statiebi

samomxmareblo da SromiTi xelSekrulebebis

koliziursamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi

vaxtang zaaliSvili*

1. Sesavali

SromiTi da samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebi Tanamedrove samarTlebriv sistemebSi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs, radgan orive maTganSi monawileobs e.w. `susti~
mxare. SromiT xelSekrulebaSi es mxare daqiravebulia, radgan igi damqiraveblis
erTgvar daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba, samomxmarebloSi ki – momxmarebeli, radgan iTv-
leba, rom saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis saboloo mimRebi, aseve sakredito urTierTo-
bebSi movale mniSvnelovnad araxelsayrel pirobebSia meore mxaresTan SedarebiT
Tavisi gamoucdelobisa Tu finansuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT. swored es gana-
pirobebs imas, rom saxelmwifos mxridan am mxareTa interesebis uzrunvelsayofad
specialuri socialuri dacvis imperatiuli normebis miReba xdeba aucilebeli.
winamdebare statiis mizani ar gaxlavT imis ganxilva, Tu rogor axerxebs saxel-
mwifo aRniSnuli `susti~ mxaris interesebis dacvas Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kerZo
urTierTobebis doneze. interess iwvevs am SemTxvevaSi ucxouri elementiT
datvirTuli iseTi urTierTobebi, rodesac erT-erTi mxare ucxoelia da, Sesaba-
misad, unda gadaiWras sakiTxi, Tu romelma qveynis kanonmdeblobam daareguliros
xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili dava ise, rom uzrunvelyos momxmareblisa da
daqiravebulis kanoniT garantirebuli uflebebi.
evropuli kavSiris samarTalSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva aRniSnuli
problemebis gadawyvetas rogorc materialursamarTlebrivi kanonSemoqmedebis,
ise koliziuri regulirebis doneze. romis 1980 wlis konvencia saxelSekrulebo
valdebulebebisadmi gamosayenebadi samarTlis Sesaxeb1 gansazRvravs samomxma-
reblo da SromiTi xelSekrulebebisaTvis specialur koliziur debulebebs, romle-
bic gansxvavebul regulirebas uzrunvelyofen sxva xelSekrulebebTan SedarebiT.
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb2 awesrigebs saxel-
Sekrulebo samarTlis koliziur sakiTxebs da gansazRvrul yuradRebas uTmobs
samomxmareblo da SromiT xelSekrulebebs, zemoaRniSnuli specifikidan gamom-
dinare. aRsaniSnavia, rom romis konvenciam qarTuli kanonis Seqmnisas garkveuli
roli Seasrula, rac misi normebis Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi gansazRvrul doneze
recefciiT gamoixata.3 winamdebare statiaSi ganxilulia is, Tu ra xarisxiT aisaxa
konvenciis principebi samomxmareblo da SromiT xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebiT
saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamis debulebebSi.

*
`jeplakis~ eqsperti samarTlebriv sakiTxebSi.
1
oficialuri teqsti ix. Official Journal (O.J.), 1980, No. L266/1.
2
kanoni ZalaSi Sevida 1998 wlis 1 oqtombers.
3
gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb: safuZvlebi da
mokle mimoxilva, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, 1998, meore da mesame kvartali, 25.
676 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
statiebi

2. samomxmareblo xelSekruleba

2.1 samomxmareblo xelSekruleba konvenciis mixedviT

romis konvenciis me-5 muxli moicavs samarTlis arCevanisa da arCevanis ar-

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gamosayenebadi samarTlis dadgenis wess samomxmareblo
xelSekrulebaSi.
upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia is, rom samomxmareblod moiazreba iseTi
xelSekruleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqonlis miwodebas, momsaxurebis gawe-
vas an kreditis gacemas im mxaris mier, romelic moqmedebs Tavisi profesiuli
saqmianobis farglebSi an savaWro miznebiT; xelSekrulebis meore mxare ki aris
saboloo momxmarebeli.
piri, romelic saqonlis mimwodebelia an profesiuli momsaxurebis gamwevia,
SesaZloa, Tavad gamodiodes saboloo momxmareblis rolSi, Tumca am SemTxve-
vaSi saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da kreditis miReba ar unda iyos dakavSirebuli
am piris savaWro Tu profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan. miuxedavad
amisa, aseT SemTxvevaSi me-5 muxlis specialuri wesi ver imoqmedebs – rodesac
meore mxarem ar icoda da arc SeiZleboda scodnoda amis Sesaxeb.4
me-5 muxliT mocemuli regulireba vrceldeba rogorc sakredito, ise naRdi
fuliT ganxorcielebul nasyidobis xelSekrulebaze, magram ar vrceldeba
fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidvaze. amave dros, me-5 muxlis moqmedebis sfero
ganivrcoba dazRvevis xelSekrulebaze imdenad, ramdenadac aseTi xelSekru-
leba Sedis Tavad konvenciis moqmedebis sferoSi.
me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti exeba samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebSi samarTlis
arCevanis problemas da ufro detalurs xdis me-3 muxliT 5 gansazRvrul
debulebas mocemuli tipis xelSekrulebebisaTvis. kerZod, am punqtis mixedviT,
mxareebs SeuZliaT airCion gamosayenebadi samarTali, Tumca aseTi arCevani ar
unda arTmevdes momxmarebels im dacvis saSualebebs, romlebic garantirebulia
im qveynis imperatiuli normebiT, sadac mas aqvs Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli.
am wesis moqmedeba ki damokidebulia Semdegi sami pirobidan erT-erTze:
– gamyidvelma unda gadadgas saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis gayidvisaTvis auci-
lebeli nabijebi im qveyanaSi, romelSic momxmarebels aqvs Cveulebrivi adgil-
samyofeli;
– gamyidvelma an misma warmomadgenelma (agentma) unda miiRos momxmareb-
lisagan moTxovna im qveyanaSi, sadac ukanasknel mxares aqvs Cveulebrivi adgil-
samyofeli;
– momxmarebeli unda gaemgzavros saqonlis sayidlad Tavisi Cveulebrivi
adgilsamyofeli qveynidan meore qveyanaSi da iq warudginos moTxovna gamyid-
vels im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es mgzavroba organizebulia gamyidvelis mier
specialurad imisTvis, raTa `aiZulos~ momxmarebeli, SeiZinos saqoneli.

4
Giuliano and Lagarde, Report on Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, O.J. No.
C282, 31.10.1980 – me-5 muxlis komentari.
5
konvenciis me-3 muxli aregulirebs zogadad xelSekrulebaSi samarTlis arCevanis
SemTxvevas.

678 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4

statiebi

pirveli pirobisas gamyidvelisTvis sakmarisia, reklamas uwevdes momxma-

reblis Cveulebriv adgilsamyofel qveyanaSi saqonelsa Tu momsaxurebas nebis-
mieri saSualebiT, romelic specialurad am qveynisaTvisaa gansazRvruli. SemT-
xveva, rodesac, magaliTad, germaneli momxmarebeli sareklamo gancxadebas
ecnoba amerikuli gamocemis meSveobiT, romelic SesaZloa iyidebodes germani-
aSi, ar Sedis am punqtis moqmedebis sferoSi, Tu aseTi gamocema specialurad
evropuli qveynebisTvis ar aris gankuTvnili;6
meore piroba garkveulwilad imeorebs pirvels, Tumca im gansxvavebiT, rom
am dros Tavdapirveli xelSekrulebis dadebis iniciativa Tavad momxmarebels
ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, gakeTebulia Tu ara saerTod raime saxis reklama
gamyidvelis mier. erTaderTi piroba aris is, rom gamyidvelma momxmareblis
moTxovna miiRos am ukanasknelis Cveulebriv adgilsamyofel qveyanaSi. teqstis
mixedviT, gamyidvelTanaa gaigivebuli misi warmomadgenelic;
mesame piroba mocemul muxlSi Setanili iyo im praqtikidan gamomdinare,
romelic aRiniSneba zogierT regionSi. es SemTxveva ver eqceva pirveli ori
pirobis farglebSi, radgan am dros arc momxmarebeli da arc gamyidveli ar
gadadgamen xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis saWiro yvela nabijs momxmareblis
Cveulebriv adgilsamyofel qveyanaSi.
am dros mgzavrobis organizebaSi logikurad moiazreba ara marto is SemTxve-
va, rodesac gamyidveli TviTon axorcielebs momxmareblis gadayvanas, aramed
mas SeuZlia mesame pirebis (mgzavrTa gadamyvani specialuri kompaniis) meSveobi-
Tac Seasrulos Sesabamisi moqmedeba.
me-2 punqtis mixedviT, mxareTa mier samomxmareblo xelSekrulebaSi gakeTebuli
samarTlis arCevani ar unda arTmevdes momxmarebels misi Cveulebrivi adgilsam-
yofeli qveynis imperatiuli normebiT garantirebul dacvis saSualebebs. aq yura-
dReba unda gavamaxviloT Tavad imperatiuli normebis arsze. radganac mocemuli
muxlis ZiriTadi mizania uzrunvelyos susti mxaris dacva, logikuria, rom impera-
tiul normebad, pirvel rigSi, unda moviazroT momxmarebelTa dacvis specialuri
kanonmdebloba.7 Tumca imperatiuli normebis cneba am debulebaSi ar unda Semo-
ifarglebodes mxolod momxmarebelTa dacvis specialuri kanonmdeblobiT da
unda moicavdes, agreTve, iseT normebsac, romlebic Seexeba, magaliTad, vaWrobaSi
konkurenciis uzrunvelyofas. es ukanaskneli uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis, zoga-
dad, da, kerZod, calkeuli individebis uflebebis dacvas.8
momxmareblis uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, unda aRiniSnos iseTi SemTxve-
vac, rodesac, me-3 muxlis Sesabamisad, arCeuli qveynis samarTali iTvaliswinebs
iseT imperatiul normebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen ufro maRali xarisxis
dacvas momxmareblis Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli qveynis imperatiul normeb-
Tan SedarebiT. aseT dros logikuria, rom unda arsebobdes SesaZlebloba momxma-
reblisTvis ufro xelsayreli samarTlis gamoyenebisa.9

6
Giuliano and Lagarde, Report – me-5 muxlis komentari.
7
igulisxmeba, magaliTad, iseTi normebi, romlebic exeba saqonlis xarisxs, xelSekrulebis
moSlasTan dakavSirebul specialur wesebs da a.S.
8
ix. Kaye, The New Private International Law of Contract on the European Community, 1993, 210.
9
iqve, 213.

680 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4

statiebi

igive mosazreba unda gavrceldes, savaraudod, me-7 muxlTan 10 dakavSi-

rebiTac: aqac momxmareblis uflebad unda moviazroT, airCios misTvis ufro
metad xelsayreli regulirebis reJimi (erTi mxriv, misi mudmivi adgilsamyo-
feli qveynis da, meore mxriv, me-7 muxliT garantirebuli imperatiuli normebi).
me-5 muxlis me-3 punqtiT mocemulia debuleba, romelic analogiuria me-2
punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli regulirebis meqanizmisa da exeba arCevanis ararse-
bobis SemTxvevaSi gamosayenebad samarTals. es debuleba gamoricxavs me-4
muxliT11 gaTvaliswinebul regulirebas da samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebisa-
Tvis gamosayenebadad acxadebs momxmareblis Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli
qveynis samarTals, Tumca mxolod maSin, rodesac arsebobs me-2 punqtSi moce-
muli pirobebi.
me-4 punqti Seicavs or gamonakliss, romelzec ar vrceldeba me-5 muxli: 1)
gadazidva/gadayvanisa (carriage) da 2) momsaxurebis [nardobis xelSekruleba]
(rodesac momsaxurebis gaweva xdeba momxmareblis Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli
qveynisagan gansxvavebul qveyanaSi mTlianad) xelSekrulebebi.
pirveli tipis xelSekrulebaSi igulisxmeba mxolod iseTi SeTanxmeba, romelic
mxolod gadazidva/gadayvanas isaxavs miznad da, magaliTad, matarebelSi saZineb-
liT uzrunvelyofa calke momsaxurebad ar CaiTvleba. rac Seexeba kombinirebul
xelSekrulebebs, romlebic erTi fasis sanacvlod iTvaliswineben mogzaurobasa
da sacxovrebeli adgiliT uzrunvelyofas, eqcevian me-5 muxlis moqmedebis
farglebSi me-5 punqtis mixedviT. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi xelSekru-
lebis nawili (Tundac sul mcire) - momsaxurebis an mogzaurobis – unda iwyebodes
momxmareblis Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli qveynis teritoriaze; winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi (e.w. `kombinirebuli turi~), rodesac aseTi xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis
procesi sxva qveynidan iwyeba, masze gavrceldeba me-4 punqtis SezRudvebi.

2.2 saqarTvelos kanonis 38-e muxli (35-e da 36-e muxlebTan kombinaciaSi)

samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebis sakolizio sakiTxebs saqarTvelos kanoni

konvenciasTan SedarebiT nakleb detalurad awesrigebs. ufro metic, qarTuli
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli regulirebis meqanizmi principulad gansxvavdeba
konvenciaSi mocemuli analogisagan.
erTaderTi debuleba, romelic exeba samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebSi
`susti~ mxaris garantiebs, aris 38-e muxli (socialuri dacvis imperatiuli
normebi). am muxlSi moculia ori, socialuri dacvis TvalsazrisiT, msgavsi
xelSekruleba – samomxmareblo da SromiTi.
am muxlis mixedviT, `samarTlis arCevani CaiTvleba baTilad, Tu igi
ugulebelyofs im imperatiul normebs, romlebic miRebulia momxmarebelTa
da muSa-mosamsaxureTa diskriminaciisagan dasacavad. es wesi, agreTve,

10
igi exeba imperatiul normebs zogadad yvela tipis xelSekrulebisaTvis; detalurad ix.
zaaliSvili , `saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebisadmi gamosayenebadi samarTlis Sesaxeb
konvenciis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi~, qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva, 2001, 96-97.
11
konvenciis me-4 muxli aregulirebs zogadad xelSekrulebaSi samarTlis arCevanis
ararsebobis SemTxvevas.

682 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4

statiebi

gamoiyeneba moZravi nivTebis miwodebis, dafinansebis, Sromis an momsaxurebis12

xelSekrulebebis mimarT, Tu isini im qveyanaSi iqna SeTanxmebuli an dadebuli,
sadac momxmareblebsa da muSa-mosamsaxureebs aqvT sacxovrebeli adgili da
sadac aseTi damcavi normebi moqmedebs~.
yovelgvari SedarebiTobis gareSe pirveli winadadebis formulirebidan ar
Cans, romeli qveynis (`... diskriminaciisgan dasacavad~ miRebuli) imperatiul
normebzea (romliTac izRudeba mxareTa arCevanis ufleba (35-e muxlis mixedviT))
saubari – momxmarebelTa Cveulebrivi sacxovrebeli adgilis Tu xelSekrulebis
meore mxarisa. es samarTali erTgvarad konkretdeba meore winadadebiT da, Sesaba-
misad, warmogvidgeba momxmareblis sacxovrebeli adgilis samarTlad.
mocemuli ori winadadebis analizisas gaugebari rCeba, Tu ra daniSnuleba
aqvs meore winadadebaSi sityva `agreTves~, radgan igi iZleva SesaZleblobas,
logikurad davaskvnaT, rom pirveli winadadebis regulirebis sagani (samomxma-
reblo xelSekruleba) gansxvavdeba meore winadadebaSi mocemuli obieqtisagan,
romelSic, Tavis mxriv, ganmartebulia `samomxmareblo~ rogorc `moZravi nivTe-
bis miwodebis, dafinansebis... an momsaxurebis xelSekruleba~.
yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT, agreTve, meore winadadebaSi gamoyenebul or
alternativad warmodgenil terminze: `SeTanxmebuli~ da `dadebuli~; vfiqrob, ter-
mini `SeTanxmebuli~ ver iqneba gagebuli rogorc erTi mxaris nebis (oferta) gamovle-
na13 da ufro ormxrivi nebis gamovlenaze miuTiTebs; am cnebis mniSvnelobaSi aseve
Znelia moviazroT molaparakebebis etapi xelSekrulebis dadebamde (winasaxelSek-
rulebo urTierTobebi), radgan miRebul ofertaze dadebiTi pasuxi ukve aqceptad
iTvleba da, Sesabamisad, unda gagebul iqnes rogorc xelSekrulebis dadeba.14 termin
`SeTanxmebas~ iyenebs samoqalaqo kodeqsi xelSekrulebis dadebasTan dakavSirebiT
da swored ormxrivi nebis gamovlinebad moiazrebs, romelic aTvlis wertilad
miiCneva mxareTaTvis saxelSekrulebo ufleba-movaleobebis warmosaSobad.15
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gaugebaria, ra moiazreba termin `SeTanxme-
baSi~. garda amisa, igi sakmaod zogadi xasiaTis cnebaa da SesaZloa gamoiwvios
kvalifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi praqtikaSi.
38-e muxli exeba mxolod samarTlis arCevis SezRudvis SemTxvevebs da zoga-
dad analogiuria (gamoyenebuli principiT) konvenciiT mocemuli regulirebisa.
rac Seexeba arCevanis ararsebobis SemTxvevas, masze aqcenti saerTod ar keT-
deba kanonSi raime specialuri debulebis meSveobiT.
miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, mTavari da principuli sxvaoba regulirebaSi
konvenciasa da kanonis debulebebs Soris aris is, rom konvenciaSi samomxmareblo
xelSekruleba specialuri tipis urTierTobad moiazreba da misTvis saTanado
detaluri regulirebaa gaTvaliswinebuli. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos kanons,
kanonmdebelma aucileblad mxolod samarTlis arCevanis SemTxvevis gamocalkeveba
miiCnia da, amdenad, logikurad samomxmareblo xelSekruleba samarTlis arCevanis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi zogadi (36-e muxlebis) regulirebis sferoSi datova.

12
am terminis aseTi konteqstiT gamoyenebaze specialurad gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas
SromiTi xelSekrulebebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi.
13
amaze aqcents akeTebs (detalurad) konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti.
14
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, 91.
15
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 327-e muxli.

684 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4

statiebi

aRniSnulis Sedegad, magaliTad, samarTlis arCevis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

iranel mwarmoebelsa (da/an mis warmomadgenels saqarTveloSi) da saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb momxmarebels Soris dadebuli SeTanxmeba (nebismieri) saqonlis nasyido-
bis Sesaxeb daeqvemdebareba iranul samarTals, rogorc xelSekrulebasTan yvela-
ze mWidrod dakavSirebuls (TumcaRa, savaraudod, momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvis imperatiuli normebis gamoklebiT maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
lobiT ufro maRali xarisxis dacvaa garantirebuli (kanonis me-6 muxlis ZaliT)).
rac Seexeba gansaxilveli debulebebis urTierTobas kanonis me-6 muxlTan
(imperatiuli normebis gamoyeneba), unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: am muxlis mixedviT,
kanonis debulebebi ar vrceldeba saqarTvelos samarTlis imperatiuli normebis
moqmedebaze, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli qveynis samarTali gamoiyeneba urTierTo-
baTa mowesrigebisas. samomxmareblo xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi (samarTlis
arCevanis ararsebobisas), pirvel rigSi, saubaria `momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis
Sesaxeb~ kanonis16 debulebebis gamoyenebaze17 . es kanoni moicavs me-6 muxliT
nagulisxmev socialuri dacvis imperatiul normebs. garda amisa, saubaria, agreTve,
zogadad kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul imperatiul normebze.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli samarTlebrivi Sedegi sakmaod ara-
xelsayrel pirobebSi ayenebs qarTvel momxmarebels, radgan davis SemTxvevaSi
(da im pirobiT, rom saqarTvelos sasamarTlos aqvs davis ganxilvis saerTaSo-
riso kompetencia), samomxmareblo xelSekruleba eqvemdebareba ucxo qveynis
samarTals. garda amisa (da rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania), kanonis me-9 da me-10
muxlebiT, romlebic saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetencias
exeba, saerTod ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamosileba msgavsi davebis
saqarTveloSi ganxilvisa.18 qarTvel momxmarebels, romelic aformebs samomxma-
reblo xelSekrulebas (saqarTveloSi) sxva qveyanaSi myof mxaresTan, faqtob-
rivad ar gaaCnia Tavisuflebebis dacvis realuri samarTlebrivi berketebi
saqarTvelos sasamarTlos meSveobiT. erTaderTi gza aris sarCelis Setana im
qveynis sasamarTloSi, sadac aris meore mxaris sacxovrebeli adgili an cen-
traluri administraciis adgilsamyofeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi (rac TavisTavad
bevr praqtikul siZnelesTan aris dakavSirebuli) ki qarTuli samarTlis impera-
tiuli normebis gamoyenebaze gaTvlis gakeTeba praqtikulad metad rTulad
mimaCnia.

16
parlamentis uwyebani, 30.04.96.
17
am kanonis pirveli muxlis mixedviT, mocemul sferoSi moqmedia, agreTve, kanoni
`antimonopoliuri saqmianobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~ – parlamentis uwyebani, 17.10.96
da `maT Sesabamisad gamocemuli sxva normatiuli aqtebi~.
18
maSin, rodesac zemoT naxsenebi briuselis 1968 wlis konvencia iseve, rogorc mis safuZvelze
miRebuli sabWos 44/2001 reglamenti (OJ, L 12 16.01.2001) specialur Tavs uTmobs samomxmareblo
xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebul davebze sasamarTlo qvemdebareobis sakiTxebs da
momxmarebelTa sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT aniWebs sasamarTloebs gansakuTrebul
saerTaSoriso kompetencias. Tumca mocemuli aspeqti sakiTxisa erTgvarad scdeba
winamdebare naSromis farglebs da, amdenad, vfiqrob, igi calke kvlevis sagani unda iyos.

686 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4

statiebi

3. individualuri SromiTi xelSekruleba

3.1 konvenciis debulebebi

individualuri SromiTi xelSekrulebebi regulirdeba konvenciis me-6 muxliT,

romelic faqtobrivad samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebis maregulirebeli me-5
muxlis konstruqciis msgavsia.
miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, SromiTi xelSekrulebebis mimarT gamoiyeneba
gansxvavebuli damakavSirebeli faqtori konkretuli qveynis samarTalTan. es
aris zogadad im qveynis samarTali, sadac daqiravebuli Cveulebrivad asrulebs
xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebulebebs.19
mocemuli muxlis 1-li punqtis Sesabamisad (msgavsad samomxmareblo xelSekru-
lebebis regulirebisa), miuxedavad mxareTa mier me-3 muxlis safuZvelze
gakeTebuli samarTlis arCevanisa, daqiravebuls ar SeiZleba CamoerTvas dacvis
is saSualebebi, romlebic garantirebulia misTvis, me-2 punqtis mixedviT,
xelSekrulebisadmi gamosayenebadi samarTlis imperatiuli normebiT.
upirveles yovlisa, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT terminze –`individu-
aluri SromiTi xelSekruleba~. igi gulisxmobs imas, rom saubaria daqiravebulsa
da damqiravebels Soris individualur SromiT urTierTobaze da koleqtiuri
SeTanxmebebi ar Tavsdeba mocemuli muxlis moqmedebis sferoSi;
garda amisa, aranakleb problemuria zogadad SromiTi xelSekrulebis cnebis
kvalifikacia. SromiT xelSekrulebaSi moiazreba nebismieri formiT (iqneba es
werilobiT Tu zepirad) dadebuli xelSekruleba.20 rac Seexeba Sinaarsobriv mxares,
SromiT urTierTobad moiazreba momsaxurebis gaweva garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
meore mxarisaTvis, am ukanasknelis daqvemdebarebaSi garkveuli gasamrjelos
safasurad.21 aqve mosayvania evropuli sasamarTlos mier briuselis konvenciis
ganmartebisas miRebuli SromiTi xelSekrulebis kvalifikacia, romlis mixedviTac,
es xelSekruleba gansxvavdeba sxva xelSekrulebebisagan ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli
niSniT: SromiTi xelSekruleba ayalibebs daqiravebulsa da damqiravebels Soris
araerTjerad, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mimdinare urTierTobebs, romelTa
ZaliTac pirveli mxare erTgvarad eqceva sawarmos an damqiraveblis organizaciul
CarCoebSi da misi saqmianoba ukavSirdeba im adgils, sadac sruldeba samuSaoebi.22
miuxedavad sasamarTlo praqtikis mier gaweuli daxmarebisa, literaturaSi
mainc aRiniSneba garkveuli mosazrebebi kvalifikaciis sirTuleebTan
dakavSirebiT, maSin, rodesac, magaliTad, evropuli kavSiris wevri qveynis
sasamarTlos adgilsamyofeli qveynis samarTlis (lex fori) mixedviT, xelSekruleba
kvalificirdeba SromiTad, xolo arawevri saxelmwifos samarTlis (romelic
gamosayenebadi SeiZleba iyos xelSekrulebisadmi konvenciis zogadi wesebis
safuZvelze) mixedviT ki – ara, an piriqiT.23

19
ganisazRvreba me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtiT.
20
Giuliano and Lagarde, Report – me-6 muxlis komentari.
21
Case No.66/85 Lawrie-Blum v. Land Baden Württenberg, [1987] 3 CMLR 386
22
Case No. 266/85 Shenavai v. Kreischer, [1987] ECR 239.
23
ix. Morse, The EEC Convention on Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations, 2 nd Yearbook of
European Law, 107, 1982, 146-149.
688 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
statiebi

kvalifikaciis garda, mniSvnelovania imperatiuli normebis Sinaarsis dadgenac.

es is wesebia, romelTa mizania daicvas daqiravebuli da romelTa gverdis avlac
SeuZlebelia xelSekrulebis mxareTa mier dispoziciurobis principis realizaciis
Sedegad. amasTan, me-6 muxlSi naxsenebi imperatiuli normebi uSualod daqiravebulTa
dacvas unda isaxavdes miznad da individualuri SromiTi urTierTobebis mareguli-
rebeli samarTlebrivi aqtebis Semadgeneli nawilebi unda iyos. amdenad, es impera-
tiuli normebi erTgvar lex specialis-ia me-7 muxliT mocemul regulirebasTan mimar-
TebiT. Tumca Sromis usafrTxoebisa da higienuri pirobebis ganmsazRvreli normebic
(usafrTxoebis standartebi) am specialur imperatiul normebSi moiazreba.24
1-l punqtSi gamoyenebuli formulireba uzrunvelyofs mxolod imas, rom me-3
muxlis safuZvelze arCeuli samarTali ar arTmevdes daqiravebuls socialuri dacvis
gansazRvrul saSualebebs. Sesabamisad, aq saubari ar unda iyos imaze, rom me-6 muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli imperatiuli normebi avtomaturad Secvlis arCeul samarTals da
am ukanasknelSi mocemul imperatiul normebs. upirvelesad, unda moxdes imis
gansazRvra, aRniSnuli marTlwesrigidan romeli uzrunvelyofs daqiravebulisTvis
ufro maRali xarisxis dacvas. amis gansazRvra ki xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod rTulia.
magaliTad, SesaZloa, erTi marTlwesrigis mixedviT, samuSaodan gaTavisuflebuli
daqiravebulisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyos samuSaoze aRdgena kompensaciis gareSe,
xolo meore marTlwesrigiT – mxolod fuladi kompensacia aRdgenis gareSe.25
garda aRniSnuli problemebisa, mniSvnelovania imis gansazRvrac, aqvs Tu ara
daqiravebuls ufleba, rom airCios sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi sistemis impera-
tiuli normebi, anu moqmedebaSi moiyvanos erTdroulad orive samarTlebrivi
sistemidan misTvis yvelaze metad xelsayreli calkeuli imperatiuli normebi.
msgavsi daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas me-6 muxlis formulireba logikurad
ver iTvaliswinebs. ufro misaRebia mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, Tuki romelime
samarTlebrivi sistemis imperatiuli regulireba CaiTvleba gamosayenebadad,
mTlianad man daareguliros urTierToba.
me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtSi regulirebulia samarTlis arCevanis ararsebobis
SemTxveva. am debulebis mixedviT, gamosayenebadad iTvleba: a) im qveynis
samarTali, sadac daqiravebuli Cveulebriv asrulebs xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswi-
nebul samuSaos (locus laboris) im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi droebiT sxva qveyanaSia
daqiravebuli da b) Tuki samuSaos Cveulebrivi Sesruleba ar ukavSirdeba arcerT
qveyanas, maSin im qveynis samarTali, sadac warmoebs saqmianoba (biznesi), romelic
asaqmebs daqiravebuls. amasTan, Tuki arsebuli garemoebebis mixedviT irkveva, rom
xelSekruleba ufro mWidrod ukavSirdeba sruliad gansxvavebul qveyanas,
gamoiyeneba am qveynis samarTali.
pirveli SemTxveva, erTi SexedviT, ar unda iwvevdes mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs,
Tumca garkveuli problema mainc arsebobs terminTan – `Cveulebriv asrulebs~,
radgan sakamaToa, Tu ra kriteriumebiT unda Sefasdes is xangrZlivoba, romliTac
ganisazRvreba `Cveulebriobis~ kategoria. keis mixedviT, gamokveTilia ori
mosazreba: erTis Tanaxmad, mosamarTlem aRniSnuli terminis kvalifikaciisas unda
gaiTvaliswinos xelSekrulebis dadebis momentSi mxareTa ganzraxva samuSaos

24
Giuliano and Lagarde, Report - me-6 muxlis komentari.
25
Morse, Contract Conflicts, North ed.1982, 152-153.
690 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
statiebi

Sesrulebis adgilTan dakavSirebiT; man unda gaiTvaliswinos, agreTve, samuSaos

Sinaarsi da moculoba; meore Sexedulebis mixedviT, klasifikacia unda ganxor-
cieldes davis warmoSobis momentisaTvis arsebuli faqtobrivi mdgomarebidan
gamomdinare.26
miuxedavad aseTi Teoriuli diskusiebisa, sasamarTlo praqtikaSi, britanul
magaliTze, ikveTeba Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasamarTlos mier `samu-
Saos Cveulebriv Sesrulebis~ kvalifikaciisas gaTvaliswinebulia sruli kom-
pleqsi im garemoebebisa da ganzraxvebisa, romlebic aRiniSna xelSekrulebis
dadebidan misi moqmedebis sruli vadis ganmavlobaSi.27
Tuki ver xerxdeba im qveynis identifikacia, sadac daqiravebuli Cveulebriv
asrulebs Tavis samuSaos, moqmedebs me-2 punqtis b) qvepunqti anu damqiraveblis
saqmianobis adgilis principi. es principi, pirvel rigSi, gankuTvnilia Ria
zRvaSi navTobis mompovebel anZebze, gemebsa da sxva msgavsi specifikis mqone
samuSaoebze momuSave daqiravebulTaTvis.28
orive aRwerili prezumfcia (SemTxveva) gabaTilebadia me-2 punqtis bolo
abzaciT, konvenciis me-5 muxlis me-5 punqtis regulirebis msgavsad.

3.2 saqarTvelos kanonis 38-e muxli (SromiTi xelSekrulebebis nawilSi)

analogiurad statiis samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebis nawilSi aRwerili

saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli regulirebisa, SromiTi xelSekrulebebis
mimarTac gamoyenebadia igive meqanizmi, radgan es tipi xelSekrulebebisa
regulirdeba erTi muxliT (igulisxmeba 38-e muxli – samarTlis arCevanis
SezRudvis SemTxveva). konvenciasTan mimarTebiT SromiTi xelSekrulebebis
SemTxvevaSic kanonSi ikveTeba principuli gansxvaveba regulirebis xasiaTSi.
38-e muxlis pirveli punqti miznad isaxavs, aamoqmedos konkretuli qveynis
imperatiuli normebi da, Sesabamisad, SezRudos SromiT xelSekrulebaSi mxareTa
neba – airCion iseTi marTlwesrigi, romelic waarTmevda daqiravebuls (kanonis
terminologiiT `muSa-mosamsaxureebs~) socialuri dacvis garantiebs. imave muxlis
me-2 winadadebaSi samomxmareblo da SromiTi xelSekrulebebisadmi erTi koliziuri
principis (`susti~ mxaris sacxovrebeli adgilis) misadageba sakmaod (saerTaSoriso
praqtikisagan gansxvavebiT)29 ucnaur samarTlebriv Sedegebs iZleva.
upirveles yovlisa, SromiTi xelSekrulebebis konteqstSi mizanSewonilia,
ganisazRvros, Tu ra igulisxmeba termin `sacxovrebel adgilSi~ qarTuli samarTlis
mixedviT. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-20 muxlis pirveli punqtis mixedviT,
`fizikuri piris sacxovrebel adgilad miiCneva adgili, romelsac igi Cveulebriv
sacxovreblad irCevs. pirs SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgili~. am
cnebaSi igulisxmeba ori ZiriTadi komponenti: konkretul adgilas faqtobrivi (fi-

26
Morse, Consumer Contracts, Employment Contracts and Rome Convention, International and
Comperative Law Quarterly, 1992, 41, 1, 17.
27
Case Wilson v. Maynard Shipbuilding Consultants A.B., 1978 QB 665 (CA).
28
Giuliano and Lagarde, Report – me-6 muxlis komentari.
29
ix.: germaniis Sesavali kanoni samoqalaqo kodeqsSi – 30-e muxli; aseve, saerTaSoriso
kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb Sveicariis federaluri kanonis 121-e muxli (http://www.umbricht.ch/
pdf/SwissPIL.pdf).
692 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4
statiebi

zikuri) yofna, romelSic umetesad 6 Tvian vadas moiazreben da piris neba am adgilas
(mudmivad) cxovrebaze, gansxvavebiT terminisagan – `Cveulebrivi sacxovrebeli
[adgili]~, romlis arsebobisTvisac mxolod pirveli komponentia sakmarisi.30
aqedan gamomdinare, magaliTad, Tuki qarTveli damqiravebeli saqmiani mivlinebisas
TurqmeneTSi gaaformebs SromiT xelSekrulebas am ukanasknelSi sacxovrebeli adgilis
mqone pirTan (daqiravebulis nebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi airCios saqarTvelo
sacxovrebel adgilad), romelmac SromiTi valdebulebebi saqarTveloSi unda Seasrulos
da xelSekrulebiT sruliad samarTlianad gaiTvaliswinebs qarTul samarTals
maregulireblad, qarTulma sasamarTlom, savaraudod, unda gamoiyenos Turqmenuli
socialuri dacvis imperatiuli normebi (da ugulebelyos qarTuli samarTlis normebi).
Tumca Tuki, magaliTad, aRmoCndeba, rom daqiravebulis iniciativiT xelSekru-
lebis moSlisaTvis aucilebeli Setyobinebis vada ufro xangrZlivia qarTuli
samarTliT, vidre TurqmenuliT, amoqmeddeba kanonis me-6 muxli imperatiuli
normebis Sesaxeb (raRa Tqma unda, Tuki davas ganixilavs qarTuli sasamarTlo).
aRniSnuli gamomdinareobs 1972 wlis saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis31 1-li
muxlidan, romelic gansazRvravs, rom kodeqsiT mowesrigebulia saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebTa SromiTi urTierTobebi sawarmosTan, dawesebulebasa da organizaciasTan.
Tumca, Tuki vivaraudebT, rom termin `cxovrebaSi~ nagulisxmevia samoqalaqo
kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli `sacxovrebeli adgili~, Sedegad sapirispiros miviRebT,
rac imas niSnavs, rom zemoaRniSnuli kazusi gascdeba Sromis kanonTa kodeqsis
moqmedebis sferos da logikurad aamoqmedebs TurqmeneTis socialuri dacvis
imperatiul normebs, romlebic am qveynis Sromis kanonmdeblobaSia mocemuli.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT sxva tipis imperatiuli normebi, anu isini, romelnic ar
arian regulirebuli Sromis kanonTa kodeqsiT da mocemulia Sromis usafrTxo-
ebasTan dakavSirebul mravalricxovan standartebSi, aqvT imperatiuli normebis
xasiaTi da, bunebrivia, Tavsdebian kanonis me-6 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli impera-
tiuli normebis cnebaSi. logikurad, sasamarTlo am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenebs
saqarTveloSi arsebul aseT normebs da ar mimarTavs TurqmeneTis kanonmdeblobas.
bunebrivia, rom es abstraqtuli kazusi erTgvarad utrirebuli variantia,
magram, saqmis aseTi Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare, rodesac xelSekrulebis yvela
ZiriTadi elementi ukavSirdeba erT qveyanas (saqarTvelos) Teoriulad, garkveuli
viTarebisas sasamarTlo iZulebuli xdeba, ixelmZRvanelos 38-e muxlSi mocemuli
debulebebiT, riTac, rbilad rom vTqvaT, nawilobriv mainc ugulebelyofs realobas.
rac Seexeba SromiTi xelSekrulebebis meore umniSvnelovanes aspeqts – samarTlis
arCevanis ararsebobis SemTxvevas, samomxmareblo xelSekrulebebis msgavsad, aqac
raime specialur koliziur regulirebasTan, qarTuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, saqme
ar gvaqvs. Sesabamisad, gamoiyeneba kanonis 36-e muxli, romelic migviTiTebs xelSek-
rulebasTan mWidrod dakavSirebul (damaxasiaTebeli Sesrulebis ganmaxorcielebeli
piris Cveulebriv adgilsamyofelze) samarTalze. SromiT xelSekrulebebSi ki aseTad
moiazreba is qveyana, romelSic daqiravebuls (romelic damaxasiaTebel Sesrulebas
uzrunvelyofs) aqvs Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofeli. raRa Tqma unda, aseTi midgoma ar
Seesabameba im specifikas, romelic SromiT xelSekrulebebs axasiaTebs, radgan

30
Wanturia/axvlediani/zoiZe/niniZe/jorbenaZe (red.), saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentari, wigni pirveli (samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebani), 2002, 83.
31
gamoqveynebulia saqarTvelos ssr-is umaRlesi sabWos uwyebebSi, 1973, 6.

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statiebi

SromiTi xelSekruleba Tavisi arsiT yvelaze mWidrod ukavSirdeba im qveyanas, sadac

daqiravebuli Cveulebriv asrulebs Tavis SromiT movaleobebs da naklebad -
Cveulebrivi adgilsamyofelis qveyanas, rodesac es ori ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.
kidev erTi momenti, romelsac gansakuTrebulad unda gaesvas xazi, aris 38-e muxlSi
naxmari termini `momsaxureba~. vfiqrob, mocemuli terminis CamonaTvalSi
warmodgenili rigiTobiT moyvana garkveul gaugebrobas warmoqmnis: Tuki momsaxureba
samomxmareblo xelSekrulebis dasakonkreteblad aris mocemuli, albaT, upriani
iqneboda misi gamoyeneba frazis – `moZravi nivTebis miwodebis, dafinansebis~ Semdeg,
rasac logikurad mohyveboda `Sromis~ xelSekruleba; meore savaraudo varianti
warmodgenili rigiTobisa aris is, rom, SromiT xelSekrulebasTan erTad, kanonmde-
belma am muxlis regulirebis sferoSi moaqcia nardobis xelSekrulebac, rac garkve-
ulwilad arakoreqtulia, radgan xelSekrulebis es tipi Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba
SromiTisgan da, Sesabamisad, zogadi regulirebis sagani unda iyos: nardobis
xelSekrulebaze veranairad ver gavrceldeba Sromis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswine-
buli socialuri dacvis meqanizmebi (Tu ar CavTvliT Sromis usafrTxoebis standar-
tebs, romlebic, savaraudod, unda moqmedebdnen aseTi urTierTobebis mimarT).
moyvanili msjelobis miuxedavad, unda gadavixaroT mosazrebisaken, rom
kanonmdebels mxedvelobaSi pirveli varianti hqonda da es gamoTqmuli SeniSvna
ufro teqnikur xasiaTs atarebs, vidre arsobrivs.
dabolos, rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetencias,
sasurveli iqneboda, SromiTi xelSekrulebebis irgvliv kanoniT specialuri wesebis
gaTvaliswineba.

4. daskvna

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom samomxmareblo da SromiTi xelSekru-

lebebi gansakuTrebuli regulirebiT gamoirCeva rogorc Sida, ise saerTaSoriso
doneze. amiT aris ganpirobebuli am ori mimarTulebiT specialuri socialuri
dacvis imperativebis arseboba. Tumca ara marto Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze
socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofa aris saxelmwifosaTvis prioriteti, aramed
ucxouri elementiT datvirTuli aseTi urTierTobebis reglamentireba
koliziuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiTac gansakuTrebul midgomas moiTxovs.
swored aseTi midgoma ganapirobebs imas, rom konvenciis mixedviT mocemuli
ori tipis xelSekrulebebi ar eqceva zogadi koliziuri principebis moqmedebis
sferoSi da aq upiratesoba, erT SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblisa Cveulebrivi sacxo-
vrebeli adgilis samarTals, xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi, samuSaoTa Sesrulebis
adgilis samarTals eniWeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos kanonis 38-e muxli swored zemoaRniSnuli
specifikis asaxvas cdilobs qarTul samarTlebriv realobaSi, mocemuli saxiT
verc im imperatiuli normebis amoqmedebis Sedegs aRwevs, romelTa realizacia
saxelmwifos umTavres prioritetebSi eqceva da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
am tipis xelSekrulebebis saerTo koliziur reJimSi moqceviT ignorirebas
ukeTebs Tavad aRniSnul specifikas. amdenad, arsebuli samarTlebrivi meqaniz-
mebiT miuRweveli rCeba momxmarebelTa da daqiravebulTa gamorCeulad dacvis
ZiriTadi mizani.

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statiebi

garda wminda koliziur regulirebaSi arsebuli problemebisa, ikveTeba

procesualuri mimarTulebis problemebic da miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarT-
velos sasamarTloebis saerTaSoriso kompetenciis sakiTxebi scdeba winamde-
bare naSromis miznebs, vfiqrob, am mimarTulebiTac kanoni saWiroebs daxvewas,
Tumca, savaraudod, Tuki momavalSi gadaisinjeba kanonis koliziuri nawili,
logikurad unda dadges Sesabamisi saproceso nawilis cvlilebis sakiTxic.

698 qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva 7/2004-4