Daftar Isi

Bab I Dasar-Dasar Konveksi......................................................................................1

1.1 Perpindahan Kalor Konveksi..........................................................................1

1.2 Lapis Batas Konveksi.....................................................................................4
1.2.1 Lapis Batas Kecepatan...................................................................................4
1.2.2 Lapis Batas Thermal......................................................................................6
1.2.3 Signifikasi Lapis Batas...................................................................................7
1.3 Aliran Laminer dan Turbulen.........................................................................8
1.4 Persamaan Perpindahan Kalor Konveksi.......................................................10
1.4.1 Lapis Batas Kecepatan...................................................................................11
1.4.2 Lapis Batas Thermal......................................................................................26
1.5 Kondisi Khusus dan Pendekatan ...................................................................24
1.6 Similaritas Lapis Batas...................................................................................26
1.6.1 Parameter Similaritas Lapis Batas.................................................................26
1.6.2 Bentuk Fungsional Penyelesaian - Penyelesaian Lapis Batas........................27
1.7 Signifikasi Fisik Parameter Non-Dimensional...............................................32

Bab II Aliran Eksternal..............................................................................................34

2.1 Metode Empirik .............................................................................................35

2.2 Aliran Paralel Melewati Plat Datar................................................................36
2.2.1 Aliran Laminer...............................................................................................37
2.2.2 Aliran Turbelen..............................................................................................39
2.2.3 Kondisi Lapis Batas Campuran......................................................................39
2.3 Metode Kalkulasi Perpindahan Kalor Konveksi............................................41
2.4 Aliran Menyilang melewati Silinder..............................................................41
2.5 Aliran Melewati Bola.....................................................................................44
2.6 Aliran Melewati Sekumpulan Pipa ................................................................45

Bab III Aliran Internal................................................................................................52

3.1 Kondisi Hidrodinamik ...................................................................................52

3.1.1 Kondisi Aliran................................................................................................52
3.1.2 Kecepatan Rata-rata.......................................................................................53
3.1.3 Profil Kecepatan Pada Daerah Berkembang Penuh.......................................54
3.1.4 Gradien Tekanan dan Faktor Friksi Dalam Daerah Berkembang Penuh.......55
3.2 Kondisi Thermal............................................................................................57
3.2.1 Temperatur Rata-rata.....................................................................................58
3.2.2 Hukum Pendinginan Newton.........................................................................59
3.2.3 Kondisi Berkembang Penuh...........................................................................59
3.3 Kesetimbangan Energi...................................................................................60
3.3.1 Fluks Kalor Permukaan Konstan....................................................................62
3.3.2 Temperatur Permukaan Konstan....................................................................62
3.4 Analisa Thermal dan Persamaan Konveksi Untuk Aliran Laminer
Di Dalam Tabung Sirkuler............................................................................. 63
3.4.1 Daerah Berkembang Penuh............................................................................64
3.4.2 Daerah Masukan Thermal..............................................................................64
3.5 Persamaan Konveksi Untuk Aliran Turbulen Di Dalam Tabung Sirkuler.....66
3.6 Persamaan Konveksi Untuk Aliran Di Dalam Tabung Non-Sirkuler............67

Bab IV Penukar Kalor................................................................................................69

4.1 Jenis-jenis Penukaran Kalor...........................................................................69

4.2 Koefisien Perpindahan Kalor Total................................................................72
4.3 Analisa Penukar Kalor: Penggunaan Batas, Temperatur Rata-rata
Logaritmik ( Log Mean Temperatur Difference)...........................................74
4.3.1 Penukar Kalor Parallel Flow..........................................................................76
4.3.2 Penukar Kalor Counterflow............................................................................78
4.3.3 Kondisi-kondisi Operasi Khusus....................................................................79
4.3.4 Penukar Kalor Multipass ( banyak laluan) dan Cross Flow...........................80
4.4 Analisis Penukar Kalor : Metode Efektivitas-NTU.......................................82
4.4.1 Definisi...........................................................................................................
4.4.2 Persamaan-persamaan Efektivitas-NTU........................................................84
4.5 Metodologi Kalkulasi Penukar Kalor.............................................................87