Basic Aircraft Structure

BASIC AIRCRAFT TRAINING
FLIGHT STRUCTURE
Modul Tutor : Bambang Rahardjo
PT DIRGANTARA INDONESIA ( PERSERO)

DIREKTORAT TEKNOLOGI
BANDUNG – OKTOBER 2005
The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

PT DIRGANTARA INDONESIA 1
Daftar Isi
1 . Referensi; Proses Perancangan ,Analisa dan Pengembangan

Pesawat Terbang
2.T Tujuan
j P
Pelatihan
l tih
3. Materi
3.1 Pendahuluan
32
3.2 Weight and Balance Analysis
3.3 Load Analisis
3.4 Aero-elastic Analysis
35
3.5 Stress Analysis
3.6 Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Analysis

1. Referensi; Proses Perancangan ,Analisa dan
Pengembangan Pesawat Terbang
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PRELIMINARY DETAIL DESIGN

DESIGN
TRADEOFF STUDIES LOFT LOFT
PERFORMANCE
WEIGHT
REQUIREMENT & MOCKUP MOCKUP
SPECIFICATION CONFIGURATION
DRAWING
CONCEPTUAL CANDIDATE SELECTED

PRELIMINARY FINAL DETAIL A
DESIGN DESIGN ASSEMBLY
DESIGN LEVEL CONFIGURATION
CONFIGURATION LAYOUTS LAYOUTS
LAYOUT,DRO INSTALLATION
INITIA
WIND ENGINEERING WIRING

LAB. SYSTEM
ANALYSIS TUNNEL
FLIGHT PHYSIC
FLIGHT STRUCTURE
MODULE
B
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
FLIGHT SYSTEM FLIGHT PHYSIC FLIGHT PHYSIC
FLIGHT STRUCTURE FLIGHT STRUCTURE
MATERIAL
FLIGHT SYSTEM FLIGHT SYSTEM
PRODUCIBILITY MATERIAL
MATERIAL
PRODUCIBILITY
PRODUCIBILITY
CERTIFICATION
CERTIFICATION

Lanjutan referensi
MANUFACTURING PRODUCT
FLIGHT
TEST SUPPORT
&
DELIVERY
PLANNING TOOL DESIGN FABRICATION ASSEMBLY MAINTENACE

FLIGHT TEST
A SCHEDULE NC PROGRAM
&
MANUAL
FASILITIES VVV STRUTURAL
DELIVERY
REPAIR
MANUAL
QUALITY ASSURANCE
CERTIFICATION
WIRING
LIAISON ENGINEERING DIAGRAM
MANUAL

2 .Tujuan Pelatihan
Tujuan
j utama darii pelatihan
i ini
i i adalah memberikan
i gambaran dan
pengenalan secara umum dan menyeluruh tentang ruang lingkup
pekerjaan, proses pekerjaan dan keterkaitan bidang lain dengan bidang
fli ht struktur.
flight t kt
Dimana kegiatan utama bidang struktur ini melakukan perancangan
struktur pesawat terbang yang memberikan jaminan keselamatan yang
sesuai dengan aturan /regulasi .
Jaminan yang diberikan oleh bidang struktur adalah stabilitas dinamik
,kekuatan
kekuatan statik
statik,kekuatan
kekuatan sisa ,umur
umur fatigue ( interval inspeksi ) , besaran /
limitasi load yang bekerja ,limitasi dan distribusi berat .
Akhir dari pelatihan ini diharapkan para peserta mengenal dan mengerti
proses perancangan,analisis
i i dan pengembangan pesawat terbang dii bidang
i
flight structure.

3.1 PENDAHULUAN
HUBUNGAN STRUKTUR DESAIN KRITERIA DAN KOMPETENSI

DI STRUKTUR
Certification Requirements Experience Company

p y
Philosophy/Policy
F ti
Fatigue and
d Damage
D
Structure Design Structural Design Tolerance Analysis
Criteria
Load Analysis
Weight and Balance
Stress Analysis Aero-Elastic

Analysis

3.2 STRUKTUR DISAIN
TUJUAN UTAMA PEKERJAAN :

MELAKUKAN PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR PESAWAT PADA TAHAP
RISET,DESIGN ( DARI KONSEPTUAL,PRELIMAENERYSAMAPI KE
DETAIL ) MANUFACTUR DAN OPERASIONAL
RUANG LINGKUP PEKERJAAN
1 MENGERJAKAN PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR PESAWAT
2 MENGINTEGRASIKAN SEMUA PARAMETER DISAIN
3 MENGANALISA INTERFACE ANTAR STRUKTUR DENGAN BIDANG
TERKAIT SEPERTI FLIGHT SYSTEM ,INTERIOR DSB.
4 MELAKUKAN LAISON DENGAN MANUFACTURING ( PENGADAAN
MATERIAL, ASSEMBLY )

3.2 STRUKTUR DISAIN
KOMPONENT STRUKTUR PADA PESAWAT
Vertical
Stabilizer Rudder
Aileron
Elevator
Flap
Horizontal
Stabilizer
Propeler Ramp Door

Fuselage
Window
Door Engine
Radom Leading edge
Fairing landing gear

Landing Gear
ASPEK ASPEK YANG DI PERTIMBANGKAN DALAM
MERANCANG STRUKTUR PESAWAT TERBANG

MENGINTEGRASIKAN KEINGINAN DARI BERBAGAI BIDANG
KEILMUAN / KOMPETENSI
Sauna & Jacuzzi Piano Schizophrenia

Payloads
Marketing
Aerodynamics
Weights Structures
Aircraft Manufacturer
Aft
CRAY Z MP
Supercomputer Forward
CRAY Z MP
Supercomputer Noise
Manufacturing
Flight Controls

3.2 WEIGHT AND BALANCE
TUJUAN PEKERJAAN :
MENGONTROL BERAT DAN PERIMBANGAN PESAWAT PADA TAHAP
RISET ,DESIGN ,MANUFACTUR DAN OPERASIONAL UNTUK
MENJAMIN OPTIMASI PRODUK
RUANG LINGKUP PEKERJAAN :
MENGANALISA DAN MENGONTROL CG PESAWAT
MENGANALISA MOMEN INERSIA MASSA PADA PART DAN
KOMPONEN PESAWAT
MENGANALISA DISTRIBUSI MASSA PADA PESAWAT UTK BERBAGAI
KONFIGURASI DAN KASUS TERBANG

PROSES PEKERJAAN
Design Requirement & Objectives
DESIGNER
Work Statements
Material Densities
Weight
Improvement
REQUIREMENT
LAYOUT & AND CRITERIA
DRAWING
WEIGHT
TECHNOLOGY ENGINEER
ENGINEERS:
•AERO Technical
•STRUCTURE Data Recommendations
•PROPULSION & Part Weight
•SYSTEMS
•MANUFACTURING
Mass Property
Data
DESIGN PACKAGE TEAM
PERIMBANGAN PESAWAT
Berat total dari pesawat, pilot ,penumpang , bahan bakar, kopor dsb
yang terdistribusi di seluruh pesawat akan terfokus pada satu titik
yang
y g disebut dengan
g titik pusat
p gravitasi.
g
Setiap pesawat akan mempunyai range maksimum dari posisi CG
Mengoperasikan pesawat diluar range tersebut akan
mengakibatkan fatal bagi pesawat.

Center of Lift
Elevator
Force
Max Fwd CG Max Aft CG

Weight
The location
Th l ti off the
th cg is
i very important
i t t in
i providing
idi and d maintaining
i t i i safe,
f
economical, and optimum conditions for the flight of an airplane. The
location of the cg can be controlled by careful loading of the airplane.

CG ENVELOPE
Of CESSNA 185 E
32.62
23.22
1500 MTOW
1400
MF1
1300 MF22
MF5(MR)
GHT (Kg)
1200
MF5 (LR)
1100
WEIG
12.11
1000
900
OEW
800
700
10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00
% MAC

Wing Zone
Mass Distribution
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
Weight (Kg)
14.0
Zero Fuel
Max Fuel
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
40
4.0
2.0
0.0
-5.5 -5.0 -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Wing STA (M)

Effect of Center of Gravity Being Too Far Aft:

limited stability range,
increased stall tendency,
definite limiting of low
low-power
power performance
performance,
likelihood of upgust causing stall before recovery is possible,
more power required for a given speed,
reduced range
range,
increased strain of pilot during instrument flying,
danger of critically nosing up if fail structure is damaged,
difficulty in getting tail up.

Effect of Center of Gravity Being Too Far Forward:

increase fuel consumption,
reduced range,
more power required for a given speed
speed,
possibility of increasing dive beyond control,
danger of critically nosing down for landing,
too great a strain on the nose landing gear and structure of a
tricycle gear type airplane,
danger of critically nosing down if tail structure is damaged.

WAB GROUP
Aircraft designed Weighing Aircraft

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
TUJUAN UTAMA PEKERJAAN ;

MELAKUKAN ANALISA / EVALUASI BEBAN BEBAN STATIK DAN
FATIGUE YANG BEKERJA AKIBAT INERSIA,AERODINAMIK DAN
HIDRODINAMIK PADA PESAWAT TERBANG
RUANG LINGKUP PEKERJAAN
MENGANALISA BESARNYA BEBAN PADA PESAWAT UTK SEMUA
KASUS TERBANG SESUAI DGN REGULASI
MENGANALISA BESARNYA BEBAN BEBAN PESAWAT UTK SEMUA
KASUS GROUND SESUAI DGN YG DIMUAT DALAM REGULASI

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
Gaya/load utama yang bekerja pada pesawat:

• LIFT : an upward force created by the wing
• THRUST : a forward force created by
y the engine
g
• DRAG : created by airflow force around the airplane
• WEIGHT : created by the mass of the total airplane

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
PROSES PEKERJAAN LOAD ANALISIS
MASS CONFIGURATION
GEOMETRICAL DATA AERODYNAMIC DATA
LOAD ANALYSIS
MISSION PROFILE GROUP ENGINE AND
PROPULTION
SHEAR TORQUE AND

BENDING PER SECTION APPLIED LOAD
PER SECTION
W IN G LO AD CHAR T FO R CASE 2SRCR 110 CESSNA 185 E
4000
SHEAR (Q Z - N)
3000 TO RQ UE M O M E NT (M y - N^m )
BENDING M O M E NT (M x - N^m )
2000
FITTING NODAL LOAD
REACTIONS 1000
LOAD
0
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
-1000
-2000
-3000
SE CTIO NS (M eter)

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
DISTRIBUSI GAYA AERODINAMIS PADA PESAWAT

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
LIMIT LOAD YANG DIANALISA

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
KASUS TERBANG
CLIMB DESCENT
TAKE OFF
MANEUVER
3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
JENIS MANUEVER Xb
Yb
Zb
YAWING
• ROLLING
• PITCHING

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
GEOMETRI WING

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
BESARNYA LIMIT LOAD AKIBAT UP GUST DAN

GROUND

3.3 LOAD ANALYSIS
BEBAN / LOAD AKIBAT OPERASIONAL PESAWAT
DESCEN
CRUIS
IMPAC
LAND
TAXI
LIFT OFF
MB
DING
TAXII
CLIM
SE
NT
CT
34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
TUJUAN UTAMA PEKERJAAN :

MELAKUKAN ANALISA STABILITAS DINAMIK STRUKTUR DAN
RESPONSE DINAMIK STRUKTUR PADA PESAWAT TERBANG AKIBAT
PENGARUH ALIRAN UDARA

1 MEMBUAT MODELLING UTK FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
2 MENGANALISA KESTABILAN DINAMIK STRUKTUR SEPERTI
FLUTTER, DIVERGENCE,CONTROL REVERSAL SHIMMY DAN WHIRL
FLUTTER
3 MENGANALISA RESPONSE DINAMIK STRUKTUR TERHADAP EKSITASI
DARI LUAR SEPERTI AKIBAT GUST, GELOMBANG DSB
4 MELAKUKAN VERIKASI MODEL DGN TEST SEPERTI GVT DAN
WINDTUNNEL
34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
STICK MODEL

34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
GROUND VIBRATION TEST UNTUK MEMVERIFIKASI STICK MODEL

34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
DAERAH KRITIS AKIBAT STABILITAS DINAMIK
Flutter
Flutter Elevator Reversal
Rudder Reversal
Flutter
Aileron Reversal
Divergence

34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
DAERAH KRITIS AKIBAT STABILITAS DINAMIK
WHIRL FLUTTER
SHIMMY
34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
HASIL ANALISA FLUTTER

34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
HASIL ANALISA FLUTTER

34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC

34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
HASIL TESTING WHILR FLUTTER

34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
HASIL TESTING WING FLUTTER

35
3.5 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
HASIL TESTING VERTICAL STAB FLUTTER

34
3.4 AERO-ELASTIC
AERO ELASTIC
DINAMIK RESPONSE
X(t)
EXCITATION RESPONSE
Linear System
( input ) -3
( output )
1.5 x 10 PSD
1
1
1/lbf
g2/Hz
0.5
0.5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

3.5 STRESS ANALISIS
TUJUAN UTAMA PEKERJAAN:

ADALAH MELAKUKAN ANALISA/EVALUASI UNTUK MENJAMIN
INTEGRITAS KEKUATAN STRUKTUR DALAM KESELAMATAN PESAWAT
TERBANG.
MENYELEKSI LOAD CASE MAXIMUM DAN MINIMUM
MEMBUAT PEMODELAN FEM BAIK GLOBAL MAUPUN DETAIL
MELAKUKAN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
STRESS AND STRENGTH CHECKING
STATIK TESTING

MSD -TDC Commercial in Confidence
PT DIRGANTARA INDONESIA Page 1,
42
Sept. 2002
3.5 STRESS ANALISIS
PROSES PENGERJAAN FINITE ELEMENT ANALISIS
GEOMETRI FINITE ELEMENT

CAL DATA MODELLING
SECTION
PROPERTY
STRESS
FINITE ELEMENT
GROUP ANALYSIS
NODAL
LOAD

3.5 STRESS ANALISIS
PEMBUATAN FINITE ELEMEN MODEL UTK FUSELAGE

3.5 STRESS ANALISIS
DISTRIBUSI STRESS PADA RAMP DOOR AKIBAT KABIN

PRESSURE

3.5 STRESS ANALISIS
DISTRIBUSI STRESS DAN DISPLACEMENT PADA FLAP

V1
L12 12.8
C1 12.
Inboard Flap at 40 degree
11.2
10.4
9.597
8.797
357.63 7.997
7.197
6.398
5.598
4.798
428.15
345.78 3.999
3.199
2.399
Z
Y
1.599
O utp ut S e t:XM S C / N A S T R A N C a s e 1 406.3 0.8

A rro w (428.1): T o ta l C o ns tra int F o rc e
9.667E -8
C o nto ur: P la te T o p V o nM is e s S tre s s , P la te B o t V o nM is e s S tre s s , S o lid V o n M is e s S tre s s
V1
L12 0.569
C1 0.534
Inboard Flap at 40 degree
0.498
0.463
0.427
0.391
0.356
0.32
0.285
0.249
0.213
0.178
0.142
0.107
Z
Y
0.0712
X 0.0356
O utp ut S e t: M S C / N A S T R A N C a s e 1
0.
C o nto ur: T o ta l T ra ns la tio n

3.5 STRESS ANALISIS
STATIK TESTING UTK MEMVERIFIKASI PERHITUNGAN ANALISIS

DAN MODELING F.E.M
FE M

3.5 STRESS ANALISIS
STRUKTUR WING YG DIBEBANI LIMIT LOAD MAXIMUM UP BENDING
DEFL.MAX.

3.5 STRESS ANALISIS
PROSES PENGUJIAN STRUKTUR WING AKIBAT BEBAN STATIK
The test should demonstrate that:

Limit load can be sustained without permanent detrimental deformation, and
Ultimate load (limit x 1.5) will not cause collapse failure to the structure.
Both limit and ultimate loads must be held for at least 3 seconds.

1
50
STR
RESS AND
ALLOWWABLES
DISP
PLACEMENT
DETERMINATION
PLOTTERS
STRESS ANALISIS
BUCKKLING AND
CRIPP
PLING FOR
PANELS,
STRIN
NGERS AND
FRAM
MES
MODIFY F.E. MODE
EL
ARE GEOME ETRIC

NON LINEARR TO SIMULATE SKIN
N
EFFECT BUCKKLING AT
SIGNIFICAN
NT? ULTIM
MATE LOAD
PROSES PENGERJAAN FINITE ELEMENT ANALISIS
STRENGTH ANALYSIS
NON-LINEAR
ANALYSIS
PT DIRGANTARA INDONESIA
MARGIN OF
F SAFETY
3. 5
(M.S
S.) STREESS AND
CALCULAATION DISPLACEMEN
T PLO
OTTERS
Figu
ure 1.b
CRIITICAL CASES SELECTION FO
OR
TEST
TING
DEFINE TEST INSTR
RUMENTATION AND
LOCATTION TO MATC
CH F.E. MODEL
L
TEST EXE
ECUTION
COMPARISON BETWWEEN TEST
RESUL
LTS AND ANAL
LYSIS ( F.E.M )
VERIFICATION OR VALIDATION
ARE MODIFY F.E. MODEL
RESULT
TS AND INP
PROVE/ REFINE
E
COMPATTIBL ANALYSIS
E?
F.E. MODEL AND
A ANALYSIS
VAALID
Figure 1.c
STOP
P
3 6 FATIGUE & DAMAGE TOLERANCE ANALYSIS
3,6
TUJUAN UTAMA PEKERJAAN:

ADALAH MELAKUKAN ANALISA/EVALUASI UNTUK MENJAMIN UMUR
DAN KEKUATAN SISA DARI STRUKTUR PESAWAT TERBANG
RUANG
G LINGKUP
G PEKERJAAN :
MENENTUKAN DAERAH KRITIS ( PSE ) DI PESAWAT
MENGEMBANGKAN LOAD SPECTRUM SESUAI OPERASIONAL
MENGANALISA UMUR FATIGUE
MENGANALISA PENJALARAN RETAK
MENGHITUNG KEKUATAN SISA
MENENTUKAN INSPEKSI AWAL DAN PENGULANGANNYA
MEMBUAT SOLUSI REPAIR
MELAKUKAN & MENGEVALUASI HASIL FATIGUE LOAD MONITORING

3,6
TUGAS UTAMA :
YANG DIJAMINKAN OLEH FATIGUE DAN DAMAGE TOLERANCE
ANALYSIS

3.6
MENENTUKAN DAERAH KRITIS ( PSE )

CARA MENENTUKAN DAERAH KRITIS

3,6
DAERAH PSE

3.6
PENGEMBANGAN LOAD SPEKTRUM OPERASINAL TERBANG

Mission Profile
Usage
Basic Data
1G & 1.5 Load Cases
STF

3,6

3,6

3,6

3,6
SIGNIFICANT FATIGUE LOAD CASES FOR

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE DURING IN OPERASIONAL
VER LOAD
D
VER LOAD
D
VER LOAD
D
IMPACT LOAD
TAXI LOAD
TAXI LOAD
ND
ND
ND
LANDING
G
LIFT OFF
F
MANEUV
MANEUV
MANUEV
GUST AN
GUST AN
GUST AN
LOAD

3,6
TAXI LOADS

3,6
ROUGHNESS OF SAN FRANSISCO RUNWAY

3,6
MANUEVER
NU V LOAD
O S
SPECTRUM
C U
CAUSED OF COMMAND PILOT

3,6
GUST LOAD SPECTRUM

3,6 FATIGUE & DAMAGE TOLERANCE ANALYSIS

3,6

3,6
HASIL PENGEMBANGAN LOAD SPECTRUM
EXCEEDANCE CURVE FLIGHT BY FLIGHT SPECTRUM

3,6
PROSES ANALISA PENJALARAN RETAK DAN KEKUATAN SISA

3,6
FULL SCALE FATIGUE TEST

3,6
MODEL DARI FULL SCALE FATIGUE TEST

3,6
EKSEKUSI |FULL SCALE FATIGUE TEST

3,6

3,6
VERIFIKASI TEST DAN ANALYSIS
CRACK LENGTH
SAFE CRACK GROWTH PERIOD

FULL SCALE FATIGUE TEST RESULT
SAFE CRACK GROWTH CRITICAL
PERIOD DESIGN CRITICAL CRACK LENGTH
CRACK LENGTH
ANALYSIS FATIGUE
RESULT TESTING
RESULT
MINIMUM
ASSUMED INITIAL
CRACK LENGTH
FLIGHTS

3,6
AIRCRAFT
C MAINTENANCE
N N NC MANUAL
NU C
CHAPTER V
THEREA ARE CONTAINS
1 CRITICAL AREAS DUE

TO FATIGUE ( PSE )
2 LOCATION
3 THRESSHOLD AND
INTERVAL INSPECTION
4 METHOD OF
INSPECTION
3,6
Perawatan Pesawat

3,6
Fatigue load monitoring
DESCEN
CRUIS
IMPAC
LANDIING
TAXI
T OFF
MB
XI
CLIM
SE
NT
CT
TAX
LIFT

3,6
1.6
1.4 FLIGHT LOAD MONITORING RESULTS

1.2
0.8
0.6
04
0.4
NZ
0.2
0
1 14 27 40 53 66 79 92 105 118 131 144 157 170 183 196 209 222 235 248 261 274 287 300 313 326 339 352 365 378 391 404
RAINFLOW COUNTING METHOD
n
z
nz
cycles
3,6
☼ VERIFY LOAD SPECTRUM USED IN DESIGN
Design
Nz
Actual
Cumulative occurrence per xxx FLS

MANUEVER
NU V LOAD
O S
SPECTRUM
C U


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BASIC AIRCRAFT TRAINING

Modul Tutor : Bambang Rahardjo

PT DIRGANTARA INDONESIA ( PERSERO)

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

1 . Referensi; Proses Perancangan ,Analisa dan Pengembangan

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PRELIMINARY DETAIL DESIGN

CONCEPTUAL CANDIDATE SELECTED

WIND ENGINEERING WIRING

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

PLANNING TOOL DESIGN FABRICATION ASSEMBLY MAINTENACE

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

HUBUNGAN STRUKTUR DESAIN KRITERIA DAN KOMPETENSI

Certification Requirements Experience Company

Stress Analysis Aero-Elastic

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

TUJUAN UTAMA PEKERJAAN :

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

KOMPONENT STRUKTUR PADA PESAWAT

Propeler Ramp Door

Fairing landing gear

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

Sauna & Jacuzzi Piano Schizophrenia

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

Max Fwd CG Max Aft CG

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

Effect of Center of Gravity Being Too Far Aft:

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Effect of Center of Gravity Being Too Far Forward:

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

TUJUAN UTAMA PEKERJAAN ;

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

Gaya/load utama yang bekerja pada pesawat:

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

PROSES PEKERJAAN LOAD ANALISIS

SHEAR TORQUE AND

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DISTRIBUSI GAYA AERODINAMIS PADA PESAWAT

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

LIMIT LOAD YANG DIANALISA

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The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

BESARNYA LIMIT LOAD AKIBAT UP GUST DAN

The Contents and Copyright of this document is the exclusive property of

BEBAN / LOAD AKIBAT OPERASIONAL PESAWAT

TUJUAN UTAMA PEKERJAAN :

RUANG LINGKUP PEKERJAAN :

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GROUND VIBRATION TEST UNTUK MEMVERIFIKASI STICK MODEL

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DAERAH KRITIS AKIBAT STABILITAS DINAMIK

Flutter Elevator Reversal

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DAERAH KRITIS AKIBAT STABILITAS DINAMIK

HASIL ANALISA FLUTTER

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