iv

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL.......................................................................................i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN........................................................................ii
KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................iii
DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .....................................................................................vii
DAFTAR TABEL...........................................................................................ix

BAB I PENDAHULUAN...........................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang...........................................................................1
1.2 Batasan Masalah.........................................................................3
1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan....................................................................3
1.3.1 Maksud..............................................................................3
1.3.2 Tujuan...............................................................................3
1.4 Metedologi Penulisan.................................................................3
1.4.1 Studi Literatur...................................................................3
1.4.2 Studi Kasus dan Diskusi....................................................3
1.5 Sistematika Penulisan.................................................................4

BAB II KARATERISTIK RESERVOIR..................................................5

2.1 Proses Geothermal.....................................................................5
2.2 Manifestasi Panas Bumi Dipermukaan......................................7
2.2.1 Tanah Hangat....................................................................7
2.2.2 Tanah dengan Uap Panas (hot Steaming Ground)............8
2.2.3 Kolam Air Panas (Hoot Pools)..........................................8
2.2.4 Telaga Air Panas (Hot Lakes)...........................................9
2.2.5 Mata Air Panas (Hot Springs)...........................................10
2.2.6 Fumaroles..........................................................................11
2.2.7 Geysers..............................................................................12
2.2.8 Kubangan Lumpur Panas Lumpur (Mud Pool).................12
2.2.9 Batuan Alterasi..................................................................13
2.3 Jenis-jenis Energi dan Sistem Panas Bumi................................13
2.3.1 Jenis-jenis Energi Panas Bumi..........................................14
2.3.2 Sistem Panas Bumi............................................................15
2.3.2.1 Sumber Panas.................................................................15
2.3.2.2 Aquifer...........................................................................16
2.3.2.3 Batuan Reservoir............................................................17
2.3.2.4 Batuan Penutup (Cap Rock)...........................................19
2.3.2.5 Struktur Patahan atau Rekahan......................................22
2.4 Sifat Batuan Panas Bumi............................................................23
2.4.1 Sifat Batuan.......................................................................23
2.4.1.1 Porositas.........................................................................23
2.4.1.2 Permeabilitas (k)............................................................23
2.4.1.4 Densitas .........................................................................24
2.4.1.5 Konduktivitas Panas (K)................................................24
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2.4.1.6 Panas Spesifik Batuan....................................................25

2.5 Sifat dan Jenis Fluida Panas Bumi.............................................25
2.5.1 Sifat Fluida........................................................................25
2.5.2 Sifat Fluida Satu Fasa........................................................26
2.5.2.1) Densitas (ρ)...................................................................26
2.5.2.2 Volume Spesifik (v).......................................................26
2.5.2.3 Energi Dalam (u)............................................................27
2.5.2.4 Enthalpi dan Panas Laten...............................................27
2.5.2.5 Entropi (s).......................................................................28
2.5.2.6 Viskositas.......................................................................29
2.5.2.7 Sifat Fluida Dua Fasa.....................................................30
2.5.2.8 Fluida Dua Fasa Di Dalam Batuan Reservoir................31
2.5.3 Geokimia Fluida Panas Bumi............................................33
2.5.3.1 Kandungan Kimia Fluida Panas Bumi...........................33

BAB III DASAR TEORI..............................................................................36

3.1 Aspek Penyelesaian Sumur Panas Bumi....................................36
3.1.1 Uji Komplesi (Completion Test).......................................36
3.1.2 Uji Panas (Heat Test)........................................................37
3.1.3 Uji Produksi .....................................................................38
3.1.3.1 Metode Pengukuran Satu Fasa.......................................39
3.1.3.2 Metode Pengukuran Dua Fasa........................................39
3.1.3.3 Metode Calorimeter........................................................39
3.1.3.4 Metode Lip Pressure......................................................39
3.1.3.5 Metode Separator...........................................................40
3.2 Steam Field System....................................................................40
3.2.1 Sumur................................................................................40
3.2.2 Kepala Sumur....................................................................41
3.2.3 Separator...........................................................................42
3.2.4 Silencer (AFT)..................................................................43
3.2.5 Pond...................................................................................44
3.2.6 Pipa Steam dan Pipa Brine................................................44
3.2.7 Sumur Injeksi....................................................................45
3.3 Komponen Distribusi Steam dan Brine......................................45
3.3.1 Brine Pump........................................................................46
3.3.2 Booster Pump....................................................................46
3.3.3 Weir Box...........................................................................47
3.3.4 By Pass Valve...................................................................47
3.4 Komponen Pembangkit Tenaga.................................................48
3.4.1 Turbin................................................................................48
3.4.2 Generator...........................................................................48
3.4.3 Main Condensor................................................................49
3.4.4 Cooling Tower..................................................................50
3.4.5 Scrubber............................................................................50
3.4.6 Demister............................................................................51
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3.4.7 Rock Muffler.....................................................................51

3.4.8 Hot Well Pump..................................................................52
3.4.9 After Coller.......................................................................53
3.4.10 Intercondensor.................................................................53
3.4.11 Governor.........................................................................54
3.4.12 Steam Ejector..................................................................55
3.5 Komponen Pendukung...............................................................55
3.5.1 Acid Pump.........................................................................55
3.5.2 Seal Water Pump...............................................................56
3.5.3 Valve.................................................................................57
3.6 Brine Management System........................................................57
3.6.1 Hot Brine System..............................................................58
3.6.2 Cold Brine System............................................................58
3.7 Pengantar Perhitungan...............................................................60
3.7.1 Metode Separator..............................................................60
3.7.2 Oriffice Meter....................................................................63
3.8 Prinsip Kerja...............................................................................66
3.8.1 Prinsip dan Persamaan Dasar............................................66
3.8.2 Aliran Inkompersibel Oriffice...........................................68
3.8.3 Aliran Kompersibel Melewati Oriffice.............................71
3.8.4 Permanent Pressure Loss...................................................72
3.9 Perangkat Alat Ukur Oriffice Flow Meter.................................73
3.10 Jenis Oriffice Plate...................................................................75
3.10.1 Concentric Oriffice..........................................................75
3.10.2 Counter Bore Oriffice......................................................75
3.10.3 Ecentric Oriffice..............................................................75
3.10.4 Quadrant Bore Oriffice....................................................75
3.10.5 Segmental Oriffice..........................................................76
3.10.6 Restriction Oriffice..........................................................77
3.11 Perhitungan Oriffice Meter......................................................77
3.11.1 Prosedur dan Urutan perhitungan....................................78

BAB IV PERHITUNGAN DAN ANALISA HASIL UJI PRODUKSI

METODE SEPARATOR MENGGUNAKAN ORIFFICE METER
..........................................................................................................
4.1 Data............................................................................................80
4.1.1 Data Sumur dan Data produksi.........................................80
4.2 Perhitungan dan Analis..............................................................83

BAB V PEMBAHASAN.................................................................................103
BAB VI KESIMPULAN.................................................................................108
DAFTAR PUSTAKA......................................................................................111
LAMPIRAN....................................................................................................112
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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Tanah Dengan Uap Panas.............................................................9

Gambar 2.2 Kolam Air Panas (Hot Pools).......................................................10
Gambar 2.3 Fumaroles......................................................................................11
Gambar 2.4 Geysers..........................................................................................12
Gambar 2.5 Kurva Hubungan Temperatur Saturasi terhadap Tekanan............ 22
Gambar 2.6 Kurva Hubungan Densitas Air dan Uap terhadap Tekanan 23
Saturasi......................................................................................... 24
Gambar 2.7 Kurva Hubungan Energi Dalam terhadap Tekanan Saturasi........ 24
Gambar 2.8 Kurva Hubungan Enthalpi terhadap Tekanan Saturasi................. 25
Gambar 2.9 Kurva Hubungan Enthalpi terhadap Temperatur Saturasi............ 28
Gambar 2.10 Kurva Hubungan Entropy terhadap Temperatur Saturasi........... 35
Gambar 2.11 Kurva Hubungan Viskositas Dinamik terhadap Temperatur......36
Saturasi.......................................................................................38
Gambar 2.12 Kurva Permeabilitas Relative Corey dan Kurva Garis Lurus ....38
Gambar 3.1 Skema Steam Field System...........................................................39
Gambar 3.2 Sumur Produksi.............................................................................40
Gambar 3.3 Kepala Sumur...............................................................................40
Gambar 3.4 Separator.......................................................................................41
Gambar 3.5 AFT (Atmospheric Flash Tank)....................................................42
Gambar 3.6 Pond atau Balong..........................................................................42
Gambar 3.7 Pipa Steam dan Pipa Brine............................................................43
Gambar 3.8 Sumur Injeksi................................................................................44
Gambar 3.9 Brine Pump...................................................................................44
Gambar 3.10 Booster Pump..............................................................................45
Gambar 3.11 Weir Box....................................................................................45
Gambar 3.12 ByPass Valve..............................................................................46
Gambar 3.13 Turbin..........................................................................................46
Gambar 3.14 (a) Rotor Generator (b) Stator Generator....................................47
Gambar 3.15 Main Condensor..........................................................................48
Gambar 3.16 Cooling Tower............................................................................48
Gambar 3.17 Scrubber......................................................................................49
Gambar 3.18 Demister......................................................................................50
Gambar 3.19 Rock Muffler...............................................................................50
Gambar 3.20 Hot Well Pump...........................................................................51
Gambar 3.21 After Coller.................................................................................51
Gambar 3.22 Intercondensor............................................................................52
Gambar 3.23 (a) MSV (b) SV-1 dan CV-1 (c) SV-2 dan CV-2.......................53
Gambar 3.24 Steam Ejector..............................................................................53
Gambar 2.37 Acid Pump..................................................................................55
Gambar 3.26 Seal Water Pump........................................................................57
Gambar 3.27 (a) Annulus Valve, (b) Wing valve, (c) Master valve.................60
Gambar 3.28 Proses Steam Field dan Power Plant...........................................61
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Gambar 3.29 Konstanta Radius Tapping Orifice.............................................63

Gambar 3.30 Oriffice Meter.............................................................................65
Gambar 3.31 Geometri Oriffice Plate Secara Umum.......................................67
Gambar 3.32 Prinsip Kerja Orifice...................................................................69
Gambar 3.33 Diagram Coefficient of Discharge (Cd)......................................70
Gambar 3.34 Diagram Koefisien Orifice..........................................................73
Gambar 3.35 Permanent Pressure Loss...........................................................74
Gambar 3.36 Quadrant bore orifice..................................................................74
Gambar 3.37 Segmental Orifice.......................................................................75
Gambar 3.38 Perbandingan Pressure loss orifice flowmeter dan restriction....75
Gambar 3.39 Multiplying Factor For Thermal Expansion...............................76
Gambar 4.1 Multiplying Factor For Thermal Expansion.................................77
Gambar 4.2 Grafik Konstata Radius.................................................................78
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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Klasifikasi Sistem Panas Bumi Berdasarkan....................................18

Tabel 2.2 Penentuan fluida Panasbumi.............................................................
Tabel 2.3 Analisa kandungan kimia.................................................................29
Tabel 4.1 data sumur dan produksi...................................................................78
Tabel 4.2 Vg (spesiifik volume uap).................................................................80
Tabel 4.3 Hasil perhitungan 0,25 Inchi ..........................................................85
Tabel 4.4 Hasil Perhitungan 0,5 Inchi..............................................................87
Tabel 4.5 vg (spesific volume uap)...................................................................90
Tabel 4.6 Hasil Perhitungan 0,75 Inchi............................................................93
Tabel 4.7 Hasil Perhitungan 0,8 Inchi..............................................................96
Tabel 4.8 Hasil Perhitungan 1 Inchi.................................................................98
Tabel. 4.9 Hasil Perhitungan 1,5 Inchi.............................................................101
Tabel 5.1 Hasil Perhitungan Metode Separator Menggunakan
Orifice Meter....................................................................................104
Tabel 5.2 Hasil Perhitungan Metode Separator Menggunakan
Orifice Meter....................................................................................105