lmplehdlne

^Stnrj|-U-,U)\}o.................'..'........ --'..-'V
1

Find the values of X in the following levers which are in equilibrium.

Cari nilai X dalam tuas berikut yang.seimbang.

rAt

Ia]

40

cm

X cm

50 kg

100 N

(d)

t#

B0 cm

200 N

'

45N
30 cnr

Diagram 2 shows six types of simple machines.

re":+ {CSd
Rajah 2 menunjukkan enam jenis mesin ringkas.

Scissors

Gunting

Claw hammer
Tukul

rod
Joran

Fishing

Boftle opener
Pembuka botol

Paper curter

Pemotong kertas

Diagram2/ Raiah 2
Classify them into the three classes of levers.
Kelaskan kepada tiga kelas tuas.

Second class

Third class

Kelas kedua

Kelas ketiga

110

Golf club
Kayu golf

. G*"

Science Form

Chapter 10

Diagram 3.1 shows an experiment irrvolving a lever which is in equiiibrium.

Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen yang meltbatkan suatu tuas yang seimbang.

xcm
"

Beban,

-'_'

vcm
/

Lt

-"'

!!

:;ffi;
Diagram 3.L/ Rajah 3.1

[o]

State the variables invoived in this experiment.

Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini.

ti)

Manipulatedvariable;
Pem

(iil

boleh ubah

di ma

n i pu

Responding variable

lasikan

Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas

[iiiJ

Constant

variable

Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan

(b)

Name the class of levers used in this experiment.

Namakan kelas tuas yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.

[c)

Compare the value of [L x xJ and the value of [E x y].

Bandingkan nilai bagi (L x x) dan nilai bagi (E y)

"

(d)

State a suitable conclusion of the experiment.

Nyatakan satu kesimpulan yang sesuai bagi eksperimen tersebut.

[e]

Diagram 3.2 shows a boy who is using a crowbar to

lift a rock of 50 kg.

Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan seorang budak yang menggunakan sebatang

batu yang berjisim 50 kg.

Rock
Batu

i;ffi;
Diagram 3.2/ Rajah 3.2
Suggest one way to make his work easier.
Cadangkan satu cara untuk mempermudahkan kerjanya.

tuil besi untuk menggerakkan seketul

,,,

tru.Science Form 2 Chapter

10

ir

Practlce

,,fi
s.\-' r'gbiective Questions
Choose fhe best answer

for

each question.

Diagram 2 shows a lever system which is not

in equilibrium.
Rajah 2 menuniukkan suatu sisfem tuas yang tidak

@r*er,
1 Which

statement is correct about a second

seimbang.

*;; class lever?

'i.00r

Pernyataan manakah yang betul tentang tuas kelas

kedua?

The effort is located between the fulcrum

and the load

Fulcrumf Fulkrum

Daya terletak di antara fulkrum dan beban

The fulcrum is located between the effort

and the load

The load is located between the fulcrum

and the effort

Diagram

What changes must be made so that

equilibrium?

Fulkrum terletak di antara daya dan beban

Move

nearer to the fulcrum

Gerakkan P berdekatan dengan fulkrum

The load and the effort act in the same

direction
Beban dan daya bertindak dalam arah yang

II
III

sama

Move Q nearer to the fulcrum

Gerakkan Q berdekatan dengan fulkrum

Increase the mass of

Tambahkan iisim P

I dan

Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu s6tem tuas.

XN

30 cm

l/

Rajah

ll

I and III
I dan lll

II and III
lldan lll
I,ll and III
l, ll dan lll

Diagram 3 shows a bottle oPener.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu pembuka botol.

YN

Diagram

A Iandll

Diagram 1 shows a lever system,

20 cm

it is in

Apakah perubahan yang mesti dibuat supaya tuas

itu seimbang?

Beban terletak di antara fulkrum dan daya

2/ Raiah 2

Bottle opener
Pembuka botol

Which of the following pairs of X and Y will

make the system in equilibrium?
Antara pasangan X dan Y berikut, yang manakah
akan menjadikan sistem itu seimbang?

x/N

Y/N

15

10

II

45

30

III

50

35

A
B

I and II

II and III

I dan ll

ll dan lll
I, II and III
l, ll dan lll

I and

III

ldan lll

Diagram

Raiah 3

Which of the following devices is not in the

same class of levers as the bottle opener?
Antara alat berikut, yang manakah tidak termasuk
dalam kelas tuas yang sama dengan pembuka
botol?

Wheelbarrow
Kereta sorong

Paper cutter
Pemotong kerlas

cqqtle Rernjndef,

aj

3/

The bottle opener is a second class lever.

112

Nutcracker
Pemecah buah keras
D Broom
Penyapu

R, S, I U, V and W are the graduations of

equal length on a regular pole. A 20 N load is
hung at P and the regular pole is hung at S.

5 B
cnm
qi$

Which

Hammer

Ice tongs

4/ Rajah 4

Which point on the pole should a load of 15 N

be hung so that the system is in equilibrium?
Titik manakah yang patut digantung suatu beban
15 N supaya slstem itu seimbang?

B
mn

CV
DW

Beam balance
Neraca alur

Wheelbarrow
Kereta sorong

Diagram 7 shows a lever system.

Rajah 7 menunjukkan satu srsfem tuas.

.q0

Diagram 5 shows a worker trying to lift a rock

by using a 3-m crowbar.

Rajah

following devices has the

Penyepit ais

sekata

AT
BU

l0

Tukul

Regular
pole
Galah

Diagram

Chapter

Rajah 6?

5.

Fulcrum/ Fulkrum

same class of lever as the simple machine in

Diagram 6?
Antara alat berikut, yang manakah mempunyai
kelas luas yang sama seperti mesin ringkas dalam

e Q, R, S, T U, V, dan t// adalah senggatan yang sama

panjang pada satu galah sekata. Suatu beban 20 N
digantung pada P dan galah sekata itu digantung
pada

of the

iol,, Science Form

Fulkrum

Fulcrum/

25 N

DiagramT/RajahT
Given that the system is in equilibrium, find

menunjukkan seorang pekerja cuba

menggerakkan seketul batu dengan menggunakan

sebatang tuil besi 3 m.

the value of

X.

Diberi bahawa sistem itu adalah seimbang, cari

nilai X.

Crowbar

A
B

Tuil besi

Diagram

5/

Rajah 5

weight of 10 N)
Jika daya yang diperlukan untuk menggerakkan
batu ialah B0 N, cari jisim bagi batu itu. (Anggap
jisim 1 kg mempunyai berat 10 N)
A 20kg
C B0kg
B 40kg
D 400kg

;l

Ranjit

Kok Meng

Diagram 6 shows a paper cutter.

Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu pemotong kertas.
Fulcrum/ Fulkrum

8/ Rajah B
Find the distance, in cm, of Ranjit from the
Diagram

fulcrum.
Cari jarak, dalam cm,

Diagram

6/

A60

Rajah 6

BBO

-*99"rjlE-Sg-*risds*.

a5
q

Load x Load distance from the fulcrum = Effort x Effort distance from the fulcrum
The paper cufter is a second class lever.

i
I

-t

6ON

berjisim 60 kg duduk pada hujung yang satu lagi.

50N

Kok Meng is 50 kg in mass. He sits at a point

1.20 cm from the fulcrum of a see-saw The seesaw is in balance when Ranjit of 60 kg sits at
the other end.
Kok Meng berjisim 50 kg. Dia duduk pada suatu
titik 120 cm dari fulkrum sebuah jongkang-jongket.
Jongkang-jongket itu seimbang apabila Ranjit yang

If the force required to lift the rock is B0 N, find

the mass of the rock. (Assume 1 kg mass has a

,l

C
D

2ON

45N

113

bagi Ranjit darifulkrum.

c90
D

100

ur#E,to

Science Form

Chapter 1t)

10 Diagram 9 shows a lever system.

Chandra

Alex

Busu

Rajah 9 menunjukkan satu sistem tuas.

40

cm

10 cm

Chandra

PN

1BON

Diagram

9/

ftm

r0

Rajah 9

If the system is in equilibrium, find the value of

(Neglect the weight of the rod.)

P.

Jika sistem itu seimbang, cari nilai P (Abaikan berat

rod itu.)
A 3ON
40N

Busu Chandra

C
D 45N

35N

11 Diagram 10 shows a lever system. The

graduations on the lever are equal in size.

Busu

Alex

Chanclra

Rajah 10 menunjukkan satu sistem tuas. Senggatan

pada tuas itu adalah sama panjang.

Diagram

t0/

Rajah 10

13 Diagram 11 shor,vs a lever system.

Rajah 11 menunjukkan satu sistem fuas.

Which of the following combinations will cause

the lever to be in equilibrium?
Antara gabungan berikut, yang manakah akan

Wooden

block
BON

menyebabkan tuas itu berada dalam keseimbangan?

Fulcrum
Fulkrum

x/N

Y/N

10

15

20

20

30

40

100

Fulcrunr
Fulkrum

Diagram

A
B
c
D

They are sitting on the see-saw

Jadual 1 menunjukkan berat tiga orang pelajar.
Mereka duduk di atas papan jongkang-jongket.

Weight/N
BeraUN

Alex

560

Busu

28O

Chandra

280

Lt/

Rajah

11

If the lever system is in equilibrium, find the

value of

12 Table 1 shows the weights of three students.

Pelajar

XN

1.6 m

X.

Sekiranya

Student

Blok kayu

t4

srtern tuas itu seimbang, cari nilai

X.

35N
40N
45N
50N

t(

Diagram 12 shows a metre rule. Loads of B0 g

and 60 g are hung on the metre rule.
Rajah 12 menunjukkan sebatang pembaris meter.
g dan beban 60 g digantung pada
pembaris meter itu.

Beban B0

ABCD

Tablel/Jaduall
Which of the following see-saws is not

in
equilibrium?
Antara jongkang-jongket berikut, yang manakah
tidak seimbang?

B0g

60g

Diagram
114

l?/

Rajah 12

J
(

At which of the point A, B, C or D should the

metre rule be hung so that the metre rule is in
equiiibrium?
Antara titik A, B, C, dan D, pada pembaris meter
yang manakah peilu digantung supaya sistem itu

X/ cm

Y/N

12

30

1B

45

32

BO

40

95

seimbang?

15 Diagram 1,3 shows two devices that

*fr

use

L7 Diagram 15 shows a lever system. Load P and

Ioad Q are hung at different points.

principle of lever:

,19

Raiah 13 menuniukkan dua alat yang menggunakan

Rajah 1 5 menunjukkan satu srtern tuas. Beban P

cian beban Q digantung pada titik yang berbeza.

pnnep tuas.

Diagram 13/ Rajah

13

LoadP/ Beban

Which principle of lever is correct for these

devices in Diagram 13?

lS/ Rajah 15
In which situation is the lever not
Diagram

Prinsip tuas manakah yang betul mengenai alat-alat

II

Dalam situasi manakah tuas itu tidak seimbang?

same

direction

Load

Beban dan daya bertindak dalam arah yang

P/N

sama

Beban

The devices are classified as second class

levers
Alat-alat itu dikelaskan sebagai tuas kelas

Load

Q/N

X/ cm

Beban

P/N

kedua

III

in

equilibrium?

dalam Rajah 13?

I The load and effort act in the

Load Q/ Beban Q

A little effort can overcome a large load

Daya yang kecil boleh mengatasi beban yang

Y/cm

Q/N

60

20

40

35

BO

25

725

16

100

I2

30

40

25

60

50

L20

besar

IV

The effort is between the fulcrum and the

load

1B Diagram 16 shows a wheelbarrow.

Rajah 16 menunjukkan sebuah kereta sorong.
BUk'

Daya terletak di antara fulkrum dan beban

II
I dan ll
B I and IV
I dan lV
I and

.u3

II and III
ll dan lll

III and IV
lll dan lV

L6 Diagram 14 shows a lever system.

Diagram 16/ Rajah 16

Rajah 14 menunjukkan satu sistem tuas.

20 cm
Xcm

Which of the following devices is classified

in the same class of lever as the device in
Diagram 16?
Antara alat benkut, yang manakah dikelaskan dalam

YN

kelas tuas

Diagram t4/ Rajah 14

Which of the following pairs of X and Y will not
make the lever in equilibrium?
Antara pasangan X dan Y berikut, yang manakah

yang sama seperti alat dalam Rajah

Pliers
Playar

Broom
Peny6pu

tidak menyebabkan tuas itu seimbang?

*9eattsSss-is-dee
Q,16 Load x Load distance from the fulcrum = Eftirt x Eftirt distance from the lulcrum

115

C
D

16?

See-saw
Jongkang-jongket

Paper cutter
Pemotong keftas

.r

*"

Science Form

Chapter t0

Which of the following statements is correct

about the effort that was used?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah betul

T9 Diagram 17 shows a balanced lever system.

Rajah 17 menunjukkan satu s6tem tuas yang
seimbang.

tentang daya yang digunakan?

25 cm

50 cm

P needs more effort than Q

memerlukan daya yang lebih besar daripada Q

untuk mencabut paku itu
Q needs more effort than P to pull out the
P

Diagram

17

nail

Rajah 17

Q memerlukan daya yang lebih besar daripada P

Find the value of load X.

untuk mencabut paku itu

Cari nilai beban X.

A
B
C
D

BON

lOON
12ON
15ON

The distance of the nail from the fulcrum

does not influence the effort used

Jarak paku daripada fulkrum

tidak

mempengaruhi daya yang digunakan

20 Diagram LB shows a lever system which is in

equilibrium.
i00ffi,
'$\1,'
tY:
Rajah 18 menunjukkan satu slstem tuas yang

If the distance of effort from the fulcrum is

neare[ the effort will decrease
Jika jarak daya daripada fulkrum lebih dekat,
daya yang digunakan berkurang

22 Diagram 20 shows a nutcracker.

seimbang.

,c[0::.
'r'A-

Rajah 20 menunjukkan satu pemecah buah keras.

Nut
Buah keras

45 kg

60 kg

Diagram L8/ Rajah 18

Find the value of

X.

Cari nilaiX.

Diagram 20/ Rajah 20

A 1.0
B I.2
c 1.8
D 2.0
2tr

ffi
Wi

Which of the point A, B, C or D requires the

smallest effort to break the nut?
Antara titik A, B, C, dan D, yang manakah
memerlukan daya terkecil untuk memecahkan buah
keras itu?

Diagram 19 shows a nail which is being pulled

out by applying effort at two different parts of
the hammer.
Rajah 19 menunjukkan sebatang paku yang dicabut

dengan mengenakan daya pada dua bahagian

berlainan pada tukul.

23 Which of the following

.

ffi
SE

menggunakan prinsip tuas?

Claw hammer
Can opener
Pembuka tin

Golf club
Nail

Paku

Paku

P
P

Kayu

Situation

Siruation e

Situasi

Situasi Q

Takal

9g.!1" ttcnrin{cr..",
Q!3

longer the

e6rt

distance, the smaller the

e6rt

golf

Pulley

Diagram L9/ Rajah 19

Q22 Tlrc

not

use

Antara alat berikut, yang manakah tidak

Tukul

Nail

devices does

the principle of a lever?

required.

Although a pulley is a simple machine, it does not use the principle of lever.

'q

to pull out the

nail

6ON

.t'a.

m
t['

@o*.

Science Form2 Chapter 1o

l$* Structured (luestions

Answer all questions'

Diagram

1.1,

shows a pair of ice tongs'

1.1 menuniukkan
nmff Ralah

satu penyepit ais'

r'B

Diagram !.L/Raiah

[a)

1.1

Label the position of the fulcrum on Diagram 1'1'

Label kedudukan fulkrum pada Raiah 1 '1 '

ib) (il

iii)

l7 markl markahl

tongs'
Based on the Diagram 1.1, state the class of lever of the ice
ais'
penyepit
bagi
tuas
Berdasarkan Raiah1.1, nyatakan kelas

Give one reason for your answer in 1[bJ[i)'

Berikan satu sebab bagiiawapan anda di 1(b)(i)'
12

Ic]

marksl markahl

[/)

ice tongs in Diagram 1.1. Tick

choose one simple machine with the same class of lever as the
in the box provided.
(/) Pada Petak
pilih satu iesin ringkas yang sama kelas tuas dengan penyepit ais dalam Raiah 1 ' 1. Tandakan
yang disediakan.

ll
f

tdl
\-'r

markl markahl

balanced'
Diagram 1.2 shows the situation when a force and a load are
seimbang'
adalah
beban
dan
daya
apabita
keadaan
nalan t .z menuniukkan
Force

DaYa P
75 cm

Load, L
Beban, L

/\J
/\4t

U '

Ruler
Pembaris

40N
30 crn

Diagram L'2/ Raiah 1'2

Calculate the force P needed to balance the ruler'
iiturg daya P yang diperlukan untuk menyeimbangkan pembaris itu'

[2 marksl markah]
117

'

Ela*" Science Form 2 Chapter

2
g*gf

Diagram 2.L shows a nutcracker.

Ralah 2.1 menunjukkan satu pemecah buah keras

Nut
Buah keras

Diagram 2.L/ Raiah 2.1

[a) ti)

What is the class of lever of the nutcracker?

Apakah ke/as tuas bagi pemecah buah keras?
[L mark/ markah]

(iij

State one reason for the answer in 2[a][i).

Nyatakan satu sebab bagi jawapan di 2(a)(i).

[l
(b)

Based on Diagram 2.1,, why is

than

mark/ markahl

it easier to break the nut when we hold the nutcracker at P rather

Q?

Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1, mengapakah lebih mudah untuk memecahkan buah keras itu apabila kita memegang

alat itu di

berbanding di Q?

';s
''idii
[7 mark/ markah]

t4

Diagram 2.2 shows a girl cutting a piece of paper using a pair of scissors.
Rajah

2.2 menunjukkan seorang budak perempuan menggunting sehelai kertas dengan menggunakan gunting.

Draw a lever system for the scissors and label the positions of load, effort and fulcrum.
Lukis sistem tuas bagi gunting itu dan labelkan kedudukan beban, daya, dan fulkrum.

Diagram 2.2/ Rajah 2.2

12

tdl

marks/ markahl

Diagram 2.3 shows a system when a force and a load are balanced.
Rajah 2.3 menunjukkan satu sistem apabila daya dan beban adalah seimbang.

Calculate the distance, X when the system is in equilibrium.

Hitung jarak, X apabila srstern itu seimbang.

BON

Diagram 2.3/ Rajah 2.3

12

118

marks/ markah)

,:dfr,rxe

(e)

Diagram 2.4 shows two persons R and

trying to lift

Science Form

rock of the same size.

yang sama

Rajah 2.4 menunjukkan dua orang, iaitu R dan S yang cuba menggerakkan batu

Chapter

l0

saiz.

Diagram 2.4/ Rajah 2.4

S to move the rock?

menggunakan daya yang lebih kecilberbanding S untuk menggerakkan batu itu?

Why does R use less force than

Mengapakah

1L

i
r

markl markah)

3 (a) Diagram 3.1 shows four devices B O R and S that use lhe principle of lever.
Rajah

3.1 menunjukkan empat alat, iaitu

P,

Q, A, dan

yang menggunakan prinstp tuas.

rl

Diagram 3.1/ Rajah 3.1

State one characteristic that can be observed from any three devices by referring to the positions
of fulcrum,load and effort.
Nyatakan satu ciri yang dapat diperhatikan dari mana-mana tiga alat itu dengan merujuk kepada kedudukan
fulkrum, beban, dan daya.

Device

Characteristic

Alat

Ciri-ciri

ll

ii)
Iii]

[iii]
13

marks/ markahl

u@it*.

tb)

Science Form2 Chapter 10

Classify devices

P,

R and S

into two groups based on their common characteristics.

Kelaskan alat P, Q, R, dan S kepada kumpulan berdasarkan ciri-cirisepunya.

Common

characteristics

Ciri-ciri sepunya

fc

Devices
Alat-alat

[4 marks/ markahf

[c)

Diagram 3.2 shows three situations, J, K and L, of a device using the principle of lever.
Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan tiga keadaah, J, K, dan L, bagi satu alat ydng menggunakan prinsip tuas.
Rock

Batu

Rod seragam

Uniform rod

Uniform rod

Rod seragam

Rod seragam

Diagram 3.2/ Rajah 3.2

Based on Diagram 3,2,
Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2,

til

State one inference about the device.

Nyatakan satu inferens mengenai alat itu

II mark/

(ii)

markahl

What is the force, in newton, needed to lift the rock at f?

Berapakah daya, dalam Newton, yang diperlukan untuk mengangkat batu itu diJ?

[1mark/ markah]

[iii)

State the relationship between the length of the uniform rod and the fiorce needed to

lift the

rock.
Nyatakan hubungan antara panjang rod seragam dan daya yang diperlukan untuk mengangkat batu

itu.

11,

120

mark/ markahl

l-9.! Lever
1. A simple machine

3. Types of simple machines:

is a device which helps

LeveE pulley, inclined plane, wedge, scre%

to do work.

2.
5.

wheel and axle

The effort used is usually less than the load

when using machines.
Classes

4. A lever enables us to do work easily because a

little force can overcome a heavy load.

of levers:

Example

Characteristic

Class of Iever

The firlcrurn (F) is situated between load

First-class lever

(t)

and cllbrt (f)

The load and eflbrr act in sarne direcliorr

The distance between eflbrt and fulcrurn must

be greater than the distance betrveen load and
fulcrurn to make work easier
Second-class lever

The load

.
.

and eftbrt (E)

The load and eflort act in opposite direction
A large load can bc ovcrcorle by using a small

(l) is situated betrveen fulcrurn (F)

ellbrt

Third-class lever

6.

7.

8.

The eflort (f) is situatcd betwecn lirlcrurn (F)

and load (l)
The load and ellbrt act in opposite direction
A large eflbrt is used to litt up a small load

9.

Some force is needed when we open the door.

The applied lorce causes a turning effect to
accornplish the task. This turning effect is
called the moment of a fbrce.

The principle of moments:

(m)

Load (N) x Distance of load from fulcrum

i
from fulcrum (m) !
-*._.*_J

: Effort 6N) x Distance ofeffort

lQ-'l., Appreciating Innovative Efforts in the

Design of Machines to Simplify Work

The moment of a force (Nm)

= Force (N) x Perpendicular distance from
the pivot to the force (m)

l.

The moment of a force increases when:

(a) the force increases
(b) the perpendicular distance increases

t23

Machines help us to do our work much faster,

using less energy and less effort.

Each question

l.

Diagram

is

Jbllowed by.four alternative answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

I shows

4.

the classification of the lever

Which of the following uses the principle of a

system.

lever?

A
B

Lever system
5.

F:ffi
try--\L
,Fq009

Diagram

Pliers

Diagrom 3

group rl4)

Device Il'can be classified as second class lever

A
B
C
D

because

Scissors, golf club, nutcracker

Broom, paper cutter, wheelbarrow
Can opener, bottle opener, claw hammer
Ice tongs, fishing rod, broom

A
B
C

Diagram 2 shows a claw hammer.

the fulcrum lies between the load and the

effort
the load is between the fulcrum and the
effort
the effort is between the fulcrum and the
load
the load and the fulcrum are at the same
position

6. Diagram 4
fiH lever.
'(99

Diagram 2

Load

Fulcrum

Fulcrum

Load

Effort
Effort

Effort

Fulcrum

Load

Load

Effort

Fulcrum

The following information shows

Which statement is correct about the class of

lever of the device?
A The fulcrum is between the load and the
effort
B The effort is between the fulcrum and the

C
the

characteristics of a fype of lever.

.
.
.

shows an example of a third-class

Diugrant 4

What are represented by P, Q and R?

3.

Ladder
Spring balance

Diagram 3 shows a device I(.

Which of the following can be classified into

C
D

Screw

The load is at the centre position

The load and the effort act in opposite

direction
A large load can be overcome by using a
small effort

7.

load

The effort and the load act in the

same

direction
The distance of the effort from the fulcrum
is greater than the distance of the load from
the fulcrun

Diagrarn 5 shows two simple devices.

F:cliot'le

\i

*Qg9
"ll_7--\.

-f---------qr

Which device has the above characteristics?

A Wheelbarrow C Pliers
B Fishing rod
D Scissors

iag,ant,
I

j
124

Which principle of lever is correct

for

10.

the two

Diagram 8 shows a pair of pliers.

devices?

I
II

Classified as third class levers

The load and the effort act in opposite

direction

III The fulcrum is between the load and the

effort

IV A greater force can be produced when a

Diagram 8

little effort is applied

A Iandll
B I and III

C
D

8. Diagram6showsabroom.
ffirbac
lt*P*

a(ry9

Which part needs the least force to cut a wire?

IIandIV
III and IV

11. Diagram 9 shows the position of

ffi

the hand of a

student trying to open the lid of a bottle.

{_

&

Diagram 9
In order to open the lid with minirnum force, the
student should move his hand to

Diagram

CG
DH

AE
BF

Which of the following has the same class of

lever as the broom?

Pliers

Bottle

9. Diagram

opener D

Beam balance
Golf club

7 shows a nutcracker.

Diagrant

12. Diagram l0 shows two children P and Q sitting

on a see-saw. The length of the see-saw is 2
Fq0o9
m. P has a mass of 50 kg and Q has mass of
25 kg.
b-ct.otrE

iltj,,^:

7
Centre

Which of the following lever system is used in

a nutcracker?

nt

Diagrant l0
Calculate the distance between P and the centre
of the see-saw in order to balance the see-saw.

Load

A
B

l-\
Fulcrum

Load

l-l

C
D

25cm
50cm

13. Diagram I I shows

75cm
100 cm

a balanced lever system.

2.5m

l--\
Fulcrum

Ef{ort

Diagram I I
What is the weight of load X?

Fulcrum

A
B
c
D

re

Effort

Fulcrum

t2s

ION
15N
25N
3ON

0.5 m

t4. Diagram l2 shows a lever 'Ihe lever is divided

into six equalparts.

17. Diagram 14 shows a man trying to

with a mass of 80 kg.

lift a load

PQ

Dictgram I2

At which position should the fulcrum be,

the lever is in balance?

Diagram 14

so that

A
B

BA

c^s
DT
15.

lift the load?

40kg
60kg

What is the effort needed to

AP

C
D

10kg

20kg

boxes, M and 1/, hung

-18.
'Fffi
at the two ends of a scaled ruler which is in

Diagram 15 show two

Which lever systern requires the least force

the lever is in equilibrium?

if

equilibrium.

AF

Diagram I5

Which statement

is true

about the

above

situation?
A N is heavier than M
B The mass of M is three times the rnass of N
C If the rnass of Mis l0 g, the mass of Nwill

be30g

D lf LI is placed at point 2 cm and N is

placed at point 12 cm, the ruler

will be in

equilibrium

19, Diagram l6 shows

S6water

16.

a simple machine used to

lift

from a well.

Diagram l3 shows three boxes of equal mass on

a lever.

Diagram I6
Calculate the eflort needed to

[Given I

Diagram I3

kg:

lift l0 kg of water,

10 N]

Load (N) x Distance of load ffom

At which position should the fulcrum be so that

the lever is in balance?

AA
BR

c,s
DT

A r00 N

125 N

t26

2s0 N
400 N

the

i:

20

A screw driver is used to open the lid on a tin.

iH&firE
ilittP-*{
{fiq009

Which diagram shows the least effort needed to

open the lid?

21. Diagram 17 shows two situations where a

hammer is used to pull out a nail.
[ffi
m{l00,

6.

.),

s\

A
H

Diagram 17

cf
t-J

Which statement is conect?

A The length of the handle of the hammer
does not influence the effort used
B If the handle is nearer to the fulcrum, the
eftbrt used will be less
C G needs less effiort than H in pulling out the
nail
D Fl needs less effort than G in pulling out the
nail
'r1

Which of the following is the importance of

machines in our daily life?
A Increase our working hours
B Enable us to work faster
C Make our lives dependent on machines
D Decrease the use of electrical energy

F*pm2r

-_-:

Ansv,er all questions.

l.

Diagram 1.1 shows a pair of pliers.

Diagram

(a)
(b)

I.l

Label the position of fulcrum on Diagram l.l.

Draw a lever system for the pliers and label the position of load, effort and fulcrum.

fl

markl

f2 marksl

127

(c) (i)

(ii)
(d)

State the class of lever of the pliers.

Diagram 1.2 shows some devices. Which device has the same class of lever as the pliers?
Tick(/) the box below.

markf

ll

markl

__A

d_

[-

*s#

& t-

t-

t--

Diogram 1.2

(e)

Give one reason for your answer in l(c)(i).

[l mark]

Diagram 1.3 show a balanced lever.

Diagram 1.3
Calculate the effortXwhen the system is in equilibrium using the following formula:

Load x Distance of load from fulcrum: Effort x Distance of effort from fulcrum

2.

12

marksl

marlcl

Diagram 2.1 shows a student cutting paper using a paper cutter.

-4

/d

{'
Diogram 2.1

(a)

Label the diagram with the following words.

(b)

What is the class of lever of the paper cutter?

128

(c)

(d)

State one reason for your answer in 2(b).

Diagram 2.2 shows two workers P and

p removing

fi

mark)

ll

markl

fl

markl

a rock-

Diagram 2.2

(i)

Which person uses less force to remove the rock?

(ii)
(e)

Give one reason for the answer in 2(dXi).

Diagram 2.3 shows a situation when a force and a load are in balance.

Diagram 2.3
Calculate load Mwhen the system is in equilibrium. Use the following formula:

Load x Distance of load from fulcrum: Effort x Distance of effort from fulcrum

[2 marks]

3.

p tr

Diagram 3.1 show five types of devices, S, T, U, V and ll/.

\
T

Diagram 3.1

129

(a) Classifo devices S, T, U, V and W into two groups based on their

common characteristics.

S,T, U, V, W

f4 marksl

(b)

State the class of lever of devices S and W.

fl
(c)

markl

Diagram 3.2 shows three different pairs of scissors P, Q andR which use the principle of lever.

Diagram 3.2

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

State one variable which influence the effort needed to cut the paper.

markl

12

marksl

Calculate the effort needed to cut the paper by scissors P and R.

State the relationship between the length of the handle and the effort needed to cut the paper.

markl

';

130

*4r::j

HEAtrEB

ii:$**

Simple Machines

10

Mesin Ringkas

PMR TOPICAL ANALYSIS

'10

--i-----.--..--

P2j

EFFE(TIVE NOTES
fff,1 levers

ruas

1 A machine is a clevice that helps

work easier and

faster.

us to

do

a'-.1

l---l

Mesin ialah suatu alat yang dapat membantu kita

melakukan kerja dengan lebih mudah dan cepat.
Levers are simple machines.
Tuas merupakan sejenis mesin ringkas.
Levers can be classified into three classes

Example : Nutcracker
Contoh : Kacip kekeras

(c) Third

class lever

Tuas kelas ketiga

depending on the positions of the fulcrum,

loacl and effort acting on the lever.
Tuas dapat diklasifikasikan kepacla tiga kelas

The effort (E) is between the fulcrum

and the load (L).

bergantung pada kecluclukan fulkrum, beban dan

claya yang dikenakan pada tuas itn.

beban

(a)

di

antara fulkrum (F) dan

(L).

s'f-j-

First class lever

Tuas kelas pertama

The fulcrum (F) is between the load

and the effort (E).
Fulkrum (F) terletak
daya (E).

Daya (E) terletak

(F)

di

(L)

A.

-l-F
L--l

antara beban (L) dan

7::,:;" 'li?,llii ",,

4 (a) The principle of lever states that when

the lever is in equrilibrium, the effort
(E) multipliecl by its distance from the
fulcrum (F) equals the load (L) multiplied
by its distance from the fulcrum (F).
Hukum tuas menyatakan bahawa apabila
tuas berada dalam keadaan keseimbangan,

Example : Scissors
Contoh : Gunting

(b) Second class lever

Tuas kelas kedua

The load (L) is between the firlcrLrm (F)

and the effort (E).
Beban (L) terletak di antara fulkrum (F) dan
daya

Practice 10

(E).

hasil darab daya (E) dengan jarak daya dari

ftrlkunt (F) clan hasil darab beban (L) clengan
jarak beban dari iulkrum (F) adalah sama.

Load (L) X distance of the loacl from fulcrum

Force or effort (E) x distance of the eifort from

the fr-rlcrum
Beban (L)

dari fulkrum

jarak beban = Daya (E)

x jarak daya

il
#
*
%
d

tr

(b)

il
iii

Exanrple : Calculate the effort needed to

(|fr Pppreciating the innovative

efforts in the clesign of machines

to simplify work

balance rod AB.

Contoh : llitungkan daya yang dipeilukan

',f

untuk mengitnbangkan rod AB.

5 N x 20 cm = effort (claya)

Eifort

Daya

Menghargai usaha inovatif dalam reka

bentuk mesin untuk memudahkan kerja

X 40 cm

To make our work c.rsier .rnd our

lives
more comfortable, humans have used the
principles of iever to invent nrachines.
Untuk mentudahkan kerja kita dan menjadikan
hidttp lebih selesa, rnanusia telah menggunakan
prinsip tuas utnuk ntencipt,t mesin.

5NX20cm
40 cm

2.5 N

lnventions of complex maclrines enable

more difficult ancl dangerous works to be
carried out c1r-rickly ancl safely.
Ciptaan mesin y,tng kontpleks membolehkan
kerja yang lebih sukar d,tn b;thaya clilaksanakan

Load
Beban

Mu

dengan cepat dan selamat.

trIpIE.cHoIcE QUESTIoNS

The man uses tlre least force when

Lelaki itu menggunakan daya yang paling kurang
apabila

INSTRUCTION: Each question is iollowed by four

possible answers A B, C and D. Choose the correct

the effort is between the loacl anclfulcrum

answer.

ARAHAN: Setiap soalan cliikuti oleh empat pilihan

jawapan A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang betul.

claya terletak di antara beban dan fulkrum

the load is between the fulcrum and load
beban terletak cli anlara fulkrunt dan beban

C the effort is as near as possible to

Levers

Titus
The classification of a lever is based on
Pe

n gelasan tu as berd as arkan

the

fu I cru nr
claya terletak sec/ekat mungkin dengan fulkrum
the load is as near as possible to the fulcrr-rm
beban terletak sedekat mungkin dengan iulkrum

Diagram 2 shows a paper cutter.

Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah pemotong /<erta-s.

the position of its load

kedudukan beban

the size and position of its load

saiz dan kedudukan beban

the size ancl position of its effort

saiz dan kedudukan daya

D the position of its fulcrurm, load and effort

kedudukan fulkrun, beban clan daya

Diagram 1 shows a man using a crowbar to lift

a heavy rock.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan seorang lelaki sedang
menggunakan tuil besi untuk ntengangkat satu batu
yang berat.

Diagram
Ioad?

Titik manakah yang mewakili daya, iulkrum dan

beban?

1 Rajah

Rajah 2

Which points represent the effort, fulcrum and

rock
batu besat

Diagram

Effort

Fulcrum

Load

Daya

Fulkrum

Beban

Practice 1o

7 Diagram 5 shows a lever systenr.

Diagram 3 shows a tyl)e of clevice.

RaTah 3 menunjukkau -sryertr-s a/.t1.

Rajah 5 menunjukkall salu Ji.sle/lt tt/a-s.

PMR
CLONE

'02

Diagram

PN

Rajah 3

Fulkrum

Which device belorrg,s to the same class as the

lever shown in Diagranr 3?
Alttt manakah yang Lergolon;; dalam kelas yang

Which of the following values for

sama clengan tuas yang clitunjukkan dalam Rajah 3?

balance the lever?

*_----

<o:.

Diagram

<-r">,l//r?

5 Rajah 5

Antara nilai-nilai P dan

akan mengintbangkan tuas

B
PMn

antara setiap titik cli atas tuas adalah sama.

Q(N)

20

40

55

75

Diagram 6 shows a balanced lever systenr.

Ra/ah
6 menuniukkan satu sistem tuas dalam
,

keaclaan setmbang.
r

1.0 m

Rajah 4

The lever is balancecl when the fulcrum is at

Tuas itu diseimbangkan apabila fulkrum berada di

AP
BQ
PMB

'08

Diagram

What is load

CR
D5

Tuil besi manakah yang menggunakan daya yang

paling kecil untuk menarik keluar paku?

AC

efforl

effort

dava

daya

nail

\-\---- ".- \
\f:=::::::::...-"..-..--

C 5ON
D 70N

B 3ON

Diagram 7 shows three students X, Y and Z

pMR sitting on a see-saw with F as the fulcrum. The

S'03^
see-saw is in ecJuilibrium.
,""

Rajah 7 menunjukkan tiga pelajar X, Y dan Z duduk

cli atas papan jongkang-jongket dengan F sebagai

iulkrum. Papan jongkang-jongket berada clalam

M
I

,un,

X?

A 10N

the nail?

,'

6 Rajah 6

Apakah beban X?

Which crowbar uses the least effort to pull out

tJF m

12 kg

Diagram

CTONE

berikut, yang ntanakah

CLONE

\;

PQRS

8kg

Q will

ini/

Diagram 4 shows a lever system. The clistance

between each point on the lever is tlre sanre.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan salu sistem tuas. larak di

P ancl

P{N)

5N

Fulcrum

nail

paku

keseimbangan.

XY

D
effort
daya

etfort

daya
I
lr

nail

_s-]_
\\4
\-l:l

Practice 10

paku

nail

paku

Diagram 7 Rajah 7

Which action will cause Zto go up?

Tindakan manakah yang akan menyebabkan
bergerztk ke atas?

X moves towards
X /reigerak ke arah
Y moves

F
f

towards

'10

shows a wheelbarrow.
Rajah 10 menunjukkan sebuah kereta sorong

12 Diagram

Y lx'rgerak ke alah

Z moves towarcls

effort
daya

fulcrum
fulkrum

Z berger.tk ke arah

X and Y move towarcls F

X dan Y berger;rk ke arah F
1.2m

10 Diagram B shows a vegetable seller carrying

PMR two baskets P ancl Q. P has a mass of 50 kg and
CLONE
has a mass of 30 kg. The clistance between
'06 Q
Q and the seller is 1 .5 nr. (Assume 1 kg = 1 g 5;

Rajah

menunjukkan seorang peniual sayur

ntembawa dua bakul P dan O-. P mempunyai iisim

50 kg dan Q mempunyai jisin 30 kg. larak anlara Q
dan penjtral sayur ialah 1 .5 nt. (Anggap 1 kg = l0 N)

Diagram 10 Raiah 10

How much effort is required to lift a load of

(Asslrme 1 kg= 19 51;
Berapakah daya yang diperlukan untuk

20kg|

ntengangkat beban

beriBh 20 kg?

1kg=10N)
A lON

100N

B 4ON

4OON

(Anggap

i 1 shows a uniform rod. The rod is in

equilibrium when an effort of 20 N is exerted

13 Diagram

to balance a load of 50 N. What is value y?

Rajah 11 ntenunjukkan satu rod seragam. Rod ini
berada dalam keseimbangan apabila daya 20 N
Diagram B Rajah

What should the distance between the seller

dikenakan untuk mengimbangkan beban

Apakah nilaiy?

and P be in order to balance both baskets?

"#;

fulkrum

---*t

C 1.5m
D 1.9m

load

"t'l Which statement is true in relation to P ancl Q

in Diagram 9?
Pernyataan manakah yang benar mengenai P dan Q

dalam Rajah 9?

beban

Diagram 11 Rajah

a car.

I2

shows a man opening the lrood of

12

menuniukkan seorang lelaki sedang

membuka hud kereta.
Rajah

PQ

11

C 75cm
D lO0cm

12cm
B 50cm

14 Diagram

Diagram

N.

fulcrum

Apakah jarak antara penjttal sayur dengan P untuk

me ngim bangkan ked a-d u a bakul ?

A 0.5m
B 0.9m

50

9 Rajah

P is a first class lever and Q is a second class

lever.
P ialah tttas kelas pertama dan Q ialah tuas kelas
keclua.

Both P and Q are second class levers.

Q ialah tuas kelas kedua.

Q have fulcrr-rm between the
load and effort.
Keclua-clua P clan Q ntentpunyai fulkrum antara
Kedua-dtra P clan

Both P and

beban dan daya.

P is a simple machirre and Q is a complex

machine.
P ialah mesin ringkas clan a ialah mesin

Diagram 12 Raiah 12

Which points represent the fulcrr-rm, load and

effort?

Titik-titik manakah yang mewakili fulkrum, beban

dan daya?

kompleks.

Piactice 40

We would need less people working

in

Fulcrum

Load

Effort

Fulkrum

Beban

Daya

dalam industri.

We could build tall buildings easily.

Kita boleh ntembina bangunan tinggi dengan

mudah.

n cl u stri es.
Kita ticlak akan ntemerlukan ramai orang bekeria

We would have plenty of time to do our

work.

Kita akan mempunyai banyak masa

untuk

membuat kerja kita.

Appreciating the innovative

efforts in the design of machines
to simpliff work

We could not

faster from

one

destinatiori to another.
Kita tidak dapat bergerak dengan cepat dari satu
destinasi ke destinasi yang lain.

Menghargai usaha inouatif dalam reha

bentuh mesin unhtk nrcnrudahkun keriu

15

travel

If there are no machines, what would our lives

be like?
lika tidak ada mesin, apakah keadaan kehidupan kita?

SrnucruRED Quesnorus
INSTRUCTIONS: Write your answers in the spaces provided.
ARAHAN: Tulis jawapan anda dalam ruang yang disediakan.
1

P![R
CLONE

Diagram
Raiah

.1 shows four simple machines K, L,M and N that use the principle of lever.

.1 menunjttkkan empat mesin ringkas K, L, M dan N yang menggunakan prinsip tuas.

'08

N.'

\t.x

\.LM

Diagram 1.1 Rajah

(a)

-1.1

Based on Diagram 1.1, answer the following questions.

Berdasarkan Rajah 1 .1, iawab soalan berikut.

(i) State one characteristic that can be observed from K, L, M and N by referring to the positions
of fulcrum, load and effort.
Nyatakan satu ciri yang dapat diperhatikan pada K, L, M dan N dengan merujuk kepada kedudukan
fulkrum, beban clan daya.

Device
Alat

t,

;,.-:..tlr,:,i

P f a C.t I Ce

7O

Characteristic
Ciri

(i

the four simple machines K, L, M and N into two groups based on their common
characteristic.
Kelaskan empat mesin ringkas K, L, M dan N kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan ciri sepunya.

i) Classify

Common characteristic
Cirisepunya

Device
AIat

shows two situations P and Q of a device using the principle of lever.

Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan dua situasi P dan Q untuk alat yang menggunakan prinsip tuas.

(b) Diagram 1.2

Diagram 1.2 Raiah 1.2

(i) State

one inference about the device.

Nyatakan satu inferens untuk alat itu.

(i

i) Predict the force needed to lift rock Q.

Ramalkan daya yang diperlukan untuk mengangkat batu Q.

(iii) State the relationship between the distance of the crowbar from the fulcrum and the force
needed to lift the rock.
Nyatakan perhubungan antara jarak tuil besi dengan fulkrum dan daya yang dipeilukan untuk
mengangkat batu.

Diagram 2.1 shows a pair of pliers.

PMR Ral'ah

2.1 menuniukkan sepasang playar.

cl-0ilE

'05

Diagram 2.1 Rajah 2.1

(a)

Based on Diagram 2.1:

Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1:

(i) Label the position of the fulcrum.

Label kedudukan fulkrum.

(ii) State the class of the pliers.

Nyatakan kelas playar.

(iii) Cive one reason for your answer in 2a(ii).

Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di 2a(ii).

(b) Based

on Diagram 2.2, mark (X) in the box for the tools with the same class of lever as the pliers
in Diagram 2.1.

Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2, tanda (X) dalam kotak untuk alat dengan kelas tuas yang sama seperti playar dalam
Rajah 2.1.

see-saw

wheelbanow
kereta sorono

Diagram 2.2 Rajah 2.2

(c) Diagram 2.3

shows a situation where the effort and load are in equilibrium.

di mana daya dan beban berada dalam keseimbangan.

Raiah 2.3 menunjukkan situasi

Effort

Daya

50N

Diagram 2.3 Rajah 2.3

Calculate the effort, E needed to balance the ruler using the following formula:
Hitung daya,

Load

Beban

yang diperlukan untuk mengimbangkan pembaris dengan menggunakan formula berikut:

distance of load from fulcrum = Effort

jarak beban dari

fulkrum -

Daya

distance of effort from fulcrum

x jarak daya

dari fulkrum

sla
m
**g

Technological and lndustrial Development in Society

I
i

Simple Machines

%
,QTAKs\S
[_o*["_"_f

,ye.Qg-e;ff ons

Instruction: Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the correct answer'
Arahan: Setiop soalin diikLtti oleh ernpat pilihn, A, B, C donD. Pilih iawapon yong betul.

Leverr

1 Which of the following tools

, 3 A ruler is hung at the ccntre

.Q@,with a string. 50 g wcight is
r - hung on thc rulc.r as shown
in Diagr.rm

opply the prir-rciplc of levers?

Atttnrt nlnt bL'riktrl, rlnrrg rnnnokalr

S t:It n t a

r r

Scrc-nts

I'ulle1'5

Fishing rods

Siphons

1.

Ttet nlr n ri

d i gn t t t tt tt

Pembaris

r,r,ith

DIAGRAM 7/P.^JAH

Ptttla titik tnwttknh, A, B, C atau

D nfns ltcntlrnris, sepatutrrYn

rakn n y artg

Icbilt bcsar dutgntt scdikit darla

lifting

rrc n gnr t gka t ob.i

pcntbarnt 25 g digarrttrtl9 sttlravl

pcnfuaris itu seintltonc ?

l-reavy objects

using great effort

ek

lte rn

l{9t

dengatt dnyn yntrg ltcsar

carrying objects with

electricity
nrcngnrtgkat obiek
aknn tann g;n tl ck t rik

enabling a great force to

overcolne a smaller force
rtur rb a rut

rkntt

d nr1

n y ntr g ltcsnr

trtcttgntnsi dnya ynrrg labilt

kacil

ctribstins

Penarbit

llmu Bakti Sdn. Rhd. (7.J2516-M) 2012

rtt'6qdn!

5 Diagr.rnr

3 shows a rulcr.

ffi$ t-nr.tt X and )'.rrc hung

ert differcnt points on the

ruler. Each load consists of a
number of 200 g ln"eights.

3 rr tcr rtr trj ukkart scbo t nr

yurrltoris. Bcltnrr X dnrt Y

l?,ai nlr

aLla pc
1t
er

di

ilt ari

ri d u

i:Lt

s.

S c t i tt

ntl n

lt

It t'It n r t

il nr r gtr

1tgn1fiL:rut lteriisinr 200 g Vtutg

tertutttr.

block on a light plank

PQ. A force of 60 N is
used to balancc the plank
horizontally.
Rniah 2 mertunjukknrr scltuah
I,ongknh knyu di a1a.s 51'A't7ri rrg
popatt ynilg ringnn, PQ. Sntu
dnya 60 N digtrttokart utrtuk
r t t c r t
t' i r r t b n r t gk n t r 7t tt1t tt t t i t t t sc c n r n

Load Y
Beban Y

Retort stand
Kaki retoft

11

DIAGRAM 3/RAJAH

ntuulntnr.

84

di gnntu t g pnda t i tik bt'rl ni t r ttr t

t

4 Diagram 2 shows a wooden

:@

ma r r ggu rt

At which points, A, B, C or
D on the rulcr should the
25 g wcight be hung so that
the ruler is balanced?

little cffort

n a r t qebaltknrr p e r ga

qttrthrtturc

-t

causing grcater
rnovernettt of tl-re load
r

A 75N
B lOON
C 12ON
D 15ON

tbudne

rrrrttlnlt kcronn ia

(?ot

wooden block? [Ignore

weight of light plankl

Ruler

Tuos DrcninLlikort kcrin kits lcltilr

Wl-rat is the n cight of the

Apakolr be rnt ltorrgkah knrlu itu?

[Aboiknn ltgval pnpnrt ritrgnrt]

Lcrrers make our work

easier by

DIAGRAM z/RAJAH2

lornrt

(?o, .tt

'I'nknl

Sifon

digntttttttgpadopt'ntbaris,scpcrti
yang diturtjukkLttr dtlntrt Rninlt 1.

Skru

padn bnlnginu tcttgnlrttrla dutgan

sctrtns tnli. Pcttrbcrnt bariisitn 50 g

trttt t gnplikasikntt p ri trsilt trros?

'IF

I,

lO

In which of the following

situations will the ruler be
in equilibrium?

fulcrum and the load

D ay a terl

Dolnm keadann ynng manakah,

kcseinrbnngon?

Number Length Number

llbqgtl-i
of
r/cm t1,of1ri. lri,t/.&:
*'nJ!!,'16
weights D--i^a)
'weighs, Pyiqr,g
in load r/&,. :inloeCt y/dk '
.t.,.r:,J'1r.':.i

Bibngan
pembuai

ilalan,
bebanX

Bilangay:

pimbtiiit

:lt''i:

bebsflY"i

.il

t':

ll

Which of the following

statements is true about this
lever?

B
i
I

DL

@'

6\Which of the following

diagrarns labels the load,
fulcrurn and effort correctly?

l
I

Arttsrn rnjnlt barikut, rlong

nkalt n rcl abelknn lteban,

fulkrutrr datr dntln tlengan betul?
r

rr

nt

Force
Daya

Fulcrum
Fulkrum

benar tentang tuas ini?

This is a second class
lever

Ia merupoknn tuas kelas kedua

Beban

Fulkrum

A buckel
of sand
weighing

The effort needed is

N
Satu baldi

.10

smaller than the load

pasir

Daqn yang diperlukan ndnlolt

kurnng daripnda bebnn

berat lO N

dengan

,
,

Q sitting on a see-saw

F as the

tttttunjukkan duo ornng

Rajnlt 4

Fulkrum

hudak pcrenrytunn, P tlan Q sednng

Fulcrum

ntas

jongkang-_jongket, di

PO

'
:
,
:
'
,,
:

D
Fulcrum

DIAGRAM 4/R,AJAH 4

\A/hich of the following

will cause Q to go up?
Antara tindnkan berikut, yang

actions

msnakalt akan ntenyebnbkan Q

naik?

15N

n a rnl t be r tcn tnn gan

nTtabiln tuas ini digunoknn

rrrorn F ialnlt ftlkrunt. longkangjongket itu dalam kcseintbangnn.

ctlrlbutlng

Fulcrum

Dnyo dnn lteltnn ltertintlnk

duduk di

Load

a ligl-rt

d alar

Load

Beban

9 Diagram 5 shows

The effort and the load

act in opposite directions
when the lever is used

8 Diagram 4 shows two girls,

Fulkrum

otlrturrirg

Rajnlt 5 rttanunjukknrt sotrr rod

ringatt, PQ.

Fulkrum

Load

II dan IV snlujn
III and IV only
Ill dnn lV snlmj

of this type of lever

Fulcrum

vBeban

snlmja

Gunting ialsh sntu contolr

tuas jenis ini

fulcrum. The
see-saw is in cquilibriurn.

Daya

lll

II dan IV only

rod, PQ.

with

Force

I and Il only
I dnn II salnja
i and III only

l.$"

Scissors are an example

tffigt'and
-*

scjenis tuas.

@ *t**
i-

Q bergarak mcn jnuli F

F
bugcrak
ke
antlt
I:
Q

I dan

rnanakah

;,
:,1;l.i^:
.:i1:i;:. f.:,:!:l.i:

.r..,,:.:,,.:

cii-cii

P moves away from F

P hergcrnk mminuhi F
Q rnoves away from F

IV Q moves towards

Antara pernqntnan berikut, yang

i*s.gi
:,;:

III

tak an tara fulkrunt

The above is the characteristic

of a type of lever.

Di atss ialah

.tt::,t::.;t.]ii.l

iql&.:: ';]ilni;t

dengan beban

panbaris itu akan berads dalam

jX

II

The effort is between the

Simple Machines

P moves towards F
P bcrgcrak kc ornlt F

DI AGRAM 5/p.AJ AH

if a forcc of 15 N is needed
to act at 10 cm frorn the
fulcrurn to balance the rod,
what is the distancc between
the bucket of sar-rd and the
fulcrurn?
likn sntu dnyn 15 N dilterluknn
trtrtukltertindak podo jnrnk 70 cnr
dari

ftlkrurrt

utttuk seiniltartgkatt

rod ittr, nltnknh jornk nntnro bokli

pttsit'dngonfrlkrutrt?
A 5cm
C 15cm
B 10crn D 20crn

ao,drydng
i @
. 10 Diagram 6 shows two girls
: l and Y with the mass of

',
,
:
:
':

20 kg ar-rd 40 kg respectively
playing a see-saw.
Rajnh 6 ntenunjukkttn tluo orong
budnk peren4luan, X tlatt Y ynng
tnasing-masing hcrjisitrr 2.0 kg tlnn
40 kg scdnttg ltarnnin jlnqkang
jongkct,

i
I
I

A Ptnerbit Ilmtt BaLti

Sdn.

Bld. (732516,tt1) 20t2

Y(40 ks)

X (20 ks)

DIAGRAM 6/pAJAH

iI dan lV only
III and lV only
III
DIAGRAM 8/RAJAH

be ra

tln

d al m

C 50cm
D 75 crn

5cm
25cm

1.4 Which of the following

activities makes use of a

third class lever?

Arttnrn nktii,iti lteriktt, tlnng
tnnnnknlt nrt'trggttnnkntr tttns kelns

bcban?

[Anggnp 1 kg = 10 N]

cttrlbudrr

@
11 Diagram

7 shows a rnodel
that represents a lever
system.

Rtjnh 7 tnanunjukknrr sotu tnodel

@'

yang trteittakili snttr sistctrt tuns.

13

dnn IV snhaja

dcrtlYlng

Balngion unnakalt P, Q tlau

R meuakili fulkrunr, dmln datt

kcse itrtbatgarr?

A
B

tgt

Which of the points P, Q

and R represent the fulcrum,
effort and load?

filkrum, F, bera1tn iaul*alt dari

filkrum Inrrrs Y dttdt* agar
t

I and III only

I dan lII salnja

II dan IV saluja

Sekiranya X duduk 50 cm dnri

gkn n g-j on gkc

I and II only

I dnrt II salnjo

If X sits 50 cm from the

fulcrum, F, how far from
the fulcrum should Y sit
so that the see-saw is in
equilibriurn?
[Assunrc 1 kg = 19 61',

.j on

i 12 Diagram 8 shows a bottle

: cap being removed using a
I bottle opener.
: Rajah 8 menunjukknr satu
). pcntttup botol ynng diltukn dangnn
:, menggunnknn penfuuka botol.
:po

kctiga?

Fulcrum

Effort

Load

Fulkrwn

Daua

Beban

t(

/<

Cuttir-rg paper witl-r a

pair of scissors
Mu

ggt ur

t i tt

g kcr t os

tlt' tt

gntr

seplsnttg gttrrtirtg

Playing the see-saw

Playing golf

Bcu

r r

tr i

tu r gk

a t g-

io

n gkc

Bannnin gol.f

asCnttrr

Opening the can lid with

a can oPet-ler
Mor tbuka pt'r r rr t tt p I i tr

Effort
Daya

dc tr gttr t

pentltuko titt

(;at
DIAGRAM 9/RAJAHg

Which of the following

tools are in the sarne class
of lever as the tool shown in
Diagram 9?

Beban

DIAGRAM 7/p,AJAH7

Which of the following tools

is in the same class as the
lever system shown?

Arttarn olnt berikut, ytutg ntorrnknlt

lteratln dolnm kclns trrtts ynng setntl
seperti alat yong dituttjukknrr

Arrlarn nlnl bcrikut, yarrg

dalarn Rajah 9?

tttnrmknlt hcrnLla dnlntt kalns ynng

snmn dertgart sistem tuns yotrg

onribstir'

15 Diagrarn 10 shows a lever

s\.stem witl-r two loads, P
ancl Q hung on either ends
of a rnctre rule.
Rnjnlr 10 rtrt'rttttr.iukkntt stttu sisteur
tuas dutgimr dun ltabatt, P dnn Q
rlttrrg digttrttrtttg padrt kcdtrn-dun
I

j rtrr g sebnt

Ttctriltnris

trt t' ta

r.

di l rrrtj trkknrt?

Ice tongs
Putyepil nis

Papcr cuttcr

Pentotongkcrtns
C Knife

70 80 90100

II
j

Scissors
Gurrting

o."rYnlrg

@ Pencrbit

DIA6RAM |OIRAJAH

Pisotr

lhnu Bakti Sdr. Rhd. (732516-M) 2012

III

10

is 71/z tirnes heavier than

Q- For the mctre rule to be
in equilibriurn, what sl-roulcj
the values for .r" ancl r7 be?
P

lO
P ialah 7 %kali lebih berlt

The amount of effort used

to balance the plastic rod
is shown by the spring
balance. At which position,
A, B, C or D will the spring
balance show the smallest
reading?
lumlah dayn yang diguna untuk

dnripada Q. Apakah nilai x dan y

supalla pembaris meter itu bernds
dalsm keseintbnngan?

xlcm

,;{e$r'

20

80

40

60

60

40

80

Examples include pliers

and golf club
Contolr tarmnsuk playar dan

golf
Both the effort and the
load act in the sarne
knyu

direction
Kctluo-dua dayn dnn lteban

bcrtitdnk daltrtt nralt ynttg

d pl as t ik
ditunjukkan oleh nerqca spring.
Padn kedudukan manakah, A,
meny chnb an gkan

20

ro

sqtna

B, C ntou D nersca spring akan

menunjukkan blcaan yang paling

@r "r++*
16 Diagram 11 shows a pole
being used to lift a rock.
Rajnlr 11 rrtcnunjukkan sebatang
galalt yang digunnkan untuk
m e n ga n gkat sebij i hn tu.

./-

kecil?

Bebon bergarak dalam jorak

dnya

18 Diagram 13 shows a paper

Force

applied to cut a piece of

Daya

PaPer.

20 Diagram 14 shows a human

arrn that represents a class
of lever system.

Rajnlr 13 ntutunjukkan sntu

pctttotongkertas. Satu daya 5

Rnjalr 14 ntcttunjukknn satu

lengan trtntttrsitr ynng nrciuokili

dikenakrm untuk mentotong schelui

kartss.

sttr&rdw

l.$"

cuttbr.Aforceof5Nis

The load moves through

a longer distance than
the effort
yang lebih jnuh dnripnda

atltft*&ir

tS"

Simple Machines

satu kelns sistem tuns.

30cm

DIAGRAM ll/P.AJAH11

Where should the fulcrum,

A, B, C or D
so that the smallest force is
needed to lift up the rock?
Di rrtnnakalt pntut fulknnn barotln,
A, B, C atntL D supnyo dnyo ynng
F be placed,

DIA6RAM 74/P.AJAH
DIA6RAM 13/RAJAH

Ttnling kecil diTterlukon untuk

cttrihrdns

'[antukon ilt(ntrcn doyn

yang
ditunjukkan.

17 Diagrarn 12 shows a lever

A
B
C
D

system.
Rn.ialt 12 rncnunjukkan sattr
sistent tuas.

1.00 Nm
1.50 Nrn
1.75 Nm
2.00 Nm

tergolong dalnrn kelns tuns yang

snrrn seperti r1ang tlitun.iukkan
dalatn Rajnlt 74?

odr{bdrng

l.$t

DIA6RAM 72/P.AJAH

12

Wheelbarrow

A tt ! nrn pt'rnyal nnt

Kerefa sorong

second c]ass levers?

./-

lgt

kedua?

Claw hammer
Tukul tuil
Paper cutter
Pernotong kertas

19 Which of the following

statements are true about
t bt riku t, ynr g
rnnnnkah benar tentnttg tuas kelas

14

Which of the following

tools belongs to the same
class of lever shown in
Diagram2T?
Antsrs nlat bcrikut, yang rnartnkalt

Find the moment of the

force shown.

rrtengangkat bntu itu?

(!jlt

13

Shovel
Pentlodok

dddfl,ins

The load is between the

effort and the fulcrum
Bcbon berndn ontara dnya
dcngart.frilkrunt

87

O Penerbit llmu BaLa Sdn Bhd. (732516-M) 20r2

Science Form 2

&-"y-"9l::{iv"s-Syesf i9.1s
Instruction: Answer all questions.
Arahan: lav,ab semua soalan.

1 Diagram

Diagram 2 shows a tool that uses a lever

1, shows five tools, I, K, L, M and N.

Ilnjalt 7 menunjukkan lima alat, I, K, L, M dsn N.

4M&
&

system.
Rnjolt 2 manunjukkan sntu nlnt yortg nenggunakan satu
sistetn tuos.

DIAGRAM ?/P.AtrAH2

tool in Diagram 2 to show the

fulcrum (F), the effort (E) and the load (L).

(u) Label the

N

Lnltelksn nlnt Llnlnm Rnjnh 2 utrtuk nrcnunjukkott

fulkrutrr (F), davn (E) dort bcbnn (L).

DIAGRAM !/P.AJAHl

Observe the tools in Diagram

1.
Pe

rlmtikotr olnt-nlnt dnlam Rnjoh

(a)

1.

(i) Which class of lever does the tool

shown in Diagrarn 2 belong to?

(b)

State the class of lever for each tool l, K, L,

M and N.
Nyotaknn kelas tuas untuk sctin1t alnt l, K, L, M

Dalarrt kelas tuns yartg ntnnaknlr alat tlnlont

Rajalt 2 tugoltmg?

rlnrr N.

l:
(ii) Give one reason for vour answer in
(bxi)

'

Bcri satu saltnlt bngi irut,opnrt ntrdn dnlnnt

(b)(i).

N:

(.)

(b) Classify the tools, I, K, L, M and N in

Diagrarn L into two groups based on their
class of levers. State the tools belonging to
each class.
Kelaskan alat-nlot I, K, L, M dorr N tlnlnnt Rnjnh
kepnda dun kun4tulott, Iterdssnrkttn kclas tuns-

Name two other examples of tools that

arc in the same class of levc'r as tl're tool
shown in Diagrarn 2.
Nortrnknrt dua corrttilr alat lnirt dnlnrtt kclns luos
Vrrng sailtn dutgnrr nlnt dnlnm Rninlt 2.

1.

2al

Nomakan nlat-nlat dulam setinp kclas.

I, K, L, M, ANd N

I,K,L,MdanN
Class of

lever

Load

Kelas tuas

Beban

Names of
tools

Pull downwards
Tarik ke bawah

Nnms nlat
DIAGRAM 3.I/RAJAH 31
@ Pencrbit

|lmu Bakti Sdn. Bhd. (732516-M) 2012

88

::
A student carried out an experiment using the
lever system in Diagram 3.i.
A string is tied at the centre of the ruler
(fulcrum) to the retort stand. A 600 g weight
at the left side, 20 cm away Lo- ih"
fs ]rung
fulcrum.
The student carried out the following steps:

Bacaan pada neracn spring

(ii) Complete Table 1 to show the results.

(Assume 1 kg mass = 10 N)

balance is hung 20 cm from

Lengkapkan ladual 7 untuk menunjukkan

keputusannya.
(Anggap jisirn 1kg = 19

the fulcrum, on the other end of the

ruler.
Sntu nernca spring digontung 20 cm rlari

^11

ftlkrun, padn hujung pembnris yang satu logi.

2: The spring balance is pulled
downwards to balance the ruler. The

.Loail

Step

3:

rnknn

di

cn

ta

with the

spring balance being hung 30 cm and

40 crn from the fulcrum.

fiilkrturt.

Diagrain 3.2 shows the readings

obtained:

(b)

(i) Record the readir"rg of the spring

balance in the space provided.
Catntknn bncnnn nernca s1tring rlalom
yang disediakntt.

ruang

.:

,.f2)

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.4

.,

(i) Based on Table 'J., draw a bar chart of

effort against effort distance.
Berdasarknn ladunl 1, lukisknn satu cnrtn ltar
dnya nelauan iarnk doya.

Rninh 3.2 ntcttttn jukknn bncanrt qnng tli1teroleh:

(u)

larak ilaya

TABLE 1/JADUALl

Lnngkah 7 dat 2 diutangi clengan

rrtettggnnturtgkan neraca sqtring 30 on dan
40 art dnri

diitance {m)

Rohii
(M

tkan.

Steps 1 and 2 are repcated

,,.,..,,,Effort

':'$if

force used is recorded.

Ncraco sltring itu tlitarik ke ltnualt untuk
tt.tcttrlcitnbnngknn ltunbnris itu. Dnyn ynng
tli gu

DIAGRAM 3.z/R.AtrAH3.2

dan digantung pnda kski retort. Satu pembera't 600 g

dignntung pada sebelah kiri, 20 cm dari
fulkrum.
P cI nj a r i t u t tt e I nk u k a n I an gknh -I an gkah
b e r ik u t :

Step

=-_---_

tali diikat pada pertengalun pembaris

fulkrum)

1: A spring

Simple Machines

larak neraca spring dari fulkrum = 40 cm

menggunakan sistcm tuas yang ditunjukkan dalam

Rajah 3.1.

Step

lO

Distance of the spring balance from the

fulcrum = 40 cm
Reading on the spring balance =

Seorang pelnjar menjnlankan satu eksperintit dengan

S.eut11

Effort (N)
Dnyo (N)

Distance of the spring balance from

the fulcrum = 20 crn
Readir-rg on the spring balance =

Effort

lnrnk rtarncn spring tlari fulknun = 20 cnt

distance
(m)

Bncnnrt ltndn ttt'rnca.s2rirrg

=_=--.-

lnrnk daya

(nt)

I
Distance of the spring balance from the
fulcrum = 30 crn
Reading on the spring balance

:.---...----.-N

lornk narnca sltring dnri fulkrum = 30 cnt

Bncaart ytndn neracn spring
N

=_-=_-..-

CD
(ii)

Based on the bar chart obtained in

(bxi), what is the relationship between
the effort needed to balance the 600
""'"o
weight and the effort Jir,""*i
Berdasarkan cnrta har yang diperoleh dalant
(b)(i), apakah lutbungan antara daya yang

I
89

Prnerbit llntu BaLti Sdn. Bhd. (232516-M)

20t2

'

Science Form 2

(iii) Are the surface areas of the bars in the

bar chart drawn in b(i) the same?

diperlukan un tuk ntcny einfu an gkan pemberat

600 g.dengan jarak daya?

(.)

r-7r

Adakah luns bar dalam cafta bar dalam (c)(i)

-3

sama?

(i) Calculate the product of the load and

the load distance:
Load (N) x Load distance (m)

(d) Suggest one hypothesis for this

experiment based on answers in (c).
Cndnngkan satahipotcsis bagi cksperimcn ini

Kira lwsil darab behan dengan jarak beban:

Beban (N) x larak heban (m)

berdasarkan jawnpan dalnm (c),

r-7r
(e)

(i) Write the formula for moment of force

for a lever in equilibrium.
Tulis fonnula untuk momen daya ltogi satu
tuas ynttg dalant kcseimbarryan.

(ii) Calculate the effort needed if the

effort distance is L0 cm.

(ii) Calculate the product of the effort and

the effort distance at different effort
distances, using the formula:
Effort (N) x Effort distance (m)

Kirn daya yang diperluknn sekirnntln jnrnk

dnyn

inlnh'|]

crrr.

_D

Kirahnsil darab dnya dengan jarak dnya

trttttrk lnrnk dnya yang berlainan, dengan
menggunnkan fornrula:
Daqn (N) x larak dnyn Qn)

(0 State the variables for the experiment.

Nyatnkan ytcnftoleh ultalt untuk eksperimcn irti.

(i) Manipulated variable:

P entholeh

uhnl r dimnnilt ulnsikan

(ii) Responding variable:

Penfuolclt ubah bergcrnk halas:

(iii) Constant variable:

P enfu olcl

@ Panerbh

lltnu Bakti Sdn Bhd. (7325r6-M) 20t2

ft-)

90

r ubnl t

d i m nl a

rknn :

I
SIMPLE MACHINE
*ro *

ffigr{s*.ffio;*=*
1
2

A lever is a simple machine that turns about a fulcrum (F) when an effort (E)
force called load (L).

applied to overcome a resisting

Tuos odoloh mesin ringkas yang berputar poda fulkrum (F) opabila dayo (D) dikenakan untuk mengatasi daya rintangan yang
dipanggil bebon (B).

three classes of levers:

tigo kelos tuas:

There are
Terdapot

Class

of lever/Kelos tuos

First class

Examples/Contoh

Use/Kegunaan
To produce a large force from
small force

Kelas pertomo

Untuk menghosilkan daya yang besar

doripodo dayo yong kecil

Second class

To produce a large force from

small force

Kelos keduo

.
.
.
.

To produce a large movement

Kelos ketigo

from a small movement

Untuk menghosilkon gerakon yong
besor doripada gerakan yong kecil

The moment of a force refers to the turning effect

of a force.
Momen daya merujuk kepoda keson putaron daya.

Moment of

a force

Force (N)

Momen doyo (N m)

x Perpendicular distance from the

pivot to the force (m)

Doya (N) x Jarak serenjong daripodo pivot ke doyo (m)

ln a lever, there are two opposing moments

produced by the effort and the load, which are the
clockwise moment and the anticlockwise moment.
Pado tuos, terdopot duo momen bertentongon yong

CrowbarlTuil
Claw hammer/Tukul tuil

utcracker/P engacip buah

Wheelbarrow f Kereto sorong

Bottle opener / Pembuko botol
Paper cutter f Pemotong kertos

Untuk menghasilkon daya yang besor

Third class

PlierslPloyar

Scissors/6unting

doripada daya yong kecil

is

.
.
.
.

BroomlPenyapu
lce tongs/Penyepit

ais

Fishing rodlloran
Human's armf Lengan monusia

The moments in a lever is given by the following

formula:
Momen podo tuas diberi oleh rumus yang berikut:

Load (N) x Distance of load from F (m)

Bebon (N) x Jorok beban doripodo

(m)

= Effort (N) x Distance of effort from F (m)

Doyo (N) x Jarok daya doripoda F (m)

Levers can be used to design machines that help

to simplify our work.
Tuas boleh digunokan untuk mereka cipto mesin yang
membantu mempermudah kerjo kita.

dihasilkon oleh doya dan bebon, iaitu momen mengikut

jom don momen melowan jom.

fiB *nnp*e*r i{3 Simple Mochine

EXAMINATION PRACTICE 10

tuas kelas pertama

II] The fulcrum is between

ffiJ"y:'?-shows the characteristics of a

simple machine.
Nlaklumat berikut menLmjukkan
ciri-ciri suatu mesin ringkas.

kecil

fulcrum

titik

I danlI

tetap

I and IV

yang dipanggil

fulkrum
resisting force
called load
Mempunyai satu daya

. It has a
b erten t an

gan y ang dip anggil

beban

It has an effort applied to

overcome load

II

I danTY

Ii

II danIII
III and IV

and

III

III danN

Which of the following devices

arTtara

fulkrum dan daya

jr,.',

located

Beban terletak di

overcome a small load

Daya yang besar digunakan
untuk mengatasi beban yang
I and

The load is

between the fulcrum and

the effort

ry A big force is used to

Mempunyai satu

beban dengan daya

It has a fixed point called

The load acts in the same

direction as the effort
Beban bertindak pada arah
yang sama seperti daya

the load and the effort

di antara

Fulkrum berada

I The following information

Alat-alat ini tergolong dalam

tce tongs and forceps are examples of third-

f'classlever.
$ . eenyepit ois dan

''

forsep ialah contoh tuos kelos

ACLtgU.

Diagram 2 shows the different

parts on a wheelbarrow.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan bahagian

is a second-class lever?
Antara alat berikut, yang manakah

yang berlainan pada

tuas kelas kedua?

sorong.

kereta

Mempunyai satu daya yang

dikenakan untuk mengatasi
beban

\tVhat is this machine?

Apakah mesin ini?
A A lever C An axle

Tuas
B Awheel D
Roda

f-K--.i
r
,v

Gandar

:,Mj

Awedge
Baji

Diagram I shows two devices

ruf, that use the principle of lever.
l!03
Rajah I menunjukkan dua alat

Diagram 2

Raiah2

\tVhich of the
represents

yang menggLtnakan prinsip tuas.

J,

following

K, L and M?

Antara yang berikut,

D

yang

manakah mewakili LK, L danM?

r',,,.ttidm.f:tiii#

I l,

A
4 Which statement is true about
ffiil_ the third-class levers?
Ugcrt
Pernyataan manakah yang benar

Diagram I
Rajahl

Pernyataan manakah yang betul?

The load and effort act in

the opposite direction
Beban dan daya bertindak

dalam

II

arah

yang

bertentangan

These devices belong to

first class levers
Question

- Analysing

The load is closer to the

fulcrum than the effort
Beban lebilz dekat dengan
fulkrum berbanding dengan

- The effort is

between the fulcrum and

Daya terletak di
fulkrum dan beban

antara

effort
Magnitude of

load
Magnitud
beban

located

the load

Fulcrum
Fulkrum

Jarak daya

daya

6rpa;.:i;li::i

1;1,1

Distance of

tentang tuas kelas ketiga?

lVhich statements are correct?

Distance of

load
Jarak beban

-t
i

i}lrapier
device used
at a construction site.
Rajah 3 tnenwtjukkan alat yang
dtgtmakan di tapak pembinaan.

Diagram 3 shows

A 0.30Nm C
B 0.75Nm D

Wedge
Baji

Momen daya = Doyu x Jarak tegok dari pangsi

ke

Nut

Rajah3

Nat

An tara alat

second

Rnioh G menunjukkan tuas kelas

kedua.

dengan alat yang dinrnjukkan di

atas?

p-

20

cm ---;N

erikut, y ang manakah

mentpunyai kelas tuas yang sama

4 ON

Diagram 4
Rajah4

Ice tongs
Penyepit ais

Which of the following pairs is

Scissors
Gunting

Diagram 6

correct?

Rajah6

Antara pasangan berikut, yang

Fishing rod

manakah betul?

Calculate the force required to

Paper cutter

.Momentpf,

Pemotong kertas

,rlfqrqq;ll

lift 60 kg of sand.
Hitung daya yang diperlukan

Joran

untuk mengangkat 60 kg pasir

.:lftrI *t,-:^:,

Which of the following shows

the lever that uses the Ieast
amount of effort to remove the

Clockwise

Ikutjam

Antara yang berikut,

yang
manakah me n unj ukkan tuas yan g
menggwtakan jumlah daya yang

paling rendah untuk mencabut

tiang itu?

Wedge

I
rians | |

nnji

-j--1
(Vt+=Yf
l"\

i'
i

Clockwise

Ikutjam

Anticlockwise
Lawan jam

L4

Anticlockwise
Lawan jam

A
Pole -..f

A 1s0N C
B 2OON D

MonaenSqiii
': (Nn):''t',;.

pole?

Which of the following devices

ri

d
b

Load tr'rf

f^

.P)

,
I

"

oit,r^*

oi

=;

from
the fulcrum (m)
load

aahan(N)rlarakbeban =

350N
sOON

il;;;;-l
effort from
fulcrum

the

(m)

Jarakdaya

Diagram 5 shows a force that is

applied on a stapler.
Rajah 5 menunjukkan daya yang
dikenakan pada pengokot.

Pole
Tiang
Wedge

\ ,oo',
Daya

l5N

Diagram 7

\ Effort

RajahT

Daya

Calculate the force exerted.

Wedge
Baji

Hittutgkan daya yang dikenakan.

Diagram
Rajah5

Diagram 7 shows a model of a

human arrn.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan model
lengan manusia.

Dava

i
I

t::il:!:::!l !:!:!:'^9)

\ Effo',

277777777777777777777

daya

l0 Diagram 6 shows
l-!i[. class lever.
:89"

Diagram 3

1.05Nm
1.50Nm

The moment of a force = Force x Perpendicular

distance from the pivot to the force

Diagram 4 shows a nut being

tightened using a spanner.
Rajah 4 menunjukkan nat yang

have the same class of lever as

the device above?

JI

force.
Hitungkan momen daya.

diketatkan dengan ntenggunakan

spanar

7,

lfi

SimPle Mochine

Calculate the moment of the

Effort
Daya

"!0

A
B

60N
75N

C
D

BON

95N

[i!l

&h*p*asr 3E SimPle Mochine

12

Diagram 8 shows
arm.

Rajah

Calculate the weight

barrier gate

of

Clawhammer
TtLkttI tttil

the

boulder.

menunit*kan

Scissors
Gunting
Ice tongs

Hitungkan berat batu besar itu.

Pagar

A 75N

penghalang.

15

BON

150N

I75N

Petryepit ais

Diagram 11 showstwosPheres,
R and S, which are hung from a
balanced rod.

lI

menunjukkan dua sfera,

Rajah
R dan S, yang diganntngkan Pada
rodyang seimbang.

2s0 N

Diagram

Nutcracker
Kacip kekeras

17

\rVhich crowbar requires the

tffitl least effort to pull out the nail?
-o9tt'u

Tril manakah'yang memerlukan

daya yang paling kw'ang ttntuk

RaiahB

mencabut paku?

Calculate the length, X.

Hitungkan panjang,X.

A 550 cm C
B 750cm D

Paku

810 cm

/-v-=

925cm

shows

13 Diagram 9

ll
,Pl
Llr1

Diagram

of sand.

Rajah

wheelbarrow carrying a load

menuniukkan

I effort
I oaYo

Nail

11

Rajahll

kereta

sorong yang mengangkut Pasir.

Which of the following shows

the correct values of P, Q, R

BN

and

I emort
I

oaya

.--7

S?

Antara yang berikut,

Nail
Paku
lrl

Yang

manakah menuniukkan nilai

yangbetulbagi P, Q, R danS?
20

cm

Diagram 9
RajahS

Calculate the weight

of

the

sand.
Hitungkan berat pasir

A
B
14

C
D

78N
gBN

,l.ii.P,:i

,,.R,

30 cm 15 cm

2N

6N

30 cm 10 cm

7N

18N

25cm l0 cm

3N

5N

25cm l0 cm

4N

r0N

175 cm

19ON

lBON

t6 Diagram 12 shows the model

of a lever.

Diagram l0 shows amanusing

a poie to lift a boulder.
Rajah IO menunjukkan seorang
lelaki yang menggunakan tiang

Rajah 12 menunjukkan model

tuas.

untuk mengangkat batu besar

:-.

rr'l

1i",,.,.

' overcome
Semokin
f,,
\"

T,

ir'. Ji'i."1.

"i,i.

ir"'

ir,."

".J
fulcrum, the smaller the effort required to

the load.

pendek iarak beban

dari

fulkrum,

semakin kecil daya yang diperlukan untuk

mengotosi bebon itu.

Diagram
Beraf Boulder

\tVhich of the following devices

represents the lever?

Batu
besar

Diagram

10

Rajahl0
H?&;M4tut!{"'""

'"

Question 16 - Relating

12

Raiah12

'o

l8

Diagram 13 shows two objects

that are hung from an equallY
graduated rod.
Rajah 13 menunjukkan dua objek

Antara alat berikut, yang manakah

yang digantung Pada rod

mewakili tuas ini?

disenggat secara rata.

Yang

'1

tEt
Jarak paku dari fulkrum
tidak mempengaruhi daYa

*l'
,ffi

..A

yang digtutakan

D If the distance of effort

from the fulcrum is
shorter, Iess effort will be

40N
Diagram

i menge kalkan kes e imbanga n

rod itu, fulkrum harus diletakkan

di titik

APCR

Rajah 16 menunjukkan sattt tolok

Indicator
Penunjuk

PQRS

and K belong to levers of the first-class.

Keduo-dua

peftamo.

) dan

shows a simple

K tergolong dalom tuas kelas

Buoy

BaDS

20

f9

Diagram 14 shows two tools,

,Pilfl-

and K. used to extract a nail.

Roinh L4 menunjttkkan clua alat,
I dan K yang digunakan untuk

;g*

Both

tly_e

petrol yang ringkas.

kurang
lt

ajiFslhe tllgva

petrol gauge.

Iebilt pendek, daya yatry

digunakan adalah lebilt

D em

2l Diagram i6

Jika jarak daya dari fulkrum

To maintain the balance of

the rod, a fulcrum should be
placed at point

prec

Machinesto Sniptify Work

used

13

Rajah13

Efforts"in the:Desig:rii:of ' :.

Pelampung

Diagram 15 shows a model

Petrol

constructed by a student.
Rajah i5 tnenunjttkkan model

Petrol

yang dibitm oleh seorang pelajar.

Diagram 16
Rajah

mencabut paku.
15

16

At which point

cm

should

fulcrum be placed to increase

the accuracy ofthe gauge?

Di titik manakah fitlkrum

Beban

Wall
Dinding

kejintan tolok itu?

Pan
Dulang

AP

Pemberat berslot

-.

Rajah

Paku

75

The following data

Data yan g b erikut dip e roleh

Which of the

following

describes the effort used?

Antara yang berikut,

yang

manakah me neran gkan daya yan g

digunakan?

I uses less effort than K

What is the weight that

should be added to the
slotted weight so that the

K menggunakan kw'ang daya

ditambahkart kepada pemberat

from the fulcrum does not

affect the effort used

system is in equilibrium?

harus

berslot itu supaya sistem ini berada

B IOON D

Diagram 17 shows the design

of a foot mortar based on a
reka

sistem tuas.

cm*l-

500 cm

t0N
Diagram

17

RajahIT

Calculate the minimum force

applied by the foot to lift the
mortar.

125N

Hitutrykan daya minimum

yang dikenakan oleh kaki untuk

IsON

mengangkat lesung itu.

dalam keseimbangan?

A 50N

22

F250

Apakah berat yang

daripadal

.i

Berat dulang =5 N
Berat dulang + beban
=245 N
Berat pemberat berslot
= 22.5 N

menggunakan kurang daya

daripa.daK
K uses less effort than J

C The distance of the nail

fobk it, kain 1ru jika tolok itu dapot mengeson

' perubahan podu petrot yong
isi
amat kecil.

bentuk lesung kaki berdasarkan

Weight of slotted weight

= 22.5 N

14

I
'

Rajah 17 menunjukkan

=245N

Rajah

lever system.

Weight of pan = 5 N
Weight of pan + load

Diagram 14

if it can detect

chanqe in the volume of the petrol.

1S

obtained:
Wall
Dindittg

The gauge is more accurate

{ : slight

J.5

CR
DS

Ba

Slotted weight

Diagram

Nail

harus

ditempatkan bagi meningkatkan

Load

[fB ilfrapi;er

.3*

A 3N
B 5N

Simple Mochine

C
D

23 Diagram lB

Apakah jarak di antara bakul M

dan petani ittt stLpaya kedtta-dua
bakul adalah seimbang?

7N
ION
30 kg

I$S carrying two baskets, L and M.

it8'sri

A
B
C
D

shows a farmer
kg

50

The mass of L is 3o kg and the

mass of M is 50 kg. The distance

between L and the farmer is

I.5 m.
Rajnh 18 menunjukkan petani

Diagram IB

yang menggandar dua bakul, L

dan M. Jisim L ialah 30 kg dan
jisimM ialah\lkg.Iarak di antara
L dan petani itu ialahl.S m.

lVhat is the distance between

basketM and the farmerso that
both baskets are balanced?

(b)

Structured Questions J,

l.0m

' '.,...'-:
:,.. Weight of L x Distance of L from fulcrum =]
I {"weigl'tofliaxDistanceofMfromfulcrum.
'.
[. Berat L x Jarok L dari fulkrum = Berot M x Jorak
Mdarifulkrum
'I

RajahlB

t--_

0.7m
0.Bm
0.9m

Explain the usage of the following classes of

levers:
Terangkan penggunaan tuas kelas-kelas berikut:

(i)

First-class lever
Tuas kelas

Appieciating the,i4noValive Efforts in ihe Design

of Machines to Simptify Work

Diagram

1,

I shows three pictures of tools,

pertama

X, Y and

Z.

Rajahl.I menunjukkan tiga gambar aIat,X,Y danZ.

(ii) Third-class lever

Tuas kelas ketiga

12

(c)

X:

marks I markahl

1.2 shows the situation when a force

and a load are balanced.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan situasi apabila daya dan

Diagram

beban adalah seimbang.

Load
Z:
Force,

nod

Diagram I.1

I.l

Rajah

(a)

On Diagram 1.1, label pictures X, Y and

using the following words:
Pada Rajah l.I, Iabelkan gambar X, Y dan
menggunakan

erkataan

rkataan b erikut

First-class Second-class

lever

lever

TLtas

Tuas

kelas
pertama

Tuas kelas

ketiga
13

!tirii::rii:":l!::!:i.:::iiiiii

t.':r

Diagram 1.2

Third-class
lever

kelas
kedua

40N

marks I markah)

RajahI.2

Calculate the force, F, needed to balance the

rod. Use the following formula:
Hitungkan daya, F, yang dipellukan untuk
mengimbangi rod itu. Gunakan rumus berikttt:

r'r

Question I (b) - Relating

Question 1(c) - Slnthesising

*l

thaS:ten 10 SirnPle Mochine l@

Load x Distance of load fiom ftrlcrum =
Force x Distance of force from fulcrum
Bebanx Jarak beban dari fitlkntm = Dayax Jarak
daya dari fulkrum

(b) Classiff the devices W, X, Y and Z inlo

two groups based on their common
characteristics.
Kelaskan alatW,X,Y dartZ kepada dua kumpulan
berdas

arkan ciri sePunYa.

40Nx0.20m=Fx1.0m
F=BN
marks I markahl

12

rnu ,etationship is called the principle of lever.

i Tl'
..;.
', p1.,
prinsip tuas'
. Hubungan ini dipanqgil
.:-

2
Intn
i o8_9i

(a)

Diagram 2.1 shows four devices, W,

which use the principle of lever.

X, Y

Common
characteristics
Ciri sepunya

and Z,

Rajah2.l menunjukkan empat alat,W, X,Y dan Z,

yang menggutmkan prinsip tuas.

[4 marks

markah]

,. _-- __'^--__-l

:
i'
',

Levers provide mechanical advantage to,

| ' offorce.
1fi,,.fuas memberikan kelebihan sawot untuki

,.: '

nemindahkan atau mengubah pergerakan dan

mognituddoYa

:__-..
(c)

Diagram 2.1
Rajah2.l

fulcrum.
Nyatakan satu

ciri bagi mana-mana tiga alat

berdasarkan kedudukan daya, beban dan fulkrum.

13

lr

I
t

P:.

--.:

Diagram 1.2 shows three situations, P, Q and

R, which involve the application of a lever
Rajah L.2 menunjukkan tiga situasi, P, Q danR,
yang melibatkan aplikasi sistem tuas.

399

Rock{'>?-*Pqo*6^,
ruil
aatu%

marks I markahl

Levers are classified according to the relative

positions ofthe fulcrum, load and effort.

Tuos dikelaskan mengikut kedudukan relatif

fulkrum, beban dan daya,

),

system.

State one characteristic of any three devices

based on the positions of effort, load and

'

transfer or change the motion and magnitude

Diagram 2.2
Rajah2.2

fiB ***;***rn J*

Simple Machine

(a)

Based on Diagram 2.2:

Berdasarkan Rajah2.2:

(i)

State one inference about the lever

Name the tuming effect that is used to tighten

the nut in Diagram 3.
Namakan kesan putaratx yang digunakan untuk
mengetatkan nat dalam Rajah3.

system.
Nyatakan satu inferens tentang sistem tuas
ini.

lI
(b)

mark I markahl

Calculate the turning effect of the force that is

required to tighten the nut.
Hitungkan kesan putaran daya yang diperlukan
untuk mengetatkan nat itu.

mark / markahl

(ii) Predict the force required to

lift the rock

at situation R.

Ramalkan daya yang diperlukan untuk

mengangkat batu dalam situasi R.

12

(c)

marks I markah)

State the direction of the turning effect to

tighten the nut.
Nyatakan arah kesan putaran untuk mengetatkan
nat itu.

[1 mark / markah]

(iii) State the relationship between the length

of the crowbar and the force required to
lift the rock.
Nyatakan hubungan antara panjang tuil dan
daya yang diperlukan untuk mengangkat batu

itu.

II
(d) Suggest

mark / markah]

two ways to increase the turning

effect of a force in Diagram 3.

Cadangkan dua cara untuk meningkatkan kesan
putaran daya dalam Rajah3.
1.

2.

lI

mark / markahl

The distance of load must be shorter than the

.l
!

fi ',

1'

T:

1l

distance of effort in order to lift a heavy load

with a small effort.
nraf beban mesti lebih pendek doripada jarok

[2 marks I markah)

i
,

I
I

dayo untuk mengongkat beban yong berat,

The turning effect can be changed by changing

:.- . the force

!'

dengan doya yong kecil.

applied or the perpndicular distance

from the pivot to the force.

putaran boleh diubah dengon mengubah

fi,^Keson
daya yang dikenakon otou jorok tegak daril

t,

,-"

panglkedaya.

Diagram 3 shows a spanner that is used to tighten

a

nut.

Rajah 3 menunjukkan spanar yang digunakan untuk

Diagram 4 shows a wheelbarrow.

mengetatka.n nat.

Rajah 4 menunjukkan sebuah kereta sorong.

25 cm

l+--+l

X:-

Diagram 3

Diagram 4

Rajah3

Rajah4

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I

dli"rel:u.er 1$
(a)

On Diagram 4, Iabel parts X, Y andZusing the

words given below:

Pada Rajah 4, labelkan baltagian X, Y clan

Z ntenggunakan perkataan-perkatann yang

5
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07,!i

Diagram 5.1 shows

Beban

Fulkrunt

markah]
Diagram 5.1

Based on Diagram 4, state the class of

lever that the wheelbarrow belongs to.
Berdasarkan Rajah4, nyatakan kelas tuas bagi

Raiah5.I

(a) (i)

Apakah kelas ttns bagi pemotong itu?

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Give one reason for the answer in

(b) (i)

Beri satu sebab bagi jatuapan di3(b)(i).

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(c)

'vVhat is the class of lever for the pair of

cutter?

kereta sorong.

(ii)

XY

Wire

Fulcrum
[3 marks

(b) (i)

pair of wire cutter.

Wayar

Load

Daya

SP

Raiah 5.1 menunjukkan sepasang pemotong tucryar

diberikan di bawah:

Effort

SimPle Machine

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(ii) State one reason for the answer in 2(a) (i).

Nyatakansatu sebab bagi jawapan diz(a)(i).

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in

I 'i - State the position of the fulcrum, the load and

r I the effon.
i jV I'tyotoxon frdudukan fulkrum,beban dan daya.

State one advantage of using wheelbarrow

carrying heavy loads.

Nyatakan satu kebaikan menggunakan

r'..-,-,i

kereta

sorong untuk mengangkat beban yang berat.

I
i

on Diagram 5.1, explain why the wire

is easier to cut when the cutter is held at Y
rather than at X?

(b) Based

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(d)

Based on Diagram 4, choose one tool that is

in the same class of lever as the wheelbarrow.

Mark

(/)

Berdasarkan Rajah 5.1, terangkan mengapa dawai

lebih mudah dipotong apabila pemotong itu

dipegang diY berbanding dengan diX.

the boxprovided.

Berdasarkan Rajah 4, pilih satu. alat yang tergolong

dalam kelas tuas yang sama dengan kereta sorong.
Tandakan (/ ) dalam kotak yang diberikan.

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(c) Diagram 5.2 shows a man carrying a load

using a wheelbarrow
Ice tongs

Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan seorang lelaki membawa

beban dengan sebuah kereta sorons.

Penyepit ais

Nutcracker
Kacip kekeras

'JJ$i#

Question 3(b)(ii)

- Making

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inferens Question 3(c) - Detecting

Diagram 5.2
Rajalt5.2

bias

[iB Chapcen 10 Simple Mochine

Draw a lever system for the lvheelbarrow and
label the positions for the effort, load and

fulcrum.
Lukis sistem tuas bagi kereta sorongitu dan labelkan
kedudukan bagi daya, beban dan fulkrum.

12

marks I markah)

'

fvtake sure you show the acting drrections of

the load and the effort (force).

'i $,
'-

fastiXan onda tuniukkon aruh tindlkan beban

i'

i::

!:::!:l::

Diagram 5.4

(d) Diagram 5.3 shows a balanced lever system.

Rajah 5.3 menunjukkan sebuah sistem tuas yang

Rajah5.4

seimbang.

\A{ey does J use more force than K to paddle

his canoe?
Mengapakah J menggunakan lebih banyak daya
daripada K untuk me ndayung kanuny a?

500 N

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Diagram 5.3
Rajah5.3

Calculate load
equilibrium.
Hitungkan beban

M when the system is in

M apabila sistem itu

-: -

D.";*'.,1*

l,

renturan

p;iil;,1" rrk'"'J"il

TStnaeffortonthepaddlerwhilecanoeing.

f,,

ln:'{
L_

adalah

seimbang.

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posisi fulkrum, beban don

dayungketikamendayung.
'.-_**_

Diagram 6.1 shows the set-up of a balanced lever

system.

Use the following formula:

Gunakan rumus yang berikut:

Rajah

6.I

menunjukkan sttsunan sistem tuas yang

seimbang.

Load x Distance of load

= Force x Distance of force

Weight P
PemberatP

Beban x Jarakbeban
=Daya x Jarakdaya

Distance of weight P
from the fulcrum
[2 marks
(e)

daya poda:

I markah]

Diagram 5.4 shows two people, J and

K,

JarakpemberatP d.ari

fulkrum

Distance of weight Q from the

fulcrum
Jarak pemberat Q dari

paddling canoes.
Rajah 5.4 menunjukkan dua orang,l danKyang
mendayung kanu.

Diagram 6.1
Rajah6.l

fiikrum

GhaPter 10 SimPle Mochine IIE

recorded inTable 6'2'
The distances of weight p and weight Q from the fulcrum are measured and
dalam Jadual6.2'
Jarak pemberatP dan pemberat Q darl\ulkrum diukur dan direkodkan
il':;1Distanceof

.,*oibiaiirieof
'-"-f"..ightqfr"lifiefutcrum {m)
Var*pemtemtq

'

-.weightPfrom
ithefulcrum (m)
,(N).

'.:,JwakpeiltheraiP

:'dadfulkrun(m)

'rforifulkrum(m)
0.2

5.0

1,0

0.5

2.0

1,0

1.0

2.0

2.0

0.4

5.0

2.0

3.0

6.0

8.0

I.5

4.0

6.0

2.0

4.0

8.0

4.0
Table 6.2
Jadual6.2

(a)

(ii)

State the aim of this experiment.

Nyntakan tujuan eksperimert itti.

Write one equation to explain the answer

in a(c) (i).
Tr,tlls satu persamaan untuk menerangkan
jawapan dia(c)(1).

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(b) State the variables in the experiment.

Nyatakan pemboleh ubah dalam eksperimen ini.

II
(d)

mark / markah]

Using the equation in 4(c)(ii), determine the

values of X andY in Table 6'2.
Dengan menggunakan persamaan di 4(c)(11),
tentukan nilaiX danY dalam Jadual 6.2.

Value of X:
NiIaiX:
Value of Y:
NiIaiY:
12

[*ffiiN;D-"'*
x
Effort

[3 marks I markah]

(c)

(i)

hypothesis for the experiment.

(e)

Berdasarkan data dalam Jadual 6.2, nyatakan

satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

"f

f'ilil

ury11yi11:il:d"::!!k::':!:Y)

State one conclusion for this experiment.

Nyatakan satu kesimpulan b agi eksperim en ini.

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ffi

b.d1,"..,1"

Distance of effort from the

geaan (N) xJ orakbeban dari-fulkrum (m\ = p6yq

.,P i.

i"

Based on the data in Table 6.2, state one

ll

(N)

i'i3ltl
r i fulcrum (m)
=

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Question 6(c) (i) - Making hypothesis

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