First-Order Logic
Chastine Fatichah
Teknik Informatika
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
November 2012
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Pokok Bahasan
Mengapa FOL?
Syntax dan semantics pada FOL
Penggunaan FOL
Wumpus world pada FOL
Knowledge engineering pada FOL
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Logika Propositional
Logika propositional adalah declarative
Logika propositional mengijinkan informasi
partial/disjunctive/negated
(tidak seperti struktur data dan database)
First-order logic
Logika propositional mengasumsikan
dunia dengan fakta-fakta,
First-order logic (seperti natural language)
mengasumsikan dunia berisi
Objects: people, houses, numbers, colors,
baseball games, wars,
Relations: red, round, prime, brother of,
bigger than, part of, comes between,
Functions: father of, best friend, one more
than, plus,
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Constants
Predicates
Functions
Variables
Connectives
Equality
Quantifiers
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KingJohn, 2, NUS,...
Brother, >,...
Sqrt, LeftLegOf,...
x, y, a, b,...
, , , ,
=
,
Kamliat Atom
Atomic sentence = predicate (term1,...,termn)
or term1 = term2
Term
function (term1,...,termn)
or constant or variable
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Kalimat Komplek
Kalimat komplek dibuat dari kalimat
atommenggunakan konektivitas
S, S1 S2, S1 S2, S1 S2, S1 S2,
Misal: Sibling(KingJohn,Richard)
Sibling(Richard,KingJohn)
>(1,2) (1,2)
>(1,2) >(1,2)
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Universal quantification
<variables> <sentence>
...
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At(KingJohn,NUS) Smart(KingJohn)
At(Richard,NUS) Smart(Richard)
At(NUS,NUS) Smart(NUS)
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Existential quantification
<variables> <sentence>
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y x Loves(x,y)
Quantifier duality:
x Likes(x,IceCream)
x Likes(x,Broccoli)
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x Likes(x,IceCream)
x Likes(x,Broccoli)
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Equality
term1 = term2 bernilai benar dalam interpretasi
jika dan hanya jika term1 dan term2 merefer ke
obyek yang sama
Misal: pendefinisian Sibling pada term pada
Parent:
x,y Sibling(x,y) [(x = y) m,f (m = f)
Parent(m,x) Parent(f,x) Parent(m,y) Parent(f,y)]
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Penggunaan FOL
Brothers are siblings
x,y Brother(x,y) Sibling(x,y)
Sibling is symmetric
x,y Sibling(x,y) Sibling(y,x)
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Sumber :
1.Slide perkuliahan Stuart Russell's (Berkeley) http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/
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