SUPPLY AND DEMAND

APPLICATION
Rizqi Anfanni Fahmi, SEI. M.S.I
“Ilmu itu didapat
dari lidah yang
gemar bertanya dan
akal yang suka
berpikir“
-Ibnu ‘Abbas
PRICE CEILING

PRICE FLOOR

CONSUMER AND
PRODUCER SURPLUS

TAX AND SUBSIDY

 PRICE CEILING
A maximum price that sellers may
charge for a good, usually set by
government

Intend to control prices at a lower

level than the equilibrium price in
the market

Caused by high price in the

market that impact a bad effect
for the economy overall
PRICE CEILING CURVE

D S
E2
P1
P E
HARGA
SHORTAGE

Pm HARGA TERTINGGI
A
D
S

Q2 Q Q1
JUMLAH
IMPACT OF PRICE CEILING

SHORTAGE BLACK FINE OR RATION

MARKET PUNISHMENT COUPONS
 PRICE FLOOR

a legal minimum on the price

at which a good and service
can be sold

To avoid
Price Floor is
producers
above the equilibrium
from the very low
price
equilibrium price
 PRICE FLOOR CURVE

SURPLUS

D S

Pmin
HARGA

E
P

S
D

Q2 Q Q1
JUMLAH
 MARKET EFICIENCY
CONSUMER SURPLUS
• The difference between the maximum
amount a person is willing to pay for a
good and its current market price

PRODUCER SURPLUS
• The difference between the current
market price and the full cost of
production for the firm
 LINK PRESENSI

s.id/PresensiMikro
 SOAL
Berikut ini adalah adalah daftar permintaan dan penawaran gabah:
HARGA (Rp) PERMINTAAN PENAWARAN
2000 2000 800
4000 1800 1200
6000 1600 1600
8000 1400 2000
10000 1200 2400

a. Buatlah kurva keseimbangan pasar!

b. Jika pemerintah menetapkan harga minimum sebesar Rp 8.000, bagaimana
gambar kurva keseimbangan pasar? Berapa kelebihan penawarannya? Berapa
yang harus dikeluarkan pemerintah untuk membeli kelebihan gabah?
c. Jika pemerintah menetapkan harga maksimum adalah Rp 4.000, bagaimana
kurva bergeser? Berapa potensi kerugian yang dialami petani?
HARGA (Rp) PERMINTAAN PENAWARAN
2000 2000 800
4000 1800 1200
6000 1600 1600
8000 1400 2000
10000 1200 2400
 KESEIMBANGAN PASAR
12,000

10,000

8,000

PERMINTAAN
PENAWARAN
6,000

4,000

2,000

0
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
 KESEIMBANGAN PASAR SETELAH PRICE FLOOR
12,000

10,000

8,000 Harga Terendah

(Price Floor)

PERMINTAAN
PENAWARAN
6,000

4,000

2,000
Jumlah yang
Jumlah yang diminta ditawarkan petani
konsumen
0
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

Penawaran > Permintaan = Surplus Penawaran

2000 – 1400 = 600 ton
Yang harus dibeli pemerintah = 600 ton/600.000 kg x Rp 8.000 = 4.800.000.000
 KESEIMBANGAN PASAR SETELAH PRICE CEILING
12,000

10,000

8,000

PERMINTAAN
6,000 PENAWARAN

Harga Tertinggi
4,000 (Price Ceiling)

Jumlah yang diminta

2,000 konsumen
Jumlah yang
ditawarkan petani

0
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

Permintaan > Penawaran = Shortage

1800 – 1200 = 600 ton
Potensi kerugian petani = 600 ton = 600.000 kg x Rp 4.000 = 2.400.000.000
 SUBSIDY

An amount of money given directly to firms

by the government to encourage production
and consumption
WHO ENJOY MORE SUBSIDIES??
LET’S DEBATE
LANGSUNG
DARI FIAI UII
ELASTICITY ON SUPPLY
IMPACT OF SALES TAX

BUYERS SELLERS

PAY MORE RECEIVE LESS

WHO PAYS FOR SALES TAX?
LET’S DEBATE
A tax paid to a
governing body for
the sales of certain
goods and services
WHO PAYS FOR SALES TAX?

• How the burden of a tax

TAX
is distributed between
INSIDENCE firms and consumers
TAX INSIDENCE AND
ELASTICITY
MORE ELASTIC
DEMAND, LESS
TAX BURDEN ON
BUYERS

MORE ELASTIC
DEMAND, LESS ON
QUANTITY
DEMANDED
ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY
MORE ELASTIC
SUPPLY, MORE
TAX BURDEN
ON BUYERS

MORE ELASTIC
DEMAND, LESS ON
QUANTITY BOTH
SUPPLIED AND
DEMANDED
 EXAMPLE
Lamborghini’s price is Rp 5 Billion on market.
On that price, the car production is 100,000
units. Due to the luxury tax, production is
decreased to 50,000 units and the selling price
is on Rp 7 billion.
 PRICE
S + Tax

D
S

Tax Paid by 7B
Consumers
E
5B
Tax paid by S + Tax
Producers 2B
D
S

50.000 100.0000

QUANTITY