KL 4212 REKLAMASI DAN PENGERUKAN Perbaikan Tanah (Preloading dan Vertical Drain) PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK KELAUTAN FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN LINGKUNGAN INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG Methods of soil improvement Removal and replacement Precompression Vertical drains In-situ densification Grouting Stabilization using admixtures ReinforcementRemoval and replacement One of oldest and simplest methods is simply to remove and replace the soil Soils that will have to be replaced include contaminated soils or organic soils Method is usually practical only above the groundwater table Precompression Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil that requires consolidation Once sufficient consolidation has taken place, the fill can be removed and construction takes place Surcharge fills are typically 10-25 feet thick and generally produces settlement of 1 to 3 feet. Most effective in clay soil 45 42 4Advantages of precompression * Requires only conventional earthmoving equipment ¢ Any grading contractor can perform the work ° Long track record of success Disadvantages of precompression * Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at least 10 m beyond the perimeter of the planned construction, which may not be possible at confined sites * Transport of large quantities of soil required * Surcharge must remain in place for months or years, thus delaying construction 4 US do 4Vertical Drains * Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge load to accelerate the drainage of impervious soils and thus speed up consolidation * These drains provide a shorter path for the water to flow through to get away from the soil * Time to drain clay layers can be reduced from years to a couple of months Without Vertical drainVertical Drain Cross section of PVD Installation Prefabricated Vertical Drains to Accelerate Consolidation Wick Drains Geosynthetics used as a substitute to sand columns Installed by being pushed or vibrated into the ground Most are about 100 mm wide and 5mm thickTypical installation of wick drainsREVIEW CONSOLIDATION CONSOLIDATION Additional Load > Stress is increased Increasing stress pore water pressure is increased> pore water drainage Pore water drainage is accompanied by reduction in the volume of the soil mass> settlement Time dependentConsolidation settlement 1. The magnitude? 2. Time rate consolidation? Normally Consolidated Clay Se ee da nintliea hd al . 6 ‘ot 30 jo Hy thickness of compressible layer Eft cons sao (Pa 0[ at 1 an a oo + Ac, = Settl= C, —S—log “2 av l So 2 | Where, f | {a9 «== effective overburden pressure Acy = Additional stress due to external rads: 07] | @ = __ initial void ratio o’ © = compression indexOverconsolidated Soil ©, [Bees (5.90) For OC soil o,+Ao,,6, where Ae = change of void ratio due to primary consolidation t.H3 Lama Konsolidasi Table 7.3. Variation of Time Factor with T, = non dimensional time factor Contcitiont 2 9, e of ime 2 Ue ee 60% ee, ae 4 \100 sails meet = 1.781-0.933 log (100-U%); U > 60% 8 sons 20 0.031 30 0.071 40 0.126 50 0.197 60 0.287 70 0.403 80 0.567 90 0.848 100 o 0.933-H2 | U>60%urugan urugan Lempung keras Analisis Time Rate untuk Tanah Berlapis * Perlu ditentukan nilai Cv yang akan dijadikan Hy Ga referensi. EEE Hw * Dihitung H ekivalen berdasarkan Cv yang rs menjadi referensi * Contoh. Digunakan Cv1 sebagai referensi, maka ketebalan lapisan Hex = [=~ Hg kedua berubah menjadi:Analisis Time Rate untuk Tanah Berlapis Cv Represented pl H-ekiv Depth interval m (vm2)_| (omidet) | (em) 0.00 - 2.00 6.52 4.30E-03 200.00 2.00 - 4.00 7.67 1.85E-03 304.91 4.00 - 6.00 8.77 3.00E-04 757.19 6.00 - 8.00 9.87 3.00E-04 757.19 ‘Total thickness of equivalent layers = H = 2019.29 |cm Corresponding coeff. of consolidation 4.30E-03 |(cm2/det) Results of Consolidation and Time Rate Time (year) 2000 ©2010 +2020 ©2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 0.0 T Tt T fehl Noe eed al eal ede aS IEE | | ' Be | | pops ot T T T |/40-45% t t 02 i Settlement (m)EFFECT OF CONSOLIDATION It is predicted, the consolidation process has increased the shear strength of the soil. According to Mesri (1975), the ratio of increasing shear strength due to consolidation process is almost constant and equal to 0.22. At, = Ac =0.22A0 Where, Ao = additional pressure due to external load EFFECT OF CONSOLIDATION Accoring to Skempton (1954), the shear strength of compressible layer can be expressed as: ~"_ = 0.11+0.0037 PI SvoPercepatan Konsolidasi-Vertical Drain Mepercepat terdisipasinya air pori> Proses konsolidasi a ©--O—-6—6 (a) triangular, d, =1.05S (b) squared, d, “1.138 (c) band drain| Formula Menghitung VD Carbine G 8Th T,—£ht CpaiS —— h : osf 7 a a 2 gy eet nee F(a) =—— n(n) -= = dw n*-1 4n Where U, degree of consolidation in horizontal direction d, effective lateral drainage distance dy equivalent diameter of the well = 2 (a+b)/x C, Horizontal coefficient of consolidation ~ 1.5 C,DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION The overall degree of consolidation is estimated as follows: (1-U) = (1-U,) (1-U,) Where: U_=total degree of consolidation Ur =degree of consolidation in radial/horizontal direction Uv =degree of consolidation in vertical direction Degree of Consolidation (%) + (month)