Riyanto

Pendidikan Biologi FKIP Unsri

• Mata kuliah Entomologi ini membahas serangga
dan cara hidupnya, ciri-ciri umum insekta,
kerabat dekat insekta (Ciri-ciri umum arthropda),
insekta tumbuhan dan manusia, tingkah laku
dan ekologi insekta, Internal insekta, eksternal
insekta, mekanisme sensori ( produksi cahaya
dan suara), pergerakan serangga, perilaku
serangga, perkembangan dan spesialisasi,
anatomi dan fungsi ulat sutera, klasifikasi insekta,
pembuatan insektarium, toksikologi insektidida,
pengendalian hayati serta genetika dan
molekular insekta,
• 1. Menguasai, konsep, prinsip, dan prosedur
dasar pengetahuan Biologi
• 2. Mampu mengikuti perkembangan IPTEKS
terkait dengan Biologi dan pembelajarannya
1. Mampu melakukan penerapan ilmu pengetahuan dan
atau teknologi, melalui penalaran ilmiah, dengan
menggunakan pemikiran logis, kritis dan inovatif
2. Mampu melakukan pengkajian pengetahuan dan atau
teknologi di bidangnya berdasarkan kaidah keilmuan yang
disusun dalam bentuk laporan tugas, atau menghasilkan
karya desain beserta deskripsinya berdasarkan metoda
atau kaidah rancangan baku
3. Mampu mempublikasikan hasil tugas atau karya desain
yang dapat diakses oleh masyarakat akademik
1.Bertaqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan mampu
menunjukkan sikap religius
2.Menjunjung tinggi nilai kemanusiaan dalam menjalankan
tugas berdasarkan moral dan etika
3.Mampu menginternalisasi nilai, norma, dan etika
akademik
4.Memiliki etika ilmiah dan mampu mengembangkan nilai-
nilai kepribadian melalui pembelajaran Biologi.
• The study of insects
• Dominant groups of animals on
earth today
• Life on earth:
• Modern humans=200,000 years
• Insects=350 million years
• 100,000 different species live in
North America
q Invertebrates – Insects do not have a backbone or
internal skeleton.
q Exoskeleton – Insects have an exoskeleton which is a
hard outer covering that supports and protects an
insect’s body. Part of the exoskeleton is composed of a
substance called chitin. (Chitin is a tough, fibrous
carbohydrate.) Exoskeletons cannot grow with the insect.
Therefore, insects must shed their exoskeletons in order
to increase their body size. This shedding process is
called molting.
q Ectothermic (cold-blooded) – An insect cannot regulate
its own body temperature. Its body temperature fluctuates
based on the temperature of its environment.
q Three Body Regions – Insects have 3 body regions:
Head, Thorax (midsection), and Abdomen (third or
finalregion).
q Antennae – Insects have a pair of antennae on their
heads. These antennae are used for smelling. Can you
find the two antennae located on the head of the insect in
this drawing?
q Eyes – Most insects have a pair of compound eyes that
help them perceive shapes and outlines of objects
q Six Legs – Insects have 6 legs. Their legs are attached to the thorax
region of their body. Locate and count the 6 legs on the drawing of this
insect. There are 3 legs on each side of the insect’s body. Don’t forget
that the two antennae located on the head of the insect are not legs.
q Wings – Most insects have wings. However, not all insects with wings
can fly. Wings are attached to the thorax region of an insect’s body.
Locate and count the wings on the drawing of this insect. This insect
has 4 wings (2 wings on each side of its body). The insect can also be
described as having 2 pairs of wings.
q Respiration – Insects take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide
through openings called spiracles. Spiracles are typically located along
the thorax and abdomen regions of the insect. These spiracles allow
air to enter the insect’s tracheae and travel to the tracheoles. Tracheae
and tracheoles are tubes that help deliver oxygen to the body.
q Heart and Hemolymph – Insects have a heart and a fluid
called hemolymph. Insects do not have blood or blood
vessels such as arteries and veins. The insect’s
hemolymph flows freely through its body.
q Oviparous – Most insects are oviparous, meaning they
lay eggs, and their offspring hatches from these eggs.
Eggs are produced and laid from the abdomen region of
an insect.
q Metamorphosis – Metamorphosis is a process of
transformation that occurs during an insect’s life cycle.
Many insects undergo a process called complete
metamorphosis while other insects undergo incomplete
metamorphosis. In both processes, insects begin as eggs
and progress to an adult stage.
Penampakan eksternal belalang betina Romalea sp.
Adaptasi lebah, kaki lebah madu pekerja Apis mellifera
memperlihatkan banyak struktur yang dimodifikasi untuk
mengumpulkan polen, manipulasi lapisan lilin dan membersihkan
antena.
 Classification of Insects
• Kingdom Animalia
– Invertebrates
• Phylum Arthropoda
– Exoskeleton

– Jointed legs
 • Class Centipedes Class Millipedes

Class Crustaceans
Class Arachnids
 Class Insecta Characterisitics
• 3 body parts

• Six legs
 Class Insecta Characteristics
• Two pairs of wings

• Two kinds of eyes

– compound
 Class Insecta Characteristics
• Two Antennae

• Two sets of jaws

 Class Insecta Characteristics
• All insects begin their life cycle as an egg.
All arthropods possess :
§ Exoskeleton - a hard protective covering around
the outside of the body (divided by sutures into
plates called sclerites)
§ Segmented body
§ Jointed limbs and jointed mouthparts - that allow
extensive specialization
§ Bilateral symmetry - whereby a central line can
divide the body into two identical halves, left and
right
§ Ventral nerve cord - as opposed to a vertebrate
nerve cord which is dorsal
§ Dorsal blood pump
Contoh kelas-kelas arthropoda dan rancangan tubuhnya. A, antena ; C, chelicera;
D, diplosegmen; G, lubang genital; m, mulut; Mand, mandibula; P, pedipalp; S, anus
Borror, D,J., Triplehorn, C.A., dan Johnson, N.F., 1988. Pengenalan
Pelajaran Serangga. Gadjah Mada Uiniversity Press. Yogyakarta

Borror, D,J., Triplehorn, C.A., dan Johnson, N.F., 2005. Study of Insects.
7 th Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole. Australia, Canada, Singapura,
Spain, United Kingdom, United Stated.

Brunet, D., 2012. Characteristics of Insects: How to Recognize Several

Common Insect Orders.
http://donnabrunet.com/pages/prints/all/index.html. Diakses 20 Juni
2012.
Chapman, R.F., 1985. The Insects, Structure and Function. Third
Edition. ELBS. Printed Colorcraft Ltd. Hongkong.

Castner, J.L. 2000. Photographic Atlas of Entomology and Guide to

Insect Identification. Feline Press, Gainesville.

Elzinga, R.J. 1987. Fundamentals of Entomology. Third Edition,

Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632. USA
 ENTOMOLOGI
Adi Basukriadi
Departemen Biologi FMIPA UI
 Entomology as a Science

Entomology is a division of biology (study of life),

specifically zoology (study of animals) that focuses on
the study of insects
Other arthropods often get thrown into the discipline –
such as spiders, mites and ticks

What is economic entomology ?

the area of entomology that deals with insects
and related arthropods that have an economic
impact on man (+ or - )
most insects are of little consequence to man –
although important ecologically eg. Cockroaches
and butterflies
 Introduction

Why study insects ?

The insects comprise a large group of organisms that are
important academically, ecologically, economically, and
medically.

Significance of insects
Academic importance
Importance in natural communities (ecological)
Importance from human perspective (economic, medical)
 1. Academic importance

1. They are the largest group of organisms on the planet. Many

estimates are around 850,000 species. Many authorities agree that
the actual number will be 1,000,000 to 10,000,000. Other estimates
(Terry Erwin, Smithsonian) range up to 18,000,000 species.
2. They occur in extremely large numbers of individuals. It has been
estimated that there are 400 pounds of insects per acre in the US (as
compared to 14 pounds of humanity/acre)
3. They are found in all habitats on Earth (except oceans). They are
very successful terrestrially (on land) and in fresh water.
2. Importance in natural communities (ecological)

1. They are important pollinators of flowering plants.

2. They are predators of other insects and many other invertebrate
organisms.
3. They are parasites of many organisms.
4. They are scavengers and detritivores, working in conjunction with
fungi and bacteria to decompose plants, animals, and droppings.
5. They serve as food for birds, fish, and other animals.
6. They aerate the soil and add organic matter to it.
 3. Importance from the human perspective
These issues are mainly economic and medical

We make special distinctions when insects, in living out their lives, impact
on human lives. We then make value judgments as to "goodness" or
"badness."

1. If the insects are pollinating crops and orchards, they are considered
"good." They are also considered "good" if they eat or parasitize
"bad" insects.
2. They are considered "bad," if in their lives, they ...
• destroy agricultural crops, fruits, shade trees, ornamentals, turf,
stored products, and household items (such as clothing) [billions
of $$ per year]
• vector diseases of humans and domestic animals, including
yellow fever, malaria, typhus, plague, African sleeping sickness,
encephalitis, tularemia, Chagas' disease, Texas cattle fever, and
serve as intermediate hosts for certain tapeworms.
• act as causative agents themselves as bot flies, screwworms, or
as nuisance agents such as flies, mosquitoes, and wasps.
Insect Success

Insects have been around for over 350 million years

(humans only about 2 million yrs)
Insects out-number people 2 million to 1.
Estimated to be apprx. 40 million insects/acre
What about mass?
Estimated in the US there are 400lbs of insect/ac
Compared to 14 lbs flesh and bone (vertebrates)
In Amazon, ants alone outweigh vertebrates 4-1
Intelligence is a necessary component of evolutionary
success?
Insect Diversity

Insects can be found everywhere on earth except polar

ice caps and ocean depths
How many species?
Over 900,000 described
Estimated there many be from 2 – 10 million total
In the Amazon, it’s estimated that 90% are yet to be
described
Numbers of arthropod species compared to all sp.
Biodiversity
 What is an Insect ?
An insect is a member of the Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Uniramia,
Class Hexapoda. This class, like the phylum, is a highly diverse
collection of arthropods which possess a common set of characteristics.

General characteristics of arthropods applicable to insects

• paired, segmented appendages
• regionalized body
• exoskeleton
• trachea
• centralization of nervous system
• metamorphosis
 Specific characteristics of insects
Ø three body regions
• head
• thorax
• abdomen
Ø specific mouthparts including:
• mandibles
• maxillae
• labium
Ø one pair of antennae
Ø compound eyes and ocelli typically present
Ø thorax with three pairs of legs
(one pair per thoracic segment)
Ø abdomen of eleven segments
(not all may be visible)
Ø Malpighian tubules present
(function in water conservation)
Ø trachea (function in respiration)
Ø many with two pairs of wings (sometimes one pair or none)
Ø metamorphosis common : simple, complete, other types
Types of Entomologists

Taxonomists/ systematists – study ID and classification

of insects
Economic Entomologists – focus on the management of
economically important species
Includes insecticides, biological control, cultural
practices, monitoring and sampling etc
This may be in any system – agricultural, urban,
forest, aquatic etc.
Medical Entomologists – study medically important
species
Apiarist - beekeepers
Apitherapy
• One of the major peptides in bee
venom, called Melittin, is used to
treat inflammation in sufferers of
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple
Sclerosis.
• Melittin blocks the expression
of inflammatory genes, thus
reducing swelling and pain.
• It is administered by direct
insect sting, or intramuscular
injections.
Types of Entomologists (cont’d)

Just about any discipline you can think of using insects

as a system
Insect ecologists
Insect physiologists
Insect behavioralists
Insect Neurology
Insect Geneticist (fruit fly Drosophila malanogaster
first animal to have genome sequenced)
Etc.
Insect Genetics

The model organism, Drosophila

melanogaster
Users of Entomology Information

Farmers
General Public (homeowners etc)
Medical Doctors
Veterinarians
Police (forensic entomology)
Various industries (stored products pests)
Forensic entomology is the application of the study of insects and
other arthropods to legal issues, especially in a court of law.
 Insect Success

Insects have been around for over 350 million years

(humans only about 2 million yrs)
Insects out-number people 2 million to 1.
Estimated to be apprx. 40 million insects/acre
What about mass?
In Amazon, ants alone outweigh vertebrates 4-1
Intelligence is a necessary component of evolutionary
success?
Reasons for Insect Success:

Body architecture
The exoskeleton is light and strong – protects tissues
Exoskeleton is more efficient for attachment of muscles
Waxy coating prevents water loss – very important for small
animals on land
Jointed appendages were able to adapt for locomotion, feeding
(including mouthparts), reproduction etc.
 Reasons for Insect Success (cont’d):

Small Size
• Allows use of
small
resources
• Increases
ability to hide /
escape from
predators
• Facilitates
dispersal (can
disperse by
Goliath beetle
wind)
Reasons for Insect Success (cont’d):

Ability to fly
Allows escape from predation and unfavorable
conditions (drought etc)
Allows widespread dispersal – can colonize new
habitat
Reasons for Insect Success (cont’d):

Reproductive capacity
Ability to produce large numbers of eggs in a short
period of time creates lots of genetic variability –
allows insects to adapt quickly to new
environments
 Reasons for Insect Success (cont’d):

Insects can adapt to even the harshest living conditions.

• The young of some insects live in pools of crude oil. Some live in streams
where the temperature falls to 0 Co. Others live in hot springs where the
temperature rises to 49 Co.
• Although most insects feed on plant life, many have adapted themselves
to eating almost anything. Various kinds of insects eat fabrics, opium,
mustard plaster, cork, tobacco, face powder, paste, or pepper.
Benefits of Insects:

As a primary resource (something they produce directly)

Insects serve as food in many cultures
Produce silk (from salivary glands of silk moth
Bombyx mori – 2,000 billion moths per year)
Produce honey and wax (honey bee Apis mellifera)
Lac scales are used in making shellac
A number of scales are used in making dyes
Used as experimental subjects
Benefits of Insects (cont’d):

As an intermediate resource (interact with environment

to give a benefit)
Very important in pollination (most fruit and
vegetable crops)
As agents of biological control to eat or parasitize
pest insects
As scavengers to feed on dead plant and animal
material (nutrient cycling)
As a food resource for other wildlife
Negative Impacts of Insects:

Injure crops, forests and ornamentals

Damage may be direct – where they feed on the part
of crop we use. Eg codling moth on apples, or are
merely present eg CA red scales on citrus
Or Indirect – where they feed on parts of the plant
we don’t use eg root feeders, leaf feeders –
reduces quality or potential yield
May also act as vectors of plant diseases eg
Pierce’s disease
Negative Impacts of Insects (cont’d):

Annoyance, injury and death to humans and animals

Insects like mosquitoes, lice, fleas etc annoy and
discomfort
Venomous insects can even cause death
Insects ticks and mites can vector disease – eg
malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, Lyme disease
Numerous insects are parasites of domesticated
animals eg. Stable fly, horn fly, screwworm
Negative Impacts of Insects (cont’d):

Destruction or damage to stored products or possessions

Insects feed on stored grains and processed foods
Feed on household possessions eg clothes moths
and carpet beetles
Termites cause serious damage to homes