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DAFTAR ISI

DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... i

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... v

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1

1.1 LATAR BELAKANG ...................................................................... 1
1.2 RUMUSAN MASALAH .................................................................. 6
1.3 HIPOTESIS....................................................................................... 7
1.4 TUJUAN PENELITIAN .................................................................. 7
1.4.1 Tujuan Umum ................................................................................. 7
1.4.2 Tujuan Khusus ................................................................................ 7

1.5 MANFAAT PENELITIAN ............................................................. 8

1.5.1 Manfaat Akademis ................................................................... 8
1.5.2 Manfaat Praktis ........................................................................ 8
1.5.3 Manfaat Pelayanan Masyarakat……………………………….. 8

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 9

2.1 Konsep General Anestesi ................................................................ 9
2.1.1 Pengertian General Anestesi . ……………………………….... 9
2.1.2 General Anestesi Inhalasi .…..……………………………….... 11
2.1.3 General Anestesi Isofluran ..………………………………….... 14
2.2 Penggunaan Obat Sedatif ………………………………………….. 23
2.3 Anestesi Inhalasi ……………………………………………………. 24
2.3.1 Farmakodinamik ………… ..…………………………………. 27
2.3.2 Efek Samping dan toksisitas ..………………………………… 27
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2.4 Isofluran............................................................................................ 30
2.4.1 Indikasi dan Kontra Indikasi .……………………………….. 31
2.4.2 Efek Samping Penggunaan Isofluran ……….………………. 31
2.5 Aminophylline ................................................................................. 35
2.5.1 Farmakokinetik ……………………………..………………. 35
2.5.2 Farmakodinamik Aminophylline ……….……….……….…. 36
2.5.3 Efek Sedatif Aminophylline ………….…….……….………. 38
2.6 Fisiologi Tidur dan Pengaruh Anestesi Umum Terhadap
Terhadap Gambaran EEG ……………………………………… 39
2.7 Waktu Pulih Sadar ......................................................................... 41
2.8 BIS ..................................................................................................... 42
2.9 Kerangka Teori ............................................................................... 46
2.10 Kerangka Konsep ........................................................................... 47
BAB 3 METODE PENELITIAN ...................................................................... 48
3.1 Desain Penelitian .............................................................................. 48
3.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................ 48
3.2.1 Tempat ................................................................................... 48
3.2.2 Waktu .................................................................................... 48
3.3 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian ..................................................... 48
3.3.1 Populasi ................................................................................. 48
3.3.2 Sampel ................................................................................... 48
3.4 Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi ......................................................... 49
3.4.1 Kriteria Inklusi ......................................................................... 49
3.4.2 Kriteria Eksklusi ...................................................................... 49
3.4.3 Kriteria Putus Uji (Drop Out) .................................................. 49
3.5 Estimasi Besar Sampel ................................................................... 49
3.6 Informed Consent ............................................................................ 50
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3.7 Alat, Bahan, dan Cara Kerja .......................................................... 50

3.7.1 Alat dan Bahan ........................................................................ 50
3.7.1.1 Alat ............................................................................. 50
3.7.1.2 Bahan ........................................................................... 51
3.7.2 Cara Kerja ................................................................................ 51
3.7.2.1 Persiapan Pasien dan Obat .......................................... 51
3.7.2.2 Pelaksanaan Penelitian................................................ 52
3.8 Identifikasi Variabel ........................................................................ 54
3.8.1 Variabel Bebas ......................................................................... 54
3.8.2 Variabel Tergantung ................................................................ 54
3.9 Rencana Manajemen dan Analisis Data ........................................ 54
3.10 Definisi Operasional ...................................................................... 54
3.11 Masalah Etika ................................................................................ 55
3.12 Alur Penelitian ................................................................................ 57
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................. 58
LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Efek Anestesi Inhalasi Pada Berbagai Organ ................................ 17

Tabel 2.2. Perbedaan Tidur dan Sedasi ........................................................... 20
Tabel 2.3 Skor Sedasi Ramsay............ .............................................................. 22
Tabel 2.4 Protokol pemberian sedasi ............................................................. 23
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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Perjalanan Gas Anestetik Inhalasi dari

Mesin Anestesia ke Otak ……………………………………… 12
Gambar 2.2 Rumus Bangun Isofluran ............................................................. 15
Gambar 2.3 Skema Tingkat Kesadaran ........................................................... 19
Gambar 2.4. Struktur Kimia Isofluran ............................................................ 35
Gambar 2.5 Pola EEG selama Keadaan Terjaga, Anestesi Umum,dan Tidur 35
Gambar 2.6 EEG pada BIS……………………………………... .................... 43
Gambar 2.7 Indeks BIS dikelompokkan untuk berkorelasi dengan titik
Akhir klinis penting selama pemberian agen anestesi ............... 44
Gambar 2.8 Korelasi yang signifikan terlihat antara penurunan tingkat
Metabolisme otak .……………………………………………... 45
Gambar 2.9 Kerangka Teori ............................................................................. 46
Gambar 2.10 Kerangka Konsep ……………………………………………... 47
Gambar 3.1 Alur Penelitian ……..…………………...……………………… . 57