BAB

2 Fungsi Kuadratik
Quadratic Functions
Modul
PBD

2.1 Persamaan dan Ketaksamaan Kuadratik

Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
1 Selesaikan setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan pemfaktoran. Video
Solve each of the following quadratic equations by factorisation. SP 2.1.1 TP 1
CONTOH 2
(a) 4 x − 3x = 1
x 2 = 12 − x
4 x − 3x 2 = 1
x 2 = 12 − x 3x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0
2
x + x − 12 = 0 (3x − 1)( x − 1) = 0
( x + 4)( x − 3) = 0 3x − 1 = 0 atau/or x − 1 = 0
1
x + 4 = 0 atau/or x − 3 = 0 x atau/or x 1
3
x = −4 atau/or x 3

2
(b) 4 − 5x = 6 x

4 − 5x = 6 x 2 Ingat Lagi?
6 x 2 + 5x − 4 = 0 Punca persamaan kuadratik ialah nilai yang
(3x + 4)( 2x − 1) = 0 memuaskan persamaan itu.
3x + 4 = 0 atau/or 2x − 1 = 0 The roots of a quadratic equation are the
4 1 values that satisfy the equation.
x = − atau/or x
3 2

2 Selesaikan setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan penyempurnaan kuasa dua.

Solve each of the following quadratic equations by completing the square. SP 2.1.1 TP 1
CONTOH 2
(a) x + 3x − 7 = 0
x 2 − 2x − 24 = 0
x 2 + 3x − 7 = 0
2 2
x 2 − 2x − 24 = 0 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
⎜x + ⎟ −7 −⎜ ⎟ = 0
( x − 1) − 24 − ( −1)2 = 0
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
( x − 1)2 = 25 ⎛ 3⎞
2
37
( x − 1) = ±5 ⎜x + ⎟ =
⎝ 2⎠ 4
x − 1 = 5 atau/or x − 1 = −5
x 6 atau/or x = −4 ⎛ 3⎞ 37
⎜x + ⎟ = ±
⎝ 2⎠ 4

A WAS! 3 37 3 37
x+ = atau/or x + = −
2 4 2 4
Sebelum penyempurnaan kuasa dua, pekali x 2 mesti
dijadikan 1 dahulu. 37 3 37 3
x= − atau/or x = − −
Before completing the square, the coefficient of x 2 must 4 2 4 2
be made into 1 first. x 1.541 atau/or x = −4.541

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2 2
(b) 2x = 8 x − 5 (c) 3( x − 3) = 4 x

2x 2 − 8 x + 5 = 0 3x 2 − 4 x − 9 = 0
5 4
x 2 − 4x + = 0 x2 − x − 3 = 0
2 3
5 2 2
( x − 2) + − ( −2)2 = 0
2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
2 ⎜ x − ⎟ − 3 − ⎜ − ⎟ =0
3 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
( x − 2)2 = 2
2 ⎛ 2⎞ 31
⎜x − ⎟ =
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 9
x−2= ±
2 2 31
x− =±
3 9
3 3
x−2= atau/or x − 2 = − 2 31 2 31
2 2 x− = atau/or x − = −
3 3 3 9 3 9
x= + 2 atau/or x = − +2
2 2 31 2 31 2
x= + atau/or x = − +
x 3.225 atau/or x 0.7753 9 3 9 3
x 2.523 atau/or x = −1.189

3 Selesaikan setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut dengan rumus.

Solve each of the following quadratic equations by formula. SP 2.1.1 TP 1

CONTOH 2
(a) 2x − x − 4 = 0
2x 2 − 3x − 6 = 0
2x2 – x – 4 = 0
a = 2, b = – 1, c = – 4
2x2 – 3x – 6 = 0
a = 2, b = – 3, c = – 6 −( −1) ± ( −1)2 − 4( 2)( −4)
x=
−( −3) ± ( −3)2 − 4( 2)( −6) 2( 2)
x=
2( 2) 1± 33
x=
3 ± 57 4
x= x = 1.686; x = – 1.186
4
x = 2.637; x = – 1.137

(b) 3x( x − 2) = 7 (c) (3x − 1)( 2x + 3) = 5

3x2 – 6x – 7 = 0 6x2 + 7x – 8 = 0
a = 3, b = – 6, c = – 7 a = 6, b = 7, c = – 8
−( −6) ± ( −6)2 − 4(3)( −7) −(7) ± (7)2 − 4(6)( −8)
x= x=
2(3) 2(6)
6 ± 120 −7 ± 241
x= x=
6 12
x = 2.826; x = – 0.8257 x = 0.7103; x = – 1.877

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4 Bentukkan satu persamaan kuadratik dengan pasangan punca yang diberi.

Form a quadratic equation with each of the following pairs of roots. SP 2.1.2 TP 1
CONTOH (a) 2, –5
2, 3
H.T.P/S.O.R: 2 + (–5) = – 3
H.D.P/P.O.R: 2 × (–5) = – 10
Hasil Tambah Punca-punca (H.T.P)
Sum of Roots (S.O.R): 2 + 3 = 5 ∴ Persamaan kuadratik ialah
Hasil Darab Punca-punca (H.D.P)
Quadratic equation is
Product of Roots (P.O.R): 2 × 3 = 6
x2 – (–3)x + (–10) = 0
∴ Persamaan kuadratik ialah x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
Quadratic equation is
x2 – (H.T.P.)x + (H.D.P.) = 0/
x2 – (S.O.R.)x + (P.O.R.) = 0
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0

2 3 1
(b) ,3 (c)  ,
3 5 2

2 7 3 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
H.T.P/S.O.R : + ( −3) = − H.T.P/S.O.R : − +⎜ ⎟ = −
3 3 5 ⎝ 2⎠ 10
2 3 ⎛ 1⎞ 3
H.D.P/P.O.R : × ( −3) = −2 H.D.P/P.O.R : − × ⎜ ⎟ = −
3 5 ⎝ 2⎠ 10
∴ Persamaan kuadratik ialah ∴ Persamaan kuadratik ialah
Quadratic equation is Quadratic equation is
⎛ 7⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
x 2 − ⎜ − ⎟ x + ( −2) = 0 x2 − ⎜ − ⎟ x + ⎜ − ⎟ = 0
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
3x2 + 7x – 6 = 0 10x2 + x – 3 = 0

Tip Pintar
Semak jawapan akhir anda dengan menggantikan punca-punca ke dalam persamaan untuk menentukan sama ada ia
memuaskan persamaan itu atau tidak.
Check your final answer by substituting the root into the equation to determine whether it satisfies the equation or not.

5 Diberi D dan E ialah punca-punca persamaan kuadratik berikut. Bentukkan satu persamaan kuadratik
yang baharu dengan punca-puncanya dihubungkan oleh D dan E (dalam kurungan).
Given that D and E are the roots of the quadratic equation. Form a new quadratic equation with roots
(in brackets) related to D and E . SP 2.1.2 TP 2
CONTOH 2
(a) x + 4 x + 2 = 0 (3α , 3β )
x 2 − 3x − 12 = 0 (2α , 2β )
α + β = −4 ; αβ = 2
α + β = 3; αβ = −12 3α + 3β = 3(α + β ) (3α )(3β ) = 9(αβ )
2α + 2β = 2(α + β ) ( 2α )( 2β ) = 4(αβ ) = 3( −4) = 9( 2)
= 2(3) = 4( −12) = −12 = 18
∴ Persamaan baharu ialah/New equation is
=6 = −48
x 2 − ( −12) x + (18) = 0
∴ Persamaan baharu ialah/New equation is
x 2 − (6) x + ( −48) = 0 x 2 + 12x + 18 = 0
x 2 − 6 x − 48 = 0

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2 ⎛α β ⎞ 2 ⎛α β ⎞
(b) 2x − 6 x + 3 = 0 ⎜ , ⎟ (c) 5x − 10 x + 3 = 0 ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝β α ⎠
3 3
x 2 − 3x + =0 x 2 − 2x + = 0
2 5
3
3 α + β = 2; αβ =
α + β = 3 ; αβ = 5
2
α β α+β α β αβ α β α + β2
2 α β
+ = × = + = × =1
2 2 2 2 2 4 β α αβ β α
3 3 (α + β )2 − 2αβ
= =
3 αβ
2 = 2 =
4 8
⎛ 3⎞
∴ Persamaan baharu ialah/New equation is ( 2)2 − 2 ⎜ ⎟
= ⎝ 5 ⎠ = 14
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 3 3
x2 − ⎜ ⎟ x + ⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝8⎠ 5
8 x 2 − 12x + 3 = 0 ∴ Persamaan baharu ialah/New equation is
⎛ 14 ⎞
x 2 − ⎜ ⎟ x + (1) = 0
⎝ 3 ⎠
Tip Pintar
3x 2 − 14 x + 3 = 0
α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 − 2αβ
6 Tentukan julat bagi nilai x yang memenuhi setiap ketaksamaan kuadratik berikut.
Determine the range of the values of x that satisfies each of the following quadratic inequalities. SP 2.1.3 TP 1

CONTOH 2
(a) 6 x  x  1 0
3x 2 − 4 x + 1 > 0
6 x 2  x  1 0
3x 2 − 4 x + 1 > 0 (3x + 1)( 2x − 1)  0
(3x − 1)( x − 1) > 0

+ +

1 1
3 –

1
Maka/Therefore, x  atau/or x ! 1. 1 1
3 Maka/Therefore,   x  .
3 2
2 2
(b) 1− 3x < 2x (c) 2( x − 3) ≥ x( x + 1)

2( x 2 − 3)  x( x + 1)
3x 2 + 2x − 1 > 0
2x 2 − 6  x 2 + x
(3x − 1)( x + 1) > 0
x2  x  6  0
( x + 2)( x − 3)  0
+

1
Maka/Therefore, x < −1 atau/or x ! .
3 Maka/Therefore, x   2 atau/or x  3 .
A WAS!
Semasa menyelesaikan ketaksamaan kuadratik, kita mesti melakar graf fungsi kuadratik itu.
When solving quadratic inequalities, we must sketch the graph of the quadratic function.
(3x – 1)(x – 1) > 0 1 atau/or x > 1 (SALAH)
x!
3

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2.2 Jenis-jenis Punca Persamaan Kuadratik/ Types of roots of Quadratic Equation

2
1 Cari nilai b  4ac untuk setiap persamaan kuadratik yang berikut. Seterusnya, tentukan jenis punca
bagi persamaan kuadratik itu.
2
Find the value of b  4ac for each of the following quadratic equations. Hence, determine the type of roots for
the quadratic equation. SP 2.2.1 TP 1
CONTOH 2
(a) x − 6 x + 9 = 0
5x 2 − 4 x + 2 = 0
b2 − 4ac = ( −6)2 − 4(1)(9)
b2 − 4ac = ( −4)2 − 4(5)( 2) =0
∴ Persamaan ini mempunyai dua punca yang
= −24 < 0 sama./This equation has two equal roots.
∴ Persamaan ini tidak mempunyai punca
yang nyata./This equation has no real
roots.

2
(b) x + 9 x − 4 = 0 (c) 4 x( x − 1) = −2

b2 − 4ac = (9)2 − 4(1)( −4) 4x 2 − 4x + 2 = 0

= 97 > 0 b2 − 4ac = ( −4)2 − 4( 4)( 2)
∴ Persamaan ini mempunyai dua punca yang = −16 < 0
berbeza./This equation has two distinct roots. ∴ Persamaan ini tidak mempunyai punca
yang nyata./This equation has no real roots.

2 Cari nilai k bagi setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut jika punca-puncanya adalah sama.
Find the value of k for each of the following quadratic equations if their roots are equal. SP 2.2.2 TP 2

CONTOH (a) 4x2 + kx + k = 0

x2 – kx + 16 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0 (k)2 – 4(4)(k) = 0
(– k) – 4(1)(16) = 0
2 k2 – 16k = 0
k2 = 64 k(k – 16) = 0
k = 8 atau/or –8 k = 0 atau/or 16

(b) kx2 + 9 = 3kx (c) (k + 14)x2 = –1 – 4kx

kx2 – 3kx + 9 = 0 (k + 14)x2 + 4kx + 1 = 0

b2 – 4ac = 0 b2 – 4ac = 0
(–3k) – 4(k)(9) = 0
2
(4k) – 4(k + 14)(1) = 0
2

9k2 – 36k = 0 16k2 – 4k – 56 = 0

9k(k – 4) = 0 4k2 – k – 14 = 0
k = 0 (k ≠ 0) ∴ k = 4 (k – 2)(4k + 7) = 0
7
k = 2, k = −
4
7
k = 2 atau/or –
4

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3 Cari julat nilai p jika setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut mempunyai dua punca yang berbeza.
Find the range of values of p if each of the following quadratic equations has two distinct roots. SP 2.2.2 TP 2

CONTOH (a) x2 + 2px = x – p2

px2 + 2x – 5 = 0
x2 + (2p – 1)x + p2 = 0
b2 – 4ac > 0 b2 – 4ac > 0
(2) – 4(p)(–5) > 0
2 (2p – 1) – 4(1)(p2) > 0
2

4 > 20p – 4p > –1

1 1
p p
5 4

(b) x2 – 6x = 3 – p (c) 9x2 – 5 = 2p(x –1)

x2 – 6x + p – 3 = 0 9x2 – 2px + 2p – 5 = 0
b2 – 4ac > 0 b2 – 4ac > 0
(–6) – 4(1)(p –3) > 0
2
(–2p) – 4(9)(2p – 5) > 0
2

48 – 4p > 0 p2 – 18p + 45 > 0

–4p > –48 (p – 3)(p – 15) > 0
p < 12 p < 3 atau/or p > 15

4 Cari julat nilai m jika setiap persamaan kuadratik berikut tidak mempunyai punca yang nyata.
Find the range of values of m if each of the following quadratic equations has no real roots. SP 2.2.2 TP 2
CONTOH (a) x(x– 6) = 3 – m
2x2 + 8x = 2m
x2 – 6x + m – 3 = 0
2x2 + 8x – 2m = 0 b2 – 4ac < 0
b2 – 4ac < 0 (–6) – 4(1)(m – 3) < 0
2

x + 4x – m = 0
2 – 4m < – 48
(4)2 – 4(1)(– m) < 0 m > 12
16 + 4m < 0
4m < – 16
m<–4

(b) 4x = 3 – 2mx2 (c) x2 – 4 = 2mx2 + 3mx + 2m

2mx2 + 4x – 3 = 0 (1 – 2m)x2 – 3mx – (4 + 2m) = 0

b2 – 4ac < 0 b2 – 4ac < 0
(4)2 – 4(2m)(–3) < 0 (–3m) – 4(1 – 2m)[–(4 + 2m)] < 0
2

16 + 24m < 0 –7m2 – 24m + 16 < 0

2 7m2 + 24m – 16 > 0
m<−
3 (7m – 4)(m + 4) > 0
4
m < – 4 atau/or m !
7

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5 Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.

Solve each of the following problems. SP 2.2.2 TP 3

CONTOH
2 9
Tunjukkan bahawa punca-punca persamaan kuadratik 2x + 6 x = − p adalah nyata jika p  .
2
2 9
Show that the roots of the quadratic equation 2 x + 6 x = − p are real if p  .
2

2x 2 + 6 x + p = 0
Untuk punca-punca persamaan yang nyata/For the real roots of quadratic equation:
b2  4ac  0
(6)2  4( 2)( p)  0
36  8 p  0
8 p   36 Ingat Lagi?
9
p  (Tertunjuk/Shown) a  b
2
a  b

2
(a) Tunjukkan bahawa tiada nilai nyata bagi x untuk persamaan kuadratik px + ( 2p + 3) x + p − 6 = 0
1
jika p < − .
4 1
2
Show that there is no real value of x for the quadratic equation px + (2 p + 3) x + p − 6 = 0 if p < − .
4
px 2 + ( 2p + 3) x + p − 6 = 0
2
Persamaan tidak mempunyai nilai nyata x jika/The equation has no real value of x if b − 4ac < 0.
( 2p + 3)2 − 4( p)( p − 6) < 0
4 p2 + 12p + 9 − 4 p2 + 24 p < 0
36 p + 9 < 0
1
p<− (Tertunjuk/Shown)
4

2
(b) Persamaan kuadratik 3mx = 2nx − 3m mempunyai dua punca yang sama. Diberi m dan n adalah
positif. Carikan nisbah m : n dan selesaikan persamaan itu.
2
The quadratic equation 3mx = 2nx − 3m has two equal roots. Given that m and n are positive. Find the
ratio of m : n and solve the equation.

3mx 2 − 2nx + 3m = 0
b2 − 4ac = 0 (Dua punca yang sama/Two equal roots)
2
( −2n) − 4(3m)(3m) = 0
4n2 − 36m2 = 0
2n 6m
m : n 1: 3
Oleh sebab/Since n = 3m,
3mx 2 − 2(3m) x + 3m = 0
x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0
( x − 1)( x − 1) = 0
x =1

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 Bab 2

2.3 Fungsi Kuadratik/ Quadratic Functions

1 Tentukan sama ada setiap yang berikut ialah fungsi kuadratik.
Determine whether each of the following is a quadratic function. SP 2.3.1 TP 1

CONTOH (a) f(x) = 14 – x 2

(b) f(x) = x(x2 + 4x)

f(x) = 6x2 – 5x –2 Ya/Yes f(x) = x3 – 4x2

Bukan/No
Ya/Yes

(c) f(x) = (2x – 1)2 + 5

x2 + x
(d) f ( x ) =
f(x) = 4x2 – 4x + 1 + 5 x4
Tip Pintar
f(x) = 4x2 – 4x + 6
1 1 Bentuk am bagi fungsi kuadratik
Ya/Yes f ( x) = 2
+ = x −2 + x −3
x x3 ialah f (x) = ax2 + bx + c.
Bukan/No The general form of quadratic
function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

2 Kenal pasti bentuk graf bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik yang berikut.
Identify the shape of the graph for each of the following quadratic functions. SP 2.3.1 TP 1

CONTOH (a) f(x) = 6 – 3x2

f(x) = 3x2 – 4x – 3

a = 3 > 0, a = – 3 < 0,

1 3 (c) f(x) = (3 – 4x)(1 + x)

(b) f ( x ) = x + x2 − 1
2 5
f(x) = – 4x2 – x + 3
3
a= > 0, a = – 4 < 0,
5

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3 Bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik berikut, tentukan jenis punca persamaan kuadratik apabila f(x) = 0.
Seterusnya, tentukan kedudukan graf bagi f(x).
For each of the following quadratic functions, determine the type roots of the quadratic equation when f(x) = 0.
Hence, determine the position of the graph of f(x). SP 2.3.2 TP 2
CONTOH (a) f(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 4
f(x) = 5x2 + 6x + 1
a = 3, b = – 6, c = 4
a = 5, b = 6, c = 1 a > 0, Bentuk graf/Graph’s shape:
a > 0, Bentuk graf/Graph’s shape: b2 – 4ac = (–6)2 – (4)(3)(4)
b2 – 4ac = (6)2 – (4)(5)(1) = – 12 < 0
= 16 > 0 (Tiada punca yang nyata/No real roots)
(Dua punca yang yang berbeza/Two distinct
roots)

Maka, graf f(x) ialah satu parabola dengan titik

Maka, graf f(x) ialah satu parabola dengan minimum dan tidak menyilang paksi-x.
titik minimum dan bersilang dengan Hence, the graph f(x) is a parabola with a
paksi-x pada dua titik yang berlainan. minimum point and does not intersect the x-axis.
Hence, the graph of f(x) is a parabola with
a minimum point and intersects the x-axis at
two different points.

(b) f(x) = 7 – 3x2 – 9 (c) f(x) = x2 + 14x + 49

a = – 3, b = 7, c = – 9
a < 0, Bentuk graf/Graph’s shape:
b2 – 4ac = (7)2 – (4)(–3)(–9)
= – 59 < 0
(Tiada punca yang nyata/No real roots)
a = 1, b = 14, c = 49
a > 0, Bentuk graf/Graph’s shape:
b2 – 4ac = (14)2 – (4)(1)(49)
=0
(Dua punca yang sama/Two equal roots)

Maka, graf f(x) ialah satu parabola dengan titik

Maka, graf f(x) ialah satu parabola dengan titik
minimum dan menyentuh paksi-x.
maksimum dan tidak menyilang paksi-x.
Hence, the graph of f(x) is a parabola with a
Hence, the graph of f(x) is a parabola with a
minimum point and touches the x-axis.
maximum point and does not intersect the x-axis.

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4 Ungkapkan setiap fungsi kuadratik yang berikut dalam bentuk a(x + p)2 + q. Seterusnya,
Express each of the following quadratic functions in the form of a(x + p)2 + q. Hence, SP 2.3.3 TP 1
(i) nyatakan persamaan paksi simetri/ state the equation of axis symmetry,
(ii) cari nilai maksimum atau minimum/ find the maximum or minimum value,
(iii) cari koordinat titik pusingan/ coordinates of the turning point.
CONTOH (a) f(x) = 5 + 3x – x2
f(x) = x2 – 2x – 3
f(x) = 5 + 3x – x2
f(x) = x2 – 2x – 3 ⎡⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎤
2 2

= (x – 1)2 – 4 = − ⎢⎜ x − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ + 5
⎣⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
(i) x = 1
(ii) nilai minimum/mimimum value: – 4 ⎛ 3⎞
2
29
(iii) titik minimum/minimum point: (1, – 4) = −⎜ x − ⎟ +
⎝ 2⎠ 4
3
(i) x
2
29
(ii) nilai maksimum/maximum value:
4
⎛ 3 29 ⎞
(iii) titik maksimum/maximum point: ⎜ , ⎟
⎝2 4 ⎠
(b) f(x) = 2x2 – 8x + 3 (c) f(x) = –3x2 – 6x – 9

f(x) = 2x2 – 8x + 3 f(x) = –3x2 – 6x – 9

= 2[(x – 2)2 – 22] + 3 = –3[(x + 1)2 – 12] – 9
= 2(x – 2)2 – 5 = –3(x + 1)2 – 6
(i) x = 2 (i) x = –1
(ii) nilai minimum/mimimum value: –5 (ii) nilai maksimum/maximum value: –6
(iii) titik minimum/minimum point: (2, –5) (iii) titik maksimum/maximum point: (– 1, –6)

5 Tanpa menggunakan penyempurnaan kuasa dua, cari titik maksimum atau minimum bagi setiap fungsi
kuadratik yang berikut.
Without completing the square, find the maximum or minimum point for each of the following quadratic
functions. SP 2.3.4 TP 1
CONTOH (a) f(x) = x2 + 2x + 5
f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 21
b
Paksi simetri/Axis of symmetry: x = −
b 2a
Paksi simetri/Axis of symmetry: x = − 2
2a x=− = −1
2(1)
4 Pada/At x = –1; f(–1) = (–1)2 + 2(–1) + 5 = 4
x=− =2
2( −1)
Oleh sebab a > 0, graf berbentuk .
Pada/At x = 2; f(2) = –(2)2 + 4(2) + 21 = 25
Maka, titik minimum = (–1, 4).
Oleh sebab a < 0, graf berbentuk . Since a > 0, the graph is shape.
Maka, titik maksimum = (2, 25). Therefore, the minimum point = (–1, 4).
Since a < 0, the graph is shape.
Therefore, the maximum point = (2, 25).

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 25

Bab 2

(b) f(x) = 16x – 3 – 4x2 (c) f(x) = 8 + 3x2 – 9x

f(x) = – 4x2 + 16x – 3 f(x) = 3x2 – 9x + 8

b b
Paksi simetri/Axis of symmetry: x = − Paksi simetri/Axis of symmetry: x = −
2a 2a
16 ( −9) 3
x=− =2 x=− =
2( −4) 2(3) 2
Pada/At x = 2; f(2) = – 4(2)2 + 16(2) – 3 = 13 2
3 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 5
Oleh sebab a < 0, graf berbentuk . Pada/At x ; f ⎜ ⎟ = 3⎜ ⎟ − 9 ⎜ ⎟ + 8 =
2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4
Maka, titik maksimum = (2, 13).
Oleh sebab a > 0, graf berbentuk .
Since a < 0, the graph is shape.
⎛3 5⎞
Therefore, the maximum point = (2, 13). Maka, titik minimum = ⎜ , ⎟.
⎝2 4⎠
Since a > 0, the graph is shape. Therefore,
⎛3 5⎞
the minimum point = ⎜ , ⎟.
⎝2 4⎠

6 Lakar graf bagi setiap fungsi kuadratik yang berikut.

Sketch the graph for each of the following quadratic functions. SP 2.3.5 TP 1

CONTOH

f(x) = x2 – 5x – 6

(i) a = 1 > 0, graf berbentuk /graph is shape.

(ii) b2 − 4ac = ( −5)2 − ( 4)(1)( −6) ∴ f(x) mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza./f(x) has
= 49 > 0 two real distinct roots.
(iii) f ( x ) = x 2 − 5x − 6
2 2
⎛ 5⎞ ⎛ 5⎞
= ⎜x − ⎟ −6 − ⎜− ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
2
⎛ 5⎞ 49
= ⎜x − ⎟ −
⎝ 2⎠ 4
f(x)
⎛5 49 ⎞
∴ Titik minimum/Minimum point = ⎜ , − ⎟
⎝ 2 4 ⎠
(iv) Apabila/When f(x) = 0; Apabila/When x = 0
x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 f(0) = (0)2 – 5(0) – 6 = –6
(x – 6)(x + 1) = 0 x
x = 6 atau/or x = –1 –1 5 6
2
–6

– 49
4

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 26

 Bab 2

(a) f(x) = 3 – 2x – x2

(i) a = – 1 < 0, graf berbentuk /graph is shape.

(ii) b2 − 4ac = ( −2)2 − ( 4)( −1)(3) ∴ f(x) mempunyai dua punca nyata yang berbeza./f(x) has two real
= 16 > 0 distinct roots.

(iii) f ( x ) = − x 2 − 2x + 3
= −[ x 2 + 2x] + 3
= −[( x + 1)2 − (1)2 ] + 3
= −( x + 1)2 + 4
∴ Titik maksimum/Maximum point = (–1, 4)
(iv) Apabila/When f(x) = 0; Apabila/When x = 0
3 – 2x – x2 = 0 f(0) = 3 – 2(0) – (0)2 = 3
x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
x = – 3 atau/or x = 1

(b) f(x) = 2x2 – 12x + 22

(i) a = 2 > 0, graf berbentuk /graph is shape.

(ii) b2 − 4ac = ( −12)2 − ( 4)( 2)( 22)
= −32 < 0
∴ f(x) tidak mempunyai punca yang nyata./f(x) has no real roots.

(iii) f ( x ) = 2x 2 − 12x + 22
= 2[ x 2 − 6 x] + 22
= 2[( x − 3)2 − ( −3)2 ] + 22
= 2( x − 3)2 + 4
∴ Titik minimum/Minimum point = (3, 4)
(iv) Apabila/When x = 0
f(0) = 2(0)2 – 12(0) + 22 = 22

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 27

Bab 2

7 Selesaikan setiap masalah berikut.

Solve each of the following problems. SP 2.3.6 TP 3

CONTOH (a) Cari julat bagi k jika garis lurus y = kx – 2

Cari nilai k dengan keadaan garis lurus menyilang lengkung y = x2 – 4x + 7 pada dua
y = 3x + k ialah satu tangen kepada titik yang berlainan.
lengkung Find the range of values k if the straight line
2x2 – 5x – y + 7 = 0 y = kx – 2 intersects the curve y = x2 – 4x + 7 at
Find the value of k in which the line straight two different points.
y = 3x + k is a tangent to the curve
2x2 – 5x – y + 7 = 0. y = kx – 2 ... (1)
y = x2 – 4x + 7 ... (2)
y = 3x + k ... (1) Gantikan/Substitute (1) ke dalam/into (2)
2x2 – 5x – y + 7 = 0 ... (2) kx – 2 = x2 – 4x + 7
Gantikan/Substitute (1) ke dalam/into (2) x – 4x – kx + 9 = 0
2

2x2 – 5x – (3x + k) + 7 = 0 x2 – (4 + k)x + 9 = 0

2x2 – 8x + 7 – k = 0 Persamaan mempunyai 2 punca berbeza./
Jika y = 3x + k ialah tangen, maka Equation has 2 distinct roots.
persamaan itu mempunyai 2 punca sama./ b2 – 4ac > 0
If y = 3x + k is a tangent, then the equation [–(4 + k)]2 – 4(1)(9) > 0
has 2 equal roots. (4 + k)2 – 4(1)(9) > 0
b2 – 4ac = 0 k2 + 8k – 20 > 0
(–8) – 4(2)(7 – k) = 0
2 (k + 10) (k – 2) > 0
8 + 8k = 0 k < –10 atau/or k > 2
k = –1

(b) Diberi fungsi kuadratik f(x) = kx2 + 6x – 10k2 m 2

mempunyai nilai maksimum apabila x = 3. (c) Nilai terbesar bagi n + x − x ialah 9 apabila
2
Cari nilai k dan tentukan nilai maksimum bagi x = – 2. Cari nilai bagi m dan n.
f(x).
Given quadratic function f(x) = kx2 + 6x – 10k2 m 2
The largest value of n + x − x is 9 when
has a maximum value when x = 3. Find the value 2
k and determine the maximum value of f(x). x = – 2. Find the values of m and n.
m 2
f(x) = kx2 + 6x – 10k2 Katakan/Let y = n + x − x
2
b
Paksi simetri/Axis of symmetry: x = − m
2a = −[ x 2 − x] + n
2
6
x=− =3 ⎡⎛ m⎞ ⎛m⎞ ⎤
2 2
2(k ) = − ⎢⎜ x − ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + n
k = –1 ⎣⎝ 4⎠ ⎝4⎠ ⎦
Maka/Therefore, f(x) = –x2 + 6x – 10. 2
⎛ m⎞ m2
Apabila/When x = 3; = −⎜ x − ⎟ + n +
nilai maksimum ialah/maximum value is ⎝ 4⎠ 16
f(3) = –(3) + 6(3) – 10
2 m
Apabila/When x ,
= –1 4
nilai maksimum ialah/maximum value is
m2
n .
16
m m2
Maka/Therefore, = −2; n+ =9
4 16
( −8)2
m = –8 n+ =9
16
n=5

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 28

 Praktis Pentaksiran 2

Kertas 1

1 Diberi bahawa lengkung y – x2 + 1 = 0 2 ⎡⎣( 2)2 − 2( −3)⎤⎦

Klon
SPM bersilang dengan garis lurus y = mx – 5, =
‘18
dengan keadaan m ialah pemalar, pada dua ( −3)2
titik. Cari julat nilai m. 20
It is given that the curve y – x2 + 1 = 0 intersects 9
with the straight line y = mx – 5, where m is a (b) α ialah punca bagi/is the root of x2 = 2x + 3
constant, at two points. Find the range of values α 2 = 2α + 3
of m. (α 2)2 = (2α + 3)2
α 4 = 4α 2 + 12α + 9
y = mx – 5…(1) α 4 = 4(2α + 3) + 12α + 9
y – x2 + 1 = 0…(2) ∴ α 4 = 20α + 21
Gantikan/Substitute (1) ke dalam/into (2)
(mx – 5) – x2 + 1 = 0
x2 – mx + 4 = 0 3 Rajah menunjukkan sebuah graf fungsi
kuadratik y = f(x). Garis lurus y = –9
Bersilang pada 2 titik bermakna persamaan
merupakan tangen kepada lengkung y = f(x).
mempunyai 2 punca berbeza./Intersects at 2
The diagram shows the graph of a quadratic
points means the equation has 2 distinct roots.
function y = f(x). The straight line y = –9 is a
b2 – 4ac > 0
tangent to the curve y = f(x).
(– m) – 4(1)(4) > 0
2
f(x)
m2 – 16 > 0
(m + 4) (m – 4) > 0 y = f(x)
m < –4 atau/or m > 4
x
2 Jika α dan β ialah punca-punca persamaan –2 O 4
kuadratik x2 = 2x + 3,
If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation
y = –9
x2 = 2x + 3, Menilai

2 2
(a) cari nilai 2
, + (a) Nyatakan persamaan paksi simetri bagi
α β2
lengkung y = f(x).
2 2 State the equation of the axis of symmetry of
find the value of 2 + 2 ,
α β the curve y = f(x).
(b) tunjukkan bahawa α 4 = 20α + 21. (b) Ungkapkan f(x) dalam bentuk (x + p)2 + q,
show that α 4 = 20α + 21. dengan keadaan p dan q ialah pemalar.
Express f(x) in the form (x + p)2 + q, where p
(a) x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 and q are constants.
α + β = 2; αβ = – 3
( −2 + 4)
2 2 (a) x = =1
2
+ 2 2
α β (b) Apabila/When f(x) = 0, (x + 2)(x – 4) = 0
2( β 2 + α 2 ) x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
= f(x) = x2 – 2x – 8
(αβ )2
= (x –1)2 – 8 – (–1)2
2 ⎡⎣(α + β )2 − 2αβ ⎤⎦ = (x –1)2 – 9
=
(αβ )2

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 29

 4 Sebiji batu dilontarkan secara menegak ke atas udara dengan kelajuan awal 20 m s–1. Ketinggiannya,
h meter pada t saat boleh dianggarkan dengan rumus h(t) = 20t – 4t 2.
A stone is projected vertically into the air with an initial speed of 20 m s–1. Its height, h metres at a time t
seconds can be approximated by the formula h(t) = 20t – 4t 2. Mengaplikasi

(a) Cari julat bagi nilai t dengan keadaan batu itu melebihi 16 m dari lantai.
Find the range of values of t in which the stone is more than 16 m above the ground.
(b) Cari ketinggian maksimum yang dicapai oleh batu itu dan masa ia berlaku.
Find the maximum height reached by the stone and the time at which this occurs.

(a) 20t – 4t 2 > 16 ⎡⎛ 5 ⎞2 25 ⎤

4t – 20t + 16 < 0
2
h = −4 ⎢⎜ t − ⎟ − ⎥
t 2 – 5t + 4 < 0 ⎢⎣⎝ 2⎠ 4 ⎥⎦
(t – 1)(t – 4) < 0 2
⎛ 5⎞
1<t<4 h = −4 ⎜ t − ⎟ + 25
⎝ 2⎠
(b) h = 4t 2 + 20t Maka, ketinggian maksimum yang dicapai
h = – 4(t 2 – 5t) 5
ialah 25 m apabila t s.
⎡⎛ 5 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 5 ⎞ 2 ⎤ 2
h = −4 ⎢⎜ t − ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ Therefore, the maximum height reached is
⎢⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
5
25 m when t s.
2

Genius Mengaplikasi, Menganalisis

Jabatan Pemasaran Syarikat H & S mendapati bahawa apabila jam tangan berjenama HS dijual pada harga
RMp seunit, bilangan jam tangan yang dapat dijual memenuhi persamaan permintaan x = 24 000 – 15p.
The marketing department of H & S Company has found that when certain watches brand HS are sold at a price of
RMp per unit, the number of watches sold is given by the demand equation x = 24 000 – 15p.
(a) Tulis satu model yang menyatakan pendapatan, R sebagai fungsi harga, p.
Write a model that expresses the revenue, R as a function of the price, p.
(b) Apakah harga seunit harus digunakan untuk memaksimumkan pendapatan?
What unit price should be used to maximise the revenue?
(c) Jika harga ini dikenakan, apakah hasil pendapatan maksimum?
If this price is charged, what is the maximum revenue?

(a) R = xp
= (24 000 – 15p)p
R = 24 000p – 15p2
b 24 000
(b) p = − =−
2a 2( −15)
p = 800
(c) R(800) = 24 000(800) – 15(800)2
= 9 600 000

© Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2019 30