AKS Technology Evolution of Concrete Protection Systems An evolutionary process has resulted in "cast-in" liners emerging as the dominant concrete protection system world wide. Concrete has been used as a structural material for over 2000 years. However, the massive industrial progress made over the pas} 150 years has resulled in more aggressive environments, which have significantly reduced the lifespan of unprotected concrete structures. These increasingly demanding operating conditions created a need for more sophisticated corrosion protection solutions. While the advent of coatings extended the service life of concrete structures, it was only successful in delaying the inevitable and provided no long-term solution Tiling and brick based solutions enjoyed limited success, but required regular maintenance, along with the associated costs and downtime. The focus then shifted towards mechanically fixed and glued liners, which aimed at utilising the proven protective qualities of plastic linings. Unfortunately, this stil! did not provide the ultimate solution due to the difficulties in forming an adequate bond between the lining and the concrete structure. This evolutionary process moved the industry towards a new concept in concrete protection - “cast-in” concrete protection liners. This system uses the robust qualities of plastic linings, but enhances their design through the creation of a close matrix of anchor knobs, which permanently secure the sheeting to the structure. At last a system has been created which successfully and reliably adapts superior sheeting technology to an age-vid construction material Anchor Lining Systems has taken the “cast-in” liner concept and perfected its design through the development of Anchor Knob Sheet (AKS) technology. which surpasses all concrete protection alternatives on both cost saving and performance.The AKS System A perfect combination of two very different, yet complimentary, materials. Anchor Knob Sheet (AKS) is a "state of the art", robust concrete protection liner system. It is designed to protect concrete structures in chemically aggressive environments This "cast-in" liner is manufactured from High Densily Polyethylene (HDPE), Polypropylene (PP) or Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE), ensuring peerless performance and easy customisation of the product to suit a wide range of applications and requirements. AKS js a high quality liner, enhanced through the formation of anchor knobs on one surface. The knobs are formed during the manufacture of the AKS sheeting and not welded or glued to the sheet in a secondary process. This provides total homogeneity between the knobs and the sheet, ensuring the highest possible adhesion to the structure and maximum reliability. AKS has a wide range of concrete protection applications and can be installed in new or existing concrete structures, as well as existing brick structures by using a grouting procedure. This significantly iengthens the service life of such structures, whilst also minimising maintenance costs.Why use AKS Superior Mechanical & Chemical protection. Mechanical Protection A key factor in the success of AKS is its ability’to bridge cracks in the concrete structure. This ability offers a distinct advantage over coating systems, which depend entirely on the integrity of the substrate. AKS has been successful where coatings have failed. AKS allows for some movement of the supporting structure, while remaining securely in place through the closely spaced matrix of anchor knobs, each able to withstand substantial pull-off forces. It will maintain its integrity even in situations where the concrete structure itself has cracked. Chemical Protection The various polymers used for the manufacture of AKS (HOPE, LLDPE or PP) are all highly resistant to chemicaf attack. Their ultimate selection will be based on their specific attributes such as temperature tolerance and flexibility. The AKS system combines the economy and versatility of concrete structures with the robust qualities of plastic linings, to provide the perfect solution to concrete protection. AKS acts as a second skin for concrete structures - firmly anchoring itseif to the structure and forming a protective layer able ¢o withstand abrasion and harsh chemical environments.Typical Applications AKS can be used in most industrial applications where corrosion protection of concrete is required. Applications include: > Sewers, pipes and manholes > Tunnels and shafts > Chutes Channels > Slorage tanks > Bunds >Sumps. >Wash bays Digester soffits Loading baysMaximum Security Solutions For the most critical applications, leakage-monitoring systems can be incorporated into the liner design. Double lining containment assurance is a system used in highly hazardous applications. Here, two layers of AKS lining are used and the space between them placed under vacuum with its integrity monitored. : Electronic monitoring enables even the smallest flow of the contained material through a single liner to be detected. Elecvonically triggered alerts bring any anomalies to the attention of the plant operator before any serious damage can occur. These "state of the art" systems ensure immediate detection of any damage to the liner system and provide the highest degree of protection against leakage.AKS Advantages Superior Resistance and Reliability AKS has proven to be extremely resistant to mechanical and chemical attack. HDPE, LLDPE and PP are considered to be the chemically resistant barrier material of choice, worldwide, while the system's anchoring strength ensures a permanent bond with the concrete structure. AKS provides highest life expectancy, even in the harshest environments. AKS will not support bacterial growth and is also resistant to ultra violet attack, Homogeneous Seams As all joints are welded, not glued, the entire lining system offers the same high level of chemical resistance, avoiding the weaknesses found in non-homogeneous systems. This is one of the many reasons why AKS is the most rabust concrete protection Solution available today.Flexibility The flexibility of the AKS liner system enables i to (oleate some movement in the structure behind it, always safeguarding the integrity of the structure. Ease of Installation Most other protection systems require surface preparation, adding to the total cost of the system. Concrete contractors require only initial training to install AKS and only the welding of joints needs to be periormed by specialists. Various details such as the H- profile have been designed to simplify the installation process and reduce installation costs.Compatibility / Versatility The AKS system includes designs for sealing around pipes, protrusions and fixtures Prefabricated sheet segments can be tailored and prepared to specification. AKS can be cast into new concrete or grouted onto existing concrete and even brick structuresAdditional Savings and Performance Benefits Maintenance Savings AKS is an economical solution, since the service life of the concrete structure is increased and the maintenance costs are minimised. AKS avoids hidden jong-term costs. Enhanced performance ' The low friction surface of AKS increases velocity of liquid flowing over it, improving carrying capacily of pipelines and decreasing build-up of debris.Value ~ Enhanced Design Superior performance AKS has an enhanced individual anchor knob design and offers a higher frequency of knobs per m? (1230 / m?). This superior design ensures the liner has the best distribution of forces, minimising stress in the liner, The AKS system also offers a wide variety of sheet widths and thicknesses. AKS can be manufactured in sheets up to 3,0m wide in order to minimise jointing and in any thickness from 1.5 to 5,0 mm, allowing the service life and initial cost to be optimised Manufacturing Effeciency AKS is the only “cast-in” liner manufactured in South Africa. The inherent manufacturing efficiencies, have allowed AKS to be produced and supplied extremely cost-effectively throughout the world Superior performance and manufacturing effeciencies ensures that AKS offers the best value for money of all the current “cast-in” linersAKS Cast-in Liner System Manufactured of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) A “maximum-security” system for the protection of concrete structures and elements against the attack of aggressive liquids or gases. This “state of the art” system offers many benefits, including: outstanding chemical resistance “on site” weldability high resistance to mechanical damage tolerance of limited cracking of the concrete substrate low coefficient of friction fong life / iow maintenance sec eee Technical Data for: Black (UV stabilised) AKS in thickness from 2.0 to 5.0mm (excluding length of knobs) Properties Test Method | Unit Value Frequency Thickness variance ASTM 9 5199 % Ps tox 20 linear metre Density ASTM. D §0SID 792 gil 0,948 30 000K {Carbon biack content ASTM 0 1603 % 2t03 peer 10 000m" Jcarbon black dispersion ASTM 0 5596 Category 1 0r2 per 10 000m? fescr (wer ASTM D 5397 Hours +300 per formulation lor 0 3695 Minutes =100 peer 80 000%9 {coefficient of near expansion ASTM E 834 emiemidegc 1-1.46-4 | per formulation Lenath of knobs (nom) mm 2 20 linear metre Knobs perm? tim? 1290 fixed Pul-offresistance Tit >70 per formulation Tense properties, Je yield stress * Mpa : J+ break stress * MPa are Je yield elongation * % 12° Je break elongations* % 700 * Shore hardness DIN 53508 Nim? >50 per formulation Hear resistance ASTM D 1004 Nimme (1) 120 batch Puncture resistance ASTM 04833 ime (1) 300 batch Dimensional stabilty ASTM D 1204 % change per shitt Water absorption ASTM D 570 % 0.0009 per formulation ASTM 0 6693-04 200 linear metre Gendles measured on saath Fort TAKS wy aks 09 28 & Manufactured and supplied by: Anchor Lining Systems (Pty) Ltd [retepnone 272 5514210 215826998