KELOMPOK 5

N
A
M
A
☺ ANASTASIA IRENE

K ☺ MARTHA SAMORIA O. LODEN

E
L ☺ SONIA GRACELLA MANTOLAS
O
M ☺ INGGRID FEBRIZIA BADJ
P
O ☺ MEILANIA CHRISTIA FANGGI
K
Pajanan Toksikan

Suatu toksikan merupakan bahan yang

memiliki sifat-sifat toksik; dapat merupakan
suatu zat kimia toksik yang tunggal atau
berupa campuran senyawa kimia toksik.
Contohnya : timbal kromat, asbestos, dan
bensin semuanya adalah bahan toksik.
 Jalur Pajanan Toksikan
  Inhalasi
Merupakan jalur pajanan bagi toksikan yang berwujud debu/partikel, gas, asap, atau uap. Ketika
bahan toksikan masuk lewat inhalasi, bahan tersebut dapat dikeluarkan kembali lewat ekshalasi
atau dapat menetap dalam saluran pernapasan dan menimbulkan gangguan
Dermal (Kontak Kuit)
Merupakan jalur pajanan toksikan yang berwujud cair dengan kemampuan menguap dan dapat
menjadi jalur masuk toksikan zat padat. Berbagai bahan toksik dapat melewati pelindung atau
penghalang kulit, diserap oleh sistem sirkulasi, dan disebarkan ke seluruh organ internal, hingga
menimbulkan gangguan.
Ingesti
Toksikan dapat masuk ke dalam mulut dan tertelan. Jika tertelan, toksikan akan melewati saluran
cerna. sebagian toksikan dapat diekskresikan melalui feses, namun sebagian lainnya dapat diserap
oleh saluran cerna, masuk ke dalam darah dan memberi efek sistemik dalam tubuh.

Multimedia
Pengukuran Paparan
 
Diukur berdasarkan waktu, tempat, dan dosis

 Waktu paparan yaitu lamanya setiap kali paparan

terjadi, frekuensi paparan, dan interval waktu antara
masing-masing paparan
 Tempat paparan ialah lokasi geografis dan lokasi
pada tubuh
 Dosis paparan ialah jumlah agent atau agent
potensial yang masuk ke dalam tubuh.
Penentuan Efek/Kasus/Penyakit
 
Efek yang merugikan (adverse effect) adalah perubahan morfologi,
fisiologi, pertumbuhan, perkembangan, reproduksi, ataupun masa hidup
organisme hidup
Efek toksik pada sistem biologi akibat pajanan toksikan akan muncul bila
bahan kimia tersebut atau hasil metabolismenya (metabolitnya) telah mencapai
organ target dengan konsentrasi dan waktu tinggal yang cukup untuk
memunculkan efek tersebut.

 Efek lokal adalah efek yang muncul di mana toksikan tersebut berkontak
dengan tubuh manusia. Contoh : kontak antara asam klorida dan kulit akan
menyebabkan iritasi pada kulit di mana asam klorida tersebut berkontak.
 Efek sistemik adalah efek yang muncul pada organ taget dan jauh dari
lokasi pertama kali kontak. Efek ini muncul setelah toksikan mengalami
proses absorpsi, distribusi, dan metabolisme.
 Pengukuran Efek

Pengukuran Efek adalah respon umum suatu organisme terhadap

paparan, yang salah satunya penyakit. Efek dapat berupa penyakit nyata
klinis atau yang dapat dirasakan atau belum diukur

Efek yang di ukur dibagi menjadi 2 :

 Efek langsung (uji fisik klinis , uji biokimiawi , dll)
 Efek tidak langsung : menggunakan indikator
Indikator kependudukan (laju pertumbuhan oenduduk, kepadatan
penduduk, angka kelahiran dan kematian)
Indikator status sosial (pendidikan, ekonomi,, beban tanggungan , dll)
Indikator lingkungan (luas hunian, presentase rumah sehat, air berish, dll)
Indikator kesehatan masyarakat (mortalitas dan motdibitas)
  
Indikator yang berpengaruh pada penentuan taraf efek

Validitas Pengukuran Realibitas Pengukuran

alat ukur dikatakan valid jika mengukur apa yang 01 02 Reliabilitas pengukuran mengindikasikan stabilitas
hendak diukur dan mampu mengungkapkan data dan konsistensi dalam pengukuran
tentang karakteristik gejala yang diteliti secara tepat
Ada dua faktor yang mempengaruhi validitas pengukuran,
yaitu :
 Faktor Internal
- Operasional Variabel
- Ketepatan penentuan skala pengukuran
 Faktor Eksternal
- Faktor pengumpulan data
- Faktor unit observasi
- Faktor pelaksanaan
 Mortalitas dan Mordibitas
Dalam epidemiologi ukuran yang banyak digunakan dalam menentukan mortalitas dan mordibitas yaitu :

  Angka (Rate)
Merupakan proporsi dalam bentuk khusus,
perbandingan antara embilang dan penyebut
dinyatakan dalam batas waktu tertentu

 Proporsi
Adalah perbandingan dua nilai kuantitatif
yang pembilangnya merupakan bagian dari   Rasio (Ratio)
penyebut Merupakan nilai relatif yan dihasilakn dari
perbandingan dua nilai kuantitatif yang
pembilangnya tidak merupakan bagian dari
penyebut.
 Exposure,Paparan dan Dosis

Eksposur/Pajanan dapat diartikan sebagai kontak antara toksikan dan manusia. Kontak tersebut dapat
terjadi melalui inhalasi, kulit, ingesti, ataupun injeksi (intentional poisoning).

Paparan adalah akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh adanya kontak antara toksikan dengan manusia.
 
Dosis didefinsikan sebagai jumlah atau konsentrasi agen, bahan kimia, atau toksikan yang terabsorpsi
oleh manusia. Dosis sering disebut juga sebagai jumlah toksikan per kilogram berat badan organisme
hidup.
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PORTFOLIO
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