#
$%
%
'
!
"
& "!
( & !"
! "
"
) &
!"
)! ! * + %
)
" "
)
,
"
% % %! #
*
(
(
%
"! ) " !
-! (
!& ! "
%
& #
-! ) !!" *
#
#
#
!
& #
("&
#
)! ) !
" )
(
'
!
"
& " ## &
# !) ) !
,! )
& #"!
(
)!
(
"
&" & #
"
"
( )!
!
& #
" (#
#
!
#
"
%
"$
"
"
*
#"
*
&
# ! (
& ""! ) " "
&"
&
"! "
"! " ,! )
# ,! ) & #
*
#
" "!
"
"! " " #
#
) #
) ) ) "& #
! (
"! ) "
*
" ))!
,! )
#) ! "
" "!
( &
"
& "
'
"
&
!& # !
"
" !"
& #
*
") #
& # )"
%%#*
.
%%#
& #) ! ) #
!
"
& #
#
"
"
(!
"
0!
)
#
%"!
"! ' !
%
& )
)!
%! "
%
& #
!*
& # )
!1 "
" !
%
"
!)
(
/
"!
%
"!
"!
""
"*
$
, '
" '
-#
#% '
%%# )
' ,
%%#
" #
"
"
&) ) 2 !
3' ) #
%"
%
)#
$"
%!$ "
%! # #
# " ) ! #!
)
)! &
"*+ "
%! # # & #
$"
%!$ "
%!)%%#'
1' $ '
%%#
$"
%!$ "
%! & #) ! #!
"*
genetik
Sehat
Sakit
environment
%%# (#
"
(! !1 &"
& "
*
, & # 1 &
"
"
)
""!
(
)" " !
%
!
%
#
%) " *
2 !
")
") '
3
& ""
"
#
#
!
Sehat
Sehat
Perubahan
subklinis
Sakit
(klinis)
Sakit
"
%
%%#
"#
"
#
# )!
""
"
' )!
!
% %! & #
"
' )#
""
" ) !)
!"1 "'
(
& "& #) !
)
" 1 & #%#
!$
) # &*
%%#
" #
"
#,
#!
" !
%#
!
!, "$ & "
" %
"
"!
" %
*
Terapi/
Pelayanan medis
Sehat
Sakit
Promosi kesehatan
Upaya preventif
Pelayanan kesehatan
masyarakat
"
%%#
(!
"
*
! "$
"
!)
"$
& "
"
&
" !4
"
!)
(
& "
*
& " 1 "' %! #
5* 6 "
(! "
!)
& "
!"1 "
%%#*
"
!)
(
& " )
" "
*
"#
!)
"$
!"1 " & " 7
# !
(#
' &"
(#
+ "
' !)
(#
!)
" ,!
$
!
& #"!
(
-!
& # !# "
!%
!
&
&"
"
!)
(
"
)
& "& #
"
& "
persentase
40
30
20
10
0
1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996
tahun
Kota
Kota+Desa
Desa
) "
#
#! "
"
") ! ) "$" *
9!)
& #(#
!" #
#% #
! ' ! #
!)
!
#*
!"
"
#!
!1
'
&
!
Sensus 1971
Sensus 1980
Sensus 1991
"
(! "
!)
& "
!""
" ! # &"
!" "
& # )" % )" )"
2
& #
#
'
# 3 " )"
"
!
!" * 0"
)
!
"
"
#
"%%# & "
*
"
:
1 & )! "
# "#
#!
&
$
!
& "%
!
%
# # "!
" "'
&
) ) ' -!
('
"#
# '
#
!'
&
!
) # &*
0! "
!
%"
%%"
%
%%#
! "$
*
%
2484
Jawa Timur
2035
Jawa Barat
1619
127
DI Yogyakarta
DKI Jaya0
0
)# ) ! !
"#
#& $
!
(
"(
" (
%! #& #
!"
%%#
" (1 )
#
" (
)!
)#
%
!
% %! " $
!
) #
:
;
3
&) "
:
; %
"
%!
;& #
"
& "
*
#* +!
!"
%!
;2& #
") & &
'
2
# '
!
!
5*
%%#'
""! " # "
# !$
!
! # (#
) "" # "
3' "" (# #
! "! ) "2
$
!
% %!3
!
2
) #
3
2
&) "
3
(
!
% %!*
) # "!
"%
%
-!
" =
:
&
*
) #
"!
# '
) "
) #' <7
>% "
% 7 !"% !
1 "
) "
- "
5
5*???7 8*???
?'@ ! ) !
)
#51 " " @? !
5??1 "*
!"% !
1 "
578*
!8???
"
"
8* !
% %!
!
% %!
!
) "
! !"%'
2
&) "
3 "!
(#
!"
%!2
) #
3
&"
) "
! " *
>% "
%7 !
% %!
!8???
4*
) " )!
(
1 "
8*???:
4*???=5??ABCCA
"
%!
& #
" 0
&
-
"
"
!
"# $
!
& #"!
" "* " ! #
& #)!
)
" %
)#
" "
! ) # 2"!
( &3
"
& "
#
)#
! !
)
#
& #
1 " & #)!
)
"$"
%! "%%# 2
&) )3
& "
%
& #) !
) *
!% 1 "
" %
*
!
)
#
#
"!
""
% %
%%
5???*
! 2
3
# !$
!
) && # !
%
" #) ! !
"!
, 1 "
"
""!
" "'
!"
! ) "!
" "'
!"(
) &'
!" "" %
*0
&
&"
!
(
) ! %2 3 & " !
!
%
2>0 3
"
"!
" " )# %
CBR =
!
% %! (
!
"#
) && #
" *
!%
X 1000
"%0 &
# 0 !"0
!
# ) !" !D 8*@?? #
!
(
!
& #
%!
Ratio
BBLR =
2!"%00 3
(
)&
!
!% 1 " & #"!
" " )#
!% 1 " & #
*
X 10x
0
!
! & #
#
" %!
) "
!,
"
"- !" ! %! "$
' "
"
!) ") ! ' "
"
!) ") !
!
- "
*
!,
2 3
%
& #
!"
& "2
3 ! %
& #) ! %
!"
& ""! ) "
"!
" "*
P=
X 10x
'
'
)!
!% 1 "
!,
)
& #"!
(
)'
&
1 " "!
""
(
" & "&
'
1 " "!
" " 2"" 1 "3
'
& #
# !
&
"
5EEE )*
23
#
)!
!% 1 " "!
" "*
"
& #
# !
&5
!'
# "
& #"!
(
!%
& " !%
& #) !
X 10x
>% "
% 7
"
5EF?
%!
) & 58C
" %
) ! 8?*???'
#
58C:
8?*???=5???BC'4
:
5??? %
*
(
% 2 3
(
!% 1 " "!
( &
)
2 !" 3 "! "8C
1 "
# 8@
C?1 "
8?? ! *
7
"
"- !"
"
"- !"
"
"- !"
!
1 "
!
% ! "$2 3
"! !$ "
%!! %"!
"$ "
%!! %*
)!
! %
%!
!*
& ""!
" "& #
%!
* >% "
%7
" (
!
" 1 & ' 5@ !
"! ) "
%
! "! ) "
B8@:
8??=5??B58'@
B5@:
C?=5?? B8@
BH?:
8C?=5??B5@'4
!("! % %
& # "!
& " !
%
& #"!
& """ " "! !
Penyakit
Faktor
risiko
& " G+ !
& " "! ) "
+
-
RR = a(a+b)/d(c+d)
( "! "
"! !$ "
%!! %
$"
%!! %*
( "! "
%
& #"!
! "
& " ! "!
%!
""
!
"!
, 1 "
!
(
! $
!
"& #"!
" "*
"
"! %
& # "!
& " !
%
& #"!
& """ " "! !
2> 3
! # "
"
!) ") !
!$ "
%!! %
"
"
%" (
%
%
) #(
& #
& #
#
#
$
) #"
%"
%
Total populasi yang meninggal
CMR=
)
% 2
3
& #) ! ! ! # ! " "
& #
*
"
%" (
) #(
X 105
"
) && #
""
!
"
)
(
3 "! "
&
8F
#
#
#
#
"
" )&
! #
# 5)
" )&
!5)
#
# 5" *
!
"
#
" ) 2 3
& #)! "
#
"!
" " )#(
(
'
!
!
& #
"
!) & 5
#
#' *
& *
" & #
$
%!
))
"
&) )
!% 1 "
!% 1 " & #
"!
""
% 2>+ 3
#
"
!% 1 " "!
" " ) #(
& #
))
%
& "
! & ""! ) "
*
>% "
%7
& #
!"
& "@?
"! &
#
# %
! 7 @?:
5???=5??B@
"
"!
-"" ) !5???
"! ) "
*
>+
& "
Kategori
Jumlah
208.232.000
44.000
3.500
32.882
4.550
"
"
"
"
5EEE* G" # 7
- !" "
5EEE
% " !, 0 "$5
!5EEE
!% !, 0 "$
"
5EEE
"
) ! 0 "$ !% 5EEE
!
%, % - $" "
&!" 0 "
5EEE
(
!
"
%%#
#
& "
-#
& "& #
!!
))
,
&! "
"#
* "
%%#
" #
"
# "$
! %
& "
' $"
%!$ "
%! !
% %"$
!, "$ !
"
$ ""
"!
""
"!
" %
" * -! #! ) ! 8! - #
%%#
& # ! #& " " %) !
,"%
"
! "*
0
) !
, %
"
!
(
" %) !
, % &"
"! ") ) ! "
!
>!
%
""
! "$
$
"
%%#*
"*
!
"
"
"
"%
"
2 %"
%# " #
3
) "(# !
,
' !# #
"
!!
!,
& " " $"
%!! %
" %
*
#
)
#
!,
& "
"! % %
% % %
'
& #
$
)! !
! "!
" $"
%! ! %*
#
#
"
! !
,
&
#
"& #
- "
$
2"
$
%%1 3' ""
!
) #
))
)" "
!
# !
(
& "
! $"
%!
! %
1 " & #) !
*
>
"
%"
!
%
!
& ""!
""
%
'
& ""! ) "
"$
" !
"! # % 2
3 "
"
!% "!
" "2 ! ! '
3' 3
-!
"! ) " )
& "! ! " $ "
%!! % 2 =% !3 "
" '
%"
!
% )#
)
# " - &"
, & #
"
!"
"
*
# ! $
!
"
!
)
# % "! !
$"
%!! %
"!
& #
!"
"
%"
!
%*
- # %"
!
% ! "$- "
' " "!
)!
& #!"
*
- #
"
& #(! #"!
( 2
3*
Eksposur (+)
Kasus
Eksposur (-)
populasi
Eksposur (+)
Kasus
Eksposur (-)
)# %"
%'
" G!
)" & #
# " "! "
"& ") "
!
%
") &
! % ,#
& #
# "
!
!
1"
! ('
)
# ! %
!"! ) " # % "
!
%' &
! & #
! "
!"
!
*
Karsinoma vagina
Pemakaian
diethylstill
bestrol
+
-
B :
)>% %!
"
!- # % %!
"
'
)&
"
" (
!
"!
))
!
& "& # " "*
"! & "! " )&
"
"! ! " $ "
%!! %
#
" " & #
# )!
,! '
"
"! !$ "
%!! %"! ) "
*
#
# % %
2$
%%1 3 "
#"
- %"
% )!
& "
*
#
$
!
! !
)
# ! % "! )& & # "!
! "! !$ "
%!! %"!
%
& #"!
& """
"! ! " $ "
%!! %*
& #
& #
"
!
& "
"
Penyakit (+)
Eksposur (+)
Penyakit (-)
populasi
Penyakit (+)
Eksposur (-)
Penyakit (-)
"
%%#
&
-!
"! ! ! (
2 ' '
3* > #
!
%
!"! 3
#
(
# 2 )
) 3,
*
- #
> )
& #
"! & # ) !*
"
% % "!
% %
- # "
) # )!
!
2
+
"
-#
"
)&
%"
!
%*
"7
"*
%%#
! "
( -#
" 2%) "
'
"
&
:>3
&# "
& (,
#,
%
!
%#
!
!, "$ "
-! ! %
(
" %"
% & #
#
*
terapi
outcome
kontrol
outcome
populasi
"(
$
%!
!!
!"%*
# ! & #
"#
#' & "
%
'
!"
%!
"
'
!"!
,
"! ! "
"
)
"#
%!*
"! ! !
"#
%!
%
) " %"
% ' "# "
) %"
% *
"#
%!) !$""!
-! "#
2 !!
, ! '3
)( "!
)# ) 2
' , ! '3*
>% "
% 7 (
2 ! ' 1 "3' ""
!1
2
'
(#
'
( :
"' ( :
-! 3
" )
%!
))
"#
%! "#
%!& #
>% "
% 7
)
!
%% 2)
!
%% ) !"
3
"!
, (!
"!
"
"#
%!
% )% "
'%"
%
!25@"' @5?"'
!"%
$"
"!
, (#
! "!" & #
!"
* >% "
% 7 ) !")
-! #! )
! "
%
"
"
"
!#
"
"! &3
% )% "
' & " % ) !!
"
!
%#
! *
)# )! "
7
# " :) !
, '
"
%
)!
,!
! # " ,
!
"
!
!
"
!
"! %#
!$'
!
%)%%# "
"
!
!
#
#
"
"
& #
# -!
# " & #
"
#
#
" "
6 1 -! "!"
! "! #
% !
% !& #
#
#
" %
"!
' -!
! "$
$
%!
!
%! #
! %
!
" -! "!
)
!"1 "
(
9
!*
"
"
)!
(!
%
"
!#
"
# ! ' %
)"
, "
! )"*
"
# !
"
, (
# ! &
#
& # ) !&
!$ %
& #
#
!
*
9 "
) "(#
! *
#
# !
"
! ) (
# ! & ! "$ ")
& ) )! " *
)"
) "(#
!
" !!
% ) " * G) #
"! ! ) "
, " "(
# )! )1
7
"
"
' " ! %!
#
-! " " #!
"
! "
#!
" -! $ "$
*
" "
%
! &(
" & # !# #
' &" 7
&( " " '
&(
") !
'
&( ") !
'
&( #
!$*
>% "
%
&( " " 7
"! #1
!
$!
' !
% %!
"!
) !
! & #) ! 4?4@" '
# 8C'8A # 1 "!
"#
%! * !
% %! ! ! & #) ! !4CH?"
!
284'4A3* G & 5?4 #1 2H'EA3 ) !
" H?"
>% "
%
&(
-!
") !7
"! 5?? %! # #1
)
!
$! '
#
"!
!
"! ) "
7
4"
& #
@?%! #
4 @"
& #
8?%! #
@I"
& #
4?%! #
>% "
%
&( ") !
Jenis kelamin
Jumlah orang
Pria
700
Wanita
300
Total
1.000
&( ) " #
!$
& " 7 )! #
! '
#
! $
!
-"
"!
*
!
,!
" '
#
! & #)
"
%#
! '
#
! '
>% "
% )! #
! 7
Persentase Rumah Tangga Di Kota dan Desa Menurut
Jenis Sarana Pembuangan Kotoran Tahun 1997
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Desa
in
em
La
in
-la
pl
un
g
en
gs
en
ga
n
#
! #! 7
MPM <50/ml
>% "
%
Pl
Le
he
r
an
gs
a
Kota
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
72.4
53.8
53.6
51.4
48.3
39.27
19.09
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
!
#
#
! '
>% "
%
#
!
7
Perkembangan Kualitas Bakteriologis Sampel Air
Bersih Non Perpipaan Tahun 1991 s/d 1997
19.1
51.4
18.2
37.3
39.27
>% "
%
12.7
12.7
"
%#
! 7
MPM <50/ml
72.4
53.8
53.6
51.4
48.3
39.27
19.09
1991
>
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
& "
" -#
# -!
#
# & " "!
( "
# -!
"
" #
%) "
) $ "$ )
#
&*
0 & %"!"!
"!
) # %"!
!
" #
& )
& "
*
" '
&! "
" "
!"
" )#
!
" * "' (
! "!
!
"
'
!
"
" & -! 1
)
)
& " &) )
"
& #) !
) &*
0 &
!
)
!
#
"
" "!
"
#"
-#
-#
*
&! # *
"!
>
%%#
)
"
$
! %!
! !
$
""
) #
!
*
& "
*
-#
*
"
""
"! ) "
!, "%
&
") &
#"
!
!#
'
)!
%! "
%
%
& #
"!
)
#
"
& "
* (
! ! %!
!, "%
)!
"(
"
% ) &' % % ' %
)# & & #
&
!
# "
(
& "
* !
#" !"
%
-!
"
% % "!
" "* >% "
%
!"!
!"
#
!
%%*
! !
& !, "%
&
'
)!
"(
%"
!
% "!
& "
%
-!
!
3'
% % "!
""
'!
3
% %
"
-#
#"
)#
-#
&) ! G9
'
*
%
"
& " #
$"
%!! % &* !
#" "
!"
& # )!
"(
!
! %2
!
& #
& ! %" #
# "!
& "2
,
, & #
"
* >% "
%7
#
#
$
G9* !
%#
!
#!
&! "
! G9
& # !
!
"
!
) # & #"! " # !"
!
& !, "%
#
%
'
)!
"(
"
!1 "
& #
"
!
& # !
! & " #
#%
"! *
"
&
& "& #
"
1 '
& "
"! ) "
" "! * >% "
%7
!-!
,=
'(
!
"
"
"
" #
"!
"!
! !%
& # )
("
*
& !, "%
!
"!
2
'
& "
'
"
" 3'
)!
"(
& # !
"!
#! #
"
!
%
"! " # &
!
"
!" 2 !)
) 3*
)
"!
2
(" !
! )" *
3'
--"
>
0
#-
!
(
& "
"
-#
! !
&
-#
& ""!
) *0 ! !
& !, "% "
"
"
"! "$
&" "
#
%) "
"
& " & "& # )
" "
# "
! !
* !
# !
!
%
!& #
"
"
!
#!
-#
*
"
" & #
#(
#
#( 2
"
& "*
! "!" "
'
9
"
"
"(
& "
)!
! "
& "
*
"
"$
& "& #"
"
!
' " !
%
! & #
"
, & #"
&
"""
#"
&! #
!1 &" !
(
!
!
)!
"(
"
"
#
&! "
*
(
&! #
'
$
!
& "
#
#
-! - "
!"
(
"
-#
"
"
!"
( &! #
1 " " # , & #)
"
*9 " (
&
"," 2 :I3B
-! " " ,
"
"
#!
$" 2 :
I3 B
-! " " ,
,
!)
& #
& #
!"
& #
& #"
"
( "
!
!"
"
&"
","
% "
& "
*
%
!"
)!
! & #
$" *
( "
"
( "
& "
*
% ", ! ", 9
2 :I)3 B !
%) ) "
& #
" "& % "$
#",
!
.
&
! ", 9
2 :
I3 B !
%) ) "
" " #"$
& "
%! #
%! # ) )
& "
% "$2 :I- ) # ):
)I 3 B !
%) ) "
!" & # "
"
)I 3 B !
%) ) "
)2:I- ) # :
"
"
.
%! #& #"
(& #
"$
!
"
& " & "& # $"& ) !
) & ""
) !&
" %) "'
& 0>
$ *
#
(& #
$
!
"
& " & " & # (
% "$
"
) &
'
&
!
& # #
%
(
$"
#
#5??A' ""
& ""
# ! )
(*
"
"!
%) !
,!
&! #
"
","
#
# )
&
"
!%) !
,!
)"
"
" ( &! #
#!
$"
%!& " 53 ,! & #
#! %
"
% &
&
!
") " ! #
" ,!
! "!" 2,! ) & #
!
3
!
"$ "
! ! %
83 ,!
# "
' & # "!
(
!
!
)
"!
# "
2
" ' '
3
,!
"!
)%
# "& #
/
" ' '
3
"
))!
%"
%
'
'
'
>
!&
" 20
!
%
"
"
"( "(
"
"! "$ !
%#
!
"
,
" !
% & #
#"
) # 2
' 3' $ "$"
! " !
%#
! & #
*
# ' &
3
!
"
"
!
&
"
"(
"! ) "
*
#
-! " "
"!!
"
2 )
) '
3' $
>>
"
"
& #
!
%
! ,
& "7 53
# ! ) !&
: & "2"!
)
3' 83
# "$
&) ) !
& "2 !
)
3' 43
# ! $ "$"
"!
, ' H3
$
!
) ! ) !& # #
' @3
#
"
"!
, ' C3
#1 2 % "
%! #
3
"!
, ' J3
# !
)
"!
)
0!
%$
!
)
%!
"" "
--" "
"
!
!
"
! #
!,
! & #
#
# )!
"
*
'
!
'
& "
#
!
"
>
"
#"
# "$
"
) "
'
*
) !&
: & "
'
#
&) ) 2 ! 3
!
& "& #
"!
,
&* "!
,
)
#
) ! "&
" "!
,
!
!
"
$ "$"
"
$ "$"
" "!
,
&! " !
!"
))!
!
"7
)! )
"!
, "! ) "83
& "
&! #2 !
#
3
#%
& " -!
!"
' 43
"!
,
"! ) "
)!
" # )#
&! "
' !
" & "!
,
! "!
2 ' "3
"! 2
"3%
&! "
*
53
$
$
$
-
%
2
$
"
! & #
" "!
,
"
#
' " #
1 "3*
&"
)
) '
(
!
%#
!
) #
"!
& #
"!
)! )! & #
" & #
"
" )
*
+
5* 0 # %
8*
4*
H*
@*
C*