2. Mineral stabil
Mineral yang tetap ada mulai dari transportasi sampai dengan pengendapan.
Lempung (clay mineral)
Kuarsa
Chert
Muskovit
Tourmalin
Zirkon
Rutile
Brookit
Anatase
IV.2. PROSES PEMBENTUKAN BATUAN SEDIMEN KLASTIK
Dalam pembentukan batuan sedimen klastik ada 2 fase proses yaitu :
1. Fase pembentukan endapan
2. Fase pembentukan batuan sedimen klastik
1. Fase pembentukan endapan Fase
ini meliputi :
Proses pelapukan
Proses erosi
Proses transportasi
Proses pengendapan
Berdasarkan proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan batuan sedimen maka dapat dibagi
menjadi 3 yaitu:
1. Batuan sedimen basil proses mekanis, dengan media air, angin dan es. Dicirikan
oleh banyaknya mineral allogenik, mineralnya detritus, bertekstur klastik,
dibedakan :
Cara pengendapan :
Sorting/ pemilahan
Roundness/kebundaran, yaitu ukuran butiran menjadi kecil/lebih kecil
Proses diagenesa :
Zirkon
Garnet
Magnetit
Tourmalin
Piroksen Manfaat dari
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komposisi mineral:
Kepentingan ekonomi
Golongan I
oblate/ tabular
Golongan H
equent/equiaxial
Golongan III
bladed/triaxial
Golongan IV
prolate/rod shape
Eksternal struktur yaitu kelihatan dari luar Misal ukuran dan bentuk dari
tubuh sedimen. Contoh : bentuk lembaran (sheet), lensa, lidah, delta dan
shoestring.
Ada juga yang hubungannya berupa konkresi, interfingering dan intertongue.
Rain drops prints yaitu bekas titik-titik air hujan pada permukaan batuan
Swash and riil marks yaitu jejak binatang pada permukaan lapisan
Flute cast yaitu bentuk gerusan pada permukaan lapisan yang bentuknya
seperti seruling
- Load cast yaitu lekukan pada baths perlapisan yang diakibatkan oleh
gaya tekan dari muatan yang ada diatasnya.
Deformational structure
Yaitu terjadinya perubahan struktur batuan pada saat sedimen terendapkan
karena adanya tekanan.
Intraformationalkonglomerat
Yaitu struktur hancuran yang menyerupai konglomerat karena adanya
pergerakan pada sedimen sebelum mengalami litifikasi
External structure
Biostromes
Bioherm
Internal structure
Misal fosil dalam batuan
2. Struktur epigenetik terjadi setelah batuan tersebut terbentuk) a.
Karena proses fisik (mekanis)
External structure
Internal structure
Clastic dike yaitu terjadi karena adanya tekanan hidrostatika yang kuat sehingga
material seperti diinjeksikan
b. Karena proses kimia atau organisme
Corroion zone
Concretions
Stilolites
Cone in cone
A. Firm beach sand, Point Reyes, California. Impregnated with plastic before collection
in order to preserve texture. Diam. 3 mm. Uncompacted sub-rounded grains very
well sorted; porosity very highabout 30%. This is a lithic sand with high feldspar
content; it contains abundant chert grains (heavily stippled), quartz (lightly stippled),
feldspar (shown with deavage lines), and various rock fragments.
B. Sand from channel of jacalibps Creek, Coalinga, California. Impregnated with plastic
before collection in order to preserve texture. Diam. 3 mm. Uncompacted subangular
grains fairly well sorted; porosity very high; finer-grained layer at bottom. This is a
lithic sand derived from a mixed sedimentary terrane including volcanic sandstones;
it contains about 40% chips of andesite, argillite, shale, chert, and serpentine, 35%
quartz, and 25% feldspar.
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A. St. Peter Sandstone (Ordovician), Beloit, Wisconsin. Diam. 2.5 mm. Very well-sorted
sandstone consisting of subrounded quartz grains, a quartz arenite. The texture is
very porous, but grains have been compacted until they are in close contact.
Compare texture in Figure 11-4A.
B. Temblor arkosic sandstone (Miocene), 2500 m below surface, Kettlernan Hills,
California. Diam. 2.5 mm. Moderately sorted sandstone consisting of abundant
subangular grains of quartz and feldspar (with deavage), together with fewer biotite
flakes (lined) and rock particles (heavily stippled). Texture very porous, but deep
burial has caused rearrangement and compaction of grains. Compare the texture in
Figure 11-4B. Note deformed biotite pinched between compacted grains.
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A. Lithic arenite (Miocene, Temblor Formation), 2500 m below surface, Kettle-man Hills,
California. Diam. 1 mm. Lithic grains, quartz, and plagioclase enclosed in and
cemented by a single barite crystal. Note uniformly oriented right-angle cleavages in
barite.
B. Volcanic arenite (Miocene, Temblor formation), 1000 m below surface, Jacal-itos
Field, California. Diam. 1 mm. Cement is chlorite. A micronbrous fringe rims each
grain, but in the centers of pores the chlorite appears microgranular.
C. Arkose (Miocene, Topanga Formation), Santa Monica Mountains, California. Diam. 1
mm. Calcite replacing plagioclase, irregular patches of uniformly oriented feldspar
being enclosed within a single calcite crystal. An adjacent quartz-feldspar grain
(upper left) is not replaced.
A. Pennsylvanian sandstone, Zuni Mountains, New Mexico. Diam. 1.5 mm. Quartz and
turbid rock particles coated with ferric oxide (black), locally covered in turn by clear
euhedral overgrowths of quartz, and the whole cemented by calcite (stippled). Note
trains of globular opaque inclusions in quartz grains.
B. Cretaceous arkosic arenite, Gualala, California. Diam. 0.5 mm. Local clear euhedral
overgrowths of authigenic quartz on detrital quartz (center, lower right, and left).
Quartz overgrowths covered and remaining pores filled by the zeolite laumontite
(cleavage lines but no stippling).
C. Lithic sandstone (Miocene, Temblor Formation), Reef Ridge, California. Diam. 0.75
mm. An incomplete cement of uniformly oriented calcite (stippled, with cleavage
lines); voids fringed with microfibrous chlorite covering both calcite and detrital grains
alike; chloritic fringe covered with opal (blank).
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13
A. Arkose (Tertiary), Lake Manapouri, New Zealand. Diam. 2.5 mm. Unsorted angular
grains of orthoclase and oligoclase (with cleavage) and of quartz (dear),
accompanied by large and small unoriented flakes of biotite and a grain of sphene
(upper left), all bound together by a mortar of silty clay slightly stained with limonite.
Essentially residual, resting on granitic rock from which it was derived.
B. Arkose (Pennsylvanian, Fountain Formation), Boulder, Colorado. Diam. 2.5 mm.
Poorly sorted angular grains of quartz, turbid oligoclase, and microdine (both
feldspars stippled and showing deavage), and accessory flakes of muscovite, all
bound together by a matrix of silty clay stained red by ferric oxides. The deposit has
been transported but suggests a nearby granitic source.
C. Torridonian arkose (Precambrian), Loch Assynt, Scotland. Diam. 2.5 mm. Poorly
sorted subangular grains of quartz (dear and very slightly stippled) and of microcline,
orthoclase, and oligodase, firmly bonded in a matrix of micaceous clay. Feldspars
are in part fresh (shown with cleavage) and in part very turbid (stippled). A few rock
fragments (schist) are not shown.
A. Miocene arkosic arenite, or arkose, 3000 m below surface, near Simmler, California.
Diam. 2 mm. Very tightly packed angular and subangular grains: not well sorted, but
free from clay. Consolidated by compaction without cement. Plagioclase, orthoclase,
and microcline (all lightly stippled) and quartz (blank) are about equally abundant;
grains ofcalcite (heavily, stippled) and biotite are accessory. Note pinched and
contorted mica.
B. Micaceous arkosic arenite, or arkose (Triassic), Portland, Connecticut. Diam. 2 mm.
Fairly well-sorted angular to subangular grains of feldspar (lightly stippled) and
quartz (blank); abundant parallel oriented flakes of muscovite and chloritized biotite,
larger than other grains, lie parallel to the bedding. The rock is lightly cemented by
scattered grains of calcite (heavily stippled and showing cleavage) and secondary
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14
quartz overgrowths (separated from detrital quartz by dotted lines). Porosity high. A
few schist particles, not shown in this field.
C. Red arkosic wacke, or arkose (Triassic), Mt. Tom, Massachusetts. Diam. 3 mm.
Unsorted angular-to-subangular grains of quartz and turbid feldspar, in a very
abundant matrix of ferruginous clay.
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A. Andesite arenite (Upper Miocene, Neroly Formation), Mount Diablo, California. Diam.
2.5 mm. Well-sorted, loosely packed, subangular grains of andesite rock, andesine
(clear, with cleavage), hypersthene (center and top), and hornblende (lower left and
right). Each grain enclosed in a thin fibrous rim of smectite. Hypersthene and
hornblende are euhedral, but hypersthene has been etched by intrastratal solutions
after development of smectite rims. This is an epiclastic arenite, not a tuff or a
tuffaceous arenite.
B. Calcareous tuffaceous sandstone (Oligocene, Tunnel Point Formation), Coos Bay,
Oregon. Diam. 3 mm. A mixture of pyrodastic and epiclastic material deposited in a
marine environment, where it was mixed with glauconite and cemented with very finegrained calcite (stippled). Curved glass shards and detrital quartz and feldspar are
clear; turbid fragments of meta-andesite and phyllite, and spheroidal pellets of
glauconite, are darkly stippled.
C. Calcareous serpentine arenite (Eocene), southeastern Monterey County, California.
Diam. 3 mm. Angular and subangular grains of serpentine (line pattern), together with
microcrystalline carbonate pellets (stippled), firmly cemented with finely granular
calcite. Note two unbroken foraminifers.
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A. Triassic sandstone, Boonton, New Jersey. Diam. 2 mm. Not well soned, but contains
lithe or no day. Composed of angular and subangular grains derived from
sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic rocks. Rock fragments of shale, slate,
argillite, and limestone (lower left and right); also ragged grains of quartz and very
few of feldspar.
B. Chico Sandstone (Cretaceous), near Chico, California. Diam. 1 mm. Finegrained,
well-sorted arenite consisting of subangular grains; poorly consolidated and very
porous. Rock fragments are slate and Hne schist, with a littlt-chert; quartz (clear or
slightly stippled) is abundant, and feldspar (with deavage), both fresh and cloudy, is
common; hornblende and epidote (darkly stippled, with cleavage, in upper left and at
bottom) are present in every thin section; a bent flake oiotite in upper It.
C. Triassic sandstone (Keuper), Stuttgart, Germany. Diam. 1 mm. Tightly packed
subangular grains; porosity relatively low. Abundant schist and micro-granular rock
particles (lined and stippled); abundant quart], and feldspar (lightly stippled with
cleavage), both orthoclase and plagioclase; some mica flakes. Grains of mica schist
are commonly oriented parallel to bedding and give the rock a very micaceous
aspect in hand specimen.
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