384-322 BC)

• alopecia [botak abnormal]
• glaucoma, exophthalmos,leukemia ...
• Istilah medis banyak berasal dari kata2 yang
digunakan untuk senjata, peralatan rumah
tangga, makhluk hidup, sayur2an, dan
buah2an.
• Setelah berabad2, kata2 dan frasa2 terus
ditambahkan dari berbagai bahasa dan aspek
kehidupan sebagaimana penemuan2/konsep2
dan teori2 baru menyumbangkan pengertian
untuk menjelaskan dan mengartikan kata2
tersebut
• Mayoritas istilah2 medis memiliki pengertian
yang jelas dan berarti.
• Sekilas, terminologi medis nampaknya
membutuhkan keterampilan teknis tinggi
dan perbendaharaan kata yang kompleks
untuk dipelajari, namun jangan khawatir!
Pengenalan kata2 medis yang demikian
banyak sebenarnya bisa jadi mudah.
• Terminologi medis  dapat dipilah2
dalam kategori kata yg logis, seperti
nomor2, warna2, dan opposit2. Selain itu
dikenal pula elemen kata : prefix, akar
kata (roots), suffix, dan bentuk kombinasi
(combining form)
• Contoh:
Pericarditis  peri- cardi/o -itis
around heart inflammation
Definisi = an inflammation around the heart
• Tak semua istilah medis mengandung prefix,
root, dan suffix; bisa hanya roots, bisa prefix +
root combining forms, bisa root + suffix
combining forms. Kemampuan Anda untuk
mengenali berbagai elemen kata dan
kombinasi2 kata yang sering akan
berkembang melalui latihan2.
 Dalam kuliah ini akan dikenalkan
banyak istilah medis dan anda akan
temukan prefix, roots, dan suffix2
yang sama dikenakan pada berbagai
kata dan memodifikasi pengertian
kata2 tersebut.
 Pronounciation (pelafalan) juga
merupakan hal yg penting
Prefix Meaning Example
Mono-, uni- One Monotone, unicycle
Primi-, prot/o first Primary, prototype
Bi-,di- two Bicycle, diverge
Dipl/o- Double Diplomat
Tri- three Tricycle
Quadri- four Quadruplets
Penta-,quinti- five Pentagon, quintuplets
Hexa- Six Hexagon
Hepta- Seven Heptane
Octo- Eight Octagon
Nona- Nine Nonagon
Prefix meaning example
Deca- Ten Decagonal
Deci- One-tenth Decibel
Centi- One-hundredth Centimeter
Milli- One thousandth Millimeter
Giga- One billion Gigabyte
Nano- One billionth Nanosecond

Ambi- Both Ambivalent

Hemi- Half Hemisphere
Semi- Half, partial Semicircle
Multi- many Multiple
• Colors are also a basic element of medical
terminology. Like many number prefixes, some
color prefixes also occur in everyday vocabulary
• For example, the chlorine found in swimming
pools was originally a greenish-yellow gas
before it was modified and combined with water
to purify and disinfect it.
• Certain color prefixes are used almost
exclusively in medical or scientific terms
• For example, a white blood cell is a leucocyte
(leuk = white + cyte = cell), and a red blood cell
is an erythrocyte (erythro = red)
• Note that there are two prefixes for white : alb/o
(Latin) and leuk/o (Greek)
Prefix meaning example
Alb/o White Albino
Chlor/o Green Chlorophyll
Chrom/o Color Chromosomes
Cyan/o Blue Cyanotic
Erythr/o Red Erythrocyte
Leuk/o White Leukimia
Melan/o Black, dark Melancholy
Polio Gray Poliomyelitis
Purpura Purple Purpura
Xanth/o Yellow Xanthodermic
lutea Yellow lutein
 Leuk/o  White
 Melan/o  Black (dark
 Erythr/o pigment)
 Cyan/o  Red
 Chlor/o  Blue
 Xanth/o  Green
 Yellow
 Blue skin  Cyan/o/derma
 Red skin  Erythr/o/derma
 White skin (vitiligo)  Leuk/o/derma
 Yellow skin  Xanth/o/derma
 Black (discolored  Melan/o/derma
skin)
 Several basic medical prefixes can be
considered in pairs because they are
opposites : eu and mal (good and
bad), and ther/o and cry/o (hot and
cold) are examples
Prefix Meaning Example
Brady- Slow Bradycardia
Tachy- Fast Tachometer
Cry/o- Cold Cryosurgery
Therm/o- Hot,temperature Thermometer
Eu- Good, normal Euthanasia
Mal- Bad Malpractice
Neo- New Neonatal
Geri-, geron Old Geriatrics,
gerontology
Poly-,multi- Many,much Polygraph
Olig/o- Few, little Oligopoly
Hyper- Over,high Hypertension
Hypo- Under, low, below Hypodermic
Bi/o Life Biography
prefix meaning example
Necr/o Death Necrophilia
Acute Of short duration Acute laryngitis
Chronic Of long duration Chronic laryngitis
 The following prefixes express different
aspects of the concept of negative
 Some, like anti- (against), are probably
already familiar to you. Others, like ana-
(away from) may be less obvious
 Note particularly the prefix dys- (different
or painful). It will come up often as a part
of many medical conditions
Prefix Meaning Example
A-,an- Not, without Anarchy, anemia
Ana-,ab- Away from Anabolic, abduction
Anti- Against Antibiotics
Contra- Against Contrary
De- Remove, without Dehumidify
Dis- Remove, absence Disconnect
Dys- Difficult, painful Dysfunction
In-,im- Not Insomnia, imposibble
Mal- Bad, poor malpractice
 To complete our introduction to
prefixes, this lesson presents a
collection of size and comparison
prefixes. Note that the prefix mega-
(huge, enlarged) is also used as a suffix
–megaly (enlargement).
 Also, note that scler/o has two very
different meanings : hard or eye
 Check the context of an unfamiliar word
containing scler/o before you assume
what it means
Prefix Meaning Example
Heter/o Different Heterosexual
Hom/o Same Homosexual
Lept/o Thin Leptoderm
Pachy - Thick Pachyderm
Macro- Large Macroeconomics
Mega- Huge, enlarged Megadose
Micro- Small Microscope
Orth/o- Straight Orthodontist
Pseudo- False Pseudonym
Re- Again,back Rerun
Scler/o- Hard,eye Scleroma
Tele/o Far Telescope
Ultra- Beyond, excess Ultraviolet
Xer/o- Dry Xerox
 Many medical prefixes describe the
relative positions of things, such as
dia- and trans- (across)
 Some prefixes may seem unfamiliar
at first, such as ab- (away from) and
peri- (around), but are actually used
in common words, such as abnormal
and perimeter.
Prefix Meaning Example
Ab- From, away Abnormal
Ad- Toward,to Adrenal
Dia- Across,through Diameter
Trans- Across Transport
Para- Near, beside Paraprofessional
Per- Through,by means of Permeate
Peri- Around Perimeter
Pro- For, forward Progress
Sub- Under Submerge
Super- Above, beyond Supervisor
Supra- Above,beyond Suprarenal
Dextr- Right Dextra
Dextro- Right Dextrocardia
Levo- Left Levorotation
Sinistro- Left Sinister
Prefix Meaning Example
Ecto- On the outside Ectoderm
Ex/o, exo- Outside,away Exotic
En- Inside,within Envelope
Endo- Inside,within Endocrine
Ento- Inside,within Entocyte
Epi- Upon, over Epicenter
Meso- Middle Mesoderm
Retro- Behind,backward Retroactive
Infra- Below Infrastructure
Inter- Between Intermission
Intra- Within Intravenous
Prefix Meaning Example
Ante- Before Antenatal
Crypt/o Hidden Cryptic
Meta- Change Metamorphosis
Noct/i- Night Nocturnal
Pan- All Pandemic
Omni- All Omnipresent
Post- After,behind Postnatal
Pre- Before,in front of Premature
 SEKIAN DULU
END OF Session 2