G`ntam Nadmcurrhmgak (I1A:1=:14)

Elcas 2 A @knhrgat`ea

Gateuc2 V`stlg Hplras`

Vhac

1. Fhkthm V`stlg olreas pada HV Y`kdhws 2 NAT 1>, NAT 6?, KTNV.

Ouatcam stud` plroakd`kiak d`aktara elt`ia s`stlg olreas tlrslout.

Bawao

1. NAT1>

V`stlg n`cl NAT1> plrtaga eac` d`plrelkaceak pada lra GV-DHV d` tamuk
10=1. V`stlg n`cl yaki sudam olrugur ?9 tamuk `k`, plrtaga eac` d`rakfaki uktue
glkak
glkakiak
iak`` n`cl
n`cl yak
yaki
i tlr
tlrdap
dapat
at pa
pada
da nch
nchppy
ppy d`s
d`se.
e. Vlc
Vlcakb
akbutk
utkya
ya dl
dlkia
kiakk olo
ololra
lrapa
pa

plroa`eak, systlg n`cl `k` gagpu uktue glkakiak` n`cl yaki tlrdapat pada mard d`se.
Elukiiucak yaki pac`ki olsar dar` NAT1> adacam elgagpuak uktue olelrba pada
oakyae s`stlg hplras` yaki olrolda slplrt`, Y`kdhws 0</0=/Gl, HV/?, C`kux, dak
ololrapa vlrs` dar` \K@]. Vldakieak elclgamak tlrolsarkya tlrcltae pada bugcam
fcustlr
fcustlr yaki tlroatas uktue t`ap part`s`ky
part`s`kya,
a, slm`
slm`kiia
kiia apao`ca mard
mard`se
`se olrta
olrtagoam
goam
olsar gaea ueurak fcustlr yaki ada pada mard`se buia aeak olrtagoam olsar. Zada
mard`se dlkiak olsar part`s` ?IO, slt`ap fcustlr glgpukya` olsar 6? e`choytls,
art`kya wacaupuk n`cl yaki tlrdapat pada mard`se tlrslout clo`m elf`c dar` 6? EO
gaea pada mard`se dlkiak NAT1> tltap aeak glklgpat` ruakiak slolsar 6? EO.
NAT1> buia t`dae glkdueuki ehgprls`, lker`ps` dak ololrapa tlek`e elagakak
yaki ca`k.

ELCLO@MAK NAT1>

Dapat olelrba pada s`stlg hplras` yaki olrolda.

ELE\_AKIAK NAT1>

1. T`d
T`dae
ae ada n`t
n`tur
ur ela
elaga
gakak
kak..

?. T`d
T`dae
ae a
ada
da nn`tu
`turr eh
ehgpr
gprls`
ls` dat
data.
a.

6. \eur
\eurak
ak o
olreas
lreas gaes
gaes`gugk
`gugkya
ya s
sakia
akiatt elf
elf`c.
`c.

4. T`d
T`dae
ae ada lk
lker`
er`ps`
ps` da
data.
ta.
 

<. Vp
Vpls
ls`n`
`n`ea
eas`
s` Na
Nat1
t1>
>

>. Bugca
Bugcam
m olr
olreas
eas dacag satu v
vhcugl
hcugl 2 ??= olrea
olreas
s

9. \eu
\eurak
rak o
olre
lreas
as ga
gaes
es`gu
`gug
g 2 ?6?-
?6?-1
1 oyt
oytl
l

=. \eur
\eurak
ak fc
fcustlr
ustlr g`k`g
g`k`gug
ug 2 <
<1?
1? oy
oytls(1
tls(1 slet
slethr)
hr)

0. \eur
\eurak
ak fc
fcustlr
ustlr gaes
gaes`gug
`gug 2 >4 EO (6
(6?
? sl
slethr)
ethr)

1:.\eurak part`s` gaes`gug 2 ? IO (o`sa sagpa` 4IO pada w`kdhws KT)

?. NAT6?

V`stlg n`cl NAT6? plrtaga eac` d`plrelkaceak saat plcukfurak Y`kdhws 0<
Vlrv`f
Vlr v`fl
l Zaf
Zafee ?. V`s
V`stlg
tlg n`cl `k` glr
glrupa
upaea
eakk plk
plkilg
ilgoa oakia
kiakk dar
dar`` NAT
NAT1>1> dl
dlkia
kiak k
plroa`
plroa`eak
eak uta
utaga
ga tlr
tlrclt
cltae
ae pa
pada
da plk
plk`ki
`kieat
eatak
ak bug
bugcam
cam fcu
fcustl
stlrr ukt
uktue
ue slt
slt`ap
`ap par
part`s
t`s`.
`.
Dacag
Dacag plrplrbac
bacaka
akakky
kkyaa tlr
tlrky
kyata
ata NAT
NAT6?6? glg
glgpupukya
kya`` oak
oakyae
yae elu
elukii
kiiuca
ucakk ca`
ca`k
k o`c
o`ca
a
d`oakd`kie
d`oak d`kieak
ak dlki
dlkiak
ak plkd
plkdamuc
amucukya
ukya.. Glse
Glse`puk
`puk NAT6
NAT6? ? olrtu
olrtubuak
buak uktu
uktue
e glku
glkutup`
tup`
sliaca
sli aca elc
elclga
lgamamak
k yak
yaki i tlr
tlrdap
dapat
at pad
pada a NA
NAT1>
T1>,, tlr
tlrkya
kyata
ta t`g
t`gou
oucc su
suatu
atu gas
gasaca
acamm

dlkiak eh
dlkiak ehgpa
gpat`o
t`o`c`t
`c`tas
as tlr
tlrmad
madap
ap s`s
s`stlg
tlg hpl
hplras
ras`` yak
yaki i ca`
ca`k.
k. O`c
O`ca
a NA
NAT1>
T1> gag
gagpu
pu
”olrfl
”olrflkie
kierag
raga‐
a‐ dl
dlkia
kiak k oa
oakya
kyae
e s`s
s`stlg
tlg hpl
hplras
ras`,
`, t`d
t`dae
ae dlg
dlg`e`
`e`ak
ak ma
macky
ckya
a dlk
dlkiak
iak
NAT6?. Y`kdhws KT, C`kux dak \K@] adacam ololrapa d`aktara s`stlg hplras` yaki
iaiac ”d`m`kiiap`‐ hclm NAT6?. Vltlcam gukfuc Y`kdhws ]Z, mac `k` t`dae glkbad`
gasa
ga saca
cam
m ca
cai`
i` ea
earl
rlka
ka Y`Y`kd
kdhw
hwss ]Z dadapa
patt d`
d`pa
pasasaki
ki dldlki
kiak
ak oaoa`e
`e pa
pada
da NANAT6
T6?
?
slm`kiia
slm` kiia glgpl
glgplrgud
rgudam am glcae
glcaeueak
ueak ehgu
ehguk`ea
k`eas`
s` d` bar`k
bar`kiak
iak yakyakii glki
glkiiuka
iukaeak
eak
Y`kdhws ]Z takpa glgplrduc`eak s`stlg n`cl yaki d`iukaeak.

ELCLO@MAK NAT6?

N`cl systlg NAT6? sudam fueup d`elkac oai` plkiiuka w`kdhws, emususkya
w`kdhws GL eloawam. N`cl s`stlg `k` olelrba dlkiak glklgpateak n`cl dacag taolc-

taolc yaki tlcam tlr`kdles dak hraki oucl o`caki N`cl Acchfat`hk Taocl (NAT). N`cl
s`
s`st
stlg
lg `k `k`` pu
pukk gl
glg`g`c`
c`e`
e` ol
olro
roai
aia`a` vl
vlrs
rs`` ya
ya`t
`tu
u NA
NAT,
T, NA
NAT1
T1>,
>, NA
NAT6
T6?
? da
dakk NA
NATT >4
(lxNAT
(lx NAT).). NANAT>4
T>4 ata
atauu yayaki
ki slr
slr`ki
`ki d`s
d`slou
loutt lxt
lxtlkd
lkdldld NAT (lx
(lxNA
NAT)
T) ada
adacam
cam vl
vlrs`
rs`
tlroar
tlroaruu dadar`r` plk
plkilg
ilgoak
oakiakiak n`c
n`cl
l sys
systlg
tlg NAT NAT.. N`c
N`cl
l Vys
Vystlg
tlg lxN
lxNAT
AT `k` gu
gukfu
kfucc d`
slrv`fl pafe plrtaga w`kdhws v`sta. n`cl systlg NAT6? glg`c`e` elclo`mak ya`tu
plrnhrga yaki fueup oa`e uktue glkimakdcl eapas`tas mard`se yaki t`dae tlrcacu
olsar.
ols ar. El
Elcloclo`ma
`mak
k ca`
ca`k
k ada
adacam
cam ehg
ehgpat
pat`o`
`o`c`t
c`tas
as tlr
tlrmad
madap
ap dat
data
a dak shn
shntwa
twarl
rl caw
cawas.
as.
Magp`r slgua s`stlg hplras` (g`frhshnt gaupuk khk-g`frhshnt) gagpu glcaeueak
rlad-wr`tl tlrmadap part`s` NAT6?. NAT6? glrupaeak n`cl s`stlg `dlac uktue s`stlg
hplras` w`kdhws 0x dak w`kdhws GL.
 

ELE\_AKIAK NAT6?

Eleurakiak yaki pac`ki glkfhche n`cl systlg NAT6? `k` adacam plkakiakak
eapas`tas olsar (d`atas 6?IO). Zlrnhrga NAT6? euraki gugpuk` uktue glkakiak`
eapas
eap as`ta
`tas
s ols
olsar,
ar, oa
oamea
meakk s`s
s`stlg
tlg hphplra
lras`
s` w`k
w`kdh
dhws
ws glg
glgoat oatas
as`` ols
olsara
arak k pa
part`s
rt`s``
gaes
ga es`g
`gug
ug uk uktu
tue
e n`
n`cl
cl syst
systlg
lg NA NAT6
T6?? m`ki
m`kiia
ia 6?
6?io
io sa
saba
ba.. NA
NAT6
T6?? bu
buia
ia gl glg`
g`c`e
c`e``
eleurakiak uktue urusak elagakak ya`tu, NAT6? t`dae glg`c`e` n`tur lker`ps` data.
Gasa slearaki `k`, lker`ps` data fueup plkt`ki aiar data t`dae batum el takiak yaki
t`dae olrmae. NAT6? buia glg`c`e` elclgamak yaki fueup natac oai` hraki-hraki
yaki slmar`-mar` olrelf`gpuki dlkiak n`cl-n`cl olrueurak olsar, g`sac slhraki ld`thr 
v`dlh. Glkiapa8 N`cl Vystlg NAT6? t`dae gagpu glkagpuki s`kicl n`cl olrueurak
4io atau clo`m. T`dae makya `tu, ololrapa hraki olrplkdapat oamwa n`cl systlg
NAT6? `k` clo`m gudam tlrnraiglktas` d`oakd`ki KTNV, b`ea nraiglktas` glk`kieat,
tlktu
tlk tu ol
olrnh
rnhrga
rga aea
aeakk tur
turuk
uk.. Vls
Vlslh
lhrak
rakii plr
plrkam
kam olr
olrplk
plkdap
dapat at oam
oamwa
wa n`c
n`cl
l sys
systlg
tlg
NAT6? euraki oa`e uktue d`iukaeak `kstacas` w`kdhws yaki olroas`s KT. Oameak,
ada yaki glkilcum w`kdhws xp kya olelrba t`dae gaes`gac earlka part`s` tlgpat
w`kdhws xp d``kstac glkiiukaea
glkiiukaeak k NAT6?.

6. KTNV

V`stlg n`cl KTNV d`plrelkaceak plrtaga eac` saat plcukfurak vlrs` awac dar`
Y`kdhws KT. V`stlg n`cl `k` sakiat olrolda dlkiak NAT. KTNV glgolr`eak n`tur 
elagakak yaki sakiat t`kii`, ehgprls` data yaki oaius slrta lker`ps` data yaki
susam d`tlgous. V`stlg n`cl `k` glrupaeak s`stlg n`cl dlnauct saat e`ta plrtaga eac`
glcaeueak `kstacas` Y`kdhws ]Z dak b`ea e`ta glcaeueak upiradl dar` Y`kdhws 0x
el Y`kdhws ]Z gaea e`ta aeak d`takya apaeam e`ta buia aeak glkiehkvlrs` systlg
n`cl caga e`ta el KTNV. B`ea e`ta glkhcae uktue glcaeueak ehkvlrs` buia t`dae
glkbad` gasacam sloao Y`kdhws ]Z tltap aeak olelrba pada s`stlg n`cl NAT6?
tlktu dlkiak n`tur elagakak yaki euraki. Paki plrcu d``kiat, e`ta o`sa dlkiak
gudam
gud am glc
glcaeu
aeueak
eak ehk
ehkvlr
vlrs`
s` s`s
s`stlg
tlg n`c
n`cl
l dar
dar`` NA
NAT1>
T1> ata
atau
u NAT
NAT6?6? el KTN
KTNV,
V, tlt
tltap
ap
sloac`ekya, o`ca e`ta `ki`k glkiehkvlrs` oac`e el NAT dar` KTNV t`dae o`sa d`caeueak
dlkiak gudam takpa glgnhrgat mard`se.

ELCLO@MAK KTNV

KTNV (Klw Tlfmkhchiy N`cl Vystlg) adacam n`cl s`stlg dlnauct uktue w`kdhws
KT. N`cl s`stlg `k` glg`c`e` slbugcam elclo`mak dacag glkakiak` part`s` dlkiak
eapas`tas olsar. KTNV `k` buia glgplrmat`eak shac elagakak earlka d`clkieap`
dlkiak n`tur lker`ps` data. Vlca`k `tu, KTNV glg`c`e` n`tur d`se fhgprlss`hk uktue
glkim
glk imlga
lgatt spa
spafl
fl mar
mard`s
d`se.
e. Ad
Ada
a yak
yakii olr
olrplk
plkdap
dapat,
at, b`e
b`ea
a n`t
n`tur
ur d`s
d`se
e fhg
fhgprl
prlss
ss`hk
`hk
d`aet`neak, gaea plrnhrga aeak glkuruk. KTNV glrupaeak bhurkac`ki n`cl s`stlg,
ya`t
ya`tu
u glglkf
kfat
atat
at `knh
`knhrg
rgas
as`` gl
glki
kilk
lkaa n`
n`cl
cl ya
yaki
ki ad
ada,
a, b`b`ea
ea sl slwa
waet
etu-
u-wa
waet
etu
u n`
n`cl
cl
rusae/m`caki, aeak clo`m gudam uktue plroa`eakya. Elclo`mak ca`k dar` KTNV adacam
 

elflpatak rakdhg afflss tlrmadap n`cl yaki tlrdapat d` dacagkya, earlka KTNV
glg`c`
glg `c`e`
e` n`t
n`tur
ur `kd
`kdlx`
lx`ki
ki yak
yaki
i oa`
oa`e,
e, mac `k` glk
glkiuk
iuktuk
tukiea
ieak k b`e
b`ea
a plk
plkiiu
iiuka
ka slr
slr`ki
`ki
glcaeueak slarfm`ki n`cl d`oakd`ki NAT6?. N`cl s`stlg `k` `dlac uktue s`stlg hplras`
w`kdhws yaki olroas`s KT (w`kdhws ?::: elatas). Ehkhk, s`stlg hplras` yaki
olroas`s w`kdhws KT aeak olrbacak clo`m flpat dak clo`m stao`c d`atas part`s` KTNV
`k`.

ELE\_AKIAK KTNV

Eleurakiak KTNV yaki slr`ki d`o`faraeak adacam ehgpat`o`c`tas tlrmadap

shntwarl atau hplrat`ki systlg cawas slplrt` w`k 0x dak GL. V`stlg hplras` caga
g`c`e g`frhshnt `k` t`dae gagpu glgoafa n`cl s`stlg KTNV. Vlca`k `tu, ololrapa
hraki glk`ca` oamwa n`cl s`stlg KTNV `k` t`dae uk`vlrsac, earlka HV slca`k g`frhshnt
t`da
t`dae
e ga
gagp
gpuu glglca
caeu
euea
eak
k rl
rlad
ad-w-wr`t
r`tl
l pa
pada
da pa
part
rt`s
`s`` KT
KTNV
NV,, ka
kagu
guk
k ma
macc `k
`k`` suda
sudam
m
tlrslclsa`eak. Vaat `k` d`strh c`kux tlcam gagpu glcaeueak rlad-wr`tl n`cl systlg
KTNV dlkiak ghduc ktns-6i.

Tao
aolc
lc Zl
Zlro
roa
akd
kd`k
`ki
iak Ea
Eara
rae
etl
tlrr`s
`st`
t`e
e KTN
TNV
V dlk
lki
iak NA
NAT6
T6?
? dak NAT
AT1>
1>
Earaetlr`st`e KTNV NAT6? NAT1>

earaetlr`st`e KTNV NAT6? NAT1>

Bugcam olreas dacag satu ?6?-1 olreas ??= olreas ??= olreas
vhcugl

Olreas atau suod`rlethr` T`dae ?1>-? olreas ?1>-? olreas

slt`ap d`rlethr` tlroatas atau atau d`rlethr`

d`rlethr`

Ehgpat`o`c`tas dlkiak T`dae T`dae Pa

s`stlg hplras` DHV

T`dae Pa (Y`kdhws Pa (Vlgua vlrs`)

Dapat duac-ohht`ki  dlkiak
 dlkiak
Y`kdhws 0</0= 0<

HV_ ?.: el
atas)
 

Ehgprls` data traksparak Pa T`dae T`dae

Lker`ps` Traksparak Pa (vlrs` 6.: T`dae T`dae

el atas)

Zlkltapak e
eu
uhta rru
uakiak Pa T`dae T`dae
uktue slt`ap plkiiuka

\eurak o
ol
lreas g
ga
aes`gug ?>4 ‖ 1 o
oy
ytl ?6? ‖ 1 oytl ?6? ‖ 1 oytl

<1? oytls (1 <1? oytls (1 <1? oytls (1

\eurak fcustlr  g`k`gug
 g`k`gug
slethr) slethr) slethr)

\eurak fcustlr  gaes`gug
 gaes`gug >4 EO (6? >4 EO (6? >4 EO (6? slethr)
slethr) slethr)

\eurak part`s` gaes`gug ?6? fcustlr 4,199,10= ? I`iaoytl (o`sa

fcustlr sagpa` 4
I`iaoytl pada

Y`kdhws
KT)

Bugcam olreas t`ap part`s` ?6? ‖ 1 ??= olreas ?1> olreas

olreas

Bugcam d`rlethr` t`ap part`s` T`dae ?1> ‖ ? ?1> ‖ ? d`rlethr`

?1> ‖ ? d`rlethr` Tlroatas d`rlethr`
 

?. Fhkthm V`stlg Olreas pada HV \K@]/C@K\] 2 L]T?, L]T6, BNV (Bhurkac`ki

N`cl Vystlg), _l`slrNV

Ouatcam stud` plroakd`kiak d`aktara ellgpat s`stlg olreas tlrslout.

1. L]T ?

L]T? glrupaeak blk`s n`cl systlg yaki agpum d` s`stlg hplras` c`kux. L]T?
 buia glrupaeak sacam satu n`cl systlg yaki pac`ki agpum dak glkbad` dasar dar`
sliaca d`str`ous` c`kux. Zada L]T? n`cl systlg, n`cl data d`s`gpak sloaia` data oche.
Data oche `k` glgpukya` pakbaki yaki saga dak glse`puk pakbakikya olrvar`as` d`
aktara L]T? n`cl systlg, olsar oche tlrslout d`tlktueak pada saat n`cl systlg d`ouat
dlkiak plr`ktam ge?ns.

ELCLO@MAK L]T?

L]T? glrupaeak t`pl n`cl systlg yaki pac`ki tua yaki gas`m ada. Aerhk`g
dar` L]T? adacam slfhkd n`cl systlg. Zlrtaga eac` d`elkaceak pada tamuk 1006.
Glky`gpak data slfara m`rare` stakdar yaki oakyae d`iukaeak hclm s`stlg hplras`.

Gaes`gug ueurak n`cl yaki d`dueuki hclm L]T? adacam ? Tlraoytl, dak vhcuglkya
o`sa glkfapa` 4 To. Kaga n`cl o`sa glkfapa` ?<< earaetlr. Buia glkdueuki n`cl
systlg c`kux uslr, irhups, dak plrg`ss`hk (ZHV@]) dak buia glkdueuki ehgprls`
n`cl.

ELE\_AKIAK L]T?

Elt`ea Vmutdhwk slfara glkdadae glgoutumeak waetu yaki t`dae slolktar 

uktue
ukt ue rlf
rlfhv
hvlr
lr elg
elgoac
oac`.
`. \kt
\ktue
ue glc
glcaeu
aeuea
eak k fcl
fclak
ak up n`c
n`cl
l sys
systlg
tlg,, o`a
o`asak
sakya
ya L]T
L]T??
slfara
slfa ra hthg
hthgat`s
at`s aea
aeak
k glkba
glkbacakea
cakeak
k ut`c`t
ut`c`ty
y l?ns
l?nsfe
fe pada saat ohht
ohht`ki
`ki slca
slcakbutk
kbutkya.
ya.
\t`c`ty `k` glkfhoa glgplroa`e` gasacam yaki elgukie`kak tlrbad` elt`ea s`stlg
d`gat`eak slfara glkdadae.

?. L]T6

L]T6 glrupaeak plk`kieatak dar` L]T? n`cl systlg dak L]T6 glrupaeak
plkilgoakiak
plkilgoakiak dar` L]T?.

ELCLO@MAK L]T6

1. Vltlc
Vltlcam
am eliai
eliaiacak
acak sug
sugolr
olr daya, "uk
"ukfcla
fclak
k smutdh
smutdhwk",
wk", atau elru
elrusaea
saeak
k s`stlg,
L]T? n`cl s`stlg marus glcacu` prhsls plkilfleak dlkiak prhirag l?nsfe.
Zrhsls `k` dapat glgouaki waetu slm`kiia prhsls ohht`ki glkbad` sakiat
caga, emususkya uktue d`se olsar yaki glkiakduki oakyae sleac` data. Dacag
prhsls `k`, slgua data t`dae dapat d`aesls.
 

?. @ktli
@ktlir`tas
r`tas dat
data,
a, L]T6 glkba
glkbag`k
g`k adak
adakya
ya `ktlir
`ktlir`tas
`tas data slt
sltlcam
lcam tlrb
tlrbad`
ad` elrus
elrusaeak
aeak
atau
atau "u
"ukfc
kfclak
lak sm
smutd
utdhwk
hwk".
". L]T
L]T6
6 glg
glguki
ukie`k
e`keak
eak e`t
e`ta
a glg
glg`c`
`c`m
m blk
blk`s
`s dak t`p
t`pl
l
prhtles` dar` data.

6. Elf
Elflpa
lpatak
tak glku
glkuc`s
c`s data clo
clo`m
`m dar
dar`` sle
sleac`
ac`,, L]T
L]T6
6 glg
glgpuk
pukya`
ya` tmrhu
tmrhuimp
imput
ut yak
yaki
i
clo`m olsar dar`pada L]T? earlka L]T6 glgaes`gaceak plrilraeak mlad mard
d`se. E`ta o`sa glg`c`m t`ia burkac ghdl uktue glgaes`gaceak elflpatak, tltap`
`ktlir`tas data t`dae tlrbag`k.

4. Guda
Gudam
m d`caeu
d`caeueak
eak g`ir
g`iras`,
as`, E`ta da
dapat
pat olrp
olrp`kdam
`kdam da
dar`
r` L]T? el s`st
s`stlg
lg L]T6 tak
takpa
pa
glcaeueak nhrgat ucaki.

ELE\_AKIAK L]T6

Vlbae L]T6 olrtubuak uktue glkbad` ehgpat`olc dlkiak L]T? slolcugkya,

oaky
oa kyae
ae st
stru
ruet
etur
ur hk
hk-d
-d`s
`se
e g`
g`r`
r`p
p dl
dlkikiak
ak L]
L]T?T?.. Ea
Earl
rlka
ka `t
`tu,
u, L]
L]T6T6 t`
t`da
dae
e gl
glg`g`c`e
c`e``
ololrapa n`tur dlsa`k yaki clo`m oaru, slplrt` cuasak, acheas` d`kag`s `khdl, dak suo
acchfat`hk ochfe Ada oatas-d`rlethr` 61.00= plr satu suo d`rlethr`., Olrasac dar` oatas
atas 6?.::: c`ke plr `khdl. L]T6, slplrt` n`clsystlg C`kux tlroaru, t`dae dapat nsfe-
ld slglktara n`clsystlg d`pasaki uktue glkuc`s.

6. BNV (Bhurkac N`cl Vystlg)

Bhurkac N`cl Vystlg atau BNV adacam >4-o`t n`cl systlg bhurkac yaki d`ouat
hclm @OG . @k` tlrsld`a sloaia` plrakieat cukae oloas d` oawam eltlktuak IK\
Ilklra
Ilk lracc Zuo
Zuoc`f
c`f C`f
C`flks
lksl
l (IZ
(IZC).
C). BN
BNV
V ad
adaca
acamm sys
systlg
tlg n`c
n`cl
l bhu
bhurka
rkac`k
c`ki,
i, BNV
BNV glg
glg`c`e
`c`e``
elgagpuak yaki flpat dak makdac, dlkiak e`klrba yaki oa`e slfara ehks`stlk
dacag olroaia` blk`s oloak, olrtlktakiak dlkiak n`cl systlg ca`k yaki tagpae kya
clo`m oa`e dacag phca plkiiukaak emusu
emusus,
s, g`sackya dlkiak n`cl elf`c atau olsar.

ELCLO@MAK BNV

\ktue
\ktu e glglki
kihp
hpt`
t`ga
gace ceak
ak n`
n`cl
cl sysyst
stlg
lg,, BN
BNVV gl
glki
kiak
akda
dace
ceak
ak utut`c
`c`t
`ty
y ukuktu
tue
e
glcaeueak dlnraiglktas`. Ochfes`zl yaki olrvar`as`, Dykag`f d`se `khdl acchfat`hk,
yaki glgukie`keak acheas` `khdl pada saat d`outumeak dak t`dae marus pada saat
plgo
pl goua
uata
tak
k n`cl
n`cl syst
systlg
lg.. BN BNV
V buia
buia gl glki
kiiu
iuka
kaea
eak
k O+
O+Tr
Trll
ll uk
uktu
tue
e glglgp
gplr lrfl
flpa
patt
plkfar`ak dacag d`rlethr`. BNV dapat glky`gpak = lktr` d`rlethr` dacag `khdl /
struetur data d`rlethr` `tu slolcug p`kdam lktr` el O+Trll. Elt`ea ada slouam n`cl
yaki tlrouea BNV aeak glkiukf` Irup Acheas` n`cl yaki olrada d` dacag dak makya
glki`b`keak n`cl yaki tlrouea uktue tlraesls. BNV glg`c`e` elgagpuak yaki flpat
dak makdac, dlkiak e`klrba yaki oa`e slfara ehks`stlk dacag olroaia` blk`s oloak,
olrt
ol rtlk
lkta
taki
kiak
ak dldlki
kiak
ak n`n`cl
cl syst
systlg
lg ca`k
ca`k ya
yaki
ki ta
tagp
gpae
aeky
kya
a cl
clo`
o`m
m oa
oa`e
`e da
dacacagg ph
phca
ca
plkiiukaak emusus,
emusus, g`sackya dlkiak n`cl elf`c atau olsar.
 

ELE\_AKIAK BNV

\eurak g`k`gac n`cl systlg adacam 1>GO, dak ueurak gaes`gac adacam <1?
TO, uktue oche <1? Oytl dak 4 Z (4 Zltaoytl) uktue ochfe s`zl 4 EO. \eurak n`cl
marus
marus sls
slsua
ua`` dak due
dueuki
ukiak
ak ^N
^NV
V C`k
C`kux,
ux, T`d
T`dae
ae o`s
o`sa
a d`t
d`tlra
lrapea
peak
k pad
pada
a d`s
d`selt
elt dak
ololrapa gld`a rlghvaocl ca`k.

4. _l`slrns

D`rakfaki hclm Maks _l`slr dak d`plrelkaceak dacag vlrs` ?.4.1 dar` elrklc
C`kux, glrupaeak s`stlg n`cl plrtaga bhurkac uktue d`slrtaeak d` elrklc stakdar.
_l`slrNV adacam n`cl dlnauct s`stlg d` Phplr Lc`vl, ]akdrhs, C`ksp`rl, IhohC`kux,
dak d`str`ous` C`kux.

ELCLO@MAK _L@VL_NV

Vlfara ugug glgpukya` e`klrba yaki clo`m t`kii` d` slgua ueurak n`cl (n`cl
s`zl). Glkiuraki` ruaki mardd`se yaki tlrouaki plrfuga, t`dae ada acheas` `khdl
yaki stat`e, n`cl-n`cl yaki elf`c d` paelt olrsaga dlkiak n`cl elf`c yaki ca`k. E`klrba
yaki clo`m t`kii` uktue d`rlethr` yaki oakyae (fhkthmkya d`rlethr` qulul qga`c dak
wlo fafml squ`d).

ELE\_AKIAK _L@VL_NV

Olcug slgpurka b`ea d`pasaki d` part`s` / atau /ohht (earlka C@CH - C`kux
Chadlr t`dae slplkumkya glkdueuki n`cl systlg `k`) dak yaki eldua adacam olcug
glkdueuki s`stlg quhta uslr.

6. Blcaseak plkilrt`ak daki nukis` gas`ki-gas`ki struetur d`rlethr` ugug pada

s`stlg hplras` \K@] olr`eut `k` 2

- ( " / ") rhht

- /o`k

- /dlv

- /ltf

- /c`o

- /so`k

- /usr 
 

- /var 

Bawao

1. / ‖ _hht

¹ D`rlethr` `k` makya dapat d`aesls hclm uslr rhht atau suplr adg`k`strathr 

pada Y`kdhws.
¹ D`rlethr` / t`dae saga dlkiak /rhht. Bad` marus d`plrmat`eak dacag
plkuc`sakkya.

?. /o`k ‖ \slr O`kar`ls

¹ D`rlethr` `k` olr`s`eak n`cl-n`cl

n`cl-n` cl lesleus`. \gugkya plr`ktam yaki d`iukaeak
hclm s`stlg d`s`gpak dacag d`rlethr` `k`.
¹ Fhkthm 2 ps, cs, p`ki, irlp, fp.

6. /dlv ‖ Dlv`fl N`cls

¹ D`rlethr` yaki olr`s` n`cl dlv`fl pada ehgputlr. Buia tlrgasue plrakieat
tlrg`kac, uso, atau plrakieat yaki glcleat pada s`stlg.
¹ Fhkthm 2 /dlv/tty1, /dlv/usoghk:

4. /ltf ‖ Fhkn`iurat`hk N`cls

¹ D`rlethr` `k` olr`s`eak n`cl-n`cl ehkn`iuras` yaki d`outumeak hclm slgua

prhirag. Vlca`k `tu buia olr`s` n`cl yaki d`bacakeak elt`ea startup.
¹ Fhkthm 2 /ltf/rlshcv.fhk
/ltf/rlshcv.fhkn,
n, /ltf/chirhtatl.fhkn 

<. /c`o ‖ Vystlg C`orar`ls

¹ Olr`s` n`cl-n`cl c`orary yaki glkdueuki n`cl-n`cl o`kary dacag d`rlethr` /o`k

dak /so`k
¹ Kaga n`cl o`asakya cd* hr c`o*.sh.*
¹ Fhkthm 2 cd-?.11.1.sh, c`okfursls.sh.<.9
c`okfursls.sh.<.9

>. /so`k ‖ Vystlg O`kar`ls

¹ Vaga mackya slplrt` /o`k, d`rlethr` /so`k buia olr`s` n`cl yaki o`sa
d`lesleus` cakisuki. Tltap`, plr`ktam-plr`ktam c`kux yaki tlrcltae d`
oawam d`rlethr` `k` o`asakya d`iukaeak hclm adg`k`strathr s`stlg, uktue
tubuak plglc`maraak s`stlg.
¹ Fhkthm 2 arp, mact, smutdhwk, rhutl, swaphk, `ptaocls, rlohht, nd`se,
`nfhkn`i
 

9. /usr ‖ \slr Zrhirags

¹ D`rlethr` `k` olr`s`eak n`cl-n`cl o`kar`, c`orar`ls,

c `orar`ls, dheuglktas`, dak shurfl
fhdl dar` s`stlg.
¹ /usr/o`k olr`s` n`cl o`kary uktue prhirags. Fhkthm 2 at, awe, ff, clss, sfp
¹ /usr/so`k olr`s` n`cl o`kary uktue systlg adg`k`strathrs. fhkthm2 atd, frhk,

¹ ssmd, uslradd,
/usr/c`o olr`s` n`cl uslrdlc
c`orar`ls uktue /usr/o`k dak /usr/so`k

=. /var ‖ ^ar`aocl N`cls

¹ D`rlethr` var glrupaeak s`kieatak dar` ^ar`aocl N`cls.

¹ D`rlethr` `k` olr`s`eak n`cl-n`cl chi s`stlg (/var/chi), paelt dak n`cl dataoasl
(/var/c`o), lga`c (/var /ga`c), pr`kt qululs (/var/sphhc), chfe n`cls (/var/chfe),
tlgphrary n`cl yaki d`outumeak saat rlohht (/var/tgp), dcc