2 Perioperative Pediatric
2 Perioperative Pediatric
Perioperative Care
• Pediatric Anesthesia is an important sector effective & safe
management in the perioperative period.
• High-income countries : guidelines, checklists, instruments, dedicated
pediatric anesthesiologists.
• Low/middle-income countries : basic anesthesia services for improving
the high rate of morbidity/mortality are still lacking.
The aim of anesthesia & surgery is
safety
Safety means
accident prevention
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure
Family
Pediatric anesthesia without tears
• 65% pasien anak akan merasa takut & cemas.
• Nyeri, pisah dengan orang tua, lingkungan/bau yang asing.
• Pemasangan infus dan induksi anestesi dipaksakan emergence
delirium , gangguan perilaku/adaptasi pascabedah.
• Premedikasi (farmakologis/non-farmakologis) untuk membantu
induksi yang lebih halus.
Air mata ↓ ↓↓ –
BJ Urine >1.020 ↑↑ ↑↑↑ - anuria
Tipe Dehidrasi
• Isotonik :
• Serum Na = 130-150 mEq/L
• 80% kasus dehidrasi
• Hipertonik :
• Serum Na > 150 mEq/L
• 15% kasus dehidrasi
• Hipotonik :
• Serum Na < 130 mEq/L
Jalur intravena terpasang dalam waktu < 90 detik
Determinants of Oxygen Delivery (DO2)
Fluid resuscitation
Penelitian pada 2,000 pasien (op elektif) :
• 60% pemeriksaan lab rutin, tanpa indikasi
• hanya 0.2 % nilai abnormal tidak merubah
perencanaan anestesi/bedah
Penelitian lain 82% tanpa ada indikasi.
Hanya 10 (0.004%) abnormal , 4 mempunyai nilai klinis
bermakna (0.001%)
Health Benchmarks® Program Clinical Quality Indicator Specification 2010
35
Pengaruh hipotermi
• Meningkatkan waktu pulih sadar.
• Meningkatkan potensi anestesi.
• Memperlambat metabolisme obat.
• Mengakibatkan kardiovaskuler kurang stabil
• Depresi fungsi kognitif
Surgical site infection & hypothermia
Wound Infection (%)
Normothermia is more
16 P = 0.001
effective than antibiotics!
Melling et al
12
0
Hypothermic Normothermic
Penghangat infus
Matras penghangat
desinfeksi
keringkan
precordial stethoscope
Intraoperative Transfusion Trigger
Premature 40 – 45 35 90 – 100
Newborn 45 – 65 30 – 35 80 – 90
3 Months 30 – 42 25
4 Year 34 – 42 20 – 25 70 – 80
6 Years 35 – 43 20 – 25 70
CONTOH :
Anak 10 kg , Hct 42%.
Berapa ‘maximal allowable blood loss’ jika diharapkan Hct terrendah 25% ?
PainPain
assessment
therapy
Pain documentation
42
Pediatric Pain Assessment
MASALAH UNTUK
KELOMPOK ‘NON-
VERBAL’
PainPain
assessment
therapy
Pain documentation
Pain Definition
Is not for baby!
(G.Noia et al, 2008)
44
‘Non-verbal Age’ Pain Assessment
‘Behavioural parameters’
‘Physiological parameters’
Cohen LL , 2008
Skala Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability (FLACC)
Merkel,1997
Kategori Nilai
0 1 2
Face Ekspresi biasa Menyeringai Merengut
Senyum Merengut Otot rahang kontr.
Dahi mengerut Dagu gemetar
No pain : 0 ; Mild pain : 1-3 ; Moderate pain : 4-6 ; Severe pain : 7-10
46
Pediatric Anesthesia 22 (2012)
PPPM
SCORE
CUTOFF
PPPM
SCORE
POSTOP
DAY
TONSILLECTOMY
ORCHIDOPEXY
HERNIOTOMY
Caudal epidural analgesia
Most popular central block
Easiest & safest approach
Excellent analgesia-painfree awakening
Applicable to children of all ages
Brachial plexus block (Axillary approach)
Brachial plexus block (supraclavicular
approach)
Post
Thoracotomy
Thanks for your
attention