Pertemuan 12 or november2001 2236 Indikator: Mahasiswa mampu menentukan solusi PDB Orde 2 Nonhomogen dengan 1. Metode Koefisien Tak Tentu 2. Metode Variasi Parameter 2.7 Nonhomogeneous ODEs We now advance from homogeneous to nonhomogeneous linear ODEs. Consider the second-order nonhomogeneous linear ODE a y” + play’ + q@dy = ra) (x) + Gr aye 50) Ly odvs ht > dn)» eons + che hy Xy welt PAS gqlasr =°@) =e * Spa sks © a WV. ago = 0 Ja) = Gary < obdtorrd' ahha) = COO Se Sol peers one A general solution of the nonhomogeneous ODE (1) on an open interval / is a solution of the form 8 YX) = yn) + yp(x); here, yn = c1y1 + cay is a general ‘pis any solution of (1) on J cont A particular solution of (1) on / is a solution obtained from (3) by assigning specific values to the arbitrary constants cy and c2 in yp.THEOREM 1 __ Relations of Solutions of (1) to Those of (2) (a) The sum of a solution y of (1) on some open interval I and a solution ¥ of (2) on Lis a solution of (1) on 1. In particular, (3) is a solution of (1) on 1. (b) The difference of two solutions of (1) on 1 is a solution of (2) on I. THEOREM 2 | AGeneral Solution of a Nonhomogeneous ODE Includes All Solutions If the coefficients p(x), 4x), and the function r(x) in (1) are continuous on some ‘open interval 1, then every solution of (1) on 1 is obtained by assigning suitable values to the arbitrary constants ¢, and cz in a general solution (3) of (1) on I. More precisely, the method of undetermined coefficients is suitable for linear ODEs with constant coefficients a and b w y" + ay! + by = rx) Choice Rules for the Method of Undetermined Coefficients (a) Basie Rule. if r(x) in (4) is one of the functions in the first column in Table 2.1, choose yy in the same line and determine its undetermined coefficients by substinuing yp and its derivatives into (4). (b) Modification Rule. If a (erm in your choice for yp happens to be a solution of the homogeneous ODE corresponding to (4), multiply this term by x (or by x? if this solution corresponds to a double root of the characteristic equation of the homogeneous ODE). (©) Sum Rule, /f r(x) is a sui of functions in the first column of Table 2.1, choose for yp the sum of the functions in the corresponding lines of the second column, ‘Table 2.1 Method of Undetermined Coefficients Term in r(x) Choice for p(x) k(n = 0,1, Kx" + Kyaan™) + + Kix + Ko kos ox Palins }ecosx + asin}rrcosox + Msin wx Jeri cos ae + Msin wx) 1-10] NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR ODEs: 2, 10y" + 50y" + 57.6) = cosx GENERAL SOLUTION Oo iy” + By! + 2y = 12x? Find a (real) general solution. State which rule you are 4, y" — 9y = 18 cos 7x using. Show each step of your work. @y" + 4y! + 4y = cox (By +59 + ay = ter 6 y" ty! +098 + by =e sine Goer Seed organs aN) 4 AY-0 fe: Arasar 40 rela n ay 20 ree" . ae Vee ee » Ser sha Nashonage Sey, (coy, Sacto (&): we” i. er oe oe “ye XeQ sce ‘! ASW ev AYA we -4« =e © xe™ss(ce * race’ * © CAC 210 SSeS. eee 53K Sp = Se © Gu we SS AIS <3 =q@ Ge "FeYe = Kaxttex th B= ax th Ye" = ake ke 4 BCakemtky ) 20 Kee Hoek) etx” The & Oke K+ Sher 4 2keX 4 Aleve tke = 12x" Dk x? A Oke x4 dks % 4 Der tHe take 11x" Aheela—y kyr Gka tah 07 ky * "18 Dr 4Wetde = OF We 21 ype Gx™ -V6% tal Y Sh 4 4p = Cre" 4G e* tee sal 1)" + 3y = 18x, (0) = -3, y'@) = 0 12. y" + 4y = ~12sin2x, 0) = 18, y'O=50 © Srlow (toraen ST asys 0 Pe. x x4 <0 D=4Bi ‘ Se Acost x + Gan x ® whe Nahoroye we ke xP atx Ee Se! = Ox ry Se NG au Nel nae = 18% . ak + B(ka x Hx x \Co) = (x © Bey x 4x e (ale, +31C.) * Baa Gas BK =0 =p Kao at vee ~Su 1O + pee BK =o =p Kao Akgtslo = 0 2G seo —e Kor“4 Ye 6x -4 ® Se wn Se = Aces & x Gun x + Oe 4 @ Sa Grew (te. ag G=.-7) Y= Ae05(6.0) + Gn (G.0) + bon 42 3 eo KR H4e-$ a -GPmGx 08a + Vx cos x bX-4 og Nez Keosax & Mxnnix (a{aNean Maggs) 2.10 Solution by Variation of Parameters We continue our discussion of nonhomogeneous linear ODES, that is a) "+ pany’ + qioy = r(x). In Sec. 2.6 we have seen that a general solution of (1) is the sum of a general solut Of the corresponding homogeneous ODE and any particular solution yp of (1). To ot when r(x) is not too complicated, we can often use the method of undetermined coefficie as we have shown in Sec. 2.7 and applied to basic engineering models in Secs. 2.8 and 2.9. However, since this method is restricted to functions r(x) whose derivatives are of a form similar to r(x) itself (powers, exponential functions, etc), itis desirable to have a method valid for more general ODEs (1), which we shall now develop. It is called the method of variation: of parameters and is credited to Lagrange (Sec. 2.1). Here p, g, r in (1) may be variablesimilar to r(x) sett (powers, exponential tunctions, etc.),1t18 desirable to have a method valid for more general ODEs (1), which we shall now develop. Its called the method of variation of parameters and is credited to Lagrange (Sec. 2.1). Here p, q, rin (1) may be variable (given functions of x), but we assume that they are continuous on some open interval J. Lagrange’s method gives a particular solution yp of (1) on / in the form = -y, [2 mar @ dp) = =f 2 de + ya [Ea where y1, y9 form a basis of solutions of the corresponding homogeneous ODE 8) y+ pany’ + qiy = 0 on J, and W is the Wronskian of y;, y2, 4) W = yaya — yavt (see Sec. 2.6). Idea of the Method. Derivation of (2) ‘What idea did Lagrange have? What gave the method the name? Where do we use the continuity assumptions? ‘The idea is to start from a general solution nO) = eyx(2) + enya) of the homogeneous ODE (3) on an open interval J and to replace the constants (“the parameters”) c, and cz by functions u(x) and v(x); this suggests the name of the method. We shall determine w and v so that the resulting function 6) ple) = wladya(a) + vGy202) is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous ODE (1). Note that yy exists by Theorem 3 in Sec. 2.6 because of the continuity of p and q on I. (The continuity of r will be used later.) ‘We determine u and v by substituting (5) and its derivatives into (1). Differentiating (5), we obtain Yp = uly + ut + v'ye + oye.Now yp must satisfy (1). This is one condition for wo functions u and v. It seems plausible that we may impose a second condition. Indeed, our calculation will show that we can determine w and v such that yp satisfies (1) and w and v satisfy as a second condition the equation © uly, + v'y2 = 0. This reduces the first derivative yy, to the simpler form @ Yp = wi + dys. Differentiating (7), we obtain (8) yp =u'yt + wt + v'ys + oye. ‘We now substitute yp and its derivatives according to (5), (7), (8) into (1). Collecting terms in w and terms in v, we obtain u(y + py + aya) + O02 + pys + aye) + u'yL + o'y2 = Since y; and yg are solutions of the homogeneous ODE (3), this reduces to (9a) uy +o’ = Equation (6) is (9b) u'y, + vy. = 0. ‘This is a linear system of two algebraic equations for the unknown functions u’ and v’. We can solve it by elimination as follows (or by Cramer's rule in Sec. 7.6). To eliminate v', we multiply (9a) by —yg_ and (9b) by y} and add, obtaining ul(yys — yey) = yer, thus uW = yor. Here, Wis the Wronskian (4) of y1, ¥2. To eliminate u’ we multiply (9a) by yy, and (9b) by —y{ and add, obtainingv'(uy2 ~ yay) = — yar, thus Since yy, y2 form a basis, we have W # 0 (by Theorem 2 (10) By integration, v'W= yr in Sec. 2.6) and can divide by W, ‘These integrals exist because r(x) is continuous. Inserting them into (5) gives (2) and completes the derivation. 1-13| GENERAL SOLUTION Solve the given nonhomogeneous linear ODE by variation of parameters or undetermined coefficients. Show the details of your work. 1. y" + 9y = sec 3x oe + 9y = ese 3x x?y" = dey’ + 2y = x9 sinx 4. y" — dy! + Sy =e esex Gy" + y= cons — sins 6. (D? + 6D + 9)y = 16e7#/(x? + 1) 7. (D® ~ 4D + Alyy = 6e%/x4 8. (D? + Aly = cosh 2x 9. (D® — 2D + Ny = 35x87e* 10. (D? + 2D + 2yy = 4e~* sec*x A. (x2D? = 4xD + 6l)y = 21x~* 12. (D? = Dy = 1/coshx 13. (2D? + xD — 9yy = 48x 14, TRAM PROJECT. Comparison of Methods. Inven- tion, The undetermined-coefficient method should be ‘used whenever possible because it is simpler. Compare it with the present method as follows. (a) Solve y” + 4y’ + 3y = 65 cos 2x by both methods, showing all details, and compare. "Dy! ty = ryt rary = 35x97 0% ry = ‘each method to a suitable function on (©) Experiment to invent an undetermined-coefficient method for nonhomogeneous Euler-Cauchy equations, © “ayy = RE BX be > 4970 9 AEN < tee om ox 1% ‘| C05 3K Som GA | Ww |S y! © [xzgink — $ cos = acos?(r) + 4 ton?) = 3 Cason amt %) 0 Aces). 25 J Jong=3 cos). 3 fos fade oa Hes S Jeo seal cos OX 9960) = = ~Co5 $x j tq H. SEC HW MYT aK (om Fm y 3s “COs HK ean ee x HK SA De eS % ges 44 Bo |oosse | & Exam ax Se Xn Ye . = feos ye + bon a 'g0oo Qn \ cos ax\ + x sin x