Nyaman,,
Terprediksi,, dan Teruji Klinis
Terprediksi
Peter Wijaya, S.Farm., Apt.
Definisi Konstipasi
Prevalensi
Konstipasi terjadi sekitar 2-27% populasi
(menurut perspektif Eropa)
12% penduduk di seluruh dunia dilaporkan menderita
konstipasi
Tack, J. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation a European perspective.
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011; 23:697710
Terapi Farmakologis
Bulking agents (bran and psyllium,
methylcellulose)
Stool softeners (docusate sodium)
Stimulant laxatives (bisacodyl, sodium
picosulfate, senna)
Except for sodium picosulfate and bisacodyl, there is
limited evidence to support the routine use of these
agents.
Bisacodyl
(4,4-(Pyridin-2-ylmethylene)diphenyl diacetate)
Indikasi
Formulasi
Tablet:
Konstipasi
Persiapan prosedur diagnostik, terapi pre-post
operasi, dan kondisi yang membutuhkan defekasi
segera
Supositoria:
Mekanisme Kerja
Bisacodyl terhidrolisis menjadi senyawa bifenol
(BHPM) oleh enzim deasetilase endogen. BHPM
meningkatkan motilitas dinding kolon secara
langsung serta memiliki efek hydragogue
(meningkatkan kadar air feses). Massa feses
meningkat dan melunak, motilitas sekunder
meningkat, dan massa feses lebih mudah
dikeluarkan.
Bisacodyl
(4,4-(Pyridin-2-ylmethylene)diphenyl diacetate)
Dosis:
Absorpsi :
minimal melalui rute oral atau
rektal
Untuk konstipasi
Dewasa dan anak >10 tahun
Anak 6 10 tahun
Lactulose
(4-O-(b-D-Galactopyranosyl)-D-arabino-hex-2-ulofuranose)
Non-absorbable disaccharide
Dosis:
Indikasi
Konstipasi, konstipasi kronik
Portal-systemic encephalopathy,
termasuk pre-koma dan koma hepatik
kondisi parah
kondisi sedang
kondisi ringan
5 10 tahun
1 5 tahun
< 1 tahun
Anak
Mekanisme Kerja
Dalam kolon, Lactulose terhidrolisis
menjadi asam-asam organik dengan
berat molekul rendah. Hasil hidrolisis
ini akan menaikkan tekanan osmosis
dan suasana asam sehingga feses
menjadi lebih lunak.
2 x 15 ml/hari
15 30 ml
15 ml
2 x 10 ml/hari
2 x 5 ml/hari
2 x 2,5 ml/hari
15 25 ml
10 15 ml
10 ml
10 ml
5 10 ml
5 ml
: 3 kali 30 50 ml sehari
: disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pasien,
hindari terjadinya diare.
Dosis pemeliharaan
Sodium Picosulfate
Indikasi
Konstipasi dan kondisi yang membutuhkan defekasi
Absorpsi :
Mekanisme Kerja
Dosis:
Tetes 7,5 mg/1 ml (=15 tetes)
Dewasa dan anak >10 tahun
Anak 4 10 tahun
10 20 tetes (5 10 mg)
5 10 tetes (2,5 5 mg)
10
6-12 jam
Sweetman, S.C., 2009, Martindale: The Complete Drug
Reference, 36th ed, London: The Pharmaceutical
Press,p.1771
Methods:
103 patients regularly taking laxatives for the treatment of chronic constipation.
Treatment for three weeks with either lactulose syrup 50% or with placebo (glucose syrup).
Initial dose: 15 mL liquid
Daily dose: 8 mL liquid (after three consecutive days with defaecation)
If no defaecation occurred for more than 48 hours: the dose was doubled
11
10
Lactulose
4
2
0
1
4
Hari
Keterangan:
* Perbedaan signifikan vs plasebo [hari 1 (p=0,05); 2 (0,025); 3(0,05); 4(0,02)]
Grafik menggambarkan hari aksi BAB, tidak menunjukkan hari setelah operasi. Seluruh pasien diamati selama 7 hari setelah operasi.
10
Plasebo
8
6
**
Lactulose
**
4
2
0
12
Methods:
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group
in 27 centers in the United Kingdom.
Results:
Perbedaan dari rata-rata
jumlah CSBMs (Complete
Spontaneous Bowel
Movements) antara
Bisacodyl dengan plasebo
adalah 3,3 0,4 (berbeda
signifikan secara statistik,
p<0,0001).
Kamm, M. A., et al., Oral Bisacodyl Is Effective and WellTolerated in Patients With Chronic Constipation, Clinical
Gastroenterology And Hepatology 2011;9:577583
Forum Apoteker Indonesia - Surabaya
08 July 2013
13
Quality of Life
Skor PAC-QoL (Patient
Assessment of Constipation
quality of life) menunjukkan
perbaikan signifikan secara
statistik (p<0,0001,
pengecualian untuk
ketidaknyamanan psikososial,
p=0.0070).
Kamm, M. A., et al., Oral Bisacodyl Is Effective and Well-Tolerated in Patients With Chronic Constipation, Clinical
Gastroenterology And Hepatology 2011;9:577583
14
Conclusion
Oral bisacodyl 10 mg once daily is effective and well-tolerated
for the treatment of chronic constipation over a 4-week
period.
Patients can adjust the dose to minimize side effects while
maintaining efficacy.
Bisacodyl rapidly increases bowel frequency as well as the
frequency of complete bowel actions and has a sustained
effect.
Bisacodyl also improves constipation-associated symptoms and
has a positive effect on disease-related quality of life.
Kamm, M. A., et al., Oral Bisacodyl Is Effective and Well-Tolerated in Patients With Chronic Constipation, Clinical
Gastroenterology And Hepatology 2011;9:577583
15
Study:
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group
Objective:
assess the efficacy and safety of 4-week treatment with Sodium Picosulfate
drops, 10 mg administered orally once daily, in patients with functional
constipation (by the Rome III diagnostic criteria).
Mueller-Lissner, S, et al.
Multicenter,
4-Week,16
Double-Blind,
08 July 2013
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled
17
Conclusion
Treatment of chronic constipation with Sodium Picosulfate
improves many of the symptoms of chronic constipation, improves
bowel function, and is well tolerated over a 4-week period.
The dose can be adjusted easily as the drug is given in liquid form.
Mueller-Lissner, S, et al. Multicenter, 4-Week, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of
Sodium Picosulfate in Patients With Chronic Constipation. Am J Gastroenterol advance online
publication, 23 February 2010.
18