CHAPTER 6 Trigonometric Functions

Fungsi Trigonometri

6.1 Positive Angles and Negative Angles Textbook: pp. 190 – 192
Sudut Positif dan Sudut Negatif
Represent each of the following angles using a sketch. Hence, state (i) which quadrant the angle belongs
and (ii) its base angle.
Wakilkan setiap sudut yang berikut dengan satu lakaran. Seterusnya, nyatakan (i) dalam sukuan mana terletaknya sudut itu
dan (ii) sudut asasnya. LS6.1.1 PL1

NOTES
(a) 410° y 1. Positive angles are angles measured anticlockwise from the positive x-axis.
Sudut positif ialah sudut yang diukur lawan arah jam dari paksi-x yang positif.
2. Negative angles are angles measured clockwise from the positive x-axis.
50° Sudut negatif ialah sudut yang diukur ikut arah jam dari paksi-x
410° 90°
x yang positif.
O
3. Angles are measured in degrees and radians.
Sudut diukur dalam darjah dan radian. II I
0°
410° = 360° + 50° 4. The acute angle between any angle and the 180°
360°
x-axis is called the base angle. III IV
(i) First quadrant Sudut tirus di antara sebarang sudut dan paksi-x
Sukuan pertama disebut sudut asas. 270°
(ii) Base angle = 50°
Sudut asas 1. 325° 2. –500°
1
(b) –1 π
4 y

1π
4
x
O
–11 π
4
(i) Fourth quadrant (i) Third quadrant
1
–1 π = – π + – π
4
1
4 冢 冣 Sukuan keempat Sukuan ketiga

(i) Second quadrant (ii) Base angle (ii) Base angle

= 35° = 40°
Sukuan kedua Sudut asas Sudut asas
(ii) Base angle = 1 π
Sudut asas 4
12 1
3. 530° 4. π 5. –3 π
5 6

(i) Second quadrant (i) Second quadrant

(i) First quadrant
Sukuan kedua Sukuan kedua
Sukuan pertama
(ii) Base angle (ii) Base angle 1
= 10° (ii) Base angle 2 = π
Sudut asas = π Sudut asas 6
Sudut asas 5

85 LS 6.1.1 PL 1 2 3 4 5 6

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 6.2 Trigonometric Ratios of Any Angle Textbook: pp. 193 – 200
Nisbah Trigonometri bagi Sebarang Sudut

NOTES
1. The reciprocal functions of sine, cosine and tangent are given special names as cosecant, secant and cotangent.
Fungsi salingan bagi sinus, kosinus dan tangen diberi nama khas sebagai kosekan, sekan dan kotangen.
1 1 1 • cos – kos • cot – kot
= cosec θ = sec θ = cot θ
sin θ cos θ tan θ • sec – sek • cosec – kosek
2. The values of trigonometric ratios for any angle are found by: y
Nilai nisbah trigonometri bagi sebarang sudut dicari dengan:
(a) using the base angle, and Sine positive All positive
menggunakan sudut asas, dan Sinus positif Semua positif
(b) adjusting the signs due to changes in the signs of the coordinates.
mengubahsuaikan tanda disebabkan oleh perubahan tanda koordinat. x

• sin (– θ ) = –sin θ • sin θ = cos (90° – θ ) • cosec θ = sec (90° – θ ) Tangent positive Cosine positive
• cos (– θ ) = cos θ • cos θ = sin (90° – θ ) • sec θ = cosec (90° – θ ) Tangen positif Kosinus positif
• tan (– θ ) = –tan θ • tan θ = cot (90° – θ ) • cot θ = tan (90° – θ )

A. Given the values of sine and cosine, find the values of the related trigonometric ratios.
Diberi nilai sinus dan kosinus, cari nilai nisbah trigonometri yang berkaitan. LS6.2.1 PL2

1. sin 54° = 0.8090 2. sin 134° = 0.7193

sin 28° = 0.4695 cos 54° = 0.5878 cos 134° = –0.6947
cos 28° = 0.8829 (a) sin 36° = cos (90° – 36°) (a) cos 46° = – cos (180° – 46°)
(a) cos 62° = sin (90° – 62°) = cos 54° = – cos 134°
= sin 28° = 0.5878 = – (–0.6947)
= 0.4695 = 0.6947
1 (b) sin 44° = cos (90° – 44°)
1 (b) cosec 54° =
(b) sec 28° = sin 54°
cos 28° = cos 46°
1
1 = = 0.6947
= 0.8090
0.8829
= 1.236
= 1.133
cos 54° sin 134°
sin 28° (c) cot 54° = (c) tan 134° =
(c) tan 28° = sin 54° cos 134°
cos 28° 0.5878 0.7193
0.4695 = =
= 0.8090 –0.6947
0.8829 = 0.7266 = –1.035
= 0.5318
B. Given that sin α = k, find the value of each trigonometric ratio below in terms of k.
Diberi sin α = k, cari nilai setiap nisbah trigonometri yang berikut dalam sebutan k. LS6.2.1 PL2

k
k 1. tan α = 2. sin (90° – α ) = 1 – k2
sin α = k =
(a) cos α 1 1 – k2
= 1 – k2 90° – α

(b) tan (90° – α) k

1
1 1
1 1
1 – k2 α 3. sec α = = 4. cosec α = sin α =
= cos α 1–k 2 k
k 1 – k2

(c) sec (90° – α) = cosec α

1 5. cot (90° – α) = tan α 6. cosec (90° – α) = sec α
=
sin α =
k =
1
1 1 – k2 1 – k2
=
k

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 C. Find the value of each trigonometric ratio, correct to four significant figures.
Cari nilai bagi setiap nisbah trigonometri, betul kepada empat angka bererti. LS6.2.2 PL1

1. cos 308° = cos (360° – 308°) 2. tan 149° = –tan (180° – 149°)
(a) sin 225° = –sin (225° – 180°) = cos 52° = –tan 31°
= –sin 45° = 0.6157 = –0.6009
= –0.7071
(b) cos 597° = cos (597° – 360°)
= cos 237° 3. cos 473° = cos (473° – 360°) 4. sin 915° = sin (915° – 720°)
= –cos (237° – 180°) = cos 113° = sin 195°
= –cos 57° = –cos 67° = –sin 15°
= –0.5447 = –0.3907 = –0.2588

(c) tan (–163°)

= –tan 163° 5. tan (–294°) = –tan 294°
1
7冢 1
6. sin –2 π = –sin 2 π
7 冣 冢 冣
= –[–tan (180° – 163°)] = –(–tan 66°)
1
= –(–tan 17°) = 2.246 = –sin π
7
= 0.3057 = –0.4339

冢 冣
4 1
(d) cosec –2 π =
5
–sin 2 π
4
5 冢 冣 7. sec 508° =
1
8. cosec –2 冢 5
π =冣 1
cos 508° 12 –sin
5
π
1
= =
1 12
1
–sin π –cos 32° = –1.035
5 = –1.179
= –1.701

D. Find the value of each trigonometric ratio below based on the values of special angles.
Cari nilai setiap nisbah trigonometri yang berikut berdasarkan nilai sudut khas. LS6.2.2 PL2

NOTES
(a) tan 120° = –tan(180° – 120°) 冢1
(c) cot –1 π = 冣 1
= –tan 60°
6
tan –1 π冢
1
6 冣 θ 30° /
π
6
45° /
π
4
60° /
π
3
=– 3
= 1 1 1 = 2 3
sin θ
(b) cos 315° = cos (360° – 315°) –tan 1 π
1
6 冢 冣 2 2 2 2

= cos 45° 1 3 1 = 2 1
cos θ
= 2 2 2 2
= 1 –tan π
2 6 1 = 3
tan θ 1 3
=– 3 3 3

1
1. sin 480° = sin (480° – 360°) 2. sin (–225°) = –sin 225° 3. sec 150° =
cos 150°
= sin 60° = sin (225° – 180°)
= sin 45° 1
3 =
= –cos 30°
2 = 1 2
2 =–
3

冢 冣 冢 冣 冢 冣
2 2 5 1 6. cos (–570°) = cos 570°
4. tan –2 π = –tan 2 3 π 5. cot 2 π =
冢 冣
3 6 5 = cos 210°
tan 2 π
6
= –冢–tan π冣
1 = –cos 30°
3 1 3
=
= 3 π =–
2
–tan
6
=– 3

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 6.3 Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions Textbook: pp. 201 – 210
Graf Fungsi Sinus, Kosinus dan Tangen

NOTES Video
Basic graphs of trigonometric functions:
Graf asas fungsi trigonometri:
y = sin x y = cos x y = tan x y
Video

y y

1 1
x x x
– 2π O 2π O O
– 2π 2π – 2π 2π
–1 –1

• A continuous graph and periodic with • A continuous graph and periodic with • Graph is broken.
period 2π. period 2π. Graf terputus-putus.
Graf selanjar dan berkala dengan kala 2π. Graf selanjar dan berkala dengan kala 2π. • Periodic with period π.
• Range/Julat : –1  y  1 • Range/Julat : –1  y  1 Berkala dengan kala π.
• Range/Julat : –∞  y  +∞
π
1. The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x are of the same shape, but they are 90° or out of phase.
2
π
Bentuk graf y = sin x dan y = kos x adalah sama, hanya bermula dengan beza 90° atau .
2
2. The graphs of trigonometric functions y = a sin bx + c, y = a cos bx + c and y = a tan bx + c, where a, b, c are constants, can
be obtained from the basic graphs by using suitable transformations.
Graf bagi fungsi trigonometri y = a sin bx + c, y = a kos bx + c dan y = a tan bx + c, dengan keadaan a, b, c ialah pemalar, dapat
diperoleh daripada graf asas melalui transformasi yang sesuai.

A. Sketch the graph of each trigonometric function for 0  x  2π. The basic graph is provided as a guide.
Lakar graf bagi setiap fungsi trigonometri untuk 0  x  2π. Graf asas disediakan sebagai panduan. LS6.3.1 PL1
1
1. y = 4 cos x 2. y = sin x
(a) y = 3 sin x y = a sin x
2
y
y y

3 y = 3 sin x 1
1
x
O π 1 x
–1 2π
O x O
π π 2π
–1 2π
–3
–1
TIPS
The constant a causes the range of
the function to be a times that of the
basic function. 3. y = –2 sin x 4. y = 2 tan x
Pemalar a menjadikan julat fungsi itu
a kali julat fungsi asas. y y

(b) y = – 1 cos x
2
y 1
y = – 1 cos x
2
1
O x O x
0.5 π 2π π 2π
–1
0 x
π 2π
–0.5
–1

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 B. Sketch the graph of each trigonometric function for 0  x  2π.
Lakar graf bagi setiap fungsi trigonometri untuk 0  x  2π. LS6.3.1 PL1

1
1. y = sin 3x 2. y = sin x
2
(a) y = sin 2x y = sin bx

y = sin 2x
1

x
O
π 2π

–1

3. y = cos 2x 1
TIPS 4. y = tan x
The constant b causes the period 2
1
to be times the period of the
b
basic graph.
Pemalar b menjadikan kala 1 kali
b
kala graf asas.

(b) y = sin x + 2 y = sin x + c 5. y = sin x – 1 6. y = cos x + 1

y
y = sin x + 2
3
2
1
x
O π 2π
–1

TIPS
Effect of constant c:
The basic graph is moved vertically 7. y = cos x – 2 8. y = tan x + 2
by c units.
Kesan pemalar c:
Graf asas digerakkan c unit secara
menegak.

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 C. Sketch the graph of each trigonometric function for 0  x  2π.
Lakar graf bagi setiap fungsi trigonometri untuk 0  x  2π. LS6.3.1 PL3

1 2. y = 2 cos x – 1
1. y = –3 sin x+2
2
y = 3 sin 2x – 1 y = a sin bx + c

y = 3 sin 2x – 1
2

O x
π 2π
–1

3 1
3. y = 2 sin x–3 4. y = 3 – tan x
2 2
–4

TIPS
1
• Period = × period of basic graph
2
1
Kala = × kala graf asas
2
• Range = 3 × range of basic graph
Julat = 3 × julat graf asas
• Whole graph is moved down 1 unit.
Seluruh graf digerakkan 1 unit
ke bawah.

D. Sketch the graph of each trigonometric function for 0  x  2π.

Lakar graf bagi setiap fungsi trigonometri untuk 0  x  2π. LS6.3.1 PL3

冟
1. y = cos
1
2
x 冟 2. y = 冟 tan x 冟
y = 冟 sin 2x 冟
y

O x
π 2π

–1
3. y = 冟 2 cos 2x + 1 冟 4. y = 冟 2 sin x – 1 冟

TIPS
Reflect the negative part of the graph
of y = sin 2x about the x-axis.
Pantulkan bahagian negatif bagi graf
y = sin 2x pada paksi-x.

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 E. Determine the number of solutions for each trigonometric equation in the domain 0  x  2π by
sketching the graphs of a trigonometry function and an algebraic function.
Tentukan bilangan penyelesaian bagi setiap persamaan trigonometri dalam domain 0  x  2π dengan melakarkan satu graf
fungsi trigonometri dan satu graf fungsi algebra. LS6.3.2 PL3

4x 3
1. sin 2x = –
x 3π 2
3 cos 2x = – 1
π
Sketch the graphs of/Lakarkan graf:
Sketch the graphs of/Lakarkan graf:
y = sin 2x and/dan y = 4x – 3
x 3π 2
y = 3 cos 2x and/dan y = – 1
π
y

y = 3 cos 2x
3

x
y = π –1

O x
π 2π
–1

–3

There are four points of intersection. Hence, the There are three points of intersection. Hence, the
equation 3 cos 2x = x – 1 has 4 solutions. equation sin 2x = 4x – 3 has 3 solutions.
π 3π 2
Terdapat empat titik persilangan. Maka, persamaan Terdapat tiga titik persilangan. Maka, persamaan
x 4x 3
3 kos 2x = – 1 mempunyai 4 penyelesaian. sin 2x = – mempunyai 3 penyelesaian.
π 3π 2

冟 3 sin 2x 冟 = 2 – 3. 2 cos x = π
x
2.
2π x
Sketch the graphs of/Lakarkan graf: Sketch the graphs of/Lakarkan graf:
y = 冟 3 sin 2x 冟 and/dan y = 2 – y = 2 cos x and/dan y = π
x
2π x

There are eight points of intersection. Hence, the There is one point of intersection. Hence, the
x π
equation | 3 sin 2x | = 2 – has 8 solutions. equation 2 cos x = has 1 solution.
2π x
Terdapat lapan titik persilangan. Maka, persamaan Terdapat satu titik persilangan. Maka, persamaan
x π
| 3 sin 2x | = 2 – mempunyai 8 penyelesaian. 2 kos x = mempunyai 1 penyelesaian.
2π x

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 6.4 Basic Identities Textbook: pp. 211 – 214
Identiti Asas
Prove each of the following identities.
Buktikan setiap identiti yang berikut. LS6.4.2 PL3

NOTES
2
(sin A + cos A) = 1 + 2 sin A cos A Basic identities: • cos – kos
Identiti asas:
Start with one side. Show • sec – sek
(sin A + cos A)2 that it is equal to the • sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 • cot – kot
other side. • 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A • cosec – kosek
= sin2 A + 2 sin A cos A + cos2 A Bermula dengan satu • 1 + cot2 A = cosec2 A
belah. Tunjukkan ia sama
= (sin2 A + cos2 A) + 2 sin A cos A dengan sebelah yang lain. These basic identities are used to prove the other
trigonometric identities.
= 1 + 2 sin A cos A Identiti asas ini digunakan untuk membuktikan identiti
trigonometri yang lain.

1. 2 cos2 A – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 A 2. (1 – sin2 A)(1 + tan2 A) = 1 1 + tan2 A

3. = tan2 A
1 + cot2 A
2 cos2 A – 1 (1 – sin2 A)(1 + tan2 A)
1 + tan2 A sec2 A
= 2(1 – sin2 A) – 1 = (cos2 A)(sec2 A) =
1 + cot2 A cosec2 A
= 2 – 2 sin2 A – 1 cos2 A
= sin2 A
= 1 – 2 sin2 A cos2 A =
cos2 A
=1
= tan2 A

1 – tan2 A sin A cos A

4. = cos2 A – sin2 A 5. sin4 A – cos4 A 6. +
1 + tan2 A cos A sin A
= sin2 A – cos2 A
= sec A cosec A
1 – tan2 A
sin4 A – cos4 A
1 + tan2 A sin A cos A
= (sin2 A + cos2 A)(sin2 A – cos2 A) +
1 – tan2 A cos A sin A
= = (1)(sin2 A – cos2 A)
sec2 A sin A + cos2 A
2
= sin2 A – cos2 A =
= cos2 A(1 – tan2 A) cos A sin A
sin2 A 1
= cos2 A – cos2 A 冢
cos2 A 冣 =
cos A sin A
2 2
= cos A – sin A = sec A cosec A

cos A 1 1 sec A – cos A

7. = sec A + tan A 8. + 9. = tan3 A
1 – sin A 1 + sin A 1 – sin A cosec A – sin A
cos A = 2 sec2 A sec A – cos A
1 – sin A 1 1 cosec A – sin A
cos A(1 + sin A) + 1 – cos A
= 1 + sin A 1 – sin A
(1 – sin A)(1 + sin A) cos A
(1 – sin A) + (1 + sin A) =
cos A(1 + sin A) = 1 – sin A
= (1 + sin A)(1 – sin A)
1 – sin2 A sin A
2 1 – cos2 A
cos A(1 + sin A) =
= 1 – sin2 A cos A
cos2 A
2 =
1 + sin A = 1 – sin2 A
= cos2 A
cos A sin A
= 2 sec2 A sin2 A sin A
冢 冣 冢 冣
1 sin A
= + = ×
cos A cos A cos A cos2 A
= sec A + tan A = tan3 A

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 6.5 Addition Formulae and Double Angle Formulae Textbook: pp. 215 – 221
Rumus Sudut Majmuk dan Rumus Sudut Berganda
A. Prove each of the following identities.
Buktikan setiap identiti yang berikut. LS6.5.1 PL3

NOTES
sin (A + B)
= tan A + tan B Addition formulae:
cos A cos B
Rumus sudut majmuk:
sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B • sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos A cos B cos A cos B sin (A ± B) = sin A kos B ± kos A sin B
sin A cos B + cos A sin B • cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B
= kos (A ± B) = kos A kos B  sin A sin B
cos A cos B cos A cos B
sin A sin B tan A ± tan B
= + • tan (A ± B) =
cos A cos B 1  tan A tan B
= tan A + tan B

cos (A + B) 2. cos (60° + x) = sin (30° – x)

1. = cot A cot B – 1
sin A sin B
cos (60° + x)
cos (A + B) cos A cos B – sin A sin B = cos 60° cos x – sin 60° sin x
=
sin A sin B sin A sin B = sin 30° cos x – cos 30° sin x
= cos A cos B – sin A sin B = sin (30° – x)
sin A sin B sin A sin B
= cot A cot B – 1

3. tan (x + 45°) tan (x – 45°) = –1 4. sin (A + 120°) + sin (A + 240°) = –sin A

tan (x + 45°) tan (x – 45°) sin (A + 120°) + sin (A + 240°)
tan x + tan 45° tan x – tan 45° = (sin A cos 120° + cos A sin 120°)
= 冢1 – tan x tan 45°
× 冣 冢
1 + tan x tan 45° 冣 + (sin A cos 240° + cos A sin 240°)
tan x + 1 tan x – 1
= 冢1 – tan x 冣 冢
×
1 + tan x 冣 = – 1 sin A +
2 2
3
cos A – 1 sin A –
2
3
2
cos A
1 + tan x 1 – tan x = – sin A
=– 冢
1 – tan x 冣 冢
×
1 + tan x 冣
= –1

5 3
B. Given sin A = and cos B = , where A is an obtuse angle and B is an acute angle. Evaluate each of
13 5
the following trigonometric ratios.
5 3
Diberi sin A = dan kos B = , dengan keadaan A ialah sudut cakah dan B ialah sudut tirus. Cari nilai bagi setiap nisbah
13 5
trigonometri yang berikut. LS6.5.1 PL3

5
sin (A + B) 5
13
A 4
B
= sin A cos B + cos A sin B
–12 3 TIPS
= 冢 冣冢 冣 冢
5 3
13 5
+ – 12 4
13 5 冣冢 冣 sin A = 5 sin B =
4 The values of trigonometric ratios
other than the given ones can be
15 48 13 5
= – obtained from the diagram.
65 65 cos A = – 12 cos B =
3
Nilai nisbah trigonometri selain
13 5 daripada yang diberi boleh diperoleh
= – 33 tan A = – 5 tan B =
4 daripada rajah.
65 12 3

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 tan A + tan B
1. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B 2. tan (A + B) =
1 – tan A sin B
冢 冣冢 5 冣 – 冢 13 冣冢 5 冣
12 3 5 4
= –
13 – 5 + 4
12 3
36 20 =
=–
65
–
65 冢
1– – 5 4
12 3 冣冢 冣
56
=– = 33
65
56

3. sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B 1

4. sec (A – B) =
cos (A – B)
冢 13 冣冢 5 冣 – 冢– 13 冣冢 5 冣
5 3 12 4
= 1
=
15 48 cos A cos B + sin A sin B
= + 1
65 65 =
=
63
65
–冢12 3
13 5 冣冢 冣 冢 冣冢 冣
+
5 4
13 5
= – 65
16

C. Evaluate each of the following trigonometric functions and give the answers in surd forms.
Cari nilai setiap nisbah trigonometri yang berikut dan beri jawapan dalam bentuk surd. LS6.5.1 PL3

(a) tan 75° = tan (45° + 30°) (b) cos 165°

tan 45° + tan 30° = –cos 15°
=
1 – tan 45° tan 30° = –cos (45° – 30°)
1 = –(cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30°)
1+
3 1 1 1
=
1 = – 冢 冣冢 3 冣 – 冢 冣冢 冣
1 – (1)冢 冣 2 2 2 2
3
= 3 + 1 = –冢 3 + 1 冣
3 –1 2 2
= ( 3 + 1)( 3 + 1) = –冢 3 + 1 冣 × 2
( 3 – 1)( 3 + 1) 2 2 2
= 4+2 3 = – (
2 3 + 1)
2 4
=2+ 3

1. sin 15° 2. sin 105° 3. cos 255°

= sin (45° – 30°) = sin 75° = –cos 75°
= sin 45° cos 30° – cos 45° sin 30° = sin (45° + 30°) = –cos (45° + 30°)
= sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30° = –cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30°
冢 冣冢 冣 冢 冣冢 冣
1 3 1 1
= –
2 2 1 1
冢 冣冢 冣 冢 冣冢 冣 冢 冣冢 冣 冢 冣冢 冣
2 2 1 3 1 1 1 3
= + =– +
3 –1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
2 2 3 +1 1– 3
= =
3 –1 2 2 2 2 2
= × 1– 3
2 2 2 3 +1 2 2
= × = ×
2 ( 3 – 1) 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
4 2 ( 3 + 1) 2 (1 – 3 )
= =
4 4

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 D. Prove each of the following identities involving double angles.
Buktikan setiap identiti berikut yang melibatkan sudut berganda. LS6.5.2 PL3

NOTES
cos 2A
(a) tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2A (b) = cos A – sin A Double angle formulae:
cos A + sin A
sin A cos A cos 2A Rumus sudut berganda:
tan A + cot A = +
cos A sin A cos A + sin A • sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
sin2 A + cos2 A cos2 A – sin2 A
= = • cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A
cos A sin A cos A + sin A = 2 cos2 A – 1
= 1 (cos A + sin A)(cos A – sin A) = 1 – 2 sin2 A
1 =
sin 2A cos A + sin A 2 tan A
2 = cos A – sin A • tan 2A =
= 2 cosec 2A 1 – tan2 A

sin 2A 1 – cos 2A
1. = tan A 2. = tan2 A 3. cosec 2A – cot 2A = tan A
1 + cos 2A 1 + cos 2A
cosec 2A – cot 2A
sin 2A 1 – cos 2A 1 cos 2A
1 + cos 2A 1 + cos 2A = –
sin 2A sin 2A
= 2 sin A cos A 1 – (1 – 2 sin2 A) 1 – cos 2A
= =
1 + (2 cos2 A – 1) 1 + (2 cos2 A – 1) sin 2A
=
2 sin A cos A 2 sin2 A 1 – (1 – 2 sin2 A)
= =
2 cos2 A 2 cos2 A 2 sin A cos A
sin A sin2 A 2 sin2 A
= = =
cos A cos2 A 2 sin A cos A
= tan A = tan2 A = tan A

12
E. Given sin A = , where 0°  A  90°. Find the value of each of the following trigonometric ratios.
13
12
Diberi sin A = , dengan keadaan 0  A  90°. Cari nilai setiap nisbah trigonometri yang berikut. LS6.5.2 PL3
13
1. sin 2A 2. cos 2A 3. tan 2A
2 tan A
= 2 sin A cos A = cos2 A – sin2 A =
1 – tan2 A
冢 13 冣冢 13 冣
12 5
冢 13 冣 – 冢 13 冣
5 2 12 2
12
=2 = 2 冢 冣
5
120 119 =
冢 冣
= =– 12 2
169 169 1–
5
120
=–
119
F. Solve each of the following problems involving half-angles.
Selesaikan setiap masalah berikut yang melibatkan sudut separuh. LS6.5.3 PL4
NOTES
Find the value of tan 15° in surd form. Half-angle formulae:
Cari nilai tan 15° dalam bentuk surd. Rumus sudut separuh:
A A
Let/Katakan: t = tan 15° –2 3 ±(2 3 )2 – 4(1)(–1) • sin A = 2 sin
2
cos
2
t= 2 A A
2 tan 15° 2(1) • cos A = cos – sin2
tan 30° = 2 2
1 – tan2 15° –2 3 ± 12 + 4 2 A
1 2t = = 2 cos
2
–1
= 2
3 1 – t2 2(– 3 ± 2) = 1 – 2 sin 2 A

1 – t2 = 2 3 t = 2
2 A
2 tan
t2 + 2 3 t – 1 = 0 =– 3 ±2 • tan A = 2
2 A
tan 15°  0 ⇒ tan 15° = 2 – 3 1 – tan
2

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 1 2. Given tan 45° = 1, find the value of tan 157.5°
1. Given that cos x = , find the value of in surd form.
9
1 Diberi tan 45° = 1, cari nilai tan 157.5° dalam bentuk
Diberi kos x = , cari nilai
9 surd.
x x
(a) cos . (b) sin . tan 157.5° = –tan 22.5°
2 2
(a) cos x = 2 cos2 x – 1
2 Let/Katakan: t = tan 22.5°
1 2 x
= 2 cos –1 2 tan 22.5°
9 2 tan 45° =
x 10 1 – tan2 22.5°
2 cos2 =
2 9 2t
2 x 5 tan 45° =
cos = 1 – t2
2 9
x 5 2t
cos = ± 3 1=
2 1 – t2
x 1 – t2 = 2t
(b) cos x = 1 – 2 sin2 2
t + 2t – 1 = 0
2
1 x 22 – 4(1)(–1)
= 1 – 2 sin2 –2 ±
9 2 t=
x 8 2(1)
2 sin2 = = –1 ± 2
2 9
x 4
sin2 =
2 9 tan 157.5°  0 ⇒ tan 157.5° = –1 – 2
x 2
sin = ±
2 3

3. Prove that: 1 – cos A A 4. Prove that: A A

Buktikan:
= tan Buktikan:
cot – tan = 2 cot A
sin A 2 2 2
A A
1 – cos A 冢
1 – 1 – 2 sin2 A
2 冣 A A
cot – tan =
cos
2
–
sin
2
= 2 2 A A
sin A A A sin cos
2 sin cos 2 2
2 2
A 2 A
2 A cos 2
– sin
2 sin 2 2
2 =
= A A A A
2 sin cos sin cos
2 2 2 2
A
sin
A
2
cos 2 冢 冣2
=
冢 冣
= 1 A
A sin 2
cos 2 2
2
A 2 cos A
= tan = = 2 cot A
2 sin A

6.6 Application of Trigonometric Functions Textbook: pp. 222 – 227

Aplikasi Fungsi Trigonometri

NOTES
1. For trigonometric equations in the form sin bx = k, cos bx = k and tan bx = k :
Bagi persamaan trigonometri dalam bentuk sin bx = k, kos bx = k dan tan bx = k :
❶ Determine the acute angle (base angle) that satisfies the equation. ❸ Obtain the possible values of bx.
Tentukan sudut tirus (sudut asas) yang memuaskan persamaan itu. Dapatkan nilai-nilai yang mungkin bagi bx.
❷ Determine the possible positions based on the sign of k. ❹ Divide by b to obtain the values of x.
Tentukan kedudukan yang mungkin mengikut tanda k. Bahagi dengan b untuk mendapat nilai x.
2. More complicated equations are reduced to these forms to be solved.
Persamaan yang lebih rumit dipermudah kepada bentuk ini untuk diselesaikan.

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 A. Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0°  x  360° or 0  x  2π.
Selesaikan setiap persamaan trigonometri yang berikut untuk 0°  x  360° atau 0  x  2π. LS6.6.1 PL3

1. tan x = 1.804 2. cos x = 0.2475

(a) sin x = –0.6473
tan–1 (1.804) cos–1 (0.2475)
–1
sin (0.6473) = 40° 20 = 61° = 75° 40
Sine is negative in the third and
fourth quadrants. x = 61°, 180° + 61°
Sinus bernilai negatif dalam = 61°, 241° x = 75° 40, 360° – 75° 40
sukuan ke-3 dan ke-4.
= 75° 40, 284° 20

40° 20 40° 20

3. cosec x = 2 4. sec x = – 2
1
1 cos x = –
x = 180° + 40° 20, sin x = 2
2
π
360° – 40° 20
冢 2冣= 4
1
π cos–1
冢 冣
1
= 220° 20, 319° 40 sin–1 =
2 6
(b) tan 2x = 1.673 π π
π π x=π– ,π+
x = ,π– 4 4
tan–1 (1.673) = 59° 8 6 6
3π 5π
π 5π = ,
= , 4 4
6 6
59° 8
59° 8 5. sin 2x = 0.8091 6. tan 2x = –2.458
sin–1 (0.8091) tan–1 (2.458)
= 54° = 67° 52
0°  x  360°
⇒ 0°  2x  720° 2x = 180° – 67° 52,
2x = 59° 8, 180° + 59° 8, 2x = 54°, 180° – 54°, 360° – 67° 52,
360° + 59° 8, 360° + 54°, 540° – 54° 540° – 67° 52,
540° + 59° 8 = 54°, 126°, 414°, 486° 720° – 67° 52,
x = 27°, 63°, 207°, 243° = 112° 8, 292° 8,
= 59° 8, 239° 8, 472° 8, 652° 8
419° 8, 599° 8
x = 56° 4, 146° 4,
x = 29° 34, 119° 34, 236° 4, 326° 4
209° 34, 299° 34
x 1 3
(c) 3 tan = 4 7. 2 sin x= 2 8. 2 cos x= 3
2 2 2
3 3
x 4 1 2 cos x=
tan = sin x= 2 2
2 3 53° 8 2 2
3 π
–1 4
tan 冢 冣
3
53° 8 1
sin x =
1 cos–1
2冢 冣
=
3
2 2
= 53° 8 0  x  2π
π
冢 冣
1
0°  x  360° sin–1 x = = 45° 3
2 4 ⇒ 0  x  3π
x 2
⇒ 0°   180° 1 3 π π π
2 x = 45°, 180° – 45° x = , 2π – , 2π +
2 2 3 3 3
x = 45°, 135°
= 53° 8 π 5π 7π
2 x = 90°, 270° = , ,
3 3 3
x = 2(53° 8) 2π 10π 14π
= 106° 16 x= , ,
9 9 9

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 B. Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0°  x  360° or 0  x  2π.
Selesaikan setiap persamaan trigonometri yang berikut untuk 0°  x  360° atau 0  x  2π. LS6.6.1 PL3

1. sin (x + 35°) = 0.788 2. tan (x – 27°) = –0.3621

cos (x + 40°) = 0.85
sin–1 (0.788) = 52° tan–1 (0.3621) = 19° 54
cos–1 (0.85) = 31° 47

31° 47
31° 47 x + 35° = 52°, 180° – 52° x – 27° = –19° 54, 180° – 19° 54
= 52°, 128° = –19° 54, 160° 6
x = 17°, 93° x = 7° 6, 187° 6
x + 40° = 360° – 31° 47,
3. cosec 2x + π = 2
冢 冣 冢 2x – π6 冣 =
360° + 31° 47 1
4. cot
= 328° 13, 391° 47 6 3
π π
冢 冣 冢2 – 6冣 =
1 x 3
x = 328° 13 – 40°, sin 2x + = tan
6 2
391° 47 – 40° π π
冢 冣
1
= 288° 13, 351° 47 sin–1 = tan–1 ( 3 ) =
2 6 3
π π 5π 7π 17π x π π
TIPS 2x + = , , , – =
0°  x  360° 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 3
⇒ 40°  x + 40°  400°
x π
4π 16π =
2x = 0, , π, 2 2
6 6 x=π
π π 4π
x = 0, , ,
3 2 3

C. Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0°  x  360°.

Selesaikan setiap persamaan trigonometri yang berikut untuk 0°  x  360°. LS6.6.1 PL3

1. 2 tan2 x – 3 tan x + 5 = 0 2. 8 cos2 x – 2 cos x – 1 = 0

2
12 sin x – sin x – 1 = 0
(2 tan x – 5)(tan x + 1) = 0 (4 cos x + 1)(2 cos x – 1) = 0
(4 sin x + 1)(3 sin x – 1) = 0
2 tan x – 5 = 0 4 cos x + 1 = 0
Factorise like a quadratic equation. tan x = 2.5
Faktorkan seperti persamaan kuadratik. 1
cos x = –
x = 68° 12, 4
248° 12 x = 104° 29,
4 sin x + 1 = 0
255° 31
1
sin x = –
4
x = 194° 29,
tan x + 1 = 0 2 cos x – 1 = 0
345° 31 14° 29 14° 29 tan x = –1 1
x = 135°, cos x =
2
3 sin x – 1 = 0 315° x = 60°, 300°
1
sin x =
3
x = 19° 28 ∴ x = 68° 12, 135°, ∴ x = 60°, 104° 29
160° 32 19° 28 19° 28 248° 12, 315° 255° 31, 300

∴ x = 19° 28, 160° 32,

194° 29, 345° 31

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 D. Solve each of the following trigonometric equations for 0°  x  360°.
Selesaikan setiap persamaan trigonometri yang berikut untuk 0°  x  360°. LS6.6.1 PL3

(a) 5 cos2 x = 4(sin x + 1) (b) sin (x + 30°) = 4 cos x

The addition formula is used.
5 cos2 x = 4(sin x + 1) Rumus sudut majmuk digunakan.
5(1 – sin2 x) = 4 sin x + 4 sin (x + 30°) = 4 cos x
5 – 5 sin2 x = 4 sin x + 4 sin x cos 30° + cos x sin 30° = 4 cos x
2
5 sin x + 4 sin x – 1 = 0
3 sin x + 1 cos x = 4 cos x
(5 sin x – 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
2 2
1 3 sin x = 7 cos x
sin x =
5 2 2
x = 11° 32, 7
11° 32 11° 32 tan x = = 4.0414
168° 28 3
∴ x = 76° 6, 256° 6
The double angle formula is used.
sin x = –1 Rumus sudut berganda digunakan.
x = 270° (c) 3 cos 2x – sin x = 1
∴ x = 11° 32, 168° 28, 270° 3 cos 2x – sin x = 1
3(1 – 2 sin2 x) – sin x = 1
TIPS
The given equation involves two trigonometric
3 – 6 sin2 x – sin x = 1
functions. Use a basic identity to change one of 6 sin2 x + sin x – 2 = 0
the functions so that the equation involves only one (3 sin x + 2)(2 sin x – 1) = 0
trigonometric function. 2 1
Persamaan yang diberi melibatkan dua fungsi sin x = – or/atau sin x =
trigonometri. Gunakan identiti asas untuk menukarkan 3 2
satu daripada fungsi itu supaya persamaan itu hanya x = 221° 49, 318° 11 x = 30°, 150°
melibatkan satu fungsi trigonometri.
∴ x = 30°, 150°, 221° 49, 318° 11
1. 3 sec2 x = 5(1 + tan x) 2. 6 cos2 x + sin x – 1 = 0
3 sec2 x = 5(1 + tan x) 6 cos2 x + sin x – 1 = 0
3(1 + tan2 x) = 5 + 5 tan x 6(1 – sin2 x) + sin x – 1 = 0
3 + 3 tan2 x = 5 + 5 tan x 6 sin2 x – sin x – 5 = 0
2
3 tan x – 5 tan x – 2 = 0 (6 sin x + 5)(sin x – 1) = 0
(3 tan x + 1)(tan x – 2) = 0 5
sin x = – or/atau sin x = 1
1 6
tan x = – or/atau tan x = 2 x = 90°
3 x = 236° 27,
x = 63° 26,
x = 161° 34, 303° 33
243° 26
341° 34
∴ x = 90°, 236° 27, 303° 33
∴ x = 63° 26, 161° 34, 243° 26, 341° 34

3. 2 cos (x – 45°) = 3 sin x 4. 3 sin (x – 60°) = 2 sin x

2 cos (x – 45°) = 3 sin x 3 sin (x – 60°) = 2 sin x
2(cos x cos 45° + sin x sin 45°) = 3 sin x 3(sin x cos 60° – cos x sin 60°) = 2 sin x
2
(cos x + sin x) = 3 sin x 3 3 3
2 sin x – cos x = 2 sin x
2 cos x + 2 sin x = 3 2 sin x 2 2
(3 2 – 2) sin x = 2 cos x 1 3 3
– sin x = cos x
2 2 2
tan x =
3 2 –2 tan x = –3 3
= 0.8918 = –5.196
∴ x = 41° 44, 221° 44 ∴ x = 100° 54, 280° 54

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 5. tan x tan 2x = 5 6. 3 sin 2x = 5 cos x
tan x tan 2x = 5 3 sin 2x = 5 cos x
3(2 sin x cos x) = 5 cos x
冢 冣
2 tan x
tan x =5
1 – tan2 x 6 sin x cos x – 5 cos x = 0
2 tan x = 5(1 – tan2 x)
2 cos x(6 sin x – 5) = 0
7 tan2 x = 5 5
cos x = 0 or/atau sin x =
5 6
tan2 x = x = 90°, 270°
7 x = 56° 27, 123° 33
tan x = ± 5
7 ∴ x = 56° 27, 90°, 123° 33, 270°
= ±0.8452

∴ x = 40° 12, 139° 48, 220° 12, 319° 48

E. Solve each of the following problems.

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut. LS6.6.2 PL4 PL5

1. The temperature, θ °C, of a place over a day is 2. The depth, h m, of water at the mouth of a river
given by the function: is given by the function h = a cos bt + c, where
Suhu, θ °C, sepanjang hari di suatu tempat diberi oleh c is the average depth of the water. Assuming
fungsi: that the tidal period is 12 hours and the depths
θ = 28 + 5 sin π (t – 4) of water at high and low tides are 9 m and
12
3 m respectively. Find the values of the constants
where t is the time in the 24-hour system after a, b and c.
midnight. Kedalaman, h m, air di muara sebatang sungai diberi
dengan keadaan t ialah masa dalam sistem 24 jam oleh fungsi h = a kos bt + c, dengan keadaan c ialah
selepas tengah malam. purata kedalaman air. Anggapkan air pasang surut
(a) Find the temperature of the place at 1 pm. mengikut kala 12 jam dan kedalaman air pasang dan
Cari suhu di tempat itu pada jam 1 petang. air surut masing-masing ialah 9 m dan 3 m. Cari nilai
(b) Detemine the maximum temperature in pemalar a, b dan c.
a day and the time when this occurs.
Tentukan suhu maksimum di tempat itu dalam
Period = 12 hours
sesuatu hari dan masanya berlaku. Kala = 12 jam
2π π
(a) 1 pm = 1300 ⇒ t = 13 Thus/Maka, = 12 ⇒ b =
b 6
π
θ = 28 + 5 sin (13 – 4)
12 The maximum depth of water occurs when:
3π Kedalaman air maksimum berlaku apabila:
= 28 + 5 sin
4 cos bt = 1
= 31.54 °C Thus/Maka, a + c = 9 …… ①
(b) θ is maximum when:
θ adalah maksimum apabila: The minimum depth of water occurs when:
Kedalaman air minimum berlaku apabila:
π
sin (t – 4) = 1 cos bt = –1
12
π π Thus/Maka, –a + c = 3 …… ②
(t – 4) =
12 2
t–4=6 ① + ②: 2c = 12
t = 10 c=6
Maximum temperature/Suhu maksimum
= 28 + 5 From/Dari ①: a+6=9
= 33 °C a=3
This occurs at 10 am. π
∴ a = 3, b = and/dan c = 6
Hal itu berlaku pada jam 10 pagi. 6

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 3. The current, I A, that flows in an alternating current circuit is given by the function I = 20 sin 100πt,
where t is the time in seconds. Find
Arus, I A, yang mengalir dalam suatu litar arus ulang alik diberi oleh fungsi I = 20 sin 100πt, dengan keadaan t ialah
masa dalam saat. Cari
(a) the frequency, in Hz, of the current.
frekuensi, dalam Hz, arus itu.
(b) the maximum current and the time when this occurs.
arus maksimum dan masanya berlaku.

2π 1 (b) Maximum current/Arus maksimum = 20(1) = 20 A

(a) Period/Kala = = s
100π 50 This occurs when/Hal ini berlaku apabila:
1 sin 100πt = 1
Frequency/Frekuensi =
1 π
100πt =
50 2
= 50 Hz 1
t= s
200

4. Two water waves that originating from two corners of a pool are described by the equations:
Dua gelombang air yang berpunca dari dua penjuru sebuah kolam diwakili oleh persamaan:

y1 = sin t + π , 冢y2 = 2 cos t – π

冣 冢 冣
3 6
The two waves combine as they propagate to the middle of the pool and the combined wave is given by
y = y1 + y2. Find y in the form a sin (bt + α) and hence state the values of a, b and α.
Dua gelombang itu bercantum di tengah kolam itu dan gelombang gabungan diberi oleh y = y1 + y2. Cari y dalam
bentuk a sin (bt + α) dan kemudiannya nyatakan nilai a, b dan α.

π π
y = y1 + y2 = sin t + 冢 3 冣
+ 2 cos t –
6 冢 冣
π π π π
= sin t cos + cos t sin + 2 cos t cos + 2 sin t sin
3 3 6 6
冢 冣 冢 冣
1 1 3 3
= sin t +2× + cos t +2×
2 2 2 2
冢 冣 冢 冣
3 3 3
= sin t + cos t
2 2

冤 冢 冣 冢 冣冥
1 3
= 3 sin t + cos t
2 2
π π
冢
= 3 sin t cos + cos t sin
3 3 冣
π
= 3 sin t + 冢
3 冣
⇒ Compare with/Bandingkan dengan a sin (bt + α).
π
∴ a = 3, b = 1, α =
3

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 5. Solve the simultaneous equations:
Selesaikan persamaan serentak: cos 2x = sin x and/dan sin2 (x + y) = 1
where all the values of (x, y) are in the range 0°  x  180° and 0°  y  180°.
dengan keadaan semua nilai (x, y) berada dalam julat 0°  x  180° dan 0°  y  180°.

cos 2x = sin x
1 – 2 sin2 x = sin x
2 sin2 x + sin x – 1 = 0
(2 sin x – 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
1
sin x = or/atau sin x = –1
2
(Ignore/Abaikan)
x = 30°, 150°

sin2 (x + y) = 1
sin (x + y) = ±1
x + y = 90°, 270°
When/Apabila x = 30°, y = 60°.
When/Apabila x = 150°, y = 120°.
∴ x = 30°, y = 60° and/dan x = 150°, y = 120°

3
6. Given tan θ = and θ is in the third quadrant. Find, without using a calculator, the values of
4
3
Diberi tan θ = dan θ berada dalam sukuan ketiga. Cari, tanpa menggunakan kalkulator, nilai bagi
4
1
(a) tan θ. (b) tan 2θ. (c) tan 3θ.
2

冢 4 冣 24
1 3
2 tan θ 2
2 2 tan θ
(a) tan θ = (b) tan 2θ = = =
1 – tan2 θ
1–冢 冣
1 3 2 7
1 – tan2 θ
2 4
1
2 tan θ
3 2 (c) tan 3θ = tan (θ + 2θ)
=
4 2 1 tan θ + tan 2θ
1 – tan θ =
2 1 – tan θ tan 2θ
2 1 1 3 24
3 – 3 tan θ = 8 tan θ +
2 2 4 7
=
2 1 1
冢 冣冢 冣
3 tan θ + 8 tan θ – 3 = 0 3 24
2 2 1–
4 7
冢 冣冢 冣
1 1
3 tan θ – 1 tan θ + 3 = 0 =
21 + 96
2 2 28 – 72
1 1
tan θ = or/atau tan 1 θ = –3 117
2 3 2 =–
1 1 44
tan θ  0 ⇒ tan θ = –3
2 2

102 LS 6.6.2 PL 1 2 3 4 5 6

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06 MAID 2022 ADD MATHS F5-CHP6(NM)-Madi 1P.indd 102 15/11/2021 1:24 PM

 SPM PRACTICE PAPER 1

Answer all the questions.

Jawab semua soalan.

1. (a) Given sin θ = k, state sin (180° + θ) in terms 3. The diagram shows the graph of a function:
of k. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf bagi fungsi:
Diberi sin θ = k, nyatakan sin (180° + θ) dalam sebutan k. 3x 3x
y = 冷 p sin
2 冷
[2] cos for/untuk 0  x  2π
2
(b) The diagram shows a graph.
y
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu graf.
y c

5
y = – sin 4x
2 x
O π 2π
x
O p
h (a) Express c in terms of p.
Ungkapkan c dalam sebutan p.
[3]
State the values of h and p. (b) There are 12 solutions when y = k, where k is
Nyatakan nilai h dan nilai p.
a constant. State the range of k in terms of c.
[3] Terdapat 12 penyelesaian apabila y = k, dengan
(a) sin (180° + θ) = –sin θ keadaan k ialah pemalar. Nyatakan julat nilai k dalam
= –k sebutan c.
[1]
(b) h = – 5 (a) y = 冷 p sin 3x cos 3x 冷
2 2 2
2π π p
Period/Kala = = y = 冷 sin 3x 冷
4 2 2
p
Thus/Maka, c =
1 π π 2
p= × =
2 2 4 (b) 0  k  c

4. Solve the equation tan x = 5 – 4 cot x for

2. Given that sin α = p, where p is a constant and 0°  x  360°.
0°  α  90°. Express in terms of p: Selesaikan persamaan tan x = 5 – 4 kot x untuk
Diberi sin α = p, dengan keadaan p ialah pemalar dan 0°  x  360°.
0°  α  90°. Ungkapkan dalam sebutan p: [5]
(a) cos (180° + α) tan x = 5 – 4 cot x
kos (180° + α) 4
tan x = 5 –
(b) sec 2α tan x
sek 2α tan2 x = 5 tan x – 4
[4] 2
stan x – 5 tan x + 4 = 0
(tan x – 1)(tan x – 4) = 0
(a) cos (180° + α) = –cos α
tan x – 1 = 0
= – 1 – p2 tan x = 1
x = 45°, 225°
1
(b) sec 2α =
cos 2α tan x – 4 = 0
1 tan x = 4
= x = 75° 58, 255° 58
1 – 2 sin2 α
1 ∴ x = 45°, 75° 58, 225°, 255° 58
=
1 – 2p2

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06 MAID 2022 ADD MATHS F5-CHP6(NM)-Madi 1P.indd 103 15/11/2021 1:24 PM

 4 7. Solve the equation 3 sin 2x + 5 cos x = 0 for
5. Given that cos θ = and 0°  θ  180°, find the
5 0°  x  360°.
value of tan (θ + 45°). Selesaikan persamaan 3 sin 2x + 5 kos x = 0 untuk
0°  x  360°.
Diberi kos θ = 4 dan 0º  θ  180º, cari nilai tan (θ + 45º).
5 [5]
[4]
tan (θ + 45°) 3 sin 2x + 5 cos x = 0
tan θ + tan 45° 3(2 sin x cos x) + 5 cos x = 0
=
1 – tan θ tan 45° cos x(6 sin x + 5) = 0
3
+1 cos x = 0
4
= x = 90°, 270°
3
1– 冢 冣
4
(1)
sin x = – 5
=7 6
x = 236° 27, 303° 33

∴ x = 90°, 236° 27, 270°, 303° 33

6. Given that cos θ = p, where p is a constant and 8. Solve the equation tan2 θ – 4 tan θ + 3 = 0 for
0°  θ  90°. Find in terms of p: 0°  x  360°.
Diberi kos θ = p, dengan keadaan p ialah pemalar dan Selesaikan persamaan tan2 θ – 4 tan θ + 3 = 0 untuk
0°  θ  90°. Cari dalam sebutan p: 0°  x  360°.
(a) sec θ [5]
sek θ tan2 θ – 4 tan θ + 3 = 0
(b) sin 2θ (tan θ – 1)(tan θ – 3) = 0
[4]
tan θ = 1
1 θ = 45°, 225°
(a) sec θ =
cos θ
1 tan θ = 3
=
p θ = 71° 34, 251° 34
∴ θ = 45°, 71° 34, 225°, 251° 34
(b) sin 2θ
= 2 sin θ cos θ
= 2( 1 – p2 )(p)
= 2p 1 – p2

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 SPM PRACTICE PAPER 2
Answer all the questions.
Jawab semua soalan.

1. (a) Prove that: 1 + sin 2x 2. (a) Prove that 2 sin (x + 45°) cos (x + 45°)
– sec 2x = tan 2x
Buktikan: 1 – 2 sin2 x = cos 2x.
[3] Buktikan 2 sin (x + 45°) kos (x + 45°) = kos 2x.
(b) Sketch the graph of y = | tan 2x | for [4]
0  x  2π.
Lakar graf bagi y = | tan 2x | untuk 0  x  2π.
(b) Hence, solve the equation 2 sin (x + 45°)
1
[3] cos (x + 45°) = for 0  x  2π.
(c) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable 2
Seterusnya, selesaikan persamaan 2 sin (x + 45°)
straight line to find the number of solutions to 1
kos (x + 45°) = untuk 0  x  2π.
1 + sin 2x x 2
the equation 冷 – sec 2x 冷 + =1 [3]
1 – 2 sin2 x 2π (c) Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x for
for 0  x  2π. 0  x  2π.
Seterusnya, dengan menggunakan paksi yang
Lakar graf bagi y = kos 2x untuk 0  x  2π.
sama, lakar satu garis lurus yang sesuai untuk
mencari bilangan penyelesaian bagi persamaan
[3]

冷1 – 2 sin2 x 2π 冷
1 + sin 2x – sek 2x + x = 1 untuk 0  x  2π.
(a) 2 sin (x + 45°) cos (x + 45°)
[4] = 2(sin x cos 45° + cos x sin 45°)
1 + sin 2x – sec 2x = 1 + sin 2x – 1 (cos x cos 45° – sin x sin 45°)
(a)
1 – 2 sin2 x cos 2x cos 2x 1 1 1 1
=
1 + sin 2x – 1 =2 冢2
sin x +
2
cos x
2 冣冢
cos x –
2
sin x 冣
cos 2x 1 1
=
sin 2x =2 冢 冣冢 冣
2 2
(cos x + sin x)(cos x – sin x)
cos 2x
= tan 2x = cos2 x – sin2 x
= cos 2x
(b), (c)
1
(b) 2 sin (x + 45°) cos (x + 45°) =
2
1
cos 2x =
2
π 5π 7π 11π
2x = , , ,
3 3 3 3
π 5π 7π 11π
x= , , ,
6 6 6 6
(c)
冷 11–+2sinsin2xx – sek 2x 冷 + 2πx = 1
2
x
| tan 2x | + =1
2π
| tan 2x | = 1 – x
2π
Sketch the straight line/Lakar garis lurus
y=1– x.
2π
When/Apabila x = 0, y = 1
2π
When/Apabila x = 2π, y = 1 – =0
2π
Number of solutions/Bilangan penyelesaian = 8

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 3. (a) (i) Prove that: A sin A
Buktikan:
= tan
2 1 + cos A
1 °
(ii) Find the value of tan 22
2 冢 冣
without using a calculator. State the answer in the form a + b , where
a and b are constants.
冢
Cari nilai tan 22 1
2 冣° tanpa menggunakan kalkulator. Nyatakan jawapan dalam bentuk a + b , dengan keadaan a dan
b adalah pemalar.
[4]
(b) Sketch the graph of y = – 5 sin A for 0  A  2π.
2
5
Lakar graf bagi y = – sin A untuk 0  A  2π.
2
[3]
(c) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions to the equation

冢 A
冣
tan (1 + cos A) = –
2
A
2π
for 0  A  2π. State the number of solutions.
Seterusnya, dengan menggunakan paksi yang sama, lakar satu garis lurus yang sesuai untuk mencari bilangan penyelesaian

冢 冣
bagi persamaan tan A (1 + kos A) = – A untuk 0  A  2π. Nyatakan bilangan penyelesaian itu.
2 2π
[3]
A A
2 sin cos (b), (c)
sin A 2 2
(a) (i) =
1 + cos A 1 + 2 cos2 A – 1
2 冢 冣
A A
2 sin cos
= 2 2
2 A
2 cos
2
A
sin
= 2
A
cos
2

冢tan 2 冣(1 + cos A) = – 2π

A A A
= tan
2

冢1 + cos A 冣(1 + cos A) = – 2π

sin A A
冢 2 冣° = tan
1 45°
(ii) tan 22
2 A
sin 45° sin A = –
= 2π
1 + cos 45°
5 5A
2 – sin A =
= 2 4π
2+ 2
5A
Sketch the straight line/Lakar garis lurus y = .
2 (2 – 2 ) 4π
=
(2 + 2 )(2 – 2 ) When/Apabila A = 0, y = 0
2 –2 5(2π) 5
= 2 When/Apabila A = 2π, y = =
2 4π 2
= –1 + 2 Number of solutions/Bilangan penyelesaian = 3

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 π π
4. (a) Prove that cos 4x + 冢 3 冣
+ cos 4x –
3 冢
= cos 4x. 冣
冢 冣 冢
Buktikan kos 4x + π + kos 4x – π = kos 4x.
3 3 冣
[3]
π π
(b) Hence, solve the equation cos 4x +
3
+ cos 4x –
3冢 1
冣 冢 冣
= for 0  x  2π and give the answer in simplest
2
fractions and in terms of π rad.

冢 冣 冢 冣
Seterusnya, selesaikan persamaan kos 4x + π + kos 4x – π = 1 untuk 0  x  2π dan beri jawapan dalam pecahan
3 3 2
termudah dan dalam sebutan π rad. [4]
π π
(c) Sketch the graph of y = cos 4x + 冢 3 冣
+ cos 4x –
3
1
冢
– for 0  x  π.
2 冣
冢 冣 冢
Lakar graf bagi y = kos 4x + π + kos 4x – π – 1 untuk 0  x  π.
3 3 2 冣
[3]

π π
(a) cos 4x +冢 3 冣
+ cos 4x –
3 冢 冣
π π π π
冢
= cos 4x cos – sin 4x sin
3 3 冣 冢
+ cos 4x cos + sin 4x sin
3 3 冣
π
= 2 cos 4x cos
3

冢 冣
1
=2 cos 4x
2
= cos 4x

π π
冢 冣 冢 冣
1
(b) cos 4x + + cos 4x – =
3 3 2
1
cos 4x =
2
π 5π 7π 11π 13π 17π 19π 23π
4x =, , , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
π 5π 7π 11π 13π 17π 19π 23π
x= , , , , , , ,
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
π π
冢 冣 冢 冣
1
(c) y = cos 4x + + cos 4x – –
3 3 2
1
y = cos 4x –
2

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 5. (a) Prove that 2 cot θ sin2 θ = sin 2θ.
Buktikan bahawa 2 kot θ sin2 θ = sin 2θ.
[2]
(b) Hence, solve the equation 4 cot θ sin θ = 1 for 0  x  2π.
2
Seterusnya, selesaikan persamaan 4 kot θ sin2 θ = 1 untuk 0  x  2π.
[3]
(c) (i) Sketch the graph of y = sin 2θ for 0  θ  2π.
Lakar graf y = sin 2θ untuk 0  θ  2π.
(ii) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions to the
3
equation 6π cot θ sin2 θ = x – 3π for 0  θ  2π. State the number of solutions.
2
Seterusnya, dengan menggunakan paksi yang sama, lakar satu garis lurus yang sesuai untuk mencari bilangan
penyelesaian bagi persamaan 6π kot θ sin2 θ = 3 x – 3π untuk 0  θ  2π. Nyatakan bilangan penyelesaian itu.
2
[5]
cos θ
(a) 2 cot θ sin2 θ = 2 冢 sin θ 冣 sin2
θ
= 2 sin θ cos θ
= sin 2θ

(b) 4 cot θ sin2 θ = 1

2(2 cot θ sin2 θ) = 1
2 sin 2θ = 1
1
sin 2θ =
2
π 5π 13π 17π
2θ = , , ,
6 6 6 6
π 5π 13π 17π
θ= , , ,
12 12 12 12

(c) (i), (ii)

3
6π cot θ sin2 θ = x – 3π
2
3
3π(2 cot θ sin2 θ) = x – 3π
2
3
3π(sin 2θ) = x – 3π
2
x
sin 2θ = –1
2π
x
Sketch the straight line/Lakar garis lurus y = – 1.
2π
When/Apabila x = 0, y = –1
2π
When/Apabila x = 2π, y = –1=0
2π
Number of solutions/Bilangan penyelesaian = 4

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