Tenses

Verbal
Present
Simple Present
Function: Menyatakan realitas yang terjadi saat sekarang Mengungkapkan aktifitas yang selalu jadi rutinitas Menyuruh atau melarang Formula: ( + ) S + V1 + O + C ( - ) S + do + not + V1 + O + C ( ? ) Do/Does + V1 + O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + V1 + O + C + ? V: What + do/does + S + do + C + ? X: 5W.H. + do/does + S + V1 + + ?

Time Expresion
Always Every... Today On etc

Present Continuous
Function: Menyatakan aktifitas yang sedang berlangsung pada saat bicara Menyatakan aktifitas yang pada saat ini akan segera dilakukan Formula: ( + ) S + to be + Ving + O + C ( - ) S + to be + not + Ving + O + C ( ? ) To be + S + Ving + O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + to be + Ving + O + C + ? V: What + to be + S + doing + C + ? X: 5W.H. + to be + S + Ving + ... + ?

Time Expresion
At present Now Righ now This etc

Present Perfect
Function: Mengungkapkan hal yang baru saja terjadi Menyatakan situasi atau keadaan yang telah dimulai pada saat tertentu dan hingga kini masih ada Mengungkapkan hal yang telah terjadi berulang ulang sejak dulu Formula: ( + ) S + has/have + V3+ O + C ( - ) S + has/have + not + V3+ O + C ( ? ) Has/Have + S + V3+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + has/have + V3+ O + C + ? V: What + has/have + S + done + C + ? X: 5W.H. + has/have + V3+ ... + ?

Time Expresion
Just
Once Never Recently etc

Present Perfect Continuous

Function: Menyatakan suatu keadaan atau aktifitas yang sudah terjadi beberapa waktu lalu dan hingga kini masih berlangsung Menyatakan lamanya peristiwa yang mana aktifitas itu masih berlangsung saat dibicarakan Formula: ( + ) S + has/have + been + Ving + O + C ( - ) S + has/have + not + been + Ving+ O + C ( ? ) Has/Have + S + been + Ving+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + has/have + been + Ving + O + C + ? V: What + has/have + S + been + doing + C + ? X: 5W.H. + has/have + S + been + Ving + ... + ?

Time Expresion
Since... For... During... etc

Past
Simple Past
Function: Menyatakan aktifitas yang terjadi pada masa lampau Menggunakan kebiasaan di masa lampau Formula: ( + ) S + V2 + O + C ( - ) S + did + not + V1 + O + C ( ? ) Did + V1 + O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + V2 + O + C + ? V: What + did + S + do + C + ? X: 5W.H. + did + S + V1 + ... + ?

Time Expresion
At present Now Righ now This etc

Past Continuous
Function: Menyatakan aktifitas yang sedang dilakukan pada waktu tertentu pada masa lampau Menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang dilakukan saat kejadian lain terjadi secara bersamaan Formula: ( + ) S + was/were + Ving + O + C ( - ) S + was/were + not + Ving+ O + C ( ? ) Was/Were + S + Ving+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + was/were + Ving + O + C + ? V: What + was/were + S + doing + C + ? X: 5W.H. + was/were + S + Ving + ... + ?

Time Expresion
At 6 oclock yesterday On march last year At this time yesterday etc

Past Perfect
Function: Mengungkapkan aktifitas yang dilakukan sebelum aktifitas lain terjadi di masa lampau Menyatakan peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lampau dan selesai pada masa berikutnya di waktu lampau pula Formula: ( + ) S + had + V3 + O + C ( - ) S + had + not + V3+ O + C ( ? ) Had + S + V3+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + had + V3 + O + C + ? V: What + had + S + done + C + ? X: 5W.H. + had + S + V3 + ... + ?

Time Expresion
After Before When etc

Past Perfect Continuous

Function: Memberi tekanan pada lamanya waktu yang dihabiskan untuk menesalkan suatu aktifitas di masa lampau Untuk menyatakan aktifitas dimana aktifitas pertama masih berlangsung kemudian disusul kejadian selanjutnya di masa lampau . Tenses ini merupakan kejadian pertama sedan kejaian kedua menggunakan simple past Formula: ( + ) S + had + been + Ving + O + C ( - ) S + had + not + been + Ving+ O + C ( ? ) Had + S + been + Ving+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + had + been + Ving + O + C + ? V: What + had + S + been + doing + C + ? X: 5W.H. + had + S + been + Ving +... + ?

Time Expresion
For .. before Before When Until

Future
Simple Future
Function: Mengungkapkan aktifitas atau rencana yang dilakukan di masa yang akan datang Menatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan, diduga atau dikhawatirkan akan terjadi Formula: ( + ) S + shall/will + V1 + O + C ( - ) S + shall/will + not + V1 + O + C ( ? ) Shall/Will + S + V1 + O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + shall/will + V1 + O + C + ? V: What + shall/will + S + do + C + ? X: 5W.H. + shall/will + V1 + ...+ ? 6 Tonight Tomorow Next This weekend

Time Expresion

Future Continuous
Function: Menyatakan aktifitas yang akan terjadi pada saat tertentu di masa yang akan datang Mengungkapkan aktifitas pada masa yang akan datang berdasarkan rencana yang telah ditetapkan Formula: ( + ) S + shall/will + be + Ving+ O + C ( - ) S + shall/will + not + be + Ving+ O + C ( ? ) Shall/Will + S + be + Ving+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + shall/will + be + Ving+ O + C + ? V: What + shall/will + S + be + Ving+ C + ? X: 5W.H. + shall/will + S + be + Ving+ ... + ? Next on Friday At 8 oclock tonight Tomorow morning At this time next week

Time Expresion

Future Perfect
Function: Mengungkapkan aktifitas yang diperkirakan sudah selesai dilakukan sebelum atau hingga batas waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sudah dimulai dan akan selesai total di masa yang akan datang Formula: ( + ) S + shall/will + have + V3+ O + C ( - ) S + shall/will + not + have + V3 + O + C ( ? ) Shall/Will + S + have + V3+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + shall/will + have + V3+ O + C + ? V: What + shall/will + S + have + done + C + ? X: 5W.H. + shall/will + S + have + V3+ ... + ? 7

Time Expresion

By the end of .. By next etc

Future Perfect Continuous

Function: Menyatakan aktifitas yang diperkirakan sudah dilakukan akan terus dilakukam dalam jangka waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang Menyatakan aktifitas yang telah dilakukan secara berulang ulang Formula: ( + ) S + shall/will + have + been + Ving+ O + C ( - ) S + shall/will + not + have + been + Ving+ O + C ( ? ) Shall/Will + S + have + been + Ving+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + shall/will + have + been + Ving+ O + C + ? V: What + shall/will + S + have + been + doing + C + ? X: 5W.H. + shall/will + S + have + been + Ving+ ... + ?

Past Future
Simple Past Future
Function: Mmengungkapkan suatu rencana yang akan dilakukan di masa lalu tetapi gagal karena sbab tertentu (harus ada penggagal) Digunakan sebagai main clause pada conditional type II Formula: ( + ) S + should/would + V1 + O + C ( - ) S + should/would + not + V1 + O + C ( ? ) Should/Would + S + V1 + O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + should/would + V1 + O + C + ? V: What + should/would + S + do + C + ? X: 5W.H. + should/would + S + V1 + ... + ?

Time Expresion
Tidak dapat memiliki time expression khusus. Hal ini terpenting adalah bahwa rencana yang telah disusun tidak terlaksana karena sebab tertentu

Past Future Continuous

Function: Mengungkapkan aktifitas yang seharusnya tengah berlangsung pada waktu tertenu di masa lampau Formula: ( + ) S + should/would + be + Ving+ O + C ( - ) S + should/would + not + be + Ving+ O + C ( ? ) Should/Would + S + be + Ving+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + should/would + be + Ving+ O + C + ? V: What + should/would + S + be + doing + C + ? X: 5W.H. + should/would + S + be + Ving+ ...+ ? 9

Time Expresion
Seperti halnya past continous, tenses ini memiliki keterangan waktu lebih dari satu ekspresi

Past Future Perfect

Function: Menyatakan aktifitas yang seharusnya sudah dilakukan di masa lalu akan tetapi gagal karena sebab tertentu Digunakan sebagai main clause dalam conditional sentence type II Formula: ( + ) S + should/would + have + V3+ O + C ( - ) S + should/would + not + have + V3+ O + C ( ? ) Should/Would + S + have + V3 + O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + should/would + have + V3+ O + C + ? V: What + should/would + S + have + V3 + C + ? X: 5W.H. + should/would + S + have + V3+ ... + ? Before 2000 Before 9 oclock last night etc

Time Expresion

Past Future Perfect Continuous

Function: Menyatakan kegiatan yang seharusnya berlangsung selama beberapa waktu di masa lampau Formula: ( + ) S + should/would + have + been + Ving+ O + C ( - ) S + should/would + have + not + been + Ving+ O + C ( ? ) Should/Would + S + have + been + Ving+ O + C + ? Question Word: S: Who + should/would + have + been + Ving+ O + C + ? V: What + should/would + S + have + been + doing + C + ? X: 5W.H. + should/would + S + have + been + doing + ... + ? For... by last month For... by last year

Time Expresion

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Nominal
Present
Simple Present and Present Continuous
Formula: ( + ) S + is/am/are + C ( - ) S + is/am/are + not + C ( ? ) Is/Am/Are + S + C + ?

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

Formula: ( + ) S + has/have + been + C ( - ) S + has/have + not + been + C ( ? ) Has/Have + S + been + C + ?

Past
Simple Past and Past Continuous
Formula: ( + ) S + was/were + C ( - ) S + was/were + not + C ( ? ) Was/Were + S + C + ?

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Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous

Formula: ( + ) S + had + been + C ( - ) S + had + not + been + C ( ? ) Had + S + been + C + ?

Future
Simple Future and Future Continuous
Formula: ( + ) S + shall/will + be + C ( - ) S + shall/will + not + be + C ( ? ) Shall/Will + S + be + C + ?

Future Perfect and Future Perfect Continuous

Formula: ( + ) S + shall/will + have + been + C ( - ) S + shall/will+ not + have + been + C ( ? ) Shall/Will + S + have + been + C + ?

Past Future
Simple Past Future and Past Future Continuous
Formula: ( + ) S + should/would + be + C ( - ) S + should/would + not + be + C ( ? ) Should/Would + S + be + C + ?

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Past Future Perfect and Past Future Perfect Continuous

Formula: ( + ) S + should/would + have + been + C ( - ) S + should/would + not + have + been + C ( ? ) Should/Would + S + have + been + C + ?

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Passive
Simple Present
Formula : (+) S + Is/am/are + V + By O (-) S + is/am/are + not + V + By O (?) is/am/are + S + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + is/am/are + S + V + ... ? V : What + is/am/are + done + By O ?

S(o) : W. H + is/am/are + V +By O ? X : W. H + is/am/are + S +V + By O ?

Present Continous
Formula : (+) S + is/am/are +Being + V + By O (-) S + is/am/are + not + Being + V + By O (?) is/am/are + S + Being + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + is/am/are + S + Being + V +.. ? V : What + is/am/are + being + done + By O ?

S(o) : W. H + is/am/are + Being + V + By O ? X :W. H + is/am/are + S + Being + V + By O ?

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Present Perfect
Formula : (+) S + has/have + Been + V + By O (-) S + has/have + not + Been + V + By O (?) has/have + S +Been + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + has/have + S + Been + V + ... ? V :What + has/have + Been + done +By O ?

S(o) :W. H + has/have + Been + V + By O ? X : W. H + has/have + S + Been + V + By O ?

Present Perfect Continous

Formula : (+) S + has/have + been + Being + V + By O (-) S + has/have + not + been +being + V + By O (?) has/have + S + been + being + V + By O Question word O(s) :By W. H + has/have + S + Been + Being + V + ...? V :What + has/have + Been + Being + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + has/have + Been + Being + V + By O ? X :W.H + has/have + S + Been + Being + V + By O ?

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Simple Past
Formula : (+) S + was/were + V + By O (-) S + was/were + not + V + By O (?) was/were + S + V + By O Question Word : O(s) :By W. H + was/were + S + V +...? V :What + was/were + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + was/were + V + By O ? X :W. H + was/were +S + V + By O ?

Past Continous
Formula : (+) S + was/were + Being + V + By O (-) S + was/were + not + Being + V + By O (?) was/were + S + Being + V + By O Question Word : O(s) :By W. H + was/were + S + Being + V + ...? V :What + was/were + Being + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + was/were + Being + V +By O ? X :W. H + was/were + S + Being + V + By O ?

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Past Perfect
Formula : (+) S + had + Been + V + By O (-) S + had + not + Been + V + By O (?) had + S + Been + V + By O Question Word : O(s) :By W. H + had + S + Been + V +...? V :What + had + Been + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + had + Been + V + By O ? X :W. H + had + S + Been + V +By O ?

Past Perfect
Formula : (+) S + had + Been + Being + V + By O (-) S + had + not + Been + Being + V + By O (?) had + S + Been + Being V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + had + S + Been + Being + V + ...? V :What + had + Been + Being + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + had + Been + Being + V + By O ? X :W. H + had + S + Been + Being + V +By O ?

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Simple Future
Formula : (+) S + Will + Be + V + By O (-) S + Will + not + Be + V + By O (?) Will + S + Be + V + By O Question Word : O(s) :By W. H + Will + S + Be + V + ...? V :What + Will + Be + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + Will + Be + V + By O ? X :W. H + Will + S +Be + V + By O ?

Future Cuntinous
Formula : (+) S + Will + Be + Being + V + By O (-) S + Will + not + Be + Being + V + By O (?) Will + S + Be + Being + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + Will + S + Be + Being + V + ...? V :What + Will + Be + Being + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + Will + Be + Being + V + By O ? X :W. H + Will + S +Be + Being + V + By O ?

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Future Perfect
Formula : (+) S + Will + have + Been + V + By O (-) S + Will + not + have + Been + V + By O (?) Will + S + have + Been + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + Will + S + have + Been + V + ...? V :What + Will + have + Been + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + Will + have + Been + V + By O ? X :W. H + Will + S + have + Been + V + By O ?

Future Perfect Continous

Formula : (+) S + Will + have + Been + Being + V + By O (-) S + Will + not + have + Been + Being + V + By O (?) Will + S + have + Been + Being + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + Will + S + have + Been + Being + V + ...? V :What + Will + have + Been + Being + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + Will + have + Been + Being + V + By O ? X :W. H + Will + S + have + Been + Being + V + By O ?

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Simple Past Future

Formula : (+) S + Would + Be + V + By O (-) S + Would+ not + Be + V + By O (?) Would + S + Be + V + By O Question Word : O(s) :By W. H + Would + S + Be + V + ...? V :What + Would + Be + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + Would + Be + V + By O ? X :W. H + Would + S +Be + V + By O ?

Past Future Continous

Formula : (+) S + Would + Be + Being + V + By O (-) S + Would+ not + Be + Being + V + By O (?) Would + S + Be + Being + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + Would + S + Be + Being + V + ...? V :What + Would + Be + Being + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + Woud + Be + Being + V + By O ? X :W. H + Would + S +Be + Being + V + By O ?

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Past Future Perfect

Formula : (+) S + Would + have + Been + V + By O (-) S + Would+ not + Have + Been + V + By O (?) Would + S + Have + Been + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + Would + S + have + Been + V + ...? V :What + Would + have + Been + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + Would + have + Been + V + By O ? X :W. H + Would + S + have + Been + V + By O ?

Past Future Perfect Continous

Formula : (+) S + Would + have + Been + Being + V + By O (-) S + Would+ not + Have + Been + Being + V + By O (?) Would + S + Have + Been + Being + V + By O Question Word : O(s) : By W. H + Would + S + have + Been + Being + V + ...? V :What + Would + have + Been + Being + done + By O ?

S(o) :W. H + Would + have + Been + Being + V + By O ? X :W. H + Would + S + have + Been + Being + V + By O ?

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