Interaksi-interaksi Spesies dalam

Komunitas Tumbuhan
Toto Himawan

EKOLOGI PERTANIAN
Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya
Introduction
Introduction
 Dalam terminologi ekologis, suatu sistem pertanaman adalah
suatu komunitas yang dibentuk oleh suatu kompleks populasi
tanaman , gulma, serangga, dan mikroorganisme yang saling
berinteraksi.
 interaksi di antara populasi komunitas tanaman, dibangun dari
macam interferensi yang berbeda, sehingga terbentuk
karakteristik komunitas, yang disebut emergent qualities, dan
hanya ada pada tingkatan komunitas
 Secara khusus beberapa penelitian terdahulu lebih difokuskan
pada populasi tanaman daripada komunitas, yang sebenarnya itu
merupakan bagian dari komunitas
Introduction
Introduction
 Sehingga kehilangan kemampuan mempertimbangkan untuk
menggerakkan interaksi komunitas yang bermanfaat bagi sistem
pertanaman
 Selama ini yang dipertimbangkan hanya interaksi yang
merugikan (gulma, hama pemakan tumbuhan, penyakit)
 Pendekatan konvensional akan memperkecil interaksi
dibandingkan pendekatan secara agroekologi yang mencoba
untuk memahami interaksi spesies dalam konteks komunitas
yang lebih besar
Interferensi
Interferensi pada
pada level
level
komunitas
komunitas
2 tipe interferensi :

 removal - hilangnya beberapa sumber daya oleh satu

atau dua organisma yang saling berinteraksi
 addition - satu atau dua organisma menambahkan
beberapa struktur atau unsur kedalam lingkungan

Advantage of interference approach is that it allows a more

complete understanding of the mechanisms of interaction
Ways in which interference may combine to effect crop
community
Addition impact Removal impact

Combined removal and addition

Complexity of interactions :

 Interactions are complex and difficult to

discern

 Grass - clover example

Coexistence :

 Populations of similar organisms often share the same

habitat even though niches highly overlap
 Ecologists widely accept the idea that selection for
coexistence may be the rule more than the exception
 Many domesticated species have evolved in polycultures
 Understanding mechanisms of interference that allow
coexistence will help us design multiple crop
communities
 Combine species with slightly different physiological
characteristics or resource needs to promote coexistence
Mutualism :

3 Types:
 Inhabitational - one mutualist lives wholly or
partly inside the other (eg. Rhizobium bacteria
and leguminous plants)
 Exhabitational - organisms are relatively
independent physically, but interact directly (eg.
flowering plant and its insect pollinator)
 Indirect - interactions among a set of species
modify the environment in which they all live to
the benefit of the mixture; involve more than 2
species (eg. polyculture agroecosystem)
Mutualism :
Mutually
Mutually Beneficial
Beneficial Interferences
Interferences
at
at Work
Work in
in Agroecosystems
Agroecosystems
 Cover crop = plant species (usually grasses or legumes)
grown in pure or mixed stands to cover the soil of the crop
community for part or all of the year
 Green manure = cover crop tilled into the soil to add OM
 Living mulch = cover crop grown directly with other crops
 Reduce soil erosion; improve soil structure; enhance soil
fertility; suppress weeds, insects, and pathogens (see Table
15.1 for more benefits)
 May be beneficial at some times while detrimental at others
(see CASE STUDY rye/bellbeans)
With proper management, weeds can serve role of
cover crop

A.Modification of the Cropping System

Environment

B.Control of Insect Pests by Promotion of

Beneficial Insects
A.
A. Modification
Modification of
of the
the Cropping
Cropping System
System
Environment
Environment

 Weeds protect soil surface from erosion

 take up nutrients that might otherwise be
leached
 add OM
 selectively inhibit development of more
noxious species through allelopathy
B.
B. Control
Control of
of Insect
Insect Pests
Pests by
by Promotion
Promotion
of
of Beneficial
Beneficial Insects
Insects

 Certain weeds should be regarded as important

components of the crop community because of the
positive effects they have on populations of beneficial
insects
 Two or more crops planted together may reduce need
for external inputs
 Mostly used in the tropics
 Corn-bean-squash polyculture example
 - growing 3 crops together gave higher total yield
 - LER>1
Penggunaan Interaksi Spesies
untuk Sustainabilitas

 Tantangan bagi agroecologists adalah

meletakkan pemahaman ekologis ke dalam
konteks sustainabilitas