Nausea
Bloating
Vomiting Diarrhea
Intolerance of several different
foods
One pseudoneurological
symptoms
Sexual indifference
Erectile or ejaculatory
dysfunction
Irregular menses
Excessive menstrual bleeding
Vomiting throughout pregnancy
HIPOKONDRIASIS
A. Etiologi dan Patogenesis
1. Faktor Psikologis
Kesalahan interpretasi sensasi fisik karena rasa tidak nyaman memiliki
negatif
Doctor shopping, yaitu sering berpindah dari satu dokter ke dokter yang lain
Pikiran tersebut menganggu interaksi dengan keluarga, teman, atau rekan
kerja
Sering mencari di internet tentang penyakit yang dipikirkan Mendapatkan
spesific parts such as nose. Other body parts are hair, breasts, genitalia
Concerns range from looking unattractive, or not right to looking
others
b. At some point during the course of the disorder, the individual has
performed repetitive behavior (e.g. mirror checking, excessive
grooming, skin picking, reassurance seeking) or mental acts (e.g.
comparing his or her appearance with that of others) in response to
appearance concerns
c. The preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning
d. The appearance preoccupation is not better explained by concerns
with body fat or weight in an individual whose symptoms meet
diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder
Specify if
B. Epidemiology
1. Prevalence
Appers to be common, the lifetime prevalence is 5 12%
2. Age
Can begin in any age
3. Sex
The gender ratio is unknown
4. Course
Generally begins abruptly and increase in severity for few weeks or
months
Acute pain may be associated with anxiety disorders
Chronic pain may be associated with depressive disorders
C. Gejala Klinis
Mengalami kumpulan nyeri heterogen seperti nyeri pinggang bawah, nyeri
musculoskeletal
Terdapat faktor psikologis bermakna yang terlibat dalam nyeri
Memiliki riwayat medis yang panjang, doctor shopping, meminta banyak obat
bahkan operasi
Preokupasi terhadap nyeri dan menyalahkan hal tersebut sebagai sumber
nondominant hemisphsee
Excessive cortical arousal that sets off negative feedback loops between
side
In men, it is associated with occupational or military accidents, or
Afonia
Opistotonus
Abnormalitas gait
Astasia abasia
Ataksia hebat
Berjalan sempoyongan
Kasar, tidak teratur, menyentak
Gerakan lengan seperti
membanting atau melambai
Paralisis dan sebagian atau semua
anggota tubuh yang distribusinya
tidak mengikuti jaras persarafan
Muntah psikogenik
2. Gejala Bangkitan
Bentuk
bangkitan
Kesadaran
Durasi
Tempat terjadi
Setelah
bangkitan
Trigger
Gejala lainnya
Bangkitan
Epilepsi
Stereotipe
Sinkron
Selalu sama
Terganggu
Sebentar < 3
menit
Di mana saja
Bingung, tertidur
Apapun
Lidah tergigit
Mulut berbuih
Mengompol
Terjatuh
3. Physical Examination
Pseudo-seizure
Bizzarre
Asinkron
Selalu berubah
Tetap sadar
Lama, bisa sampai 30 menit
Di tempat yang ramai
Sadar, emosional, menangis
Stress psikologis
Mengangkat pelvis
Gerakan kepala atau tubuh
impulse
b. Secondary Gain
Accrue tangible advantages and benefits as result of being sick such as :
Being excused from obligations and difficult life situations
Avoidance of work, compensation from lawsuit
Receive support and assistance which might be unlikely to get in usual
Controlling other persons behavior
Patients usually lacks insight about this dynamic
c. La Belle Indiference
Lack of concern about illness or obvious impairment
d. Identification
Unconsciously model their symptoms on those of someone important
For example, parent or person who has recently died may serve as
model especially during pathological grief reaction
F44.4 F.44.7 Diagnostic Criteria for Conversion Disorder (DSM-V)
a. One or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory
function
disoder)
F44.4 With
F44.4 With
F44.5 With
F44.6 With
F44.6 With
anosmia)
F44.7 With mixed symptoms
swallowing symptoms
speech symptoms (dysphonia, slurred speech)
attacks or seizures
anesthesia or sensory loss
special sensory symptoms (blindness, deafness,
D. Therapy
1. Pharmacologic Therapy
Benzodiazepines to reduce anxiety and muscular tension
Antidepressant or SSRI for obsessive rumination about symptoms
Parenteral amobarbital or lorazepam may be useful to obtain additional
information, especially when patient has experienced traumatic event
2. Psychotherapy
Insight-oriented therapy to help the patient to understand the dynamic