BAHAN AJAR

BAHASA INGGRIS

Disusun oleh
HENDRIANTO, S.S.,M.Si

Editor: LA ODE USMANI, S.Pd.,M.Pd

Program Studi Pendidikan Agama Islam

Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Syarif Muhammad Raha

Raha
2022

i
 KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur penyusun panjatkan kepada Allah Subhanahu wata’ala, atas segala
rahmat dan hidayah yang telah dilimpahkan-Nya sehingga diktat/materi pembelajaran
matakuliah Bahasa Inggris ini dapat penyusun selesaikan dengan baik.Selanjutnya salawat
dan salam penulis haturkan kepada Rasullulah Muhammad Shallallahu ‘alaihi
wasallam, beserta keluarga dan para sahabat Beliau yang telah membawa umat manusia
dari alam kegelapan ke alam yang penuh ilmu pengetahuan.
Pada umumnya kemampuan berbahasa Inggris mahasiswa kita masih rendah dan
belum menunjukkan minat yang memadai. Hal ini bisa disebabkan oleh banyak hal seperti
kurangnya kesempatan untuk pelajar bahasa Inggris dalam penggunaan bahasa tersebut
sejak jenjang-jenjang pendidikan sebelumnya. Berdasarkan pemikiran tersebut, modul
Bahasa Inggris ini diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu materi pegangan mahasiswa
dalam meningkatkan minat dan kemampuan berbahasa Inggris. Meskipun demikian
mahasiswa dituntut tetap belajar dan mencari sumber-sumber referensi lainnya yang dapat
mendukung kemampuan berbahasa Inggris mereka.
Penyusun menyadari bahwa buku bahan ajar ini tidak luput dari kekurangan. Oleh
karena itu, penulis sangat mengharapkan masukan ataupun kritikan yang membangun dari
sidang pembaca guna perbaikan buku bahan ajar ini kedepannya. Atas perhatiannya
penulis haturkan terima kasih

Raha, September 2022

Penyusun,

HENDRIANTO, S.S.,M.Si

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 DAFTAR ISI

SAMPUL DAN HALAMAN JUDUL................................................................................................i

KATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................................................ii

DAFTAR ISI.......................................................................................................................................v

UNIT 1 NOUN (KATA BENDA)...............................................................................................1

A. Definisi Noun ..................................................................................... ..................1

B. Fungsi Noun ....................................................................................... ..................1

C. Cara Mengubah Singular Noun menjadi Plural Noun .......................... ..................2

D. Countable dan Uncountable Noun ....................................................... ..................4

E. Abstract dan Concrete Noun......................................................................................4

F. Pembentukan Abstract Noun.....................................................................................4

G. Pembentukkan Noun dari Adjective..........................................................................7

H. Pembentukkan Noun dari Common Noun (Kata Benda Umum)..............................8

I. Soal Latihan....................................................................................................9

UNIT 2 ARTICLES (KATA SANDANG)...............................................................................16

A. Definisi Article.........................................................................................................12

B. Definite Articles.......................................................................................................12

C. Indefinite Article......................................................................................................12

D. Penggunaan A dan AN.............................................................................................13

E. Zero Articles.............................................................................................................14

F. Soal Latihan..............................................................................................................15

UNIT 3 QUANTIFIERS............................................................................................................16

A. Definisi Quantifiers...................................................................................................16

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 B. Penggunaan Some dan Any.......................................................................................16

C. Penggunaan Many, Much, dan A Lot of...................................................................18

D. Kesimpulan untuk Many, Much, dan A Lot of.........................................................18

E. Soal Latihan..............................................................................................................19

UNIT 4 PENGGUNAAN TO BE..............................................................................................22

A. Definisi To Be ..............................................................................................22

B. Fungsi To Be………………………………………………….....................22

C. Soal Latihan.............................................................................................................25

UNIT 5 VERB (KATA KERJA)..............................................................................................29

A. Definisi Verb ……………………………...................................................29

B. Pembagian Verb...........................................................................................29

C. Soal Latihan............................................................................................................33

UNIT 6 PRONOUN (KATA GANTI)....................................................................................36

A. Definisi Pronoun..........................................................................................36

B. Personal Pronouns........................................................................................36

C. Possessive Pronouns....................................................................................37

D. Demonstrative Pronouns..............................................................................38

E. Interrogative Pronouns.................................................................................38

F. Relative Pronouns........................................................................................39

G. Reflexive Pronouns......................................................................................40

H. Intensive Pronouns.......................................................................................40

I. Indefinite Pronouns......................................................................................41

J. Reciprocal Pronouns....................................................................................41

K. Soal Latihan.................................................................................................42

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UNIT 7 ADVERB ( KATA KETERANGAN)......................................................................44

A. Adverb of Place.........................................................................................44

B. Adverb of Frequency.................................................................................45

C. Adverb of Modality...................................................................................47

D. Adverb of Time.........................................................................................47

E. Adverb of Manner.....................................................................................49

F. Adverb of Degree......................................................................................51

G. Soal Latihan.........................................................................................................54

UNIT 8 AU XILIARY VERB (KATA KERJA BANTU).........................................57

A. Pengertian Auxiliary Verb........................................................................57

B. Penggunaan Auxiliary Verb......................................................................57

C. Soal Latihan..............................................................................................58

UNIT 9 CONJUNCTION (KATA SAMBUNG)......................................................61

A. Pengertian Conjunction.............................................................................61

B. Jenis-jenis Conjunction.............................................................................61

C. Soal Latihan..............................................................................................63

UNIT 10 DERIVATIVE WORDS (KATA-KATA TURUNAN).............................71

A. Definisi Derivative Words.......................................................................71

B. Penggunaan Derivative Words................................................................72

C. Soal Latihan.............................................................................................75

UNIT 11 TENSES........................................................................................................77

A. Definisi Tenses.........................................................................................77

B. Pembagian Tenses....................................................................................77

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 C. Soal Latihan.............................................................................................86

UNIT 12 UNDERSTANDING PARAGRAPH.......................................................92

A. Tujuan Materi.......................................................................................92

B. Definisi Paragraf...................................................................................92

C. Parts of Paragraph.................................................................................92

D. Soal Latihan..........................................................................................94

UNIT 12 TYPES OF TEXT......................................................................................96

A. Descriptive Text.....................................................................................96

B. Narrative Text........................................................................................99

C. Recount Text.........................................................................................104

D. Soal Latihan..........................................................................................108

DAFTAR PUSTAKA...............................................................................................................119

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 UNIT 1
NOUN (KATA BENDA)

A. Definisi Noun
Noun atau kata benda adalah kata yang mengacu pada nama orang (name of person), nama tempat
(name of place), nama benda (things), dan ide (idea).
Noun yang menunjukkan nama orang seperti Budi, Ani, dan lain-lain. Noun yang menunjukkan tempat
seperti pasar, hotel, masjid, dan lain-lain. Nama benda seperti besi, gula, batu, dan lain- lain. Nama ide
seperti hope (harapan), power (tenaga), dan lain-lain.
B. Fungsi Noun
a. Sebagai subjek di suatu kalimat
Example :
 Dina cooks rice in the kitchen
( Dina memasak nasi di dapur )
 Andi will go to market tomorrow morning
(Andi akan pergi ke pasar besok pagi)
 We ate ice cream yesterday
( kami makan es krim kemarin )
 I drank coffee last night
( Saya minum kopi tadi malam )
 I will sit behind you
( Saya akan duduk di belakangmu )

b. Sebagai Objek Pelengkap disuatu Kalimat

Example :
 My sister is a pharmacist
( Saudara perempuanku adalah seorang apoteker )
 Bima and Ani are students
( Bima dan Ani adalah siswa )
 Riana’s mother is a nurse
( Ibu Riana adalah seorang perawat )
 My uncle is a novelist
( Pamanku adalah seorang novelis )

c. Sebagai Objek Langsung (Direct Object)

Example :
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  Ani will buy a motorcycle for her brother
( Ani akan membeli sebuah sepeda motor untuk saudara laki-lakinya )
 He watches television every night
( Dia menonton televisi setiap malam)
 I have read the latest novel
( Saya sudah membaca novel terbaru )
 I will wash the clothes
( Saya akan mencuci pakaian )

d. Sebagai Objek Tak Langsung (Indirect Object)

Example :
 Indah bought her parents a house two years ago
( Indah membelikam orang tuanya sebuah rumah dua tahun lalu )
 I will give my sister a big doll
( Saya akan memberikan saudara perempuanku sebuah boneka besar )
 He has sent his father a letter
( Dia telah mengirimkan ayahnya sebuah surat)
 She has made her father a glass of tea
( Dia telah membuatkan ayahnya segelas the )

e. Sebagai Kata Keterangan (Adverb)

Example :
 My mother makes cakes in the kitchen
( Ibuku membuat kue di dapur )
 He grows vegetables in the garden
( Dia menanam sayur-mayur di kebun )
 Adi has had launched in the canteen
( Adi telah makan siang di kantin )
 I put the glass on the table
( Saya meletakkan gelas di atas meja )

C. Cara Mengubah Singular Noun (benda tunggal) menjadi Plural Noun (benda jamak)
a. Dengan menambahkan “s” pada kata benda tunggal
Example:
 Candle (lilin) = candles (lilin-lilin)
 Flower (bunga) = flowers (bunga-bunga)
 Door (pintu) = doors (pintu-pintu)
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  Spoon (sendok) = spoons (sendok-sendok)
 Cake (kue) = cakes (kue-kue)
b. Dengan menambah “es” jika kata benda tersebut diakhiri dengan huruf “s, z, x, sh, dan ch”.
Example:
 Glass (gelas) = glasses (gelas-gelas)
 Ass (keledai) = asses (keledai-keledai)
 Bench (bangku) = benches (bangku-bangku)
 Box (Kotak) = boxes (kotak-kotak)
c. Kata benda yang berakhiran huruf “y” dan didahului oleh konsonan maka cara membentuknya menjadi
jamak adalah dengan merubah “y” menjadi “ies”
Example :
 Copy (Salinan) = copies (salinan-salinan)
 Army (tentara) = armies (tentara-tentara)
 Enemy (musuh) = enemies (musuh-musuh)
d. Kata benda yang berakhiran “y” didahului oleh huruf vokal maka tinggal menambahkan “s” saja dan
jangan merubah “y” menjadi “ies”
Example :
 Toy (mainan) = toys (mainan-mainan)
 Key (kunci) = keys (kunci-kunci)
 Valley (lembah) = valleys (lembah-lembah)
e. Kata benda yang berakhiran “f” atau “fe” maka dirubah menjadi “ves”
Example :
 Knife = knives (pisau)
 Wolf = wolves (serigala)
 Thief = thieves (pencuri)
Catatan: tetapi ada beberapa kata benda yang berakhiran ‘f’ dan kita bisa hanya menambahkan ‘s’ saja.
Example:
 Proof = proofs (bukti)
 Roof = roofs (atap)
 Cliff = cliffs (karang)
f. Irregular Plurals (jamak tak beraturan)
Example:
 Ox = oxen (sapi jantan)
 Louse = lice (kutu)
 Cactus = cacti (kaktus)

D. Countable and Uncountable Noun

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 Countable Noun adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung sedangkan uncountable noun adalah kata
benda yang tidak dapat dihitung.
a. Countable Noun
Example:
 Banana (pisang) = two bananas (dua buah pisang)
 Book (buku) = some books (beberapa buku)
 Table (meja) = there are two tables (ada dua meja)
 Pen (fulpen) = some pens (beberapa fulpen)
 Doll (boneka) = there are three dolls (ada tiga boneka)
b. Uncountable Noun
Example:
Milk (susu), butter (mentega) , tea (teh) , coffee (kopi), rice (nasi)

Jika menggunakan media, maka uncountable noun tersebut dapat dihitung.

Example :
 A bottle of milk (satu botol susu)
 Two spoons of butter (dua sendok mentega)
 One cup of tea (satu cangkir kopi)
 Three glasses of coffee (tiga gelas kopi)
 One plate of rice (satu piring nasi)

E. Abstract and Concrete Noun

a. Abstract Noun adalah kata benda yang hanya bisa dipikirkan tanpa bisa disentuh oleh panca indra.
Example : Anger = marah ; Trust = kepercayaan
Justice = keadilan ; Fear = ketakutan
Energy = tenaga ; Confuse=bingung
b. Concrete Noun adalah kata benda yang bisa disentuh oleh panca indra.
Example : Boat = kapal ; Pen = fulpen
Stone = batu ; Bag = tas
Water = air ; Car = mobil

F. Pembentukan Abstract Noun

a. Perubahan Regular (Teratur)
(1) Verb + -ment
Example:
 Agree (setuju) = agreement (persetujuan)
 Argue (berdebat) = argument (perdebatan)
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  Replace (mengganti) = replacement (penggantian)
 Judge (menuduh) = judgement (tuduhan)
 Measure (mengukur) = measurement (pengukuran)
(2) Verb + -ion/-tion
Example:
 Act (berbuat) = action (perbuatan)
 Adopt (mengadopsi anak) = adoption (pengabdosian anak)
 Confuse (membingungkan) = confusion (bingung)
 Educate (mendidik) = education (pendidikan)
 Invite (mengundang) = invitation (undangan)
(3) Verb + -ence/-ance
Example:
 Perform (menampilakan) = performance (penampilan)
 Confide (mempercayakan) = confidence (kepercayaan)
 Attend (manghadiri) = attendance (kehadiran)
 Appear (menampakkan) = appearance (penampakan)
 Influent (memengaruhi) = influence (pengaruh)
(4) Verb + -ation
Example :
 Resign (mengundurkan) = resignation (pengunduran diri)
 Prepare (menyiapkan) = preparation (persiapan)
 Admire (mengagumi) = admiration (kekaguman)
(5) Verb + -ure
Example:
 Please (menyenangkan) = pleasure (kesenangan)
 Create (menciptakan) = creature (hasil karya)
 Compos (menenangkan diri) = composure (ketenangan)
 Depart (berangkat) = departure (keberangkatan)
 Press (menekan) = pressure (tekanan)
(6) Verb + -th
Example :
 Heal (menyehatkan) = health (kesehatan)
 Deep (mendalam/dalam) = depth (kedalaman)
 True (benar) = truth (kebennaran)
(7) Verb + -y
Example :
 Difficult (menyulitkan) = difficulty (kesulitan)
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  Discover (menemukan) = discovery (penemuan)
 Injure (melukai) = injury (luka)
 Recover (menyembuhkan) = recovery (kesembuhan)
(8) Verb + -or
Example :
 Counsel (nasihat) = counselor (penasihat)
 Invest (menanam) = investor (penanam modal)
 Project (proyek) = projector (proyektor)
 Protect (melindungi) = protector (pelindung)
 Process (mengolah) = processor (pengolah)
(9) Verb + -er/-r
Example :
 Play (memainkan) = player (pemain)
 Run (berlari) = runner (pelari)
 Buy (membeli) = buyer (pembeli)
 Sell (menjual) = seller (penjual)
 Call (memanggil) = caller (pemanggil/penelfon)
(10) Verb + -age
Example :
 Short (pendek) = shortage (kekurangan)
 Store (menyimpan) = storage (penyimpanan)
 Use (menggunakan) = usage (kegunaan)
(11) Verb + -al
Example :
 Deny (menyangkal) = denial (penyangkal)
 Survive (bertahan hidup) = survival (kelangsungan hidup)
 Refuse (menolak) = refusal (penolakan)
 Dismiss (membubarkan) = dismissal (pembubaran)
 Appraise (menilai) = appraisal (penilaian)
b. Perubahan Irregular (tidak teratur)
(1) Pembentukan Noun dari Verb tanpa perubahan.
Example:
 Love (cinta)
 Mind (pikiran)
 Drink (minuman)
 Aid (bantuan)
 Change (perubahan)
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  Smile (senyuman)
(2) Pembentukan yang tidak teratur
Example :
 Defend (membela) = defense (pembelaan)
 Receive (menerima) = receipt (penerimaan)
 Descend (menuruni) = descent (keturunan)
 Advised (menasihati) = advice (nasihat)

G. Pembentukkan Noun dari Adjective

a. Perubahan Regular (teratur)
(1) Adjective + -ness
Example :
 Sick (sakit) = sickness (kesakitan)
 Busy (sibuk) = business (kesibukan)
 Kind (baik hati) = kindness (kebaikan)
(2) Adjective + -ity
Example :
 Real (nyata) = reality (kenyataan)
 Possible(mungkin) = possibility (kemungkinan)
 Active (giat) = activity (kegiatan)
(3) Adjective + -ty/-y
Example :
 Honest (jujur) = honesty (kejujuran)
 Safe (aman) = safety (keamanan)
(4) Adjective + -ry
Example :
 Deliver (mengirimkan) = delivery (pengiriman)
 Discover (menemukan)= discovery (penemuan)
(5) Adjective + -ce
Example :
 Different(beda)= difference (perbedaan)
 Diligent (rajin) = diligence (kerajinan)
 Patient (sabar) = patience (kesabaran)
(6) Adjective + -ion
Example :
 Educate (mendidik) = education (pendidikan)
 Irigate (mengairi) = irrigation (pengairan)
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  Elect (memilih) = election (pemilihan)

b. Perubahan Irregular (tidak teratur)

(1) Perubahan adjective menjadi noun tanpa adanya imbuhan
Example : Elastic (elastik), secret (rahasia), ideal (idaman)
(2) Bentuk Irregular (tidak tetap) dari Adjectives (kata sifat) menjadi Nouns (kata benda)
Example :
 Proud (bangga) = pride (kebanggaan)
 Angry (marah) = anger (kemarahan)
 Strong (kuat) = strength (kekuatan)

H. Pembentukan Noun dari Common Noun (Kata Benda Umum)

a. Common Noun + -ship
Example :
 Champion (juara) = championship (kejuaraan)
 Owner (pemilik) = ownership (hak milik)
 Town (kota) = township (kota kecil)
b. Common Noun + -hood
Example :
 Mother (ibu) = motherhood (keibuan)
 Father (ayah) = fatherhood (keayahan)
 Girl (anak perempuan) = girlhood (masa gadis)
c. Common Noun + -doom
Example :
 King (raja) = kingdoom (kerajaan)
d. Common Noun + -ism
Example :
 Structural (structural) = structuralism (srukturalisme)
 Material (bahan) = materialism (materialisme)
 Imperial (kerajaan) = imperialism (imperialism)
e. Common Noun + -cy
Example :
 Agen (agen/wakil) = agency (perwakilan)
 Inflant (bayi) = inflancy (masa kecil)
 Bankrupt (bangkrut) = bankruptcy (kebangktutan)

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Task 1

Use the words in the list to complete the sentences. Use the plural form if necessary. Some sentences have more
than one possible completion.

 Bar
 bottle
 bowl
 cup
 glass
 loaf
 piece
 sheet
 spoonful
 tube

1.I drank a______of coffee

2.I bought two______of cheese

3.I bought a________of milk at the supermarket

4.I drank a_______of orange juice

5.I put ten_______of gas in my car

6.I had a________of soup for lunch

7.There are 200_____of lined paper in my notebook

8.I used two________of bread to make a sandwich

9.I put a________of honey in my tea

10.Let me give you a________of advice

Task 2

Choose the best answer from the words in the bracket for every sentence!

Bar
Cup
Glass
Bottle
Piece
Package
Slice
Plate
Bowl
Bucket

9
1. I very like eating a _______ of chocolate at night.
2. My father buys a ______ of water for me after running for 20 minutes.
3. My mother always says to me to drink a _____ of milk in the morning.
4. Nita likes eating a ______ of chips while watching a movie.
5. Naomi does not want to share a ______ of pizza to Julian.
6. Mr. Aiden likes to drink a _____ of coffee in the morning.
7. I want to make a _____ of chicken soup for my mother.
8. My brother does not want to bring a ______ of water to the bathroom.
9. My friend gives me a _____ of red velvet cake and it is so delicious.
10. Mrs. Bauer’ favorite food is a _____ of fried rice.

Task 3

Choose the best answer!

1. Call the ______ to help the patient to go to the hospital.

a. Police office
b. Post office
c. Ambulance
d. Clinic

2. My mother is watching ______ now.

a. A TV
b. A magazine
c. A newspaper
d. A radio

3. My mother always remind me to brush my _______ before sleeping.

a. Foot
b. Teeth
c. Shoes
d. Dress

4. _____ is a kind of Indonesian food.

a. Pizza
b. Sushi
c. Fried rice
d. Kebab

5. I am so sorry, all _______ in this restaurant have been booked.

a. Rooms
b. Chairs
c. Pools
d. Tables

6. I need _____ to buy food or drink.

a. Money
b. Paper
c. Book
d. Wallet

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7. Before entering someone’s house, we need to take off our _______ outside.
a. Bags
b. Shoes
c. Clothes
d. Caps

8. Will you and your sister go to the _____ to watch a football match?
a. Hospital
b. Cinema
c. Stadion
d. Theater

9. I do not know the _______ to buy some books.

a. House
b. Studio
c. Clinic
d. Place

10. _____ is the place to borrow some books at school.

a. Canteen
b. Classroom
c. Library
d. Teacher office

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 UNIT 2

ARTICLES (KATA SANDANG)

A. Definisi Articles

Dalam belajar bahasa Inggris seringkali ditemukan articles atau kata sandang dalam sebuah
kalimat bahasa Inggris. Articles dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu definite articles dan indefinite articles.

B. Definite articles

Definite articles adalah kata sandang tertentu yang berupa kata sandang ‘the’ dan digunakan pada
bentuk-bentuk kata tertentu saja. Article THE dalam bahasa Inggris disebut juga definite article. Definite
berarti pasti/tentu/jelas. Article ini digunakan untuk sesuatu yang khusus atau spesifik.

Contoh:

1. Open the door!

2. Cut the cake!

3. I love the girl!

Pada contoh di atas article ‘The’ menunjukkan bahwa benda itu spesifik baik pembicara dan lawan bicara
sudah mengetahui benda yang dimaksud. Artinya, jika kita mengatakan ‘close the door!’ berarti
pembicara dan lawan bicara sudah mengetahui pintu mana yang akan ditutup.

Selain itu, article ‘the’ juga bisa diletakkan sebelum kata benda jamak (plural nouns), misalnya; The
students, the books, the cars.

C. Indefinite Articles

Indefinite articles memakai kata sandang ‘a’ dan ‘an’ yang memiliki arti sebuah. Indefinite berarti tidak
pasti/tidak tentu/tidak jelas. Dalam bahasa Inggris article A dan AN bisa berarti
sesuatu/sebuah/seekor/seorang dst. Jadi arti dari artikel tersebut tergantung pada kata benda sesudahnya.

Contoh:

 An apple = sebuah apel

 A lady = seorang wanita

 A cat = seekor kucing

 A leaf = sehelai daun

 An hour = sejam (satu jam).

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  Pengecualian untuk Indefinite Articles
Indefinite articles hanya digunakan pada benda tunggal saja, tapi ada beberapa penggunaan A dan
AN yang tidak menunjukkan tunggal tetapi menunjukkan jamak.Walaupun menggunakan A dan
AN yang menunjukkan jamak ini tidak bisa dibilang sebagai indefinite articles, namun perlu juga
anda ketahui karena hal ini bisa saja menjebak anda nantinya. Berikut beberapa contoh
penggunaan A dan AN yang bermakna jamak.

A dan an yang berarti jamak Arti Contoh

A couple of Beberapa A couple of apples
A few Sedikit (tapi lebih dari satu) A few apples
A number of Beberapa A number of apples
A little Beberapa A little rice
An amount of Beberapa An amount of rice
A deal of Beberapa A deal of rice
A lot of Beberapa/banyak A lot of rice

D. Penggunaan A dan AN

Perlu diingat bahwa artikel a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), dan
tidak boleh diikuti secara langsung oleh uncountable noun (benda yang tidak dapat dihitung).

Contoh;

I am looking for a sugar (salah)

I am looking for sugar (benar)

She has a water (salah)

She has water (benar)

My father need a salt (salah)

My father need salt (benar)

Seperti dijelaskan sebelumnya bahwa artikel A dan AN disebut juga indefinite article. Indefinite
berarti sesuatu yang tidak tentu/ sesuatu yang tidak pasti dengan kata lain masih umum dan belum
spesifik.

Contoh: I have a book at home (saya mempunyai sebuah buku di rumah)

Jika kita mengatakan ‘a book’ berarti lawan bicara kita tidak mengetahui buku apa yang kita punya,
karena pastinya banyak jenis buku di rumah kita. Berarti makna yang bisa diambil adalah masih bersifat
umum, belum spesifik buku apa dan buku yang mana yang kita maksud

13
Pada penggunaannya AN digunakan di depan kata benda tunggal yang dimulai dengan huruf/bunyi vokal
(a,i,u,e,o) dan A digunakan di depan kata benda tunggal yang dimulai dengan huruf/ bunyi konsonan.

Cat: a University, an hour, an umbrella,

E. Zero Articles

Zero article umum digunakan apabila sesuatu tidak bisa dibedakan apakah termasuk definite (pasti) atau
indefinite (tidak pasti), dengan kata lain zero article adalah peniadaan article sebelum kata benda tersebut.

1. Zero article digunakan di depan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung.

Misalnya: I like a rabbits (salah)

I like rabbits (benar)

A stars are beautiful (salah)

Stars are beautiful (benar)

2. Zero article digunakan di depan kata benda tunggal yang tidak dapat dihitung

Misalnya: I like a juice (salah)

I like juice (benar)

The English is fun (salah)

English is fun (benar)

3. Zero article digunakan di depan kata benda khusus/diri (proper noun).

Misalnya: My name is a Tom (salah)

My name is Tom (benar)

I live in a Indonesia (salah)

I live in Indonesia (benar)

14
Task 1

Isi bagian yang kosong dengan article a, an, atau the!

1. My father works as ___ engineer.

2. I prefer to choose ___ blue T-shirt rather than ___ red one.
3. Is your father still working in ___ old company?
4. I know who ___ murder is.
5. ___ sun is shining bright.
6. I will show you ___ reason why I am so excited.
7. My mother has ___ terrible headache.
8. Can you buy me ___ pair of shoes?
9. Do you want to see ___ interesting movie with me?
10. I know ___ problem between you and him.
11. Give me ___ chance to fix this problem.
12. I have read ___ amazing life story.
13. ___ weather of today is quite unpredictable.
14. Is she ___ American?
15. I saw ___ very beautiful creature, but I don’t know ___ name is.

Task 2

Isi bagian yang kosong dengan article a, an, atau the!

1. ___ bird live in ___ cage. ___ cage is new.

2. I need ___ piece of paper.
3. Who is ___ owner of this book?
4. You have been 20, but you are still like ___ child.
5. I will go to ___ cinema with you.
6. Do you know what ___ capital city of Indonesia is?
7. Would you mind to wake me up in ___ morning?
8. Please, don’t make ___ noise.
9. I have told you ___ American joke just now.
10. I don’t know anything about ___ track records of my new governor.
11. Their mother is ___ tax consultant.
12. Would you like to tell me ___ best moment of your life?
13. There isn’t ___ lot of furniture in my room.
14. ___ purpose of my life is living with you.
15. What is ___ answer of my question?

Task 3

Fill the blanks below with article a, an, or the!

1. Jenny want go to ____ Eiffel Tower

2. Everyday I ride bike to _____ School
3. My mom go to ____ mall
4. They've got ____ idea.
5. He is drinking ____ cup of coffee.
6. The girl is ____ pilot.
7. Muna Barat has _____ airport.
8. This is ____ expensive bike.
9. Look! There's _____ bird flying.
10. My father is _____ oldest person in the office.

15
 UNIT 3

QUANTIFIERS

A. Definisi Quantifiers

Quantifier adalah kata yang menunjukkan kuantitas benda dan juga bisa dikatakan sebagai kata
yang menunjukkan jumlah benda tersebut.

Beberapa contoh quantifier yang paling umum antara lain: some, any, much, many, a little, a few, a lot,
several, enough.

Quantifier dapat dibedakan beberapa bagian yaitu;

1. Neutral quantifier (quantifier netral) seperti some, any, a number of, enough

2. Quantifier of large quantity (untuk jumlah yang besar) seperti much, many, a lot of, plenty of, a great
number of, etc.

3. Quantifier of small quantity (untuk jumlah kecil) seperti a few, a little, not many, not much, a number of,
etc.

Catatan: Perlu diperhatikan bahwa untuk memahami quantifier ini, kita harus memahami dulu masalah
countable dan uncountable nouns karena beberapa dari quantifier tersebut dalam pemakaiannya sangat
berhubungan dengan countable dan uncountable nouns dan juga kalimat positif/affirmative, kalimat
negative dan kalimat interrogative.

B. Penggunaan Some dan any

Some dan any boleh dipakai pada kata benda yang dapat dihitung (countable noun) ataupun yang
tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable noun).

o Pemakaian some

1. Some biasanya dipakai dalam kalimat berita atau kalimat positif (affirmative or positive sentence)

 Dengan kata benda yang dapat dihitung dalam bentuk jamak.

Example: - This magazine has some beautiful pictures.

(Majalah ini menyajikan beberapa gambar yang indah)

- I want some books. (saya ingin beberapa buku)

 Dengan kata benda yang dapat dihitung dalam bentuk tunggal.

Example: - He will come some day next week. ( Ia akan datang suatu hari dalam minggu depan)

- I have met you some place. ( saya telah berjumpa dengan anda di suatu tempat)
16
 Dengan kata benda tunggal yang tidak dapat dihitung

Example: - I have some money. (saya mempunyai sejumlah/sedikit uang)

- He gave me some advice. ( Dia memberi saya sedikit nasihat).

2. Some juga dipakai dalam kalimat tanya yang mengharapkan jawaban positif.

- Will you bring me some water? (sudikah anda mengambilkan sedikit air buat saya?)

- Would you like some tea? (sukakah anda minum sedikit teh?)

Cat: pemakaian will you...? Meskipun bentuknya pertanyaan namun pada hakikatnya adalah perintah.
Penggunaan will you maupun would you sejatinya berfungsi untuk menunjukkan sikap sopan dalam
memerintah orang lain.

o Pemakaian any

1. Any harus dipakai pada kalimat tanya, jika si penanya belum tahu jawabannya ya atau tidak.

Example: - Have you any lessons to prepare? (Adakah beberapa pelajaran yang anda persiapkan?

- Have you any books? (Apakah anda mempunyai beberapa buku?)

2. Any harus dipakai dalam kalimat menyangkal ( kadang-kadang perkataan any dalam kalimat
menyangkal tidak diterjemahkan).

Example: - She has not any paper (Ia tidak mempunyai kertas).

- I haven’t any books (saya tidak mempunyai buku).

3. Any tidak dipakai dalam pernyataan positif/ kalimat berita yang biasa kecuali dengan tekanan keras
dalam arti apa saja, siapa pun, kapan pun, dsb.

Example: - Any one can do it (siapapun dapat melakukannya)

- Any book will do ( buku apa saja boleh)

- You may come at any time ( anda boleh datang kapan saja).

4. Not any = no

Example : - I have not any money with me = I have no money with me. (saya tidak mempunyai uang)

- There are not any flowers in the garden = There are no flowers in the garden

17
C. Penggunaan Many, Much dan A lot of

Many, much, dan a lot of ketiga-tiganya berarti banyak. Namun cara penggunaan ketiga kata itu
adalah sebagai berikut:

1) Many

Many dipakai di depan kata benda yang dapat dihitung (countable noun). Misalanya buku, mobil,
orang, dll.

Example: - She hasn’t many books (Ia tidak mempunyai banyak buku)

- Have they many cars? ( apakah mereka punya banyak mobil?)

- There are many people in the cinema (ada banyak orang di bioskop)

2) Much

Much digunakan di depan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable noun). Misalnya air,
gula, tinta, dll.

Example: - There is much water in this well (ada banyak air di dalam sumur ini)

- She hasn’t much sugar ( ia tidak mempunyai banyak gula)

- There is much ink in the bottle ( ada banyak tinta dalam botol ini)

3) A Lot of

Dalam kalimat berita, a lot of dapat dipakai untuk menyatakan banyak baik untuk countable
maupun uncountable noun.

Example: - I have a lot of books

- There are a lot of students in the classroom.

- They have a lot of rice

- There is a lot of water

Catatan: Kata-kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung selalu tunggal karena tidak mempunyai bentuk jamak.

Jadi kesimpulan untuk many, much, dan a lot of adalah:

1. Dalam kalimat berita, pakailah a lot of

2. Dalam kalimat menyangkal, pakailah much untuk benda yang tidak dapat dihitung

3. Dalam kalimat tanya pakailah much untuk benda yang tidak dapat dihitung atau many untuk benda yang
dapat dihitung.

18
 Example:

Pada countable noun

(+) He has a lot of books.

(-) He hasn’t many books

(?) Has he many books?

Pada uncountable noun

(+) He has a lot of sugar

(-) He hasn’t much sugar

(?) Has he much sugar?

Catatan: Dalam kalimat berita, many boleh digunakan dalam pernyataan yang mengandung pengertian
umum ( general sense)

Contoh: - Many people love prophet Muhammad peace be upon him

- Many men prefer girl to widow.

Akan tetapi jika kalimat beritanya tidak mengandung pengertian umum, pakai saja a lot of sebagai
pengganti many.

D. Penggunaan Few, A Few, Little and a Little

a) Few
Few berarti not many atau dengan perkataan lain berarti sedikit/tidak banyak. Few dipakai di depan
kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung seperti few people, few book, etc.
Example: - There are few people in the Campus.
- There are few pencils in the drawer.
b) A Few
A few berarti several atau beberapa. A few dipakai di depan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung
seperti a few days, a few books, a few friends, etc.
Example: - I wish you would stay here a few days
- I have a few friends besides you

Jadi perbedaan antara Few dan a few adalah: Few berarti sedikit dan a few berarti beberapa.

c) Little
Little berarti not much yang berarti tidak banyak atau sedikit jumlahnya. Little dipakai di depan kata
benda tunggal yang tidak dapat dihitung seperti little time, little money, etc.
Example: - I have little time to do it.
19
 - There is little hope for him to recover.
d) A Little
A little berati sedikit. A little dipakai di depan kata benda tunggal yang tidak dapat dihitung seperti a
little time, a little money, a little bread, etc.
Example: - He has a little money with him.
- Please give me a little bread!.

Jadi perbedaan antara Little dan a little adalah: little berarti sedikit (hampir tidak ada) dan a little berarti
sedikit.

Task 1
Fill the blanks with much, many, a little, a few, a lot of, some or any!
1. I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got.....to do.
2. Most of the town is modern. There are.... old buildings.
3. Ani is very busy these days. She has... free time.
4. The weather has been very dry recently.We’ve had .... rain.
5. Did you take.... photographs when you were on holiday?
6. Do you know...English grammar rules?
7. There are... dogs in the park. Too many. I don’t like them
8. Can I have.... sugar in my tea, please? Not too much.
9. How .... students are there in your course?
10. Is there .... information on American culture?

Task 2
Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, or d !

1. I have .......... books although I don't like reading.

a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

2. Brianna got ........... friends. She is an introvert.

a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

3. There is .......... money left in my wallet. I’m broke, I cannot pay more for the rent.
a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

4. I've got ...... time this afternoon. Let's meet and have lunch.
20
a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

5. I want to watch a concert. There are no empty seats in the front row, but there are... available seats in the
back.
a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

6. This neighborhood is so quiet. There are only …kids.

a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

7. I have .......... novels. I prefer comics.

a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

8. There is .............. rice left. I'm so hungry.

a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

9. The baby is crying. But there is ............... milk in the bottle.

a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

10. Shinna doesn’t want to get wet because she only brings..............clothes.
a. little
b. a little
c. few
d. a few

21
 UNIT 4

PENGGUNAAN TO BE

A. Definisi TO BE

To be (am, is, are) atau (was, were) berarti ada atau adalah, tetapi dalam bahasa Indonesia pada umumnya
to be tidak diterjemahkan.

Tabel To be dan pasangan subjeknya:

SUBJEK To Be ( bentuk To be (bentuk lampau)

sekarang)

I (Saya) Am was

You (kamu) Are were

We (kita) Are were

He (dia laki-laki} Is was

She (dia wanita) Is was

It (dia Is was
benda/hewan/tumbuhan)

You (kalian) Are were

They (mereka) Are were

B. Fungsi TO BE

To be digunakan sebagai penghubung antara subjek dan predikat. Predikat suatu kalimat dapat terdiri atas:

1. Kata sifat (adjective)

2. Kata benda (noun)

3. Kata keterangan/tambahan (adverb)

22
 4. Kata kerja (verb) yang menyatakan sedang melakukan sesuatu

Dalam menghubungkan subjek dan predikat to be dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan subjek (pelaku).

Perhatikan contoh berikut!

1. Predikat dalam kata sifat (adjective)

I am happy

You are right

He is handsome

She is beautiful

It is wild

We are healthy

You are rich

They are diligent

2. Predikat kalimat kata benda (noun)

I am a teacher

You are a doctor

He is a student

She is a singer

It is a bag

We are Dutch

You are physicists

They are journalists

3. Predikat kalimat kata keterangan (adverb)

I am in the room

You are in the class

He is in the bathroom
23
 She is in the garden

it is there on the table

We are at home

You are in the park

They are in the zoo

4. Predikatnya kata kerja yang menyatakan sedang melakukan sesuatu

I am reading a book

You are studying English

He is sitting

She is watching television

It is eating grass

We are drinking lemonade

You are working hard

They are sleeping

Semua bentuk kalimat yang disebutkan sebelumnya merupakan kalimat berita/kalimat positif( affirmative
sentence). Setelah kita memahami contoh-contoh tersebut di atas maka kita dapat mengubah kalimat positif
tersebut ke dalam bentuk kalimat yang lain yaitu:

1. Kalimat negatif/kalimat menyangkal (negative sentence). Caranya adalah dengan menambahkan not
setelah to be.

Example: He is not handsome.

They are not teachers

We were not Journalists

Etc.

2. Kalimat tanya (Interrogative sentence). Caranya adalah dengan meletakkan to be di depan subjek.

Example: is he handsome? Jawabannya bisa yes he is atau no he is not

24
 Are they teachers? Jawabannya bisa yes they are atau no they are not

Were we Journalists? Jawabannya bisa yes we were atau no we were not

3. Kalimat tanya menyangkal (negative interrogative). Caranya adalah to be yang ditambahkan dengan not
diletakkan di awal kalimat.

Example: Isn’t he handsome? = tidakkah/bukankah ia tampan?

Aren’t they teachers? = tidakkah/bukankah mereka guru-guru?

Weren’t we Journalists? = bukankah kami (dulunya) para wartawan?

4. Imperative sentence (kalimat perintah). Dalam kalimat imperative, to be tidak berubah dan be diletakkan di
awal kalimat.

Example: Be careful, please = berhati-hatilah

Be a doctor! = jadilah seorang dokter

Catatan: Kata please bisa diletakkan di awal maupun di akhir kalimat. Kalau kata please diletakkan di awal
kalimat, maka tanda koma tidak dipakai setelah please; Please be careful.

Akan tetapi jika please berada di posisi akhir kalimat maka tanda koma dipakai sebelum please; Be careful,
please

Ketika kata please dihapus maka kalimat-kalimat perintah itu harus diakhiri tanda seru;

Example: Be careful! = Hati-hatilah!

Be careful with those eggs! = Hati-hatilah dengan telur-telur itu !

Be honest! = jujurlah!

Catatan tambahan; Untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung pasangan to be-nya adalah is atau was dalam
bentuk lampau.

Example: This ink is black

This paper is white

This water was hot

Task 1
Fill the gap below with I am, You are, They are, We are, He is, She is, or It is. Look at the translation!
1. ______________ a girl. (saya adalah seorang perempuan)
2. ______________ classmates (kami adalah teman sekelas)
3. ______________ Indonesian (mereka adalah orang indonesia)
4. ______________ a student (kamu adalah seorang murid)
25
 5. ______________ my mother (dia adalah ibuku)
6. ______________ my son (dia adalah anak laki-lakiku)
7. ______________ a beautiful flower (itu adalah bunga yang cantik)
8. ______________ a crocodile’s egg (itu adalah telur buaya)
9. ______________ a good boy (aku adalah laki-laki baik)
10. ______________ fisherman (kami adalah nelayan)

Task 2
Translate this sentence into English!
1. Dia (perempuan) adalah teman saya
_____________________________
2. Saya adalah orang Korea
_____________________________
3. Kami adalah pemain bola
_____________________________
4. Aku adalah seorang penyanyi
_____________________________
5. Dia (laki-laki) adalah seorang dokter
_____________________________
6. Mereka adalah keluargaku
_____________________________
7. Ini adalah tasku
_____________________________
8. Ini adalah anjingku
_____________________________
9. Kami adalah pemain bola
_____________________________
10. Ini adalah kamarku
_____________________________

Task 3
Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, d, or e !

1. They … studying English right now.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

26
2. I … busy last night.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

3. According to the weather report, it … going to be cloudy tomorrow.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

4. Budi … watching TV when somebody knocked the door yesterday.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

5. My friend and I … Indonesian.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

6. I met Tomi when he … attending a party.

a. Is

b. Am

27
 c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

7. Mathematics … the most difficult subject.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

8. The police … catching those robbers right now.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

9. The old women … having lunch when the robbery happened.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

10. I … studying English right now.

a. Is

b. Am

c. Are

d. Was

e. Were

28
 UNIT 5

VERB

A. Definisi Verb

Kata kerja (verb) didefinisikan sebagai kata yang menunjukkan tindakan yang dilakukan subjek. Namun
ada beberapa verb yang tidak melakukan aksi contohnya adalah be, exist, seen dan belong.

B. Pembagian Verb

1. Finite Verb
Finite verb adalah kata kerja utama dalam sebuah kalimat yang dapat menjelaskan bentuk dari kalimat
itu sendiri, apakah berbentuk masa lalu (past), bentuk sekarang (present), atau masa depan
(future).Finite verb pada kata kerja atau main verb nya selalu mengalami perubahan. Perubahannya
didasarkan pada subjek/person, tenses dan number.
- Person
Example: I play basketball every day
He plays basketball every day
- Tenses
Example :She played the piano
She sings a song
- Number
Example: There is an apple on the table
There are five apples on the table

2. NON FINITE VERB

Non Finite verb tidak mengalami perubahan. Non Finite verb memiliki 3 bentuk yaitu:
1. Infinitive (to+V1) example: to spend, to speak, to write
2. Gerund (Verb+ing) example: painting is my hobby
3. Participle
- Present participle (verb 1+ ing)
- past participle (Verb 3)
Fungsi dari non finite verb yaitu:
1. As an adjective. Example: The sleeping cat is brown

29
 2. As an adverb. Example: I ask the students to finish home work.
3. As a noun. Example : Running is a good habit

3. Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary verb adalah jenis kata kerja yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk memodifikasi makna
dari sebuah kata kerja. Kemunculannya adalah sebelum kata kerja utama. Auxiliary verb dibagi 2 yaitu
primary auxiliary dan modal auxiliary

Pembagian Auxiliary Verb

1. Primary auxiliary verb

Do Be Have

Do Is Has

Does Are Have

Did Am Had

Was

Were

Be

Being

Been

Contoh Kalimat:
1. He is my brother
2. They have played football for an hour.
3. I don’t buy a car every day

2. Modal Auxiliary Verb

Contohnya seperti: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, etc.
Contoh kalimat:
30
 1. We can buy it every Sunday.
2. I could play futsal well last year.
3. May I ask you to bring my bag?

3.Linking Verb
Linking Verb adalah kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan
antara subjek dengan berbagai informasi tentang subjek tersebut. Karena linking verb tidak memberikan
aksi terhadap objeknya maka digolongkan kepada jenis intransitive verb
Linking Verb dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu verb of sensation dan verb of being.

1. Verb of Sensation
Contohnya adalah feel, look, smell, sound, appear, become, get, grow, keep, prove, remain, seem,
stay, turn, and taste
Contoh kalimat:
1. She is looked so beautiful. (Dia terlihat begitu cantik).
2. I taste my sister’s food. (saya mencicipi masakan adik perempuanku)

2. Verb of Being

Contohnya adalah is, am, are, was, were, dan be. Pada penggunaannya, am, is, are untuk present tense,
was dan were untuk past tense, dan be untuk imperative.

Contoh kalimat:

1. She was a student here. (dia dulu seorang murid di sini).

2. They were studying English last night (mereka sedang belajar bahasa Inggris tadi malam)

3. Jhon is taking a bath now.

4. Transitive Verb

Transitive verb adalah jenis kata kerja yang memerlukan objek dalam penggunaannya di sebuah kalimat.
Artinya, apabila tidak ada objek maka kalimatnya akan janggal. Contoh transitive verb adalah; take, eat, drink,
buy, sell, bring, put, catch, etc.

Contoh kalimat:

1. Muhammed Shalah takes the free kick. (Muhammad Shalah melakukan tendangan bebas)

2. They buy some vegetables in the market.

3. I put my pen on the table.

31
5. Intransitive Verb

Intransitive verb merupakan jenis kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan objek.

Intransitive verb biasanya diikuti oleh adjective, adverb dan prepositional phrase. Selanjutnya intransitive verb ini
tidak bisa dirubah dalam bentuk pasif. Contoh intransitive verb adalah; come, go, sleep, arrive.

Contoh kalimat:

1. The students always come earlier than the teacher.

2. Andi went to Yuni’s wedding party yesterday

3. Katty arrives in her house at three o’clock.

6. Regular dan Irregular Verb

Untuk menandai atau membentuk sebuah kata regular, dapat diketahui pada bentuk past tense dan past
participle nya mendapatkan akhiran –en, -d, -ed, -t, -ne, dan –n, sedangkan irregular verb tidak diketahui
makanya harus dihafal.

Contoh perubahan base form pada Regular Verb yaitu:

Base Form Past Tense Past Participle Arti

Study Studied Studied Belajar

Walk Walked Walked Berjalan

Clean Cleaned Cleaned Membersihkan

decide Decided decided Memutuskan

Contoh kalimat:

1. He studies English every day. (base form)

He studied English two years ago (past tense)

2. I walk around the park every morning (base form)

I walked around the park last week (past tense)

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Contoh perubahan base form pada irregular verb yaitu:

Base form Past Tense Past Participle Arti

Eat Ate eaten Makan

Drink Drank drunk Minum

Take Took taken Mengambil

sleep Slept slept tidur

Contoh kalimat:

1. She drinks a glass of milk (base form)

She has drunk a glass of milk since an hour ago (past participle)

2. Ani takes her book (base form)

Ani took her book last night (past tense)

Etc.

Task 1

Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, or d!

1. This car _______ too expensive, I will ___ it tomorrow.

a. Is not, buy c. Are not, bought
b. Are not, buy d. Is not, bought

2. ____ you afraid with that cockroach?

a. Is c. Are
b. Am d. Have

3. He ___ play soccer. But he ___ basketball.

a. Does not, plays c. Do not, plays
b. Does not, play d. Do not, play

4. Sarah _____ _____ a red dress in that mall.

a. Have took c. Has taking
b. Has taken d. Have take

33
5. My mother and I always ___________ to this market. We like to ___ vegetables here.
a. Goes, bought c. Going, buy
b. Go, buy d. Went, buy

6. Yesterday, my wife ________ to USA to buy clothes and lipstick.

a. Go c. Going
b. Goes d. Went

7. Does she _______ this meal? In my opinion, this meal ___ so delicious.
a. Cook, is c. Cooking, are
b. Cooks, is d. Cooked, are

8. He and she ________ through this path yesterday.

a. Walking c. Walked
b. Walk d. Walks

9. My cat ___ a male.

a. Are c. Like
b. Is d. Loves

10. Two days ago, my boyfriend _______ a red rose to me.

a. Buying c. Buy
b. Buys d. Bought

Task 2

1. ____ She angry with you yesterday?

a. Was c. Are
b. Were d. Is

2. Ronaldinho went to Indonesia yesterday and he will _________ around Asia tomorrow.
a. Traveled c. Travels
b. Travel d. Traveling

3. Anissa is ________ her teeth.

a. Brushes c. Brushing
b. Brush d. Brushed

4. My grandmother like to ________ Gambus song.

a. Listens c. Listened
b. Listen d. Listening

5. The man is always humorous, lovable, and _______.

a. Kind c. Kinding
b. Kind less d. Kindly

6. This black cat can ________ to that place ___.

a. Jumped, quickly c. Jump, quickly
b. Jump, quick d. Jumps, quickly

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7. My friends and I have ___ ___ our homework. So, my teacher is angry with us.
a. Forgot, to bring c. Forget, to bring
b. Forgotten, to bring d. Forgots, to brought

8. My brother will be ________ to Jakarta tomorrow. But, he ___ go to Monas.

a. Go, Does not c. Going, Does not
b. Goes, Does not d. Gone, Do not

9. Ahmad Dani will be _______ in the orphanage the day after tomorrow.
a. Sing c. Sang
b. Sung d. Singing

10. They ________ not ___ on time.

a. Is, Arriving c. Are, Arrives
b. Are, Arrived d. Are, Arrive

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 UNIT 6

PRONOUN (KATA GANTI)

A. Definisi Pronoun
Pronouns adalah kata ganti atau pronomina yang berfungsi menggantikan kedudukan kata benda
(nouns) atau kata ganti lainnya untuk menghindari pengulangan yang tidak perlu.

Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut di bawah ini.

– John rides John’s new motorcycle to school.
Pada kalimat di atas terjadi pengulangan kata John. Dengan menggunakan kata ganti yang tepat, kalimat di atas
akan lebih mudah dimengerti seperti pada kalimat berikut.
– John rides his new motorcycle to school.
Kata ganti his pada contoh di atas menjadikan kalimat lebih enak dibaca dan tidak terjadi pengulangan kata
John.Beberapa jenis kata ganti yang perlu dipelajari adalah personal pronouns, possessive pronouns,
demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, intensive pronouns,
indefinite pronouns, dan reciprocal pronouns.
B. Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns adalah kata ganti untuk orang, binatang, tempat, atau sesuatu benda. Dalam kalimat,
personal pronouns dapat digunakan sebagai subjek (the subject of a verb) maupun objek (the object of a verb).
a) Subject Pronouns
Personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai subjek kata kerja adalah I, you, he, she, it, we, dan they.
Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:
– Lisa likes cats. She has four cats.
Pada kalimat pertama, Lisa (proper noun) adalah subjek kalimat atau subjek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada
kalimat kedua, she adalah subjek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk Lisa.
Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai subjek:

 – My name is Michael. I am fourteen.

 – My father works hard. He works in a factory.
 – My sister is older than me. She is twelve.
 – Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats.
 – Bob, you are a bad boy!
 – David and I are playing football. We like sports.
 – Jim and Jeff are my brothers. They are older than I am.

36
b) Object Pronouns
Personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai objek kata kerja adalah me, you, him, her, it, us dan them.
Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini:
– Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them.
Pada kalimat pertama, cats adalah objek kalimat atau objek kata kerja likes. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, them
adalah objek kalimat dan sebagai kata ganti untuk cats.
Beberapa contoh personal pronouns sebagai objek:

1. – I’m doing my homework. Dad is helping me.

2. – Goodbye, children! I’ll call you later.
3. – Where is John? I need to speak to him.
4. – Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her.
5. – The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.
6. – Uncle Harry called Mary to ask her a question.
7. – My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them.

Dalam tata bahasa Inggris, pembicara atau orang yang berbicara disebut dengan orang pertama (first person),
sedangkan yang diajak berbicara adalah orang kedua (second person), dan orang yang dibicarakan disebut
sebagai orang ketiga (third person).
Berikut ini adalah tabel kata ganti untuk orang pertama (first person), kedua (second person), dan ketiga (third
person).

C. Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepemilikan atas suatu benda. Kata-kata yang
biasa digunakan adalah mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
Contoh:

1. – Look at those cars. Theirs is really ugly; ours is beautiful.

2. – This new car is mine.
3. – Mine is newer than yours.
4. – My hair is very fine. Yours is much thicker.
5. – The choice was his.
6. – These are my gloves. Hers are in the drawer.

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 D. Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan arah, lokasi, atau tempat
suatu benda.Kata ganti yang digunakan adalah: this, that, these, dan those. Kata ganti penunjuk this dan these
menunjukkan sesuatu yang dekat, sedangkan that dan those menunjukkan sesuatu yang jauh. Jika benda itu
tunggal (singular) maka digunakan this atau that, tetapi jika benda itu jamak (plural) maka these atau those yang
digunakan.
Contoh:

1. – That is a good idea.

2. – I will never forget this.
3. – Those are my friends.
4. – These are my books.

Dalam kalimat, this dan that sebagai singular demonstrative pronoun dapat berperan sebagai subjek, objek
langsung (direct object), atau objek preposisi (object of preposition), contoh:

 – That is whom you should meet at the dinner at the Batik Gallery. (subjek)
 – Would you deliver this? (objek langsung)
 – Now, listen to this. (objek preposisi)

Begitu juga these dan those sebagai plural demonstrative pronoun dapat berperan subjek, objek langsung (direct
object), atau objek preposisi (object of preposition), contoh:

1. – These are the preferred pens in this department. (subjek)

2. – She donated those to the team. (objek langsung)
3. – Mark can work with those. (objek preposisi)

E. Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns adalah kata ganti atau pronomina yang digunakan untuk menanyakan orang,
benda, atau suatu pilihan. Kata ganti yang sering dipakai adalah what, which who, whom dan whose.
Contoh:

1. – What is falling?
2. – Who will follow me?
3. – Which will be sold?

38
 4. – Whom did she choose from the Carter White House?
5. – Whose are you going to choose for the exhibit?

Who dipakai untuk menanyakan suatu subjek, sedangkan whom dipakai untuk menanyakan objeknya.

F. Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns adalah kata ganti yang menunjuk pada kata benda yang mendahuluinya (antecedent)
yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung dalam kalimat. Relative pronouns biasa diletakkan di awal dependent clause
atau anak kalimat yang menerangkan atau memberikan informasi tambahan kepada independent clause atau main
clause.Kata ganti yang digunakan adalah: who, whom, whose, which, dan that.

 – The man who is sitting in the corner is my friend.

 – The boy whom we visited is her boyfriend.
 – The girl whose car was sold will go to study abroad.
 – The filing cabinet, which we purchase last week, is very well built.
 – The book that describes about behaviour of animal is expensive.

Kata who, whom, whose, which, dan that pada contoh di atas menunjuk pada kata benda sebelumnya (the man,
the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, the book).
Nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns (kata ganti) seperti the man, the boy, the girl, the filling cabinet, dan the book
disebut dengan istilah antecedent.

 – Voters whose names begin with the letters M to Z should go to Room 2.

 – That photo is a reminder of someone who was very important to me.
 – Hands up everyone who would like a drink.
 – A mole is an animal that lives underground.
 – He was accused of being drunk in charge of a vehicle, which is a serious offence.

Untuk menunjuk pada orang, gunakan relative pronouns: who, whom, whose dan that.

1. – the man who spoke

2. – the man that spoke (meskipun pemakaian that juga benar, who lebih disarankan sebagai subject
pronoun)
3. – the man that I saw
4. – the man whom I saw (meskipun pemakaian whom juga benar, that lebih disarankan sebagai object
pronoun)

Untuk menunjuk pada benda lainnya atau hewan, gunakan relative pronouns: which, that dan whose.

39
 1. – the cat which was sitting on the mat
2. – the cat that was sitting on the mat
3. – the book whose cover was torn
4. – a book to which I often refer

Ketika menunjuk pada sesuatu benda, of which bisa dipakai untuk menggantikan whose.
– a book the cover of which was torn
Perluasan relative pronouns dengan kata ganti seperti whoever, whomever, whatever dikenal sebagai indefinite
relative pronouns (relative pronouns tanpa antecedent).

1. – The boy will tease whomever he likes.

2. – She said whatever came to mind.
3. – Let in whoever comes to me.

Kata what juga dapat digunakan sebagai indefinite relative pronouns, contoh:

 I will tell you what you need to know.

 I know what I like.

G. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan tindakan atau kegiatan yang
dilakukan oleh diri subjek sendiri (subject of the verb). Kata ganti yang dipakai adalah personal pronouns (my,
your, him, her, it, our, them) ditambah dengan self untuk kata benda tunggal (singular) atau selves untuk kata
benda jamak (plural).Kata ganti yang digunakan sebagai reflexive pronoun adalah: myself, yourself, yourselves,
themselves, himself, herself, dan itself.
Contoh:

1. He encouraged himself to do his homework immediately.

2. I enjoyed myself by traveling around the world.
3. Mark made himself a sandwich.
4. The children watched themselves on video.

Reflexive pronouns juga dapat digunakan setelah preposisi, contoh:

 The children are old enough to look after themselves.

 I looked at myself in the mirror.

H. Intensive Pronouns

40
 Intensive pronouns adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk memberikan penekanan atau perhatian pada
diri subjek sendiri atas apa yang dikenakan atau yang dilakukannya. Dan letak intensive pronouns dalam kalimat
biasanya setelah subjek, bisa berupa nouns atau pronouns.Kata ganti yang digunakan oleh intensive pronouns
sama dengan yang digunakan pada reflexive pronouns.
Contoh penggunaan intensive pronouns:
– I myself saw what happened.
– She herself does not believe him.
– The manager himself welcomed us to the hotel.
– Although she is very rich, the Queen herself never carries any money.
– The house itself is small, but the garden is enormous.
– Of course the children have been to the zoo. You yourself took them there last year.
Intensive pronouns juga dikenal dengan istilah emphatic pronouns.

I. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns adalah kata ganti yang dipakai untuk menggantikan kata benda (pelaku atau objek)
yang tak tentu.Kata ganti tak tentu yang digunakan adalah one, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody,
everything, no one, nobody, nothing, someone, somebody, something.
Contoh:
– Anyone could win tonight.
– I haven’t spoken to anybody all day.
– You can buy anything you want.
– If everyone is ready, I’ll begin.
– Everybody in the street was shocked when they heard the news.
– I decided to tell her everything.
– Everyone wants to be a hero, but no one wants to die.
– I knocked on the door but nobody answered.
– I promised to say nothing about it to anyone.
– There’s someone at the door.
– There’s somebody waiting to see you.
– I should take something to read on the plane.

J. Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns adalah kata ganti timbal-balik yang berarti bahwa suatu tindakan atau kegiatan yang
terjadi melibatkan dua orang/kelompok yang melakukan hal yang sama terhadap satu sama lain. Kata ganti atau
pronomina yang digunakan adalah each other dan one another.
Contoh:
– Andrew and Jessica help each other with their work.
41
 – Mark and Alan aren’t really friends. They don’t like each other much.
– They seem to love one another very much.
One another yang memiliki makna yang sama dengan each other, contoh:
– Liz and I have known each other/one another for years.
– We send each other/one another Christmas cards every year.
Reciprocal pronouns juga dapat digunakan dalam bentuk possessive:
– We respect one another’s privacy.
– They borrowed each other’s ideas.
– The scientists in this lab often use one another’s equipment.
– Tom and Mark wrote down each other’s phone numbers.

Task 1
Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, d, or e !

1. Nana felt worried about the children, so she asked ___ husband not to go abroad for the job.
a. his
b. her
c. their
d. its
e. him
2. We meet ___ friends at the mall yesterday.
a. our
b. your
c. its
d. it
e. me
3. I can’t find ___ pencil. Can I borrow ___ , Diana?
a. my, their
b. me, your
c. my, your
d. my, yours
e. yours, mine
4. Will you lend me your book? I will return tomorrow. I promise.
a. me
b. her
c. him
d. it
e. us
5. This building is so expensive for ___ . We can’t pay such a high rent. We need to think again.
a. them
b. her
c. us
d. it
e. him

Task 2
Use the possessive pronoun to complete these sentences!

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 1. That book belongs to those kids. That book is _____________.
2. This bicycle belongs to my neighbor Bill. This bicycle is _____________.
3. This scarf belongs to my aunt Tina. This scarf is _____________.
4. This toy belongs to you. This toy is _____________.
5. This apartment belongs to me and my cousin. This apartment is _____________.
6. These mittens belong to my mother. These mittens are _____________.
7. Those cookies belong to my sister's friends. Those cookies are _____________.
8. These suitcases belong to you and your wife. These suitcases are _____________.
9. That pillow belongs to me. That pillow is _____________.
10. That lamp belongs to my aunt and uncle. That lamp is _____________.

Task 3
Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, d, or e !

1. I have so many plans. I am afraid that I can’t realize ___.

a. us
b. them
c. you
d. me
e. him

2. He should control ___ words so that he wouldn’t say something bad.

a. her
b. his
c. their
d. our
e. you

3. I need help to finish ___ work. I am so busy these days. I am not feeling well now.
a. my
b. me
c. their
d. mine
e. them

4. I don’t know how to say it to ___ that I love him. It is so difficult to say. Any idea?

a. it
b. him
c. his
d. its
e. their

5. This building is so expensive for ___ . We can’t pay such a high rent. We need to think again.
a. them
43
 b. her
c. us
d. it
e. him
A. Adverb of Place (Tempat)
Adverb of place adalah kata keterangan untuk membicarakan di mana suatu kegiatan dilakukan atau
peristiwa terjadi (location), arah ke mana seseorang atau sesuatu berpindah (direction), seberapa jauh
seseorang atau sesuatu (distance), atau kombinasi diantaranya.
Contoh adverb(ial) of place :
 There (Disana)
 Here (Disini)
 About (Kira-Kira)
 Anywhere (Dimanapun)
 Around (Sekitar)
 Inside (Didalamnya)
 Near (Dekat)’
 Behind (Dibelakang)
 Elsewhere (Ditempat Lain)
 Therewith (Bersamaan Dengan 
Itu)’
 Within (Dalam)
 At (Di)
 Under (Dibawah)
 Hereby (Dengan Ini)
 Hereto (Dengan Ini)
 ‘In Back(Dibelakang Ini)
 In Front Of (Didepan)
 In There (Didalam Sana Kira- 
Kira)
UNIT 7
ADVERB
 Before (Sebelum)
 Heretofore (Sampai Kapan)
 Nowhere (.Dimanapun Juga)
 Outside (Diluar)
 Somewhere (Disuatu Tempat)
 Hereabouts (Disekita Sini)
 Whereabouts (Dimana)
 Whereby (Dengan Jalan Mana)
 Abroad (Ke Luar Negri)
On (Di)
 In (Didalam)
 Behind (Belakang)
 At (Di)
 In The Corner (Dipojok)
 Between (Diantara)
 Above (di atas)
 Left (Kiri)
 Right (Kanan)
Up (Diatas)
44
  On (di atas)  Dan Lain-Lain

Contoh kalimat adverb(ial) of place:

1. On the table, I have put my bag, my books and my merchandises

(Diatas meja, aku sudah letakan tasku, buku-bukuku dan bingkisan-
bingkisanku)

2. I store nothing under my bed.

(Saya tidak menyimpan apapun d i bawah tempat tidur.)

3. Your parents live in Lampung

(Orang tuamu tinggal di Lampung namun kamu tinggal di Tangerang
brsama dengan bibimu)

B. Adverb of Frequency (Frekuensi)

Adverb of frequency merupakan kata keterangan yang menyatakan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan
dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi.

Contoh kosakata adverb of frequency :

No Adverb of Frequency Arti Bahasa Indonesia

1. Always Selalu
2. Hardly Ever Hampir Tak Pernah
3. Frequently Sering Kali
4. Never Tidak Pernah
5. Occasionally Sekali – Sekali
6. Often Sering Kali
7. Rarely Jarang
8. Sometimes Kadang – Kadang
9. Seldom Jarang
10. Usually Biasanya

Rumus adverb of frequency :

1. Untuk Kalimat Yang Memiliki Kata Kerja atau Verb

Rumus Adverb of Frequency : Subject + Adverb of Frequency + Verb

45
 Pada suatu kalimat yang memiliki satu verb tanpa adanya auxiliary verb maka kita akan
menuliskan adverb of frequency nya diletakkan ditengah – tengah antara subject dan verb.

Contoh kalimat :

Adverb of
Kalimat Bahasa Inggris Arti Bahasa Indonesia
Frequency
Sometimes Raka sometimes feels Raka terkadang merasa bosan
bored with his work dengan pekerjaannya
Occasionally Her Pacar-nya sekali – sekali
boyfriend occasionally datang ke rumah-nya
comes to her house
Usually Ratih usually goes to Ratih biasanya pergi bekerja
work by commuter line dengan commuter line
Seldom Nadia seldom washes Nadia Jarang Mencuci
her blanket by herself selimutnya sendiri
Always I always take a bath Saya selalu mandi sebelum
before go to school berangkat sekolah di pagi hari
every morning
Twice If you fail twice for the Jika kamu gagal dua kali pada
same mistakes, you kesalahan yang sama,
should study hard and sebaiknya kamu belajar lebih
pay attention for the keras dan perhatikan
details penjelasannya lebih baik lagi

2. Untuk Kalimat Yang Tidak Memiliki Kata Kerja atau Verb

Rumus Adverb of Frequently : Subject + To Be + Adverb of Frequently

Sama halnya dengan tense atau kalimat lainnya, bila suatu tense atau kalimat tidak memiliki verb
tau kata kerja maka kehadiran to be adalah mutlak hukumnya. To Be disini akan berfungi sebagai
pembentuk predikat dalam suaatu tense atau kalimat tersebut.

Contoh kalimat :

Adverb of
Kalimat Bahasa Indonesia Arti Bahasa Indonesia
Frequency
Rarely My big brother is rarely at Kakak Laki – Laki saya jarang di sekolah

46
 school
Sometimes He is sometimes handsome Dia terkadang tampan
Never Zahra is never sad Zahra tidak pernah sedih
Seldom Nadia is seldom at home Nadia Jarang di rumah

C. Adverb of Modality (Harapan)

Adverb of modality merupakan kata keterangan untuk menyatakan tingkat keyakinan atau
harapan.Pertanyaan pada adverb of Modalitybiasanya yaitu how do you feel, what you feel, what is your
feeling dan lain sebagainya.

Contoh adverb of modality :

 Hopefully (mudah-mudahan)
 Likely (sangat mungkin)
 Maybe (barangkali/mungkin)
 Perhaps (barangkali/mungkin)
 Possibly (barangkali/mungkin)
 Probably (barangkali/mungkin)
Contoh kalimat adverb of modality :

1. Maybe they won’t come.

(Mungkin mereka tidak akan datang.)
2. You’re probably wondering why I’ve gathered you all here.
(Kalian mungkin bertanya-tanya mengapa saya mengumpulkan kalian
semua disini.)

D. Adverb Of Time (Waktu)

Adverb of time, atau dalam bahasa Indonesia “keteranagn waktu” merupakan bentuk keterangan yang
menjelaskan tentang kapan (when) sesuatu terjadi, serta untuk berapa lama (how long) dan juga seberapa
sering (how often).

1. Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Time (When)

Kalimat berikut ini adalah kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris yang menggunakan adverb of time dimana berfungsi
untuk memberi tahu kita KAPAN sesuatu itu terjadi. Contoh:

 Now (sekarang)

47
 I have to go to school now. (Aku harus pergi ke sekolah sekarang)
 Today (hari ini)
Today is my birthday. (Hari ini adalah hari ulang tahun saya)

 Later (nanti, kelak)

I’m a bit busy right now, I’ll call you later. (Saya sedikit sibuk sekarang, saya akan menghubungimu
nanti)
 Tomorrow (Besok)
Please tell Zayn that I really want to see him tomorrow. (Tolong beritahu Zayn aku saagat ingin
menemuinya besok)
 Yesterday (kemarin)
I saw Nadila playing marbles yesterday. (Saya melihat Nadila bermain kelereng kemarin)

2. Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Time (How Long)

Berbeda dengan kalimat diatas, kalimat berikut ini adalah kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris yang menggunakan
Adverb Of Time dimana berfungsi untuk memberi tahu kita Berapa Lama sesuatu itu terjadi.

Dalam situasi seperti ini, biasanya adverb of timediletakkan pada akhir kalimat.

Adapun adver of time yang digunakan antara lain adalah All Day, All Night, For dan Since.

Ketika kita menggunakan kata For maka biasanya (hampir selalu) kita juga harus menambahkan ekspresi durasi
berapa lama sesuatu tersebut terjadi.

Ketika kita menggunakan kata Since maka biasanya (hampir selalu) kita harus menambahkan ekspresi Waktu
tersebut terjadi.

Contoh:

 Nadira stayed in Nadila’s house all day

Nadira tinggal di rumah Nadila sepanjang hari
 Edgar, my younger brother lived in Singapore for 2 years.
Edgar adil laki-laki saya tinggal di Singapura selama 2 tahun
 Cristiano Ronaldo lived in Real Madrid since 2009.
Cristiano Ronaldo tinggal di Real Madridsejak 2009.
 Since...(sejak...)
Brian has moved to Sulawesi since March. (Brian telah pindah ke Sulawesi sejak bulan Maret)
 For...(selama...)

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 You have been waiting for three hours, aren’t you tired? (Kamu suadah menunggu selama tiga jam ,
tidakkah kamu lelah?

3. Contoh Kalimat Adverb of Time (How Often)

How often berfungsi untuk memberi tahu Seberapa Sering sesuatu itu terjadi.

Contoh:

 Often (sering)
Don’t you know zayn? He often sits behind you at class.
(Tidakkah kamu tau Zayn? Dia sering duduk dibelakangmu di kelas)
 Never (tidak pernah)
Who is Syukur? I think I never heard his name
. (Siapakah Syukur? Kurasa aku tidak pernah mendengar namanya)
 Always (selalu)
Gita is always beautiful avery day. (Gita selalu cantik setiap hari)
 Usually (biasanya)
Her name is Margareta, but people usually call her Maria. (Namanya Margareta, tapi orang-orang biasa
memanggilnya Maria)
 Sometimes (kadang-kadang)
Sometimes he doesn’t want to talk to me. (Kadang=kadang dia tidak mau berbicara denganku)

E. Adverb Of Manner

Adverb of Manner merupakan salah satu jenis Kata Keterangan/Tambahan (Adverb) yang untuk
menerangkan bagaimana caranya suatu pekerjaan, tindakan, perbuatan atau kualitas dilakukan atau suatu
peristiwa terjadi. Kata keterangan ini digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan seperti : how (bagaimana
caranya), in what way (dengan cara apa), by what method (dengan cara apa). Selain itu, kata keterangan ini
dapat disebut juga sebagai adverb ofquiality (kata keterangan kialitas).

Kata keterangan ini sebagian besar dibentuk kata sifat (Adjective) yang diberi akhiran dengan huruf –ly yang
terletak stelah kata kerja (verb) atau objek(pelengkap) atau terletak sebeulum kata kerja (verb) dari suatu kalimat.
Walaupun tidak menutup kemungkinan ada pula kata keterangan ini yang tidak berakhiran dengan huruf –ly.

Perhatikan daftar beberapa kata keterangan dan contoh kalimat Adverb of Manner dibawah ini:

 late ( telat) I will be home late tonight. (Saya akan pulang telat malam ini)
 hard (keras/giat) He works very hard. (Dia bekerja sangat keras)

49
  together (berama-sama) We went to Zayn Malik concert together. (Kami pergi ke konser Zayn Malik
bersama-sama)
 easily (dengan mudah) I believe that he will pass it easily. (Saya percaya dia akan melaluinya dengan
mudah
 gladly (dengan gembira) I will gladly help you. (Saya dengan senang hati akan membantu anda)
 exactly (secara tepat) That’s exatly why he’s the perfect guy to teach me. (Itulah tepatnya kenapa dia
orang yang sempurna untuk melatihku)
 well (dengan baik) I believe that you can do it well, you’ve been practicing a lot. (Saya percaya ka mu
bisa mengajarkannya dengan baik, kamu sudah banyak berlatih)
 fast (cepat) I couldn’t cacth the cat, it ran to fast. (Aku tidak bisa menangkap kucingnya, dia berlari begitu
cepat)
 lately (akhir-akhir ini) Lately everyone seems happy. (Akhir-akhir ini semua orang tampak bahagia)
 quickly (dengan cepat) I can draw this picture quickly. (Saya bisa menggambarkan dengan cepat)
 wrongly (dengan salah) Reality imposes to prove that my client has been wrongly accused. (Kenyataan
sudah menbuktikan bahwa klien saya dengan asalah dituduh)

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

 My brother can run fast. (Kakak laki-lakiku bisa berlari dengan kencang)
 I can’t speak English well. (Aku tidak bisa berbicara bahasa inggris dengan baik)

Berikut ini adalah tata cara penambahan atau perubahan suatu kata keterangan (Adverb of Manner ) dari kata
sifat (Adjective), meskipun ada beberapa kata keterangan (Adverb) yang memiliki bentuk yang sama dengan kat
sifat (Adjective) seperti awalnya.

1. Dengan menambahkan akhiran huruf –ly pada kata sifat (adjective). Contoh:

 bad ==> badly (dengan buruk)

 clever ==> cleverly (dengan pintar)
 soft ==> softly (dengan lembut)
 slow ==> slowly (dengan pelan)
 proud ==> proudly (dengan bangga)
 glad ==> gladly (dengan gembira)
 short ==> shortly (dengan pendek)
 kind ==> kindly (Dengan ramah)
 patient ==> patiently (dengan sabar)
 fluent ==> fluently (dengan lancar)
 brave ==> bravely (dengan berani)

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  correct ==> correctly (Dengan benar)

2. Apabila kata sifat (adjective) berakhiran huruf –le, maka huruf huruf tersebut dihilangkan dan kemudian
digantikanm dengan huruf –ly. Contoh:

 noble ==> nobly (dengan mulia)

 laughable ==> laughably (Dengan lucu)
 simple ==> simply (dengan sederhana)
 humble ==> humbly (Dengan rendah hati)
 gentle ==> gently (dengan lemah lembut)

3. Apabila kata sifat (adjective) berakhiran huruf –y dan didahului dengan hurf mati (consonant) maka
akhiran huruf –y dirubah menjadi huruf –I dan kemudian dtam,bah dengan huruf –ly.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

 angry ==> angrily (dengan marah)

 lazy ==> lazily (Dengan malas)
 happy ==> happily (dengan bahagia)
 lucky ==> luckily (dengan beruntung)
 heavy ==> heavily (Dengan berat)
 easy ==> easily (Dengan mudah)

4. Ada beberapa kata keterangan dalam bentuk kata sifat (Adjective) yang memiliki bentuk yang sama
dengan kata keterangan (Adverb).

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

 far ==> far (jauh)

 daily ==> daily (sehari-hari)
 deep ==> deep (dalam)
 late ==> late (terlambat)
 hard ==> hard (giat/keras)
 fast ==> fast (cepat)

F. Adverb Of Degree

Adverb of Degree merupakan salah satu jenis Kata Keterangan/Tambahan (Adverb) yang untuk
menerangkan suatu tingkatan atau taraf pekerjaan, tindakan, perbuatan atau kualitas dilakukan atau suatu
peristiwa terjadi atau dilakukan. Kata keterangan ini biasa digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: how much

51
(seberapa banyak), how little (berapa sedikit), is it more (apakah ini banyak?), is it less? (apakah ini kurang?),
dan in what degree (ditingkat apakah?). Dalam kata keterangan ini kita bukan membandingkan satu benda dengan
benda yang lain atau mencari benda yang mempunyai sifat yang palling, Disini kita hanya menyebutkan kadarnya
saja tanpa menyebutkan jumlah secara pasti.Dibawah ini adalah beberapa kata yang termasuk dalam keterangan
tingkatan (adverb of Degree)Perhatikan kata-kata yang termasuk di dAlamnya antara lain:

1.too (terlalu). Contoh:

 the coffee is too hot

(Kopinya terlalu panas)

2. very (sangat). Contoh:

 the coffee is very hot

(Kopinya sangat panas)

3. enough (cukup). Contoh:

 the coffee is enough hot

(Kopinya cukup panas)

4. equally (sama). Contoh:

 the coffee is equally hot as tea

(Kopinya sama panasnya dengan teh)

4. reasonably (layak). Contoh:

 the coffee is reasonably to drink

(Kopinya layak untuk diminum)

5. only (hanya). Contoh:

 only the coffee which I can drink here

(hanya Kopi yang bisa aku minum disini)

6. fairly (agak). Contoh:

 the coffee is fairly hot

(Kopinya agak panas)

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7. somewhat (agak). Contoh:

 the coffee is somewhat hot

(Kopinya agak panas)

8. exceedingly (sangat). Contoh:

 the coffee is exceedingly hot

(Kopinya terlalu panas)

9. much (banyak). Contoh:

 the coffee is much of ants

(Kopinya banyak semutnya)

10. quite (sangat/sungguh). Contoh:

 the coffee is quite bite

(Kopinya sungguh pahit)

11. enormously (secara besar). Contoh:

 Drinking the coffee is enormously influence with blood pressure

(minum Kopi berpengaruh sacar besar dengan tekanan darah)

12. slightly (sedikit). Contoh:

 the coffee is slightly hot

(Kopinya sedikit panas)

13. partly (sebagian). Contoh:

 the floor is partly dirty

(lantainya sebgain kotor)

14. moderately (sedang). Contoh:

 the coffee is moderately hot

(Kopinya panasnya sedang)

15. rather (agak). Contoh:

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  the coffee is rather hot
(Kopinya agak panas)

16. extremely (sangat). Contoh:

 the coffee is extremely hot

(Kopinya sangat panas)

17. greatly (sangat). Contoh:

 the coffee is greatly hot

(Kopinya sangat panas)

Task 1
Answer the following questions by choosing a, b or c !
.1. I found his home very _______.

a. easily
b. difficultly
c. frequently

2. Rohan behaves very _____ with his elders.

a. goodly
b. badly
c. easily
3. My father will be ______ of town this weekend.

a. inside
b. outside
c. out
4. Rohan plays football _________.

a. aggressively
b. sympathetically
c. hardly

5. He doesn’t care for anything and _______ looks happy every time.

a. since
b. ago
c. hence
6. They called the police ________ after the accident.

a. immediately
b. slowly
c. peacefully

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7. Kiran is a ______ paid employee of this company

a. lowly
b. highly
c. hardly

8. I was stuck in a jam for _______ two hours.

a. nearly
b. simply
c. correctly

9. How _______do you go there?

a. never
b. seldom
c. often

10. Thomas was ______ happy when he got his first job.

a. extremely
b. fully
c. halfly

Task 2
Answer the following questions by choosing a, b or c !
1. ________ I met my childhood friend Meeta.
a. Yesterday
b. Tomorrow
c. This Sunday

2. You need to run ______to win this race.

a. slow
b. steadily
c. fast

3. I won’t say it _______.

a. progressively
b. repeatedly
c. necessarily

4. Speak _______, I cannot hear you.

a. loudly
b. slowly
c. hardly

5. You should _______ smoke as it is dangerous for your health.

a. always
b. usually
c. never

6. We searched ________ but were unable to find her lost jewellery.

55
 a. nowhere
b. anywhere
c. everywhere

7. I hope to see you _______!

a. soon
b. never
c. random

8. Deepak never dresses ______ for work

a. formally
b. coolly
c. dirtily

9. The manger looked at me with an ______ expression when I reached late!

a. sad
b. regret
c. angry
10. I found his home very _______.

a. easily
b. difficultly
c. frequently

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 UNIT 8

AUXILIARY VERB (KATA KERJA BANTU)

A. Pengertian Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary verbs adalah kata kerja bantu, yang diletakkan di depan kata kerja pokok
untuk membentuk bentuk waktu (tense), ragam gramatikal (voice) dan modus (mood).
Misalnya; can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, ought, be, am, is, are,
was, were, been, do, does, did, have, has, had, need, dare, dan used to.
B. Penggunaan Auxiliary Verb dalam Kalimat
i. Can : Can you spin a top? (dapatkah anda bermain gasing ?)
ii. Could : I could’t sleep last night ( saya tidak dapat tidur tadi malam).
iii. May : May I eat your bread? ( bolehkah saya memakan rotimu?).
iv. Might : Might I play with my friend? (bolehkah saya bermain dengan teman saya?
v. Must : I must do my homework. (saya harus mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah saya)
vi. Shall : We shall clean this room together (kita akan membersihkan ruangan ini
bersama)
vii. Should : You should come to school on time (kamu seharusnya datang ke sekolah
tepat waktu).
viii. Will : She will go home now ( Dia akan pulang sekarang)
ix. Would : Would you like to see my house ( maukah kau melihat rumahku?).
x. Ought : I ought to go now ( saya sebaiknya pergi sekarang)
xi. Be : I shall be meeting him at 9 a.m tomorrow (saya akan menjumpainya pukul 9
pagi esok hari)
xii. Am : I am watching television (saya sedang menonton televisi)
xiii. Is : he is writing a letter ( dia sedang menulis surat)
xiv. Are : They are playing football (mereka sedang bermain sepak bola)
xv. Was : He was typing a letter, when the telephone rang (Ia sedang mengetik surat
ketika telpon itu berdering)
xvi. Were : We were invited to the party last night ( kami diundang ke pesta tadi malam).
xvii. Been : He has been sleeping for an hour ( dia telah tidur selama satu jam)
xviii. Do : I don’t understand Japanese language (saya tidak mengerti bahasa Jepang)
xix. Does : She doesn’t like telling a lie ( ia tidak suka berbohong)
xx. Did : He didn’t drink coffee last night ( dia tidak minum kopi tadi malam)
xxi. Have : We have studied English ( kami telah belajar bahasa Inggris)

57
xxii. Has : She has read the book (dia telah membaca buku itu)
xxiii. Had : He had been watching television before I came ( ia telah menonton televisi
sebelum saya datang).
xxiv. Need : I need to read another book ( saya perlu membaca buku lain)
xxv. Dare : He dare not jump ( dia tidak berani lompat)
xxvi. Used to : We used to visit our grandmother every holiday ( kami biasanya mengunjungi
nenek kami setiap liburan)

Task 1

Complete the following sentences using can/may/must should. Sometimes you need the
negatives.

1. My father is very smart. He ________ speak five languages.

2. Look! The girl is falling into the river. We ________ rescue her now.
3. Tom gets failed in his exams. I think he ________ study harder.
4. There is nobody in the room now. They ________ go out to buy something.
5. If you don’t bring your dictionary, you ________ borrow mine now.
6. You ________ touch the wall. My father has just painted it.
7. You ________ care about her since she loves you very much.
8. John is absent from school today. He ________ be sick.
9. The bus 1 has just left. We ____wait another later.
10. Sorry, I am very busy now. I ________ help you.

Task 2

Isilah titik di bawah ini dengan pilihan auxiliary verb yang tepat!

1. Alex ……. always wanted to try diving. (was, has, have, doesn’t, is)
2. Where …….. you go on your summer holiday? (did, does, do, were, been)
3. I ……. purchased the grocery. (has, had, do, am, have)
4. She …… be upset when she hears what happened. (must, does, has, is, should)
5. …… you know where she goes? (did, do, does, is, have)
6. I really like fish, but I ……. care for meat. (been, weren’t, don’t, was, is)
7. They could …… jogging (be, been, is, have, has)
8. He ….. stay up late if he takes a nap now. (could, can, has, be, is)

58
 9. I ….. baking chocolate muffins today. (was, am, were, has, have)
10. Nathalie …. cooking dinner when I came to her house last night. (was, has, is, does,
should)

Task 3

Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, or d !

1. Your glass is empty. …. I get you some more fresh water?

A. shall
B. will
C. can
D. should
E. Shall have

2. We …. like to visit that new store some day.

A. shall
B. will
C. can
D. would
E. Shall have

3. You are sick, but you don’t come hospital to see a doctor.
You …. visit him soon.

A. would
B. could
C. should
D. will
E. can

4. “I really don’t know why Tony didn’t come to the meeting”.

“There ….. something wrong with him.

A. might be
B. could be
C. will be
D. should have been
E. must have been

5.“Rini is old enough. She …. know better than the others about it.

A. will
B. could
C. must

59
 D. may be
E. can

6. They………….. study hard because next April they will take the examination.

A. Will
B. Should
C. Can
D. Must
E. May

7. You…………….. permit to your mother if you go to school.

A. Must
B. May
C. Mustn’t
D. Would
E. Shall

8. She ……… come here tomorrow.

A. Will
B. Can
C. Must
D. May
E. Might

9. He……….speak English well if he took English course.

A. Will
B. Can
C. Could
D. May
E. May not

10. You seem to be having trouble there………………….. I help you ?

A.Would
B. Will
C. Shall
D. Should
E. Might

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 UNIT 9

CONJUNCTION (KATA SAMBUNG)

A. Pengertian Conjunction
Conjunctions (kata sambung) adalah kata untuk menghubungkan kata-kata,
ungkapan-ungkapan, atau kalimat-kalimat dan sebagainya, dan tidak untuk tujuan atau
maksud lain. Conjunction terbagi ke dalam dua bentuk yaitu Coordinating Conjunctions
(Kata Sambung Sederajat) dan Subordinating Conjunction (Kata Penghubung antara
Induk Kalimat dan Anak Kalimat).

B. Jenis-jenis Conjunction
a. Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunction digunakan digunakan untuk menghubungkan
kalimat-kalimat yang sederajat, yaitu kalimat yang satu tidak bergantung pada kalimat
yang lain. Kalimat-kalimat yang sederajat dapat digabungkan dengan 4 cara yang
berbeda dan ini menimbulkan 4 jenis co-ordinative conjunctions yang berbeda juga
yaitu:
1) Cumulative (Kumulatif) ---- menunjukkan penambahan

Misalnya:

 Both …. And … ---She is both smart and beautiful (Dia pintar dan juga cantik).
 Also --- He is honest, and you also (Ia jujur dan Anda juga jujur).
 As well as --- He as well as you is guilty (Dia dan juga Anda bersalah)
 Not only … but also … – They are not only smart, but also diligent (Mereka tidak
hanya pintar tetapi juga rajin).

2) Alternative (Alternatif) --- menunjukkan pilihan (di antara dua).

Misalnya:

 Either … or … – I will either go fishing or go swimming. (Saya akan pergi

memancing atau pergi berenang)
 Neither … nor … – She is neither a nurse nor a teacher (Dia bukan seorang perawat
ataupun guru)

61
  Otherwise --- You must take a rest, otherwise you’ll lose your health (Anda harus
beristirahat, kalau tidak Anda akan jatuh sakit).

3) Adversative ( Adversatif) --- menunjukkan kontras.

Misalnya:

 But --- He is poor, but honest (Ia miskin tapi jujur)

 Nevertheless --- He is a clever man, nevertheless he often makes mistakes (Ia
seorang yang pandai, namun ia sering membuat kesalahan).
 Whereas --- Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it (Orang yang bijaksana cinta
akan kebenaran sedangkan/ sebaliknya orang yang bodoh mengelakkannya).

4) Illative (Ilatif) --- menunjukkan kesimpulan.

Misalnya:

 Therefore --- He was out of health, and therefore he couldn’t go to school. ( Ia sakit,
oleh karena itu ia tidak pergi ke sekolah.)
 So Then --- It is time to go, so then let us start (sudah tiba waktunya untuk pergi, maka
marilah kita berangkat).

b. Subordinating Conjunction

Subordinating conjuction berfungsi untuk menghubunkan antara induk kalimat

dengan anak kalimat. Kata penghubung yang termasuk dalam tipe ini adalah:

Conjunction Contoh conjunction dalam Kalimat

Who The girl who is reading a novel is my sister
Which I love that picture which can make me happy
Where The teacher knows where the students are
hiding.
Why Mom doesn’t know why the washing
machine is not working.
How Dad knows how to fix a car
That -Rob realized that it’s not his fault
-The wallet that is brought by him is gone.

62
While Uncle Sam is gardening while Patsy takes a
nap
Whether I don’t know whether it’s right or wrong
Before I had locked the door before I left the house
Although, though I have to attend the lectures although it’s
going to rain
Since We have had in a relationship since in high
school.
So that -You are so beautiful that everybody’s
attracted to you.
-Harry has to study hard so that he can pass
the national exam
Until You have to wait until the bus comes.
As -Coolie fell down the stairs as he tried to get
down
After I directly go to campus after taking a bath
As if She talks as if knowing everything
In order that You need to smile in order that she likes you.
Once Gary called his girlfriend once he got a
badnews
Beause of + (noun phrase)Because + (S+V) -My roommate is screaming because of the
sudden dark.
-She did not come today because she is sick.
Unless You may sign the attendance list unless you
come on time
If I won’t give them a mercy if I were you.
Than You’d better find the solution soon than
complaining.
As long as You’re allowed to live here as long as you
pay the monthly fee.

Task 1

Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, or d !

1.The man ate steak …., drank beer.

a. And

b. With

c. Or

d. Of

63
2. … England or America will refuse free trade agreement.

a. Both

b. Neither

c. Either

d. Because

3. I am going to wait right there …., Robert comes.

a. after

b. until

c. before

d. because

4. I am not sure …., it will rain tomorrow.

a. and

b. how

c. but

d. because

5. Me and my sisters didn’t miss the pizza…we had our dinner.

a. however

b. moreover

c. although

d. already

64
6. We must avoid high cholesterol… be healthy.

a. In order to

b. Provided

c. Finally

d. consequently

7. My father is … good at driving a car, …driving a motorcycle.

a. Neither…nor

b. either…or

c. not only…but also

d. not…but

8. … I wash the dishes today, nor going out with my friends tonight.

a. Either

b. However

c. Between

d. Neither

9. … her family, she also invites her friends to her birthday party.

a. aside

b. beside

c. in spite of

d. despite

65
10. Sisca worked very hard and was… promoted.

a. however

b. then

c. consequently

d. besides

Task 2

Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, or d !

1. I have a stomachache, ... I will come to school

A. Since

B. Because

C. However

D. Unless

2. I think you shouldn't go to the party ... it's raining heavily

A. Because

B. But

C. Already

D. For

3. My brother ... I went to the workshop to repair our car

A. And

B. Or

C. Neither

D. But

4. Sisca was lying, ... she was shouting at me

A. Although

66
B. Moreover

C. provided

D. In order to

5. We need to come on time, ... we may miss the train

A. So

B. But

C. Therefore

D. Otherwise

6. We must avoid junk food ... be healthy

A. Consequently

B. And

C. Eventually

D. In order to

7. He apologized ... his mistakes

A. As

B. But

C. For

D. Because

8. ... his brother, she is very lazy

A. Unlike

B. Likely

C. Similar

D. Differently

9. After months of trying and studying hard, Nana ... passed the UTBK

A. Initially

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B. Therefore

C. Consequently

D. Finally

10. ... there is a storm here, we have delayed our flight

A. Due to

B. Since

C. Because of

D. Yet

Task 3

Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, or d !

1. I am not feeling well, .......I will come to the party.

a. because

b. however

c. since

d. unless

2. You shouldn’t go out ......it’s rainy heavily.

a. for

b. already

c. because

d. but

3. My mother ......I went to the market for shoping.

a. or

b. neither

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 c. either

d. and

4. Please come on time, ......we may miss the flight.

a. otherwise

b. therefore

c. so

d. but

5. We should avoid oily food....... be healty.

a. finally

b. in order to

c. consequently

d. for

6. ........my family, I will also invite my close friends on my party.

a. aside

b. despite

c. besides

d. in spite of

7. He was satisfied........not overjoyed.

a. yet

b. but

c. as

d. still

8. .........his sister, he is very naughty.

a. likely

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 b. similar

c. unlike

d. differently

9. Rudi worked very sincerely and was...........promoted.

a. yet

b. besides

c. although

d. consequently

10. After months of studying hard, Yuni.......passed the examination

a. Initially
b. Therefore
c. Consequently

finally

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 UNIT 10
DERIVATIVE WORDS

A. Definisi Derivative Words

Derivative words merupakan suatu kata baru yang merupakan kata turunan yang
berasal dari akar kata (root words). Root words bisa berupa noun (kata benda), adjective (kata
sifat) maupun verb (kata kerja). Proses pembentukan derivative words dilakukan dengan
menambahkan affixes (imbuhan), seperti preffixes (awalan) maupun suffixes (akhiran) pada
root words. Preffixes biasanya ditambahkan ke noun (kata benda) untuk membentuk kata
baru dengan arti yang berbeda tanpa merubah kelas kata dari root words. Sedangkan suffixes
biasanya ditambahkan pada kata kerja (verb) atau kata sifat (adjective) untuk membentuk
kata baru dengan arti yang berbeda dengan ikut merubah kelas kata dari root words.

Kita bisa menambahkan affixes berikut ini untuk membentuk kata benda (noun) baru:

ness, ty, hood, ian, cy, er, or, ship, ist, ment, tion, ance, t, y, sion, action, al, se, iture, ant, ent, ce

Contoh:

Asal Kata Derivatives Arti

Happy(Adj) Happiness Kebahagiaan
Good (Adj) Goodness Kebaikan
Dense(Noun) Density Kepadatan
Electric (Nouns) Electricity Kelistrikan
Child(Noun) Childhood Masa Anak-anak
Neighbour (Noun) Neighbourhood Lingkungan
Library(Noun) Librarian Pustakawan
Comedy (Noun) Comedian Pelawak
Pregnant(Noun) Pregnancy Kehamilan
President (Noun) Presidency Kepresidenan
Drive(Verb) Driver Supir
Record (Verb) Recorder Alat Rekam

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Act(Verb) Actor Aktor
Detect (Verb) Detector Alat untuk mendeteksi
Friend(Noun) Friendship Persahabatan
Relation (Noun) Relationship Hubungan
Piano(Noun) Pianist Pemain Piano
Art (Noun) Artist Artis
Develop(Verb) Development Perkembangan
Manage (Verb) Management Manajemen
Promote(Verb) Promotion Promosi
Compose (Verb) Composition Komposisi
Assist(Verb) Assistance Bantuan
Remember (Verb) Rememberance Ingatan
See(Verb) Sight Pandangan
Fly (Verb) Flight Penerbangan
Deliver(Verb) Delivery Pengiriman
Discover (Verb) Discovery Penemuan
dll

B. Penggunaan Derivative Word

Contoh penggunaannya pada kalimat:

 He is very handsome, but his handsomeness doesn't make him proud of it.
 They're hostile, and they have decided to stop their hostility.
 Her pregnancy must be checked.
 The government develop the arrangement of the density of inhabitants.

Kita bisa menggunakan affixes berikut ini untuk membentuk kata sifat (adjective) baru:

full, ish, less, like, ous, y, cy, al, ic, ary, ed, an, able, ible, ive, dll.

Contoh:

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Asal Kata Derivatives Arti
Hope(Noun) Hopeful Penuh Harapan
Sorrow (Noun) Sorrowful Sedih
Boy(Noun) Boyish Kekanak-kanakan
Blue (Noun) Blueish Kebiru-biruan
Care (Noun/Verb) Careless Ceroboh
Help (Noun/Verb) Helpless Tidak ada lagi bantuan
Woman(Noun) Womanlike Seperti wanita
Man (Noun) Manlike Seperti Pria
Sun(Noun) Sunny Cerah
Cloud (Noun) Cloudy Mendung
Danger(Noun) Dangerous Bahaya
Continue (Verb) Continuous Terus Menerus
Dll

Contoh penggunaannya pada kalimat:

 She is beautiful, and her beauty has made her proud.

 Don't be careless!
 It's sunny today.

Kita bisa menambahkan affixes berikut untuk membentuk kata kerja (verb) baru:

en..., diss..., mis..., re..., ...ize, ...ate, in..., a..., ...fy dll

Contoh:

Asal Kata Derivatives Arti

Danger(Noun) Endanger Membahayakan
Courage (Noun) Encourage Memberanikan diri
Like(Verb) Dislike Tidak Suka
Agree (Verb) Disagree Tidak Setuju
Understand (Verb) Misunderstand Salah Paham

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Carry (Verb) Miscarry Salah Bawa
Tell(Verb) Retell Menceritakan kembali/ulang
Check (Verb) Recheck Mengecek kembali/ulang
Memory(Noun) Memorize Mengingat
Summary (Noun) Summarize Menyimpulkan
Dll

Contoh penggunaanya pada kalimat:

 They misunderstand what I mean.

 You have to retell the story.
 My teacher asked me to shorten the myth.

Untuk membentuk kata negatif baru, kita bisa menambahkan affixes berikut ini:

un.., dis..., in..., ir..., im..., non-..., mis...

Contoh:

 unhappy
 unusual
 dislike
 disagree
 incomplete
 indirect
 irregular
 irrasional
 impolite
 immortal
 non-stop
 non-member
 misunderstand
 misspell

Untuk menunjukkan orang yang mengerjakan sesuatu, tambahkan er, or, ant, ent

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Contoh:

 driver
 actor
 assistant
 expedient

Ada juga pembentukan Adverb dari Adjective dengan menambahkan ...ly, ...wise, ...ward

Contoh:

 angrily
 quickly
 likewise
 sidewise
 backward
 outward

Task 1

Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, or d !

1. My dad likes to travel to … places.

a. History
b. Historical
c. Historiful
d. Histority

2. The … of him makes us so impressed.

a. brave
b. braveness
c. bravely
d. braver

3. The … between your home and school is quite far.

a. distant
b. distancing
c. distance
d. distal

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4. Your … makes me feel so touched.

a. kind
b. kindly
c. kindness
d. kinda

5. Why does the room smell …. ?

a. bad
b. badly
c. badness
d. salah semua

Task 2

1. He was so mad at you that he spoke … to you last night.

a. loud
b. loudly
c. loudness
d. louder

2. Shinta just move to Yogyakarta, she said she doesn’t have a friend, she is feeling …

a. lonely
b. lonelyness
c. alone
d. loner

3. Our teacher is just so … He is never mad at us whatever that is.

a. patient
b. patience
c. patiently
d. patientfully

4. Diana’s … is gorgeous tonight.

a. look
b. looking
c. looked
d. lookness

5. I really don’t like this kind of dessert. It looks … that I can’t take it anymore

a. bad
b. badly

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c. badness
d. salah semua

77
 UNIT 11

TENSES

A. Definisi Tenses
Tenses merupakan perubahan kata kerja berdasarkan urutan waktu. Itu yang
membedakan Bahasa kita, Bahasa Indonesia dengan Bahasa inggris. Dalam Bahasa
Indonesia tidak ada perubahan kata kerja meskipun kejadiannya berlangsung
kemarin, sekarang atau besok. Tenses dibagi menjadi PRESENT ( Sekarang ), PAST (
Lampau ), dan FUTURE ( Akan Datang ). Dan jumlah keseluruhannya ada 16 Tenses.

B. Pembagian Tenses
1. Simple Present Tense

Tenses ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan kebiasaan, fakta, dan peristiwa masa
sekarang.

Rumus:

Subject ( I, You, We, They ) = ( + ): Subject + V-1

( – ): Subject + do not + V-1

( ? ): Do + Subject + V-1

Subject ( He, She, It ) = ( + ): Subject + V-1s/es

( – ): Subject + does not + V-1

( ? ): Does + Subject + V-1

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ) Dodi reads a book

( – ) I don’t read a book

( ? ) Does he read a book?

2. Simple Past Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa di masa lampau.

Rumus :

( + ): Subject + V-2

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 ( – ): Subject + did not + V-1

( ? ): Did + Subject + V-1

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ) Dodi went to beach yesterday.

( – ) I didn’t read a book

( ? ) Did he read a book?

3. Simple Future Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa yang akan dilakukan masa yang akan datang

Rumus :

( + ): Subject + Will + V-1

( – ): Subject + Will not + V-1

( ? ): Will+ Subject + V-1

Note :

Menggunakan “Going to”:

(+): S + be (am/is/are ) + going to + V-1

( – ): S + be (am/is/are) not + going to + V-1

( ? ): be ( am/is/are ) + S + going to + V-1

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ) Dodi will return the book tomorrow

( – ) I will not buy a book

( ? ) will you buy a book?

4. Present Continuous Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau

saat pembicaraan berlangsung.

Rumus:

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 ( + ): S + tobe (am, is are) + Verb I-ing

( – ): S + to be not + Verb I-ing

(?) : To be + S + Verb I-ing

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ): She is cooking

( – ): She is not cooking

( ? ): Is she cooking?

5. Present perfect tense

Present perfect tense adalah bentuk kata kerja yang meyatakan suatu aksi
(action) yang dimulai di masa lalu, dan telah selesai pada waktu tertentu sebelum
detik ini (sekarang).

Present perfect tense dibentuk dari Subject ditambah auxiliary verb

seperti “have” (untuk I, You, They, We) dan “has” (untuk She, He, It) dan ditambah
dengan bentuk kata kerja ke-3 atau “Past Participle” (Baik Irregular verb maupun
regular verb). Dan Selebihnya dapat ditambah Objek kalimat dan Adverb (Kata
keterangan).

Rumus: Subject + has/have + Verb 3 (Past Participle Form)

Berikut adalah contoh kalimatnya:

 Contoh Kalimat (Positive): “They have seen the movie Spider-Man: No way home.”
 Contoh Kalimat (Negative): “They have not seen the movie Spider-Man: No way
home.”
 Contoh Kalimat (Question): “Have they seen the movie Spider-Man: No way home?”

Contoh-contoh Kalimat lain dariPresent Perfect Tense:

-They have walked to the cinema.

(Mereka telah berjalan ke bioskop)

-She has not (hasn’t) wanted me coming here.

(Ia perempuan tidak ingin saya dating kesini)

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 -The students have studied physic well.

(Murid-murid itu telah belajar pelajaran Fisika dengan sungguh-sungguh)

-The teacher has not come yet.

(Guru itu belum datang)

6. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa yang telah selesai dikerjakan pada

masa lalu atau baru dimulai pada masa lalu dan masih berlangsung hingga saat ini.

Rumus:

( + ): S + has/have + been + V1-ing

( – ): S + has/have not + been + V1-ing

( ? ): Has/Have + S + been + V1-ing

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ): She has been eating

( – ): She has not been eating

( ? ): Has she been eating?

7. Past Perfect Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang berlangsung di masa lampau

dan telah selesai pada waktu sebelum peristiwa lainnya terjadi.

Rumus:

( + ): S + had + V-3

( – ): S + had not + V-3

( ? ): had + S + V-3

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ): The taxi had left

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 ( – ): The taxi had not left

( ? ): Had the taxi left?

8. Past Continuous Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu

Rumus:

( + ): S + was/were + Verb-ing

( – ): S + was/were not + Verb-ing

( ? ): was/were + S + Verb-ing

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ) I was studying last night

( – ) They were not studying last night

( ? ) Was she studying last night?

9. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau tindakan dengan lama waktu tertentu

yang telah selasai pada waktu tertentau pada masa lampau

Rumus:

( + ): S+ had + been +Verb-ing

( – ): S + had not + been + Verb-ing

( ? ): Had + S + been + Verb-ing

Contoh :

( + ): They had been studying

( – ): They had not been studying

( ? ): Had they been studying?

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10. Future Perfect Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan sudah selesai pada suatu
waktu pada masa mendatang.

Rumus:

( + ): S + will + have + V-3

( – ):S + will not + have + V-3

( ? ): Will + S + have + V-3

Contoh Kalimat:

( + ): They will have studied

( – ): They will not have studied

( ? ): Will they have studied?

11. Future Continuous Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan sedang terjadi pada suatu
waktu tertentu pada masa mendatang

Rumus:

( + ): S + will be + Verb-ing

( – ): S + will not be + Verb-ing

( ? ): Will + S + be + Verb-ing

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ): She will be studying

( – ): She will not be studying

( ? ): Will she be playing?

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 12. Simple Past Future Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan dilakukan yang terjadi di masa
lalu

Rumus:

Menggunakan would:

( + ): S + would + V-1

( – ): S + would not + V-1

( ? ): would + S + V-1

Menggunakan going:

( + ): S + was/were + going to + V-1

( – ): S + was/were not + going to + V-1

( ? ): Was/were + S + going to + V-1

Contoh Kalimat :

( + ): They would attend to this seminar

( – ): They were not going attend to this seminar

( ? ): Would they attend to this seminar?

13. Past Future Continuous Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau yang akan sedang dilakukan atau akan sedang
terjadi pada masa akan datang ketika berada di masa lalu.

Rumus :

( + ): S + would/should + be + Verb-ing

( – ): S + would/should not + be + Verb-ing

( ? ): Would/should + S + be + Verb-ing?

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 Contoh Kalimat:

( + ): They would be studying

( – ): They would not be studying

( ? ): Would they be studying?

14. Past Future Perfect Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan telah dilakukan pada masa
lampau.

Rumus:

( + ): S + would/should + have + V-3

( – ): S + would/should + not + have + V-3

( ? ): Would/should + S + have + V-3

Contoh Kalimat:

( + ): Dian would have eaten

( – ): Dian would not have eaten

( ? ): Would she have eaten?

15. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang telah berlagsung sekian lama

pada waktu tertentu pada masa yang akan datang.

Rumus:

( + ): S + will + have + been + Verb-ing

( – ): S + will not + have + been + Verb-ing

( ? ): Will + S + have + been + Verb-ing

Contoh Kalimat:

85
 ( + ): Doni will have been eating

( – ): Doni will not have been eating

( ? ): Will they have been eating?

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Menyatakan peristiwa atau tindakan yang akan sudah berlangsung dalam

waktu lama pada durasi waktu tertentu di masa lalu.

Rumus:

( + ): S + would/should + have + been + V-ing

( – ): S + would/should + not + have + been + V-ing

( ? ): Would/should + S + have + been + V-ing

Contoh Kalimat:

( + ): Dian would have been sleeping

( – ): Dian would not have been sleeping

( ? ): Would she have been sleeping?

Task 1

Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, or d !

1. Agus ... a bread every morning
a. eat
b. ate
c. eating
d. eats

2. They ... badminton every weekend

a. play
b. plays
c. playing

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 d. played

3. The ships ... tonight

a. arriving
b. arrives
c. arrive
d. arrived

4. Nurul ... every morning

a. took a bath
b. take a bath
c. takes a bath
d. taking a bath

5. They ... us so well

a. known
b. knew
c. know
d. Knowing

Task 2

Answer the following questions by choosing a, b,c, d, or e !

1. 'When did the accident happen?'
'When the goods . . . from the truck.'
A. unloaded
B. were unloading
C. being unloaded
D. were being unloaded
E. they were unloading

2. Ahmad : Mah, what were you doing when I phoned your mother last night?
Halimah : I ... TV

87
A. watch
B. am watching
C. have watched
D. was watching
E. will watch

3. I was sleeping when my father...the announcement about me in the radio.

A. hear
B. heard
C. was hearing
D. hears
E. Will hear

4. Rina ... a bath when I phoned her.

A. has been taking
B. is taking
C. had taken
D. has taken
E. was taking

5. `Could you tell brother to meet me at the library tomorrow? `Sure, I____ him.'
A. would have told
B. am telling
C. be telling
D. will tell
E. will be telling

6. Daru : What are you going to do after leaving the college?

Dimas : Well, I don't want to be jobless. So I'm ... getting a job soon.
A. would like
B. planning
C. going to
D. thinking of
E. intending

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7. `Oh, dear! I forgot to bring my dictionary.'
`That's all right. I . . . you mine.'
A. will be lending
B. am lending
C. will lend
D. am going to lend
E. lend

8. "What is your plan for this weekend?"

°I . . . my brother."
A. will visit
B. will have visited
C. will have been visiting
D. have visited
E. visited

9. Yusniar : “I plan to see ‘the ghost’ with Tina.”

Supriadi : “When...it?”
A. you see
B. have you seen
C. Are you going to see
D. did you want to see
E. Were you going to see

10. Father : Are you sure you will pass'?

Riana : Believe me, Dad. I'll do better in the next examination.
From the dialogue we know that Riana ... to do better in the next examination.
A. promises
B. hopes
C. wishes
D. likes
E. decides

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Task 3

1. I —————————- before she knocked the door.

a) Had finished
b) Would finish
c) Have finished

2. She ————————– smart ways in his work.

a) Take
b) Takes
c) Was taking

3. It’s time we ————————–

a) Left
b) Had gone
c) Will leave

4. I will say to my father when I ———————– time.

a) Have
b) Will have
c) Had

5. Budi told me that he —————————- his homework.

a) Finished
b) Had finished
c) Will finish

6. I would rather you ———————— till Saturday.

a) Stay
b) Stayed
c) Will stay

7. I wish I ———————— Javaneese.

a) Speak
b) Spoke
c) Had spoken

8. The sun ————————– in the east.

a) Rise
b) Rises
c) Rose

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9. It ————————— since afternoon.

a) Is raining
b) Was raining
c) Has been raining

10. I ———————— write the letter tomorrow morning.

a) Will
b) Will be
c) Had

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 UNIT 12

UNDERSTANDING PARAGRAF

A. Tujuan Materi

Tujuan dari materi ini adalah agar mahasiswa mampu memahami dan menguasai
kalimat dan paragraf pendek dalam teks bahasa Inggris secara teoritis dan praktis.

B. Definisi Paragraf

A paragraph is a series of sentence that are organized and coherent and are all related
to a single topic (Paragraf adalah suatu rangkaian kalimat yang teratur dan koheren yang
semuanya tertuju pada satu topik tunggal). Dalam 1 paragraf terdiri dari minimal 3 kalimat
dan ada yang menyebutkan 5 kalimat.

Beberapa penjelasan seputar paragraf:

a. A paragraph could contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a

general point
b. A paragraph could compare or contrast two or more things.
c. A paragraph could describe causes and effect
d. A paragraph could classify items into categories
e. A paragraph might describe a place, character, or process
f. A paragraph could narrate a series of events

Paragraf itu seperti burger dimana di atasnya merupakan topic sentence, lapisan tengah
merupakan supporting sentence dan lapisan dibawah merupakan conclusion.
1. Topic sentence tells the main idea
2. Supporting details tells details, fact, argument, example, analysis
3. Concluding/closing sentence remind us the main idea with different utterance

C. Parts of Paragraph (bagian-bagian paragraf)

The topic sentence introduces the reader to the subject or focus for the paragraph. The
purpose of the topic sentence is to guide your reader.
The topic sentence should identify the main idea and point of the paragraph.
Body sentences come in the middle of your paragraph and provide details and support.

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 All body sentences must support the topic sentence and be directly linked to the main
topic.
Supporting details in the paragraph will develop or explain the topic sentence.
The concluding sentence comes at the end of your paragraph. Summarize the main
points or restate the topic sentence in the fresh way.

Contoh 1
Yola is an excellent student. She is intelligent. She is responsible. Yola always does her
homework and she is never late for class. As a result of her hard work, she is one of the
best student in the school.

Contoh 2
Read the passage below!
....................................Fruits are delicious. Example of fruits are apples, oranges, and
banana. Fruits have many vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, Vitamin E and
potassium. For these reason, it is a good idea to eat lots of fruit.

What is the best topic sentence:

a. Fruits is a delicious food to eat
b. Anyone loves fruits
c. Fruits is a healthy and tasty food

Some of useful transitions to build paragraph for example:

To show addition: again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc), further,
furthermore, in addition, in the first place, moreover, next, too

To give examples: for example, for instance, in fact,specifically, that is, to illustrate

To compare: also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly

To contrast: although, but, at the same time, on the other hand, etc

To summarize or conclude: all in all, in short, therefore, in conclusion, to sum up, etc

To show time: after, next, since, meanwhile, finally, etc.

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To show place or direction:

To indicate logical relationship: accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, etc

Soal Latihan

Read the paragraph below carefully and choose the main topic of the pharagraph!

1. ___________________________________________________________ . Firstly, living

in a foreign country helps you learn another language faster than studying it at school.
Secondly, you can learn directly about the history, geography, and culture of a country.
Thirdly, you become a more tolerant person because you experience different ways of living.
The last, living in a foreign country makes you appreciate your own country better.

A. You can learn by living in a foreign country.

B. We should live in a foreign country for a while.
C. Some benefits you can get by living in a foreign country.

2. __________________________________________________________ . There are some

private colleges and universities in the United States. Private colleges and universities are
usually more expensive because they do not get money from taxes. Meanwhile, some other
colleges and universities are public. It means the citizens of each state pay some of the costs
through their taxes so that public colleges are cheaper for students to attend. However, you
can get a good education no matter which type of college you attend – public or private.

A. Two main types of colleges and universities in the United States are private and public.
B. Private colleges and universities get money from taxes.
C. There are only some colleges and universities in the United States.

3. _________________________________________________________ . First, the classes

in small college are small. There are approximately twenty students in average class in a
small college. Second, it is easy to meet with professors. Almost all professors in small
colleges have time to help students and are usually happy to do so. Third, small colleges are
friendly, so new students make friends quickly. Thus, small colleges are better than large
universities for many students.

A. Small colleges are friendlier than large universities.

B. Some reasons are stated for attending a small college instead of a large university.
C. An excellent education you can get at a small college.

4. _____________________________________________________________ . One reason

is that employers want workers to be dependable. They certainly want workers who come to
work every day. The other reason is employers want workers who are responsible. The
employers would like to give the worker a project to do and know that it will be done well. In
addition, employers look for workers who can work well with others. The ability to get along
with co-workers is important to the success of business. In short, employers look for
dependable and responsible team players.

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A. It is difficult to find good employers these days.
B. Employers read job applications very carefully.
C. The three main qualities the employers look for in their employees.

5. ____________________________________________________________ . Green curry is

the hottest Thai curry. People who will enjoy green curry are those who like very spicy food.
Red curry is medium hot. It doesn’t burn your mouth and is flavorful. Yellow curry is the
mildest of all. This curry is usually the choice of people who eat Thai food for the first time.
To summarize, you have three delicious choices when you order Thai curry.

A. Thai curry has three different colors.

B. The meaning of different colors in Thai curry.
C. Different colors have different meaning in Thai food.

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 UNIT 13

TYPES OF TEXT

A. Descriptive Text
Descriptive text adalah sebuah teks yang menjelaskan tentang sesuatu. Misalnya,
mendeskripsikan orang, binatang atau suatu benda, baik bentuknya, sifat-sifatnya,
jumlahnya dan lain-lain. Descriptive text juga bertujuan untuk menjelaskan,
menggambarkan atau mengungkapkan seseorang atau suatu benda.

Generic Structure dari Descriptive Text yaitu:

1. Identification
Bagian identification berisi pembuka dan gambaran umum tentang suatu topik.
Identification berfungsi sebagai pengenalan dari apa yang kita sedang jelaskan.
supaya para pembaca atau pendengar tidak salah mengerti. Pada bagian introduction
juga harus menyebutkan alasan kenapa penulis memilih tempat itu untuk di ceritakan.
2. Description
Pada bagian description berisi seluruh ciri-ciri umum sampai khusus atau sifat-sifat
yang terdapat dalam benda, orang, atau binatang yang sedang kamu
jelaskan. Misalnya ketika kita menceritakan tentang suatu tempat, kita bisa memulai
dari keseluruhan ciri dari sebuah tempat tersebut seperti bagaimana pemandangannya,
bangunannya, Cuacanya, dan lain lain, kemudian merujuk ke detail yang khusus yang
melengkapi penjelasan umum sebelumnya.

Sekarang coba kalian amati generic structure dari Descriptive Text di bawah ini:

My Dog
(Identification)
My dad bought me a dog on my birthday. It is a male golden retriever dog. I really love him
as my pet.

(Description)
His name is Jiji. He has brown fur. His fur is really soft and he likes to be rubbed on his belly.
He has a long tail and big body. I always take him for walk around because he really like it.
Jiji is already as the part of our family.

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Penjelasan:

 Paragraf pertama merupakan Identification karena menceritakan hal umum dari

seluruh cerita. Seperti bahwa penulis mempunyai anjing jantan yang diberikan oleh
ayahnya saat dia berulang tahun.
 Paragraf kedua merupakan Description atau penjelasan keseluruhan umum ke khusus.
Seperti bahwa nama anjingnya pada text diatas adalah Jiji dengan bulu coklat yang
halus, juga diceritakan bagaimana sifat dan kebiasaan dari anjing tersebut.

Ciri-Ciri Descriptive Text yaitu:

 Menggunakan Simple Present Tense. Tenses ini digunakan karena dalam descriptive
text kita akan menjelaskan suatu fakta atau kebenaran yang terdapat dalam suatu hal
atau orang.
 Menggunakan banyak kata Adjective . Kata Adjective digunakan karena dalam
descriptive text kita akan menjelaskan sifat - sifat dari suatu benda, manusia, atau
binatang.
 Kita akan sering menjumpai banyak kata "is" atau relating verb (kata kerja
penghubung) dalam descriptive text. karena 'is' itu berarti 'adalah' yang mengarahkan
pada penjelasan benda,orang atau binatang yang sedang kita jelaskan.
 Descriptive text hanya fokus menjelaskan pada satu objek.

Beberapa Contoh Descriptive Text dan Artinya

Descriptive Text I

My House
My House is divided into two floors. On downstairs, I have all the important parts of
the house such as the kitchen, bathrooms, storage room and parking garage. On upstairs I
have one room where I keep the washer and dryer and one big terrace.
Downstairs, the floor is divided in eight rooms, four of them are bedrooms, other two
are bathrooms and then one kitchen and one dining room.
In my bedroom, I have a lot of things inside, such as a television, a playstation 3, and
many tropies.

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 In my sister's bedroom, there is a computer and in the other two bedrooms are for my
parent and my other sister.
Normally we eat in everywhere we want, but on Sunday we eat together in the dining
room. I really love my house, the place where we could share everything together

Terjemahan:
Rumahku
Rumahku terbagi menjadi dua lantai. Di lantai bawah, saya memiliki semua bagian
penting rumah seperti dapur, kamar mandi, ruang penyimpanan dan garasi parkir. Di lantai
atas saya memiliki satu ruangan di mana saya menyimpan mesin cuci dan pengering dan
satu teras besar.
Lantai bawah, lantai terbagi dalam delapan ruangan, empat di antaranya adalah
kamar tidur, dua lainnya adalah kamar mandi dan satu dapur dan satu ruang makan.
Di kamar tidur saya, saya memiliki banyak hal di dalamnya, seperti televisi,
playstation 3, dan banyak piala.
Di kamar tidur saudara perempuanku, ada komputer dan dua kamar tidur lainnya
adalah untuk orang tua dan adikku yang lain.
Biasanya kita makan di mana saja kita mau, tapi pada hari Minggu kita makan
bersama di ruang makan. Saya sangat mencintai rumah saya, tempat dimana kita bisa
berbagi segalanya bersama.

Descriptive Text II

Panda
I went to the zoo yesterday and I saw panda for the first time. Panda is the very cute animal
I've ever seen. It has little eyes with black spots around them. His body is black and white
colored. Panda's body is almost look alike with bear. Panda looks like tame animals but it's
actually not. Panda eats bamboo and they almost eat 40 kg bamboo in just one day. Panda is
animal from china. I like Panda because they're cute.

Terjemahan:
Panda
Aku pergi ke kebun binatang kemarin dan saya melihat panda untuk pertama kalinya. Panda
adalah hewan yang sangat lucu yang pernah saya lihat. Dia memiliki mata kecil dengan

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bintik-bintik hitam di sekitar mereka. Tubuhnya berwarna hitam dan putih. Tubuh Panda
hampir mirip dengan beruang. Panda terlihat seperti binatang jinak tapi sebenarnya tidak.
Panda makan bambu dan mereka hampir makan 40 kg bambu hanya dalam satu hari. Panda
adalah hewan dari china. Saya suka Panda karena mereka lucu.

Descriptive Text III

A Tree
There are three main parts of a tree. They are crown, trunk, and root. The crown is at
the top of the tree. It consists of leaves, branches, and twigs. The crown filters dust and other
particles from the air. The leaves produce food for the tree through photosyntesis.
The trunk or stem of a tree supports the crown and gives the tree its shape and strength.
The trunk consists of some layers. The layers carry water and minerals up from the roots to
the leaves, and they are carry sugar down from the leaves to the branches, trunk and roots.
Tree's roots absorb water and nutrients from soil, store sugar and hold the tree upright
in the ground. Some roots can go down more than four meters.

Terjemahannya:
Sebuah Pohon
Ada tiga bagian inti dari sebuah pohon. Mereka adalah mahkota, batang, dan akar.
Bagian mahkota ada di bagian atas dari pohon, yang terdiri dari daun, cabang, dan ranting.
Bagian ini menyaring debu dan partikel-partikel dari udara. Daun memproduksi makanan
dari phon lewat fotosintesis.
Bagian batang dari pohon mendukung pohon dengan memberikan bentuk dan
kekuatan. Bagian batang terdiri dari beberapa lapis. Lapisan itu membawa air dan mineral
dari akar sampai ke daun, dan lapisan ini juga membawa gula dari daun ke cabang ,
batang, dan akar.
Akar pohon menyerap air dan nutrisi dari tanah, menyimpan gula, dan menahan
pohon tetap berdiri di tanah. Beberapa akar bisa menancap sejauh lebih dari empat meter

B. Narrative Text

Narrative text adalah cerita fiksi atau cerita karangan yang dibuat untuk menghibur
pembaca. Narrative text biasanya kita jumpai dalam bentuk dongeng, cerita rakyat,

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maupun cerita fiksional lainnya. Narrative text terdiri dari kejadian berurutan yang
mengarah ke dalam suatu klimaks, dan akhirnya menemukan penyelesaian. Narrative text
bertujuan untuk menghibur pembaca / pendengar.

Generic Structure of Narrative Text

Narrative Text memiliki 3 susunan struktur seperti ini:

1. Orientation
Bagian orientation berisi tentang pembukaan cerita yang mengandung pengenalan
tokoh, pengenalan latar belakang waktu dan tempat dari cerita. Pokoknya bagian ini
mengandung bagian umum dari cerita yang mencakup apa, siapa, kapan, dan dimana
cerita tersebut diceritakan.
2. Complication
Pada bagian ini, sang tokoh utama mulai mengalami konflik dalam kehidupannya dan
sang pemeran utama harus menyelesaikan konflik-konflik tersebut.
3. Resolution
Bagian resolution adalah bagian cerita akhir (ending). Pada bagian ini semua masalah
sudah harus terselesaikan oleh sang tokoh utama. Dalam bagian resolution juga
biasanya terdapaat pesan moral atau moral value atau nasihat yang bisa kita ambil dari
cerita tersebut. Moral value pada ending sebuah narrative text disebut dengan Coda.

Penggunaan Grammar dalam Narrative Text

Dalam Narrative text biasanya menggunakan bentuk lampau atau Past, karena
cerita ini merupakan cerita karangan atau fiksi. Bentuk tenses bisa menggunakan past
perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, atau bisa saja past future perfect
continuous. Semua aturan ini tidak harus dijadikan sebagai acuan karena tenses itu
mengacu kepada kondisi dan situasi kalimat.

Ciri - Ciri Narrative Text

 Menggunakan Action Verb dalam bentuk Past Tense. Misalnya : Walked, Said,
Wondered, dsb.
 Menggunakan Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan dan benda tertentu
dalam cerita. Misalnya : the princess, the girl, the queen, dsb.

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  Menggunakan adjective yang membentuk satu kesatuan noun phrase. Misalnya : The
red riding hood, the poisoned apple, dsb.
 Menggunakan Time Connectives dan Conjunction untuk mengurutkan kejadian-
kejadian. Misalnya : before, after, then, next,soon, dsb.
 Menggunakan Adverbs dan Adverbial Phrase untuk menunjukkan lokasi kejadian
atau peristiwa. Misalnya : on the sea, in the mountain, there, happily ever after, dsb

Contoh Narrative Text dalam Bahasa Inggris

TIMUN MAS

Long time ago in the island of Java, Indonesia, lived a couple of farmer. They had
married for some years but they had no children. So they prayed to a monster called Buta Ijo
to give them children.
Buta Ijo was a ferocious and powerful monster. He granted their wish on one
condition. When their children had grown up, they had to sacrifice them to Buta Ijo. He
liked eating fresh meat of human being. The farmers agreed to his condition. Several months
later the wife was pregnant.
She gave birth to a beautiful baby girl. They named her Timun Mas. The farmers were
happy.
Timun Mas was very healthy and a very smart girl. She was also very diligent. When
she was a teenager Buta Ijo came to their house. Timun Mas was frightened so she ran away
to hide. The farmers then told Buta Ijo that Timun Emas was still a child. They asked him to
postpone. Buta Ijo agreed. He promised to come again. The following year Buta Ijo came
again. But again and again their parents said that Timun Mas was still a child.
When the third time Buta Ijo came their parents had prepared something for him. They
gave Timun Mas several bamboo needles, seeds of cucumber, dressing and salt.
‘Timun, take these things’
‘What are these things?’
‘These are your weapons. Buta Ijo will chase you. He will eat you alive. So run as fast as
you can. And if he will catch you spread this to the ground. Now go!’

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 Timun Mas was scared so she ran as quickly as she could. When Buta Ijo arrived she
was far from home. He was very angry when he realized that his prey had left. So he ran to
chase her. He had a sharp nose so he knew what direction his prey ran.
Timun Mas was just a girl while Buta Ijo was a monster so he could easily catch her
up. When he was just several steps behind Timun Mas quickly spread the seeds of cucumber.
In seconds they turned into many vines of cucumber. The exhausted Buta Ijo was very
thirsty so he grabbed and ate them. When Buta Ijo was busy eating cucumber Timun Emas
could run away.
But soon Buta Ijo realized and started running again. When he was just several steps
behind Timun Mas threw her bamboo needles. Soon they turned into dense bamboo trees.
Buta Ijo found it hard to pass. It took him some time to break the dense bamboo forest.
Meanwhile Timun Mas could run farther. Buta Ijo chased her again. When he almost catch
her again and again Timun Mas threw her dressing. This time it turned into a lake. Buta Ijo
was busy to save himself so Timun Mas ran way. But Buta Ijo could overcome it and
continued chasing her.
Finally when Timun Mas was almost caught she threw her salt. Soon the land where
Buta Ijo stood turned into ocean. Buta Ijo was drowned and died instantly. Timun Mas was
thankful to god and came back to her home.

Terjemahan :
Timun Mas

Pada zaman dahulu di pulau Jawa , Indonesia , tinggal sepasang petani . Mereka telah
menikah selama beberapa tahun , tetapi mereka tidak punya anak . Jadi meminta kepada
raksasa yang disebut dengan Buta Ijo untuk memberi mereka anak-anak . Buta Ijo adalah
raksasa yang ganas dan kuat . Dia mengabulkan permintaan mereka dengan satu syarat .
Ketika anak mereka telah dewasa, mereka harus mengorbankan mereka untuk Buta Ijo . Dia
suka makan daging segar manusia . Para petani setuju untuk dengan permintaannya.
Beberapa bulan kemudian istri petani pun hamil .
Istri petani melahirkan seorang bayi perempuan cantik . Mereka menamainya Timun
Emas . sepasang petani itu pun senang . Timun Mas sangat sehat dan tumbuh menjadi
seorang gadis yang sangat cerdas . Dia juga sangat rajin .
Ketika ia masih remaja Buta Ijo datang ke rumah mereka . Timun Mas ketakutan
sehingga dia melarikan diri untuk bersembunyi . Para petani kemudian mengatakan Buta Ijo

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bahwa Timun Mas masih anak-anak. Mereka memintanya untuk menunda . Buta Ijo setuju .
Dia berjanji untuk datang lagi . Tahun berikutnya Buta Ijo datang lagi. Tapi lagi dan lagi
orang tua mereka mengatakan bahwa Timun Mas masih anak-anak.
Ketika ketiga kalinya Buta Ijo datang orang tua mereka telah mempersiapkan sesuatu
untuknya . Mereka memberi Timun Emas beberapa jarum bambu , biji mentimun , saus dan
garam .
' Timun , mengambil hal-hal ini '
' Apa ini ? '
' Ini adalah senjatamu . Buta Ijo akan mengejarmu . Dia akan memakanmu hidup-hidup .
Jadi berlari secepat mungkin yang kau bisa. Dan jika ia akan menangkapmu sebarkan ini ke
tanah . Sekarang pergi! '
Timun Mas takut sehingga ia berlari secepat yang dia bisa . Ketika Buta Ijo tiba ia
sangat jauh dari rumah . Dia sangat marah ketika ia menyadari bahwa mangsanya telah
meninggalkan rumah. Jadi Buto Ijo berlari mengejarnya . Dia memiliki hidung yang tajam
sehingga ia tahu kemana arah berlari mangsanya .
Timun Mas hanya seorang gadis sementara Buta Ijo adalah raksasa sehingga ia bisa
dengan mudah menangkapnya . Ketika ia hanya beberapa langkah di belakang Timun Mas
cepat menyebar benih-benih mentimun . Dalam hitungan detik benih mentimun itu berubah
menjadi tanaman merambat . Buta Ijo sangat kelelahan dan haus sehingga ia meraih
mentimun itu dan memakannya . Ketika Buta Ijo sedang sibuk makan mentimun Timun Mas
bisa melarikan diri .
Tapi segera Buta Ijo menyadari dan mulai berlari lagi . Ketika ia hanya beberapa
langkah di belakang Timun Emas melemparkan jarum bambu nya . Tak lama kemudian
mereka berubah menjadi pohon bambu lebat . Buta Ijo merasa sulit untuk lulus . Ini
membutuhkan beberapa waktu untuk memecahkan hutan bambu lebat . Sementara itu Timun
mas bisa berlari lebih jauh .
Buta Ijo mengejarnya lagi . Ketika ia hampir menangkapnya lagi dan lagi Timun Mas
melemparkan riasnya . Kali ini berubah menjadi danau . Buta Ijo sedang sibuk
menyelamatkan diri sehingga Timun Mas berlari jalan . Tapi Buta Ijo bisa mengatasinya dan
terus mengejarnya .
Akhirnya ketika Timun mas hampir tertangkap ia melemparkan garam itu . Segera tanah
tempat Buta Ijo berdiri berubah menjadi laut . Buta Ijo itu tenggelam dan tewas seketika .
Timun mas bersyukur kepada Tuhan dan kembali ke rumahnya.

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C. RECOUNT TEXT
Menurut kamus, kata 'Recount'memiliki arti menceritakan. Jadi Recount text dapat
diartikan sebagai 'Text yang menceritakan'. Maka Recount text adalah sebuah teks yang
menceritakan kembali peristiwa atau aktivitas yang terjadi di masa lampau yang pernah di
alami sebelumnya. Kita mungkin pernah mendengar sebelumnya dari guru kita bahwa
Recount Text adalah sebuah cerita pengalaman yang benar - benar terjadi di dalam
kehidupan kita. Lalu, tujuan dari Recount text itu sendiri adalah untuk menghibur atau
memberi informasi kepada pembaca.

Ciri-Ciri Recount Text

 Memiliki judul yang merangkum teks. Contohnya 'My Vacation to Bali' maka
ceritanya hanya akan menceritakan seluruh liburan saat berada di bali
 Menceritakan peristiwa yang sudah terjadi di masa lampau. Maka Recount text selalu
menggunakan past tense, contohnya 'Last month, I went to Bali with my family.
 Semua kejadian yang di ceritakan harus secara berurutan. Jadi, harus memakai kata
sambung seperti 'when', 'later', 'then', 'after', 'before', dan lain lain.

Generic Structure dari Recount Text

Generic structure atau struktur kebahasaan dari Recount Text ini terbagi kedalam
3 susunan, yaitu :

 Orientation
Bagian Orientation merupakan bagian pendahuluan atau perkenalan dari text yang
akan dibahas. Karena di dalam Orientation ini menceritakan siapa saja yang terlibat
dalam cerita, apa yang terjadi, di mana tempat peristiwa terjadi, dan waktu terjadinya
peristiwa.
 Events
Bagian Event merupakan inti dari cerita. Pada bagian ini kita menceritakan semua
yang terjadi secara berurutan dari awal sampai selesai
 Re-orientation
Bagian Re-orientation berisi kesimpulan dari isi cerita, atau bisa juga merupakan
pendapat pribadi dari si pencerita. Re-orientation ini bisa disebut juga akhir atau
penutup dari cerita.

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 Dibawah ini adalah beberapa contoh dari Recount Text:

Recount Text tentang Liburan di Pantai

Holiday in Santolo Beach

When Idul Fitri holiday, after visiting my parent at Pameungpeuk, Garut, I and my
family went to Santolo Beach to refresh our mind after the long time of work. It's rarely to
take a vacation because I'm very busy.
The way to Santolo beach is quite good, and the view is really beautiful. On our left
and right is full of rice fields and many coconut trees along the way. But when we nearly
arrived, there was a long traffic jam so we hardly to get in into the beach. I guess this was
because of the Idul Fitri holiday, so people want to go to beach too. Then we just take a walk
to the beach because it was not far. Fortunately the weather was not too hot on that day.
After we arrived, the beach was so crowded. But we still enjoyed the time by took
pictures, swimming, playing sand, and go around the beach by boat. We stay overnight in the
inn that we have rent before.
We got up so early in the morning that we could enjoy sunrise landscape at the beach.
My cousin playing with white sand and I took a picture of him.
A day at Santolo beach felt so short, we were quite tired for playing a whole day, but
we were very happy.

Terjemahannya:
Liburan ke Pantai Santolo
Ketika libur lebaran, setelah mengunjungi orang tua saya di Pameungpeuk, Garut,
saya dan keluarga saya pergi ke Pantai Santolo untuk menyegarkan pikiran kita setelah lama
bekerja. Ini jarang untuk berlibur karena saya sangat sibuk.
Jalan ke Pantai Santolo pantai cukup bagus, dan pemandangan benar-benar indah.
Pada kiri dan kanan kami penuh sawah dan pohon kelapa banyak di sepanjang jalan. Tapi
ketika kita hampir tiba, ada kemacetan panjang sehingga kita hampir tidak bisa masuk ke
pantai. Saya kira ini adalah karena libur lebaran, sehingga orang-orang ingin pergi ke
pantai juga. Akhirnya kita berjalan ke pantai Karena itu tidak jauh. Untungnya cuaca tidak
terlalu panas pada hari itu.

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 Setelah kami tiba, pantai itu begitu penuh sesak. Tapi kami masih menikmati waktu
dengan mengambil gambar, berenang, bermain pasir, dan pergi di sekitar pantai dengan
perahu. Kami menginap di penginapan yang kita miliki sewa sebelumnya.
Kami bangun pagi sehingga kita bisa menikmati pemandangan matahari terbit di
pantai. Sepupu saya bermain dengan pasir putih dan saya mengambil foto dirinya.
Sehari di pantai Santolo rasanya begitu singkat, kami cukup lelah untuk bermain
sepanjang hari, tapi kami sangat senang.

Recount Text tentang Camping

Camping

Some years ago, my friends and I climbed the mountain which was not far from our
home. We gathered in Diko’s home to prepare the food, utensil, tent and others. After all the
climber members had gathered , we decided to start to go there at 5 p.m.
Along the ascent, we told about funny story, sang and sometimes stopped our
weakness. Around 6 , we stopped to give change everyone to do the maghrib pray. At 7 We
continued climbing until 9 night. Finally we got the top of the mountain, we prepared to set
the tent, for girl prepared the dinner. After finishing all, we went bed.
Next day, we woke up earlier at 4 a.m, it meant to see the sun rise, we were so amazed
to see it directly through the mountain. While enjoying the sun rise view, the girls prepared
the breakfast and the boys made the out bond games for us. Around 8, we finished having
breakfast and continued having games. There were moving stone game, blowing the balloon
and “bakiak”. I followed all the games, it was so fun.
The time showed 1 p.m, it was time to us to go back from the mountain. We tidied all
and walk down the mountain. We felt so happy after climbing the mountain. Many
experiences we got there, friendship and what a wonderful world. I hope can get there again
next time although I will never know.

Terjemahan:
Pergi Berkemah

Beberapa tahun yang lalu, teman-temanku dan aku mendaki gunung yang tidak jauh
dari rumah kami. Kami berkumpul di rumah Diko untuk menyiapkan makanan, perkakas,

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tenda dan lain-lain. Setelah semua anggota pendaki telah berkumpul, kami memutuskan
untuk memulai untuk pergi ke sana pada pukul 17:00
Sepanjang jalan pendakian, kami diberitahu tentang cerita lucu, bernyanyi dan
kadang-kadang berhenti karena lemas. Sekitar pukul 6, kami berhenti untuk memberikan
perubahan setiap orang untuk melakukan sholat maghrib. Pada pukul 7 Kami melanjutkan
mendaki sampai pukul 9 malam. Akhirnya kami mencapai puncak gunung, kita siap untuk
mengatur tenda, untuk para gadis mempersiapkan makan malam. Setelah menyelesaikan
semua, kami pergi tidur.
Hari berikutnya, kami bangun lebih awal pada pukul 4 pagi, itu berarti untuk melihat
matahari terbit, kami sangat kagum melihat langsung melalui gunung. Sambil menikmati
pemandangan matahari naik, gadis-gadis menyiapkan sarapan dan anak-anak membuat
game obligasi bagi kita. Sekitar pukul 8, kami selesai makan pagi dan terus memiliki
permainan. Ada permainan batu bergerak, meniup balon dan “bakiak”. Saya mengikuti
semua game, itu sangat menyenangkan.
Waktu menunjukkan 1 siang, sudah waktunya untuk kita untuk kembali dari gunung.
Kami merapikan semua dan berjalan menuruni gunung. Kami merasa sangat senang setelah
mendaki gunung. Banyak pengalaman kami tiba di sana, persahabatan dan betapa indahnya
dunia. Saya berharap bisa sampai di sana lagi lain kali meskipun aku tidak akan pernah
tahu.

Contoh Recount Text tentang Pergi Berenang

In the Swimming Pool

Yesterday I went to the swimming pool with my friends. I brought my bag which is full by
the things I need in the swimming pool. When we arrive there, I changed my clothes into
swimsuit then I do a little warming up before get into the pool. I used sunscreen to prevent
sun light burn my skin, because this is such a hot day. In the middle of the time when
swimming, I feel hungry, then I wore my bathing suit and ate my foods that I brought from
home. After that I went swimming again until I have done in having fun. After swimming I
put on again my bathing suit and go to the bathroom to rinse my body. I use shampoo to clean
my hair and soap to clean my body. After that I used towel for dry my hair and I comb my
hair. I wear my clothes and put all the wet clothes ito the plastic bag, so my bag would not get
wet by water. Finally I went home with my friends again happily.

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Terjemahan:
Di Kolam Renang
Kemarin aku pergi ke kolam renang bersama teman-temanku. Aku membawa tasku yang
penuh dengan bawaan kebutuhanku saat di kolam nanti. Ketika kami sampai disana, aku
mengganti pakaianku dengan pakaian renang. Kemudian aku melakukan sedikit pemanasan
sebelum aku menceburkan diri ke kolam renang. Aku memakai tabir surya untuk
menghindari sinar matahari yang membakar kulit, karena ini adalah hari yang panas. Pada
pertengahan waktu berenang aku merasa lapar. Kemudian aku memakai baju kimono dan
memakan makananku yang kubawa sendiri dari rumah. Setelah itu aku pergi berenanglagi
sampai aku benar-benar bersenang-senang. Setelah berenang, aku memakai lagi baju
kimonoku dan pergi ke kamar mandi untuk membilas tubuhku. Aku memakai sampo untuk
membersihkan rambutku dan sabun untuk membersihkan tubuhku. Setelah itu aku memakai
handuk untuk mengeringkan rambutku dan aku menyisir rambutku. Aku memakai bajuku lagi
dan memasukkan baju basah kedalam plastik kresek, jadi tasku tidak akan kebasahan oleh
air. Akhirnya aku pulang ke rumah bersama teman teman dengan bahagia.

Soal Latihan Descriptive Text

Read the following text to answer questions number 1 to 4

Rose is plant with enchanting flowers from genus Rosa which has more than 100 species.
This woody perennial plant grows in groups, allowing them to form climbing shrubs with
prickles. Rose has various flowers in shape and sizes, making it one among popular
flowering plants found in a house.
Most rose species are native to Asia, but some others are native to North America and
Europe. It is typically grown for beauty and fragrant. Some species are used for commercial
perfumery while some others are cut for ornamental flowers. In addition, rose also has minor
medicinal uses.

1. What does the text tell about?

A. Gardening
B. Rose species
C. Flowers
D. How to grow rose plant
E. Where to plant rose

2. This statement is correct, except ….

A. Rose has more than 100 species
B. Rose is native to Asia
C. Rose can be used for ornamental plant

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D. Rose only has one variant of shape and size
E. Rose can be used in perfume

3. It is typically grown … (paragraph 2). The word “it” refers to ….

A. Asia
B. Beauty
C. Rose species
D. Medicine
E. Commercial perfumery

4. Based on the text, which statement is true?

A. Rose has minor benefit for medicinal uses
B. People grow rose only for beauty
C. Rose is not a popular flowering plant
D. North America is not a native to rose species
E. Rose has less than 100 species

Read the following text for questions number 5 to 7

Indonesia or commonly known as Republic of Indonesia is one of South East Asia countries.
Located between Pacific and Indian Ocean, it makes Indonesia the world’s largest
archipelago country. Also called as Nusantara, this country has more than 17,000 islands.
Having more than 261 million people, Indonesia becomes 4th most populous country in the
world. Indonesia has more ethnics, languages and culture than other countries. Data showed
that Indonesia has several ethnic groups including Javanese, Sundanese, and other with more
than 700 recognized regional language.

5. What makes Indonesia one of most populous countries in the world?

A. It is located in South East Asia
B. Indonesia has more than 17,000 islands
C. Indonesia has more than 261 million people
D. Indonesia is rich
E. It has more ethnics and languages

6. What is the main idea of the paragraph?

A. Indonesia is one of South East Asia countries
B. Indonesia is 4th most populous country
C. Ethnics and languages make Indonesia rich
D. Indonesia is an Asian country which has many cultures, ethnics, as well as people
E. Indonesia is located between Pacific and Indian Ocean

7. The world “located” can be best replaced by ….

A. Situated
B. Allocated
C. Happened
D. Borrowed
E. Surrounded

Read the following text to answer questions number 8 to 10.

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I have a new cat, its name is Shorty. I call it Shorty because it is short than the other cats. My
cat is a Persian cat with flat nose and fluffy hair. It has sharp, yellow eyes that glow in the
dark. Shorty likes to run around the house, chasing any moving things. I like to see Shorty
sleeping because it looks cute. Shorty does not like to eat canned food, instead it prefers fresh
tuna.

8. My cat is ….. (line 1). The word “my” refers to ….

A. Reader
B. Cat
C. Writer
D. Mother
E. Tuna

9. Which breed is Shorty?

A. Persian
B. Angora
C. Half-breed
D. Domestic cat
E. Egypt

10. What does the writer tell about?

A. New toy
B. New cat named Shorty
C. Writer’s new hobby
D. Family
E. Job

Soal Latihan Narrative Test

Read the text below carefully and choose the answer between A, B, C, D, or E

Text 1 for questions 1 to 4

Once upon a time, there was a king who ruled in Teberu Lombok, who had a beautiful
daughter called Puteri Mandalika. Because of her beauty, princes and kings from other
kingdom around Teberu wished that she would be their wife. Six of them came to Teberu and
ask for her hand of marriage. They were Prince Bumbang, Prince Aryo Johor, Prince Singa
Trasak, Prince Daria Loka, Prince Gunung Piring and Prince Bungsu. Each prince wanted to
win the hearth of Puteri Mandalika.
Her father, the king of Teberu, was very confused and did not know what to do. If he
chose one prince instead of another then it would create jealousy and there could be war
against his kingdom. All the princes were handsome and powerful and so the king allowed

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his daughter to make her own choice. But Puteri Mandalika was confused too and she also
knew the dangerous risk that her kingdom and people would get, if she chose either one of
the princes.
After several days of serious thinking, Puteri Mandalika met her parents and asked her
permission to announce her decision in front of all the princes and the people of Teberu the
next day in the beach. Early next morning, everybody gathered on the beach. There was a
gentle breeze with small waves breaking softly across the shore. Everybody was looking at
Puteri Mandalika, waiting for her announcement.
Meanwhile, the six princes prayed in their heart that he would be the chosen one.
Then in a loud and clear voice, Puteri Mandalika Said, ”Oh my beloved mother and father, all
the princes and especially the people of Teberu Kingdom. Today I would like to announce
that I will not give myself to any one of the princes, but rather to all people of Teberu and my
own kingdom.” Then Puteri Mandalika threw herself into the sea from the top of a hill and
disappeared. Everybody desperately search for her but she could not be found and people
believed she was transformed into flowing sea worms called “nyale”. .

1. The second paragraph is called ……

a. orientation
b. complication
c. resolution
d. identification
e. conclusion

2. Why was it hard for the princess to choose one of the princes?
a. She loved all the princes.
b. All the princes were handsome.
c. All the princes were powerful.
d. She was afraid of the dangerous risk.
e. Her father permitted her to marry.

3. “Six of them came to Teberu and ask for her hand of marriage.” (Paragraph 1)
The underlined phrase can be replaced by …..
a. intend
b. admit

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 c. promise
d. accompany
e. propose

4. From the text we may conclude that ………

a. Putri Mandalika sacrificed herself to the sea for the sake of her people.
b. Putri Mandalika was a selfish princess.
c. One of the princes won the heart of Putri Mandalika.
d. The war happened against the kingdom due to the princess’ decision.
e. The people of Teberu kingdom hated the princess.

Text 4 for questions 5 to 8

The Lion and The Mouse

Once when a lion was asleep, a little mouse began running up and down upon him; this soon
awoke the lion, who placed his huge paw upon him, and open his big jaws to swallow him.
“Pardon, O king,” cried the little mouse, “Forgive me this time, I shall never forget it;
perhaps I may be able to do you a good turn some of these days.”
The lion was so tickled at the idea of the mouse being able to help him. Then, he lifted
up his paw and let him go.
Sometime after, the lion was caught in a trap. Some hunters, who wanted to carry him
alive to the King, tied him to a tree while they went in search of a wagon to carry him in. Just
then, the little mouse happened to pass by and see the sad plight in which the lion was. The
little mouse went up to him and soon gnawed away the ropes that bounded the king of the
beasts. Soon after the little mouse had finished gnawing away the ropes, he asked the lion to
run away.

5. What is the purpose of the text?

a. To entertain the readers
b. To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case
c. To inform the readers about the events of the day which are considered newsworthy
d. To explain something
e. To present at least two points of view about an issue

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 6. What is the moral value of the text?
a. Don’t look at someone because of his clothes
b. It is best for prepare for the days of necessity
c. Common people may prove great ones
d. United we stand, divided we fall
e. Honestly begins at home

7. Paragraph three mainly tells us that ……

a. The little mouse asked for forgiveness
b. The hunters carried the lion alive to the King
c. The lion was tied to a tree by the hunters
d. The little mouse could prove that he could help the lion
e. From the first, the lion believed in what the little mouse said

8. What did the little mouse do to prove his words?

a. He would never forget the lion
b. He tried hard to help the lion free
c. He ran up and down upon the lion
d. He asked for apology to the king of the beast
e. He tied the lion to the tree so that the hunters could carry him

Text below for question number 9 - 13

The Rats and The Elephants

Once upon a time their lived a group of mice under a tree in peace. However, a group of
elephants crossing the jungle unknowingly destroyed the homes of all the rats. Many of them
were even crushed to death.

Then taking of rats decided to approach the elephant's chief and request him to guide his herd
through another route. On hearing the sad story, the elephant's king apologized and agreed to
take another route. And so the lives of the rats were saved.

One day elephant-hunters came to the jungle and trapped a group of elephants in huge nets.

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Then the elephant king suddenly remembered the king of the rats. He summoned on of the
elephants of his herd, which had not been trapped, to go seek help from the king and told him
about the trapped elephants.

The rat's king immediately took his entire group of rats and they cut open the nets which had
trapped the elephant's herd. The elephant herd was totally set free. They danced with joy and
thank the rats.

9. What type of text is the above text? It is …

a. a narrative text
b. a description text
c. a recount text
d. an anecdote text
e. an expository text

10. What destroyed the homes of all rats?

a. a group of mice did
b. the hunter did
c. elephant-hunter did
d. a group of elephant did
e. elephant's herd

11. What helped the elephant's herd free?

a. the elephant-hunter did
b. the hunters did
c. the trapped elephants did
d. a group of king did
e. entire group of rats did

12. What is generic structure of "once upon a time there lived a group of mice under a
tree in peace"?
a. Identification
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 b. Orientation
c. Complication
d. Resolution
e. Description

13. At the end of the story, how was the elephant's herd?
a. angry
b. sad
c. happy
d. dead
e. disappointed

Text below is for question number 13 – 17

Once upon a time there was a girl name Cindrella. She lived with her bad step-mother
and two step-sisters. She had to do all the household chores.
One day the king invited all the ladies in the kingdom to go to a ball (pesta dansa) in
the palace. He wanted to find the Crown Prince a wife.
The step sisters went to the ball that night with their mother. Cindrella was left alone.
She cried because she actually wanted to go to the ball, too.
Just then a fairy godmother came. With her magic wand, she gave Cindrella a coach
(kereta), two horses and footmen. She also gave Cindrella a lovely dress to wear the ball and
a pair of glass slippers. She told Cindrella to come home before midnight.
At the ball, Cindrella danced all night with the Prince. The Prince fell in love with
her. At midnight, Cindrella ran home. Unfortunately, one of her slippers slipped off at the
door. She did not have time to put it back on. The Prince was sad as he could not find
Cindrella again that night.
The next day, the Prince and his men brought along the glass slipper. They went all
over the Kingdom to search for the owner.
After searching for along time, finally, they came to Cindrella’s house. The slipper fit
her. The prince was very happy to find Cindrella again. They got married and lived ever after.

14. What is the purpose of the text above?

a. To tell us how to write a story

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 b. To inform what happened in the past
c. To give a description of a beautiful girl
d. To retell about Cindrella’s experience/memory
e. To entertain readers with an actual, or vicarious experience

15. What was there at the palace one day?

a. A game
c. A birthday party
e. Glass slippers
b. A ball
d. Crown part
16. Why did the king hold the event at his palace?
a. To celebrate his birthday
d. To entertain his people
b. To celebrate his wedding
e. To show give amusement to his guests.
c. To find his crown prince a wife

17. How was the end of the story?

a. The prince married Cindrella.
d. The king gave the kingdom to Cindrella.
b. Cindrella was killed by her step mother .
e. Cindrella was betrayed by the king.
c. The prince turned into a horse forever.

18. “She also gave Cindrella a lovely dress….” (Paragraph 4). The underlined word has
the same meaning with …..
a. boring
c. Polite
e. Pretty
b. honest
d. Loyal

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Soal Latihan Recount Text

Visiting My Village

Last month, I and my family went to Banyumas which was located in Central Java,
Indonesia. We drove a car. I enjoyed the journey all day long although it took 2 days to get
there. We were fun, my brother made some jokes all day. My father told us some stories on
the way. My mother slept on the back seat.

My first day in my village, I visited my siblings and friends. We are welcomed by

happiness. When I saw my parents, they cried because they looked so happy to meet up their
families. The next day, I, my brother, my cousin and my nephew went to a popular place in
Purwokerto. It was called “Baturaden”. That was a favorite spot in Purwokerto. We enjoyed
local specialty food as culinary. I was satisfied and so were they. Next, I took a photo with
traditional music musicians.

My brother, my cousin and my nephew enjoy the view with other visitors. They took
a photo with their style like I did. In the evening, we were back home. And did other private
activities, such as made a conversation, told the story and made a joke.

The day after tomorrow, my cousin had a ceremony to say thanks to God for blessing
their son. It was called “Nazar”. When the parents had a promise for something and it was
realized. They had to make a traditional ceremony. I watched that traditional ceremony and
took their photograph.

For the last show, we were entertained by “Ebeg”. It was traditional art. The player
danced through the traditional music and they were handled by the spirit. It was scary, but it
was fun and entertain.

Time run so fast because the next day was our last day in the village. So I took the last
photo to bring it home. They were my family and still family until the last breath in this
world.

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 Finally, we had to go home and brought a love experience from family. Yaps… that
was the hardest part.

Questions
1. When did they go to Banyumas?
2. How did they go there?
3. Was the writer sad on the way?
4. What did the writer do on the first day?
5. What was the popular place in Purwokerto?
6. What is the meaning of “private activities” on 2nd paragraph?
7. What did they call the ceremony to say thanks to God?
8. Why was the writer scare with “Ebeg”?
9. When did the writer take the last foto?
10. Did the writer enjoy the holiday in the village?

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 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Herring, peter. 2016. Complete English Grammar Rules. USA: The Farlex International

Indaryani , 2015. Bahasa Inggris untuk Perguruan Tinggi. Lhokseumawe: Unimal Press

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