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Lilium regale
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan: Plantae
Divisi: Magnoliophyta
Kelas: Liliopsida
Ordo: Liliales
Famili: Liliaceae
Genus: Lilium
Spesies: baca artikel

Tanaman Bakung merupakan bagian dari genus Lilium. Nama tanaman ini dalam bahasa Inggris
adalah lily. Ada sekitar 110 suku dalam keluarga bakung (Liliaceae).

Daftar isi
1 Kawasan
2 Gambaran
3 Suku-suku bakung
4 Pranala Luar

Kawasan
Kawasan tumbuh bakung meliputi sebagian besar Eropa, sebagian besar Asia sampai Jepang, ke
selatan yaitu India, ke Indocina dan ke Filipina. Tanaman ini bisa menyesuaikan diri dengan
habitat hutan, seringkali pegunungan, dan kadang-kadang habitat rerumputan. Beberapa mampu
hidup di rawa. Pada umumnya tanaman ini lebih cocok tinggal di habitat dengan tanah yang
mengandung kadar asam seimbang.
Gambaran
Bakung adalah tumbuhan tahunan dengan tinggi 60180 cm. Bakung biasanya memiliki tangkai
yang kokoh. Kebanyakan suku bakung membentuk umbi polos di bawah tanah. Di beberapa
suku Amerika Utara, dasar dari umbi ini berkembang menjadi rizoma.

Bunga bakung yang besar memiliki tiga daun bunga, acapkali wangi, dan terdapat dalam
berbagai warna dari putih, kuning, jingga, merah muda, merah, ungu, warna tembaga, hingga
hampir hitam. Terdapat pula corak berupa bintik-bintik.

Lilium (members of which are true lilies) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing
from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are
important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the temperate
northern hemisphere, though their range extends into the northern subtropics. Many other plants
have "lily" in their common name but are not related to true lilies.

Contents
1 Names
2 Description
3 Taxonomy
o 3.1 Martagon
o 3.2 Pseudolirium
o 3.3 Liriotypus
o 3.4 Archelirion
o 3.5 Sinomartagon
o 3.6 Leucolirion
o 3.7 Daurolirion
4 Distribution and habitat
5 Ecology
6 Cultivation
o 6.1 Awards
o 6.2 Classification of garden forms
 6.2.1 Asiatic hybrids (Division I)
6.2.2 Martagon hybrids (Division II)
6.2.3 Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)
6.2.4 American hybrids (Division IV)
6.2.5 Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)
6.2.6 Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with L. henryi)
6.2.7 Oriental hybrids (Division VII)
6.2.8 Other hybrids (Division VIII)
6.2.9 Species (Division IX)
o 6.3 Pests and diseases
o 6.4 Propagation and growth
7 Toxicity
8 Culinary and herb uses
o 8.1 China
o 8.2 Japan
o 8.3 Taiwan
o 8.4 South Korea
o 8.5 Not lilium
9 Gallery
10 See also
11 Notes
12 External links
o 12.1 Flora

Names
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived
from the Greek , lerion, generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by
the Madonna lily.[3][4] The word was borrowed from Coptic (dial. Fayyumic) hleri, from standard
hreri, from Demotic hrry, from Egyptian hrt "flower".[citation needed] Meillet maintains that both
the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the
Eastern Mediterranean.[citation needed] The Greeks also used the word , krnon, albeit for non-
white lilies.

The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only
superficial resemblance to the true lily, including water lily, fire lily, lily of the Nile, calla lily,
trout lily, kaffir lily, cobra lily, lily of the valley, daylily, ginger lily, Amazon lily, leek lily,
Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew shshan,
shshan, shshann as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of Song of Solomon, for instance,
may be the honeysuckle.[5]

For a list of other species described as lilies, see Lily (disambiguation).

Description
Lilium longiflorum flower 1. Stigma, 2. Style, 3. Stamens, 4. Filament, 5. Tepal

Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from 26 ft (60180 cm). They form naked or
tunicless scaly underground bulbs which are their overwintering organs. In some North
American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs
are found. Some species develop stolons. Most bulbs are deeply buried, but a few species form
bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally
at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb
as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base
of the bulb.

The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours including whites, yellows,
oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late
spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at the tip of the stem, with
six tepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The
tepals are free from each other, and bear a nectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is
'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the anthers. The fruit is a three-celled
capsule.[6]

Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns,
many adapted to cool temperate climates.

Naturally most cool temperate species are deciduous and dormant in winter in their native
environment. But a few species which distribute in hot summer and mild winter area (Lilium
candidum, Lilium catesbaei,Lilium longiflorum) lose leaves and remain relatively short dormant
in Summer or Autumn, sprout from Autumn to winter, forming dwarf stem bearing a basal
rosette of leaves until accept enough chilling requirement, the stem begins to elongate while
warming.

Taxonomy
Taxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber,[7] species acceptance
follows the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,[8] the taxonomy of section Pseudolirium
is from the Flora of North America,[9] the taxonomy of Section Liriotypus is given in
consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007,[10] the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections)
follows the Flora of China [11] and the taxonomy of Section Sinomartagon follows Nishikawa et
al.[12] as does the taxonomy of Section Archelirion.[13]

There are seven sections;

Martagon

Pseudolirium

Liriotypus

Archelirion

Sinomartagon

Leucolirion

Daurolirion

For a full list of accepted species[2] with their native ranges, see List of Lilium species

[show]Picture Section Sub Section Botanical name common name

Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These
genera include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis and Fritillaria.

Distribution and habitat

The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to
Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend
from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either
woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in
marshland and epiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately
acidic or lime-free soils.
Ecology
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Dun-bar.

Cultivation
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. They may
also be grown as potted plants. Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be
used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies,
especially Lilium longiflorum, form important cut flower crops. These may be forced for
particular markets; for instance, Lilium longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called
the Easter lily.

Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing
(northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2 times the
height of the bulb (except Lilium candidum which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer
a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August
(northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while
others bloom in late summer or early autumn.[17] They have contractile roots which pull the plant
down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A soil
pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. The soil should be well-drained, and plants must be kept
watered during the growing season. Some plants have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy
flower heads may need staking.[18][19]

Awards

Below is a list of lily species and cultivars that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's
Award of Garden Merit:[20][21][22]-

Lilium African Queen Group (VI-/a) 2002 H6 Reconfirmed 2013

Lilium 'Casa Blanca' (VIIb/b-c) 1993 H6 Reconfirmed 2013
Lilium 'Fata Morgana' (Ia/b) 2002 H6 Reconfirmed 2013
Lilium 'Garden Party' (VIIb/b) 2002 H6 Reconfirmed 2013
Lilium Golden Splendor Group (VIb-c/a) 2002 H6 Reconfirmed 2013
Lilium henryi (IXc/d) 1993 H6 Reconfirmed 2013
Lilium mackliniae (IXc/a) 2012 H5
Lilium martagon (IXc/d) 2002 H7 Reconfirmed 2013
Lilium pardalinum (IXc/d) 2002 H6
Lilium Pink Perfection Group (VIb/a) 1993 H6 Reconfirmed 2013
Lilium regale (IXb/a) 1993 H6 Reconfirmed 2013
Classification of garden forms

Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species
and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad
groups:[23][24][25]

Asiatic hybrids (Division I)

These are derived from hybrids between species in Lilium section Sinomartagon.[26][27]
They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including Lilium
amabile, Lilium bulbiferum, Lilium callosum, Lilium cernuum, Lilium concolor, Lilium dauricum,
Lilium davidii, Lilium hollandicum, Lilium lancifolium (syn. Lilium tigrinum), Lilium lankongense,
Lilium leichtlinii, Lilium maculatum, Lilium pumilum, Lilium scottiae, Lilium wardii and Lilium
wilsonii.

These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented.

Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.3661 cm in height and were designed for
containers.[28] They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny
Padhye',[29] 'Tiny Dessert'.[30]

Martagon hybrids (Division II)

These are based on Lilium dalhansonii, Lilium hansonii, Lilium martagon, Lilium medeoloides,
and Lilium tsingtauense.
The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)

This includes mostly European species: Lilium candidum, Lilium chalcedonicum, Lilium
kesselringianum, Lilium monadelphum, Lilium pomponium, Lilium pyrenaicum and Lilium
testaceum.
American hybrids (Division IV)
These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from Lilium bolanderi, Lilium
burbankii, Lilium canadense, Lilium columbianum, Lilium grayi, Lilium humboldtii, Lilium
kelleyanum, Lilium kelloggii, Lilium maritimum, Lilium michauxii, Lilium michiganense, Lilium
occidentale, Lilium pardaboldtii, Lilium pardalinum, Lilium parryi, Lilium parvum, Lilium
philadelphicum, Lilium pitkinense, Lilium superbum, Lilium ollmeri, Lilium washingtonianum, and
Lilium wigginsii.

Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)

These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.

They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than
other hybrids.

Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with L. henryi)

This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including
Lilium aurelianense, Lilium brownii, Lilium centigale, Lilium henryi, Lilium imperiale, Lilium
kewense, Lilium leucanthum, Lilium regale, Lilium rosthornii, Lilium sargentiae, Lilium
sulphureum and Lilium sulphurgale.
The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be
strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

Oriental hybrids (Division VII)

These are based on hybrids within Lilium section Archelirion,[26][27] specifically Lilium auratum
and Lilium speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including
Lilium nobilissimum, Lilium rubellum, Lilium alexandrae, and Lilium japonicum.
They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the
flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because
many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see Lilium 'Stargazer'.)
Other hybrids (Division VIII)

Includes all other garden hybrids.

Species (Division IX)

All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.

The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:[31]

Flower aspect:

a up-facing
b out-facing
c down-facing

Flower form:

a trumpet-shaped
b bowl-shaped
c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)
d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turks cap form as the ultimate state)

Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary
culture and embryo rescue.[32]

Pests and diseases

Scarlet lily beetles, Oxfordshire, UK

Aphids may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can
cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its
life cycle only on true lilies (Lilium) and fritillaries (Fritillaria).[33] Oriental, rubrum, tiger and
trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North
American Lilium species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The
beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered
species found in northeastern North America.[34] Daylilies (Hemerocallis, not true lilies) are
excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels.
Slugs, snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers. Brown spots on damp leaves
may signal botrytis (also known as lily disease). Various fungal and viral diseases can cause
mottling of leaves and stunting of growth.

Propagation and growth

Lilies can be propagated in several ways;

by division of the bulbs

by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem
by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
by seed; there are many seed germination patterns, which can be complex
by micropropagation techniques (which include tissue culture);[35] commercial quantities of lilies
are often propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell.

According to a study done by Anna Pobudkiewicz and Jadwiga the use of flurprimidol foliar
spray helps aid in the limitation of stem elongation in oriental lilies. (1)

Toxicity
Some Lilium species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for Lilium longiflorum
though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms.[36][37][38]
The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular
epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting
urine), which can cause acute renal failure. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of
urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily - including licking pollen that
may have brushed onto its coat.[39]

Culinary and herb uses

China

Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be
very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of Lilium lancifolium, Lilium pumilum, and especially Lilium
brownii (Chinese: ; pinyin: bih gn) and Lilium davidii var. unicolor are grown on a
large scale in China as a luxury or health food, and are most often sold in dry form for herb, the
fresh form often appears with other vegetables. The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south
to flavor soup. Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have
tonic properties.[40] Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived
ability to reduce internal heat.[41] They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to
thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the
potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller. There are also species which are
meant to be suitable for culinary and/or herb uses. There are five traditional lily species whose
bulbs are certified and classified as "vegetable and non-staple foodstuffs" on the National
geographical indication product list of China.[42]

Culinary use:[43]

Lilium brownii, () Lilium brownii var. viridulum, Lilium concolor,

Lilium dauricum, Lilium davidii, Lilium distichum, Lilium lancifolium,
() Lilium martagon var. pilosiusculum, Lilium pumilum, Lilium
rosthornii, ()Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides.

Herb use:[44][45]

Lilium brownii, () Lilium brownii var. viridulum, Lilium concolor,

Lilium dauricum, Lilium lancifolium, Lilium pumilum, Lilium rosthornii,
()Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides]], Lilium sulphureum.
And there are researches about the selection of new varieties of edible lilies from the
horticultural cultivars, such as 'Batistero' and 'California' among 15 lilies in Beijing,[46] and 'Prato'
and 'Small foreigners' among 13 lilies in Ningbo.[47]

Japan

Culinary use:

Yuri-ne (lily-root) is also common in Japanese cuisine, especially as an ingredient of chawan-

mushi (savoury egg custard). The major lilium species cultivated as vegetable are Lilium leichtlinii
var. maximowiczii, Lilium lancifolium, and Lilium auratum.[48][49]

Herb use:

Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii var. viridulum, Lilium brownii var. colchesteri, Lilium
pumilum[50]

Taiwan

Culinary use:

The parts of lilium species which are officially listed as food material are the flower and bulbs of
Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, Lilium pumilum DC., Lilium
candidum Loureiro.[51] Most edible lily bulbs which can be purchased in a market are mostly
 imported from mainland China (only in the scale form, and most marked as Lilium
davidii var. unicolor) and Japan (whole bulbs, should mostly be Lilium leichtlinii var.
maximowiczii). There are already commercially available organic growing and normal growing
edible lily bulbs. The varieties are selected by the Taiwanese Department of Agriculture from the
Asiatic lily cultivars that are imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be
imported from the Netherlands every year.[52][53][54]

Herb use:

Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, Lilium pumilum DC.[55]

South Korea

Herb use:

The lilium species which are officially listed as herbs are Lilium lancifolium
Thunberg; Lilium brownii var. viridulun Baker; Lilium pumilum DC.[56][57]