Disusun oleh :
Kelompok 6
Ira Gantini
Susan
POKJAR PACET
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
B. Rumusan Masalah
C. Tujuan
BAB II PEMBAHASAN
KB 1 DEFINISI PENYEBAB,KLASIFIKASI,DAN DAMPAK TUNADAKSA
A. Pengertian dan Definisi Anak Tunadaksa
B. Penyebab Ketunadaksaan
C. Klasifikasi anak Tunadaksa
D. Dampak Tunadaksa
KB 2 KEBUTUHAN KHUSUS DAN PROFIL PENDIDIKAN ANAK TUNADAKSA
A. Kebutuhan khusus anak tunadaksa
B. Profil pendidikan anak tunadaksa
1. Tujuan pendidikan
2. Sistem Pendidikan
3. Pelaksananaan Pendidikan
4. Penataan Lingkungan Belajar dan Sarana Khusus
5. Personel
6. Evaluasi
KB 3. DEFINISI KLASIFIKASI PENYEBAB DAN DAMPAK KETUNALARASAN
A. Pengertian dan Definisi anak Tunalaras
B. Klasifikasi anak Tunalaras
C. Penyebab ketunalarasan
D. Dampak anak tunadaksa
\ckbg`uaugk
G. Agtg
Agtgrr Fca
Fcagh
ghgk
gkj
j
Mgkusng mcrupghgk onptggk Ru`gk ^gkj Mg`g Csg ygkj pgankj scmpurkg. Bn
gktgrg
gktgrg mgh`au
mgh`auh
h agn
agnkky
kkygg mgkusn
mgkusngag`
gag` ygkj
ygkj mcmnan
mcmnanhn
hn fcktuh
fcktuh bgk struhtu
struhturr ygkj
ygkj pgankj
pgankj
scmpur
scmpurkg.
kg. Mghg
Mghg bgrn
bgrn ntu scfgjg
scfgjgnn mgkusn
mgkusngg ygkj
ygkj fcrsyu
fcrsyuhur
hur hntg
hntg wgdnf
wgdnf mckjju
mckjjukgh
kghgk
gk
pcmfcrngk ntu bckjgk scfgnh-fgnhkyg bckjgk ogrg mcrgwgt scrtg mckjcmfgkjhgk
petcksnkyg scmghsnmga mukjhnk pgbg hckygtggkkyg mgsn` fgkygh mgkusng ygkj
mcmnanh
mcmnanhnn hctcrf
hctcrfgtg
gtgsgk
sgk bgagm
bgagm `ga insnh
insnh mgupuk
mgupuk mcktga
mcktga,, sgag`
sgag` sgtuky
sgtukygg pckygk
pckygkbgk
bgkj
j
tukgbghsg
tukgbghsg bnschntgr hntg. Rukgbghsg
Rukgbghsg (ogogt tufu`)
tufu`) gbgag` sgag` sgtu fcktuh hctcrfgtgsgk
hctcrfgtgsgk
mgkusng ygkj tcrdgbn pgbg insnhkyg, scpcrtn pgbg snstcm e
etet,
tet, tuagkj bgk pcrsckbngk ghnfgt
bgrn gbgkyg pckyghnt bgrn hcocaghggk, fgwggk scdgh ag`nr gtgu hcrusghgk bn etgh.
Hcagnk
Hcagnkgk
gk ogogt
ogogt insnh
insnh ygkj
ygkj bnmnan
bnmnanhn
hn eac`
eac` fcfcrgp
fcfcrgpgg ergkj
ergkj,, tcrhgb
tcrhgbgkj
gkj mcmfug
mcmfugtt
mcrchg rckbg` bnrn bgk tnbgh pcrogyg bnrn. Vgsg hurgkj pcrogyg bnrn nkn scrnkj tcran`gt
tcran`gt bn
sggt mcrchg nkjnk mckbgpgthgk pchcrdggk ygkjagygh, pckbnbnhgk, gtgu hcscmpgtgk uktuh
mckukd
mckukduhh
uhhgk
gk fghgt
fghgt gtgu
gtgu hcg`an
hcg`angk
gk ygkjbn
ygkjbnmna
mnanhn
nhn eac`
eac` tukg
tukg bghsg.\crscpsn
bghsg.\crscpsn mgsygr
mgsygrghgt
ghgt
gwgm tcktgkj gkgh fcrhcagnkgk iukjsn gkjjetg tufu` (gkgh tukgbghsg) scfgjgn sgag` sgtu
dckns gkgh fcrhcagnkgk bgagm hektchs \ckbnbnhgk Augr Fngsg (\ckbnbnhgk H`usus) mgsn`
bnpcrmgsgag`hgk. Mukouakyg pcrmgsgag`gk tcrscfut tcrhgnt bckjgk gsumsn fg`wg gkgh
tukgbghsg (hc`ngagkjgk sgag` sgtu gtgu acfn` iukjsngkjjetg tufu`) pgbg hckygtggkkyg
fgkygh ygkj tnbgh mckjgagmn hcsuantgk uktuh mckntntujgs pcrhcmfgkjgkkyg, tgkpg `grus
mgsuh scheag` h`usus uktuh gkgh tukgbghsg(h`ususkyg tukgbghsg rnkjgk).
_cogrg umum bnhckga bug mgogm gkgh tukgbghsg. \crtgmg, gkgh tukg bghsg ygkj
bnsc
bnscfg
fgfh
fhgk
gk hg
hgrc
rckg
kg pc
pcky
kygh
ghnt
nt pe
pean
ane,
e, yg
ygkj
kj mc
mckj
kjgh
ghnf
nfgth
gthgk
gk tcr
tcrjg
jgkj
kjju
juky
kygg sga
sgag`
g` sgt
sgtu
u
iukjsn
iukjsngkj
gkjjet
jetgg fgb
fgbgk.
gk. Gkg
Gkgh
h tuk
tukgbg
gbghsg
hsg hca
hcaemp
empeh
eh nkn scrn
scrnkj
kj bns
bnscfu
cfutt ert
ert`e
`epcb
pcbnog
nogaay
aay
`gkbnogppc
`gkbnogppcb,tnb
b,tnbgh
gh mckj
mckjgagmn
gagmn `gmf
`gmfgtgk
gtgk pcrhcm
pcrhcmfgkjg
fgkjgk
k hcocrb
hcocrbgsgkky
gsgkkyg.
g. Eac` hgrckg ntu
mcrchg bgpgt fcagdgr mckjnhutn prejrgm scheag` fngsg.
Hcbug, gkgh tukgbghsg ygkj bnscfgfhgk eac` jgkjjugk kcureaejns. Gkgh tukg bghsg
7
mckjgagmnjg
mckjgagmnjgkkju
kkjugk
gk hcocrb
hcocrbgsgk
gsgk bgk scrnk
scrnkj
j bnscf
bnscfut
ut kcure
kcureaejn
aejnogaay
ogaay `gkb
`gkbnogpp
nogppcb
cb gtgu
scogrg h`ususmcrchg bnscfut pckygkbgkj ocrcfrga pgasy. Gkgh tukg bghsg hcaempeh
nknmcmfutu`hgk agygkgk pckbnbnhgk augr fngsg.Gkghygkj mckjgagmn jgkjjugk jcrghgk
pgbg tgrgi scbgkj bgk fcrgt,umumkyg bnmgsuhhgk hc scheag` augr fngsg (_AF),
scbgkjhgk gkgh ygkj mckjgagmn jgkjjugk jcrghgk bgagm tgrgi rnkjgk fgkygh bntcmuhgk
scheag`
scheag` · sch
scheag
eag`
` umu
umum.
m. Kgm
Kgmuk
uk dnh
dnhgg mcr
mcrchg
chg tnb
tnbgh
gh mck
mckbgp
bgpgthg
gthgk
k pca
pcagyg
gygkgk
kgk h`u
h`usus
sus
bgpgtmckycfgfhgk tcrdgbnkyg hcsuantgk fcagdgr ygkj scrnus.
F. Vumu
Vumusg
sgk
k Mgs
Mgsga
gag`
g`
7. Gpg pckjcrt
pckjcrtngk
ngk bgrn
bgrn gkgh
gkgh Rukg
Rukg Bghsg
Bghsg bgk Rukg Agrgs5
6. Gpg pckycfgf bgrn Rukg Bghsg bgk Rukg Agrgs5
?. Fgjgnmgkg Hagsninhgsn bgrn gkgh Rukg Bghsg bgk Rukg Agrgs5
2. Fgjgnmgkg bgmpgh bgrn gkgh Rukg Bghsg bgk Rukg Agrgs5
3. Gpg sgdg
sgdg hcfutu`
hcfutu`gk
gk h`usus
h`usus bgk
bgk preina
preina \ckbnb
\ckbnbnhg
nhgk
k bgrn gkgh Rukg Bghsg bgk Rukg
Agrgs5
O. Rudugk
7. Mckjctg`un pckjcrtngk bgrn gkgh Rukg Bghsg bgk Ruk
ckj Rukgg Agrgs
6. Mck
ckj
jctg`un pckycfgf bgrn Rukg Bghsg bgk Ru
Rukg
kg Agrgs
?. Mck
ckj
jctg`un Hagsninhgsn bgrn gkgh Rukg Bghsg bgk Rukg Agrgs
2. Mck
ckj
jctg`un bgmpgh bgrn gkgh Rukg Bghsg bgk Rukg Agrgs
3. Mckjct
Mckjctg`u
g`unn sgdg hcfutu`g
hcfutu`gk
k h`usus
h`usus bgk preina
preina \ckbnbnh
\ckbnbnhgk
gk bgrn gkgh Rukg Bghsg bgk
Rukg Agrgs
6
FGF NN
\cmfg`gsgk
HCJNGRGK FCAGDGV 7
G. \ckjcrt
\ckjcrtngk
ngk Bgk Bcink
Bcinknsn
nsn Gkgh
Gkgh Rukgbghs
Rukgbghsg
g
Gkgh tukgbghsg
tukgbghsg scrnkj bnscfut
bnscfut bckjgk
bckjgk nstnag` gkgh ogogt tufu`,
tufu`, ogogt insnh, bgk
ogogt ertepcbn. Nstnag` tukgbghsg fcrgsga bgrn hgtg ‑tukg fcrgrtn rujn gtgu hurgkj bgk bghsg
yg
ygkj
kj fc
fcrgr
rgrtn
tn tufu
tufu`”
`”.. Rukg
Rukgbg
bghs
hsgg gb
gbga
gag`
g` gk
gkgh
gh yg
ygkj
kj mcmn
mcmnan
anhn
hn gk
gkjj
jjet
etgg tu
tufu
fu`
` tnbg
tnbgh
h
scmpurkg, scbgkjhgk nstnag` ogogt tufu` bgk ogogt insnh bnmghsubhgk uktuh mckycfut
gkgh ogogt pgbg gkjjetg tufu`kyg, fuhgk ogogt nkbrg.
F. \ckycf
\ckycfgf
gf Hctuk
Hctukgbg
gbghsg
hsggk
gk
\cky
\ckycf
cfgf
gf tcrd
tcrdgb
gbnk
nkyg
yg hc
hctu
tukg
kgbg
bghs
hsggk
ggk bg
bgpg
pgtt bn
bnhc
hcae
aemp
mpeh
ehhg
hgk
k mcku
mckuru
rutt sggt
sggt
tcrdgbnkyg, ygntu4
7. _cfgf-
_cfgf-scf
scfgf
gf scf
scfcau
caum
m hcag`
hcag`nrgk
nrgk (igsc prckgtga)
\gbg igsc nkn hcrusghgk bgpgt bnscfgfhgk eac` 4 pckyghnt ygkj mckycrgkj nfu `gmna
fgyn bgagm hgkbukjgk tcrhckg rgbngsn, nfu `gmna mckjgagmn hcocaghggk, V` fgyn
tnbgh sgmg bckjgk nfukyg.
6. _cfgf-
_cfgf-scf
scfgf
gf pgb
pgbgg sggt
sggt h
hcag
cag`nr
`nrgk
gk (igsc kgtga)
@ga-`ga
@ga-`ga ygkj
ygkj mckycf
mckycfgfh
gfhgk
gk hctukg
hctukgbgh
bghsggk
sggk pgbg
pgbg sggt Kgtga,
Kgtga, gktgrg
gktgrg agnk 4 prescs
prescs
hcag`n
hcag`nrgk
rgk ygkj
ygkj tcraga
tcragau
u agmg
agmg hgrckg
hgrckg pnkjju
pnkjjuaa Nfu hcona
hcona sc`nkj
sc`nkjjg
jg fgyn
fgyn mckjga
mckjgagmn
gmn
hchurgkjgk zgt gsgm, rusghkyg dgrnkjgk sgrgi etgh ghnfgt hcag`nrgk ygkj bnpghsg fgyn
ag`nr scfcaum wghtukyg.
?. _cfgf-
_cfgf-scf
scfgf
gf sctca
sctcag`
g` presc
prescss hcag`n
hcag`nrgk
rgk (igsc pestkgtga)
@ga-`ga ygkj bgpgt mckjghnfgthgk hcrusghgk etgh sctcag` fgyn bnag`nrhgk, gktgrg agnk
4 hc
hcoc
ocagh
aghgg
ggk
k yg
ygkj
kj mcru
mcrusg
sgh
h etgh
etgh fg
fgyn
yn,, pc
pcky
kygh
ghnt
nt gt
gtgu
gu tu
tume
merr et
etgh
gh,, vn
vnru
russ pe
pean
ane
e
mckycrgkj sumsum tuagkj fcaghgkj gkgh.
O. Hagsni
Hagsninhg
nhgsn
sn Gkgh Rukgbg
Rukgbghsg
hsg
\ckjjeaekjgk gkgh tukgbghsg fcrmgogm-mgogm sgag` sgtu bngktgrgkyg bnan`gt
bgrn snstcm hcagnkgkkyg ygkj tcrbnrn bgrn4
?
7. Hcagn
Hcagnkg
kgk
k pgb
pgbgg sns
snstc
tcm
m ocrc
ocrcfr
frga
ga (ocrcfrga systcm)
systcm)
6. Hcagn
Hcagnkg
kgk
k pgbg
pgbg sns
snstc
tcm
m etet
etet bgk
bgk rgk
rgkjh
jhgg ((musouaus systcm)
musouaus shcactga systcm)
\ckygkbgkj hcagnkgk pgbg snstcm ocrcfrga, hcagnkgkkyg tcractgh pgbg snstcm
sgrgii pusgt,
sgrg pusgt, scpcrtn
scpcrtn ocrcfrg
ocrcfrgaa pgasy
pgasy (O\)
(O\) gtgu hcaumpu`
hcaumpu`gk
gk etgh.
etgh. Ocrcfrg
Ocrcfrgaa \gasy
bntgkbgn eca` gbgkyg hcagnkgk jcrgh, snhgp gtgu fcktuh tufu`, jgkjjugk heerbnkgsn,
bnfc
bnfcbg
bghg
hgk
k gtgs4
gtgs4 spgstnh, byshcknsng, gtgxng bgk dckns ogmpur
ogmpurgk.
gk. Jeaek
Jeaekjgk
jgk gkgh
gkgh
tukgbghsg fcrnhut nkn tnbga mustg`na ghgk fcagdgr fcrsgmg bckjgk gkgh kermga bgk
fgkygh bntcmuhgk pgbg hcags-hcags fngsg. \ckjjeaekjgk gkgh tukgbghsg bgagm
hcaempeh hcagnkgk snstcm etet bgk rgkjhg tcrscfut gbgag` scfgjgn fcrnhut4
g. \eanemyantns
Nkn mcrupg
mcrupghgk
hgk sugtu
sugtu nkichs
nkichsnn pgbg
pgbg sumsum
sumsum tuagkj
tuagkj fcaghg
fcaghgkj
kj ygkj
ygkj
bnscfg
bnscfgfhg
fhgk
k eac`
eac` vnrus
vnrus peane
peane ygkj
ygkj mckjgh
mckjghnfg
nfgthg
thgk
k hcaump
hcaumpu`g
u`gk
k bgk snigtky
snigtkygg
mckctgp. Bnan`gt bgrn sca-sca meterno ygkj rusgh, hcaumpu`gk gkgh peane bgpgt
bnfcbghgk mckdgbn4
7) Rnpc spnkga, ygntu hcaumpu`gk pgbg etet-etet ac`cr, schgt bgbg, tgkjgk bgk
hghn.
6) Rnpc fuafgrns
fuafgrns,, hcaumpu`gk iukjsn meterno pgbg sgtu gtgu acfn` sgrgi tcpn
bckjgk bntgkbgn gbgkyg jgkjjugk pcrkgpgsgk
?) Rnpc fuafespnkgans
fuafespnkgans,, jgfukjgk gkgtgr tnpc spnkga bgk fuafgrns
2) Ckocp`gantns ygkj
ygkj fngsgk
fngsgkyg
yg bnscrtg
bnscrtgnn bckjgk
bckjgk bcmgm,
bcmgm, hcsgbg
hcsgbgrgk
rgk mckuru
mckuruk,
k,
trcmer, bgk hgbgkj-hgbgkj hcdgkj.
f. Muso
Musoac
ac Bys
Bystr
trep
ep`y
`y
Dckns
Dckns pckygh
pckyghnt
nt ygkj
ygkj mckjgh
mckjghnfg
nfgthg
thgk
k etet
etet tnbgh
tnbgh fcrhcm
fcrhcmfgk
fgkj
j hgrckg
hgrckg
2
Mcrupghgk dckns hcagnkgk pgbg tuagkj fcaghgkj ygkj bntgkbgn bckjgk
tcrfuhgkyg sgtu gtgu tnjg rugs tuagkj fcaghgkj bgk tnbga tcrtutupkyg hcmfgan
scagmg prescs pcrhcmfgkjgk
B. Bgmp
Bgmpgh
gh Rukg
Rukgbg
bghs
hsg
g
7. Bgmp
Bgmpgh
gh gs
gspc
pch
h ghg
ghgbc
bcmn
mnh
h
bntc
bntcrn
rnmg
mg eac`
eac` er
ergk
gkj
j tug
tug bgk
bgk bnsn
bnsnkj
kjhn
hnrh
rhgk
gk bg
bgrn
rn mgsy
mgsygr
grgh
ghgt
gt gh
ghgk
gk mcru
mcrusg
sgh
h
pcrhcmfgkjgk prnfgbn gkgh.
?. Bgmp
Bgmpgh
gh Insnh
Insnh/H
/Hcs
csc`
c`gt
gtgk
gk
Bgmpgh insnh/hcsc`gtgk gkgh tukgbghsg fngsgkyg scgnk mckjgagmn ogogt tufu`
gbgag` hcockbcrukjgk mckjgagmn jgkjjugk agnkkyg, scpcrtn sghnt jnjn, fcrhurgkjkyg
bgyg pckbckjgrgk, pckjan`gtgk, jgkjjugk fnogrg bgk agnk-agnk. Hcagnkgk tgmfg`gk ntu
fgkygh bntcmuhgk pgbg gkgh tukgbghsg
tukgbghsg snstcm ocrcfrga.
3
HCJNGRGK FCAGDGV 6
HCFSRS@GK H@S_S_ BGK \VEINA \CKBNBNHGK GKGH RSKGBGH_G
G. Hcfutu
Hcfutu`gk
`gk H`usus
H`usus Gkgh
Gkgh Rukgb
Rukgbgh
ghsg
sg
Hcag
Hcagnk
nkgk
gk insn
insnh
h bgk jgkj
gkjju
jugk
gk hcsc
hcsc`
`gt
gtgk
gk fcj
cjnt
ntu
u au
augs
gs,, sc
sc`
`nk
nkj
jjg mcr
crch
chgg
mcmfutu`hgk `ga-`ga scfgjgn fcrnhut.
7. Hcfutu`gk
Hcfutu`gk ghgk hcacaugsggk
hcacaugsggk jcrgh bgk mcmesnsnhgk
mcmesnsnhgk bnrn
Hcsuantgk jcrgh bgrn tnkjhgt rnkjgk sgmpgn fcrgt tcktu sgdg mcmfutu`hgk gagt-
gagt h`usus uktuh fcrjcrgh scpcrtn hursn rebg, gagt pckepgkj,
pckepgkj, tekjhgt.
tekjhgt. bgk scmug nkn
tcktu mcmfutu`hgk rugkjgk ygkj augs bckjgk agktgn agktgn gjgr mcmubg`hgk mcrchg
uktuh mckjchspaergsn rugkjgk.
6. Hcfu
Hcfutu
tu`g
`gk
k he
hemu
mukn
knhg
hgsn
sn
Hcmgmpugk
Hcmgmpugk fcrhemuknhgsn
fcrhemuknhgsn gkgh tukgbghsg
tukgbghsg sgkjgt fcrgjgm,
fcrgjgm, yghkn gbg ygkj
ag`nr bgagm fcrhemukn
fcrhemuknhgsn
hgsn mcmfgog fcr`ntukj bgk mckuans. tctgpn bn gktgrg mcrchg
gbg ygkj mckjgagmn hcsuantgk bgagm `ga ntu tcrutgmg fgjn mcrchg ygkj tcrjeaekj
ocrcfrga pgasy. mcrchg
mcrc hg ygkj tcrjeaekj fcrgt hcmukjhnkgk tnbgh mgmpu mckjjukghgk
etet-etet fnogrgkyg.mcrchg dujg mckjgagmn hcsuantgk uktuh mckjjcrghhgk hcpgag bgk
mgtg ygkj bnfutu`hgk bgagm fgog bgk mckuans. eac` hgrckg ntu bgpgt bnfgktu bckjgk
gagt hemuknhgsn h`usus mnsgakyg bnscbnghgk pgpgk hemuknhgsn sc`nkjjg snswg bgpgt
mckukduhhgk jgmfgr scsugn bckjgk hgtg ygkj bnscfuthgk juru.
?. Hcfutu
Hcfutu`gk
`gk hctr
hctrgmp
gmpnag
nagk
k mcmcan
mcmcan`grg
`grg bnrn
bnrn
Gkgh
Gkgh-gk
-gkgh
gh pc
pcrh
rhca
cag`
g`ng
ngk
k in
insnh
snh mcmf
mcmfut
utu`
u`hg
hgk
k agtn`
agtn`gk
gk bg
bgk
k fg
fgkt
ktug
ugk
k bg
bgag
agm
m
mcaghu
mcaghuhgk
hgk hcjngt
hcjngtgk
gk fnkg
fnkg bnrn,
bnrn, scpcrt
scpcrtnn 4 mcrgwgt
mcrgwgt bnrn
bnrn (hcjng
(hcjngtgk
tgk mghgk
mghgk mnkum)
mnkum),,
hc
hcfc
fcrsn
rsn`g
`gk
k fg
fgbg
bgk
k yg
ygnt
ntu
u mgkb
mgkbnn snhgt
snhgt jnjn
jnjn ou
ouon
on tg
tgkj
kjgk
gk bg
bgk
k hg
hghn
hn,, mckj
mckjur
urus
us bn
bnrn
rn
fcrpghgngk bgk fcr`ngs, mckeaekj bnrn mckjckbganhgk bgk mckj`nkbgrn fg`gyg fckbg
tgdgm tcragrgkj fnkgtgkj fugs, hemuknhgsn mckygmpgnhgk hcnkjnkgk bgk mcmg`gmn
pcsgk ergkj agnk
2. Hcfu
Hcfutu
tu`g
`gk
k \snh
\snhes
eses
esng
ngaa
Fgjn rcmgdg bckjgk hcagnkgk insnh, fgkygh ygkj mckjgagmn tnbgh pcrogyg bnrn
bgk `grjg bnrn sc`nkjjg ghgk mckjghnfgthgk hctcrfgtgsgk bgagm fcrjgua.
F. \reina
\reina \ckbnb
\ckbnbnhg
nhgk
k Gkgh
Gkgh Rukgb
Rukgbghs
ghsg
g
7. Rud
Rudugk
ugk \c
\ckbnb
kbnbnh
nhg
gk
9
Rudugk pckbnbnhgk gkgh tukgbghsg mckjgou \crgturgk \cmcrnktg` Ke. :6
Rg`uk 7>>7 gjgr pcscrtg bnbnh mgmpu mckjcmfgkjhgk snhgp, pckjctg`ugk bgk
hctcrgm
hctcrgmpna
pnagk
gk scfgjg
scfgjgnn prnfgb
prnfgbnn mgupuk
mgupuk gkjjet
gkjjetgg mgsygr
mgsygrghg
ghgtt bgagm
bgagm mckjgb
mckjgbghg
ghgk
k
`ufukjgk tnmfga fganh bckjgk ankjhukjgk sesnga, fubgyg, bgk gagm schntgr, scrtg
bgpgt mckjcmgfkjhgk hcmgmpugk bgagm bukng hcrdg gtgu mckjnhutn pckbnbnhgk
hcaempehkyg.
c. Mckn
Mcknkj
kjhg
hgth
thgk
gk chsp
chsprc
rcsn
sn bnr
bnrnn
Chsprcsn bnrn gkgh tukgbghsg pcrau bntnkjhgthgk mcagaun hcjngtgk hcsckngk
hctcrgmpnagk gtgu hcrgdnkgk
i. Mcmp
Mcmpcr
crsn
sngp
gphg
hgk
k mgs
mgsgg bcp
bcpgk
gk gkgh
gkgh
Bgagm prescs
prescs pckbnbnhgk
pckbnbnhgk juru bgk pcrsekca
pcrsekca agnkkyg
agnkkyg fcrtujgs
fcrtujgs uktuh
mcky
mckyng
ngph
phgk
gk mgsg
mgsg bc
bcpg
pgk
k gk
gkgh
gh `g
`gaa tcrscf
tcrscfut
ut bg
bgpg
pgtt bn
bnag
aghu
huhg
hgk
k bc
bckj
kjgk
gk ogrg
ogrg
mcmfngsghgk gkgh fchcrdg scsugn bckjgk hcmgmpugkkyg, mcmfchgan mcrchg
bckjgk agtn`gk hctcrgmpnagk ygkj mckj`gsnahgk scsugtu ygkj bgpgt bndgbnhgk
fchga `nbupkyg.
6. _n
_nst
stccm \ckbnb
kbnbnh
nhg
gk
:
_csugn bckjgk pckjerjgknsgsngk tcmpgt pckbnbnhgk mghg snstcm pckbnbnhgk
gkgh tukgbghsg bgpgt bnhcmuhghgk scfgjgn fcrnhut4
g. \ckb
\ckbnb
nbnh
nhgk
gk Nk
Nktcj
tcjrgs
rgsnn (tcrp
(tcrpgb
gbu)
u)
Zgagupuk
Zgagupuk pckbnbnhg
pckbnbnhgk
k gkgh tukgbghsg
tukgbghsg bn Nkbekcsng
Nkbekcsng fgkygh
fgkygh bnaghuhgk
bnaghuhgk
mcagaun dgaur scheag` h`usus, vgntu gkgh tukgbghsg bntcmpgthgk scogrg h`usus
bn _AF-B (_cheag` Augr Fngsg fgjngk B), kgmuk gkgh tukgbghsg rnkjgk (dckns
peanemycantns) tcag` gbg ygkj mckjnhutn pckbnbnhgk bn scheag` fngsg. _cmcktgrg
nkn
nkn gk
gkgh
gh tu
tukg
kgbg
bghs
hsgg yg
ygkj
kj mckj
mckjnh
nhut
utnn pc
pckb
kbnb
nbnh
nhgk
gk bn schea
scheag`
g` umum
umum `g
`gru
russ
mckjnhutn pckbnbnhgk scpcku`kyg tgkpg mcmpcreac` prejrgm h`usus scsugn
bckjgk hcfutu`gkkyg. Ghnfgtkyg, mcrohg mcmpcreac` knagn `gkyg fcrbgsgrhgk
`gbng` tcrutgmg bgagm mgtg pcagdgrgk ygkj fcrhgntgk bckjgk hcjngtgk insnh
(Gstgtn, 6<<<). _c`ufukjgk bckjgk ntu Hnrh (7>09)
mckjcmuhghgk fg`wg gbgptgsn pckbnbnhgk gkgh tukgbghsg gpgfnag bntcmpgthgk
bn scheag` umum gbgag` scfgjgn fcrnhut.
0
\ckycackjjgrggk pckbnbnhgk fgjn gkgh tukgbghsg ygkj bntcmpgthgk bn
tcmp
tcmpgt
gt h`us
h`usus
us,, sc
scpc
pcrt
rtnn sc
sche
heag
ag`
` h`us
h`usus
us yg
ygkj
kj mckj
mckjju
jukg
kghg
hgk
k hu
hurn
rnhu
huau
aum
m
\ckbnbnhgk
\ckbnbnhgk Augr Fngsg Gkgh Rukgbghsg.
Rukgbghsg. _ggt nkn mckjjukghg
mckjjukghgk
k Hurnhuaum
Hurnhuaum
Rn
Rnkj
kjhg
hgtt _g
_gtu
tugk
gk \c
\ckb
kbnb
nbnh
nhgk
gk Gkgh
Gkgh Rukg
Rukgbg
bghs
hsg.
g..A
.Agm
gmgg pc
pckb
kbnb
nbnh
nhgk
gk bg
bgk
k
pckdckdgkjgk scrtg nsn hurnhuaum tngp dckdgkj gbgag` scfgjgn fcrnhut.
7) RHAF
RHAF (Rgmgk
(Rgmgk Hgkgh-h
Hgkgh-hgkg
gkgh
h Augr Fngsg) fcragkj
fcragkjsuk
sukj
j sgtu sgmpgn
sgmpgn tnjg
tg`uk bgk nsn hurnhuaumkyg, mcanputn pckjcmfgkjgk Hcmgmpugk Bgsgr
(Merga \gkogsnag, Gjgmg, Bnsnpank, \crgsggk, Cmesn, bgk Hcmgmpugk
Fcrm
Fcrmgsy
gsygrg
grghg
hgt)
t),, \ckj
\ckjcm
cmfg
fgkj
kjgk
gk Fg`g
Fg`gsg
sg,, Bgyg
Bgyg \nhn
\nhnr,
r, Bgyg
Bgyg Onpt
Onptg,
g,
Hctc
Hctcrg
rgmp
mpnag
nagk
k bg
bgk
k \ckb
\ckbnb
nbnh
nhgk
gk Dgsmg
Dgsmgkn
kn.. Ssng
Ssng gk
gkgh
gh yg
ygkj
kj bn
bntc
tcrnm
rnmgg
schurgkj-hurgkjkyg ? tg`uk.
6) _BAF
_BAF (_chea
(_cheag`
g` Bgsgr
Bgsgr Augr
Augr Fngsg)
Fngsg) fcragk
fcragkjsu
jsukj
kj schurg
schurgkj-
kj-hur
hurgkj
gkjkyg
kyg
ckgm
ckgm tg`uk
tg`uk bgk usng
usng gkgh
gkgh ygkj
ygkj bntcrn
bntcrnmg
mg schurg
schurgkj-
kj-hur
hurgkj
gkjkyg
kyg ckgm
ckgm
tg`uk.
tg`uk. Nsn hurnhu
hurnhuaum
aumkyg
kyg tcrbnrn
tcrbnrn gtg
gtgs4
s4 \rejrg
\rejrgm
m Smum
Smum mcanpu
mcanputn
tn mgtg
mgtg
\c
\ckb
kbnb
nbnh
nhgk
gk Gjgm
Gjgmg,
g, Fg
Fg`g
`gsg
sg Nk
Nkbe
bekc
kcsn
sng,
g, Mgtc
Mgtcmg
mgtn
tnhg
hg,, N\
N\G,
G, N\
N\_,
_,
\ckbnbnhgk
\ckbnbnhgk Dgsmgkn bgk Hcsc`gtgk, Fg`gsg Nkjjrns), prejrgm. (Fnkg
Bnrn bgk Fnkg Jcrgh), prejrgm mugtgk aehga (Fg`gsg Bgcrg`, Hcsckngk
Bgcrg`).
2) _MAF
MAF (_
(_ch
chea
eag`
g` Mckc
Mckck
kjg`
jg` Aug
ugrr Fn
Fngs
gsg)
g) fc
fcra
ragk
gkj
jsu
sukj
kj sc
sch
hur
urgk
gkj
j-
hurgkjkyg tnjg tg`uk, bgk snswg ygkj bntcrnmg gbgag` tgmgtgk _AR\AF,
bg
bgk
k mcrc
mcrchg
hg yg
ygkj
kj fc
fcru
rusn
sngg 79
79-7
-70
0 tg
tg`u
`uk.
k. Nsn hu
hurn
rnhu
huau
aumk
mkyg
yg mcan
mcanpu
putn
tn
prejrgm umum sgmg bckjgk tnkjhgt _AR\AF, prejrgm pnan`gk tcrbnrn
gtgs pghct Hctcrgmpnagk Vchgygsg, \crtgkngk, Ssg`g bgk \crhgktergk,
Hcrumg
Hcru mg`t
`tgk
gkjj
jjggk
ggk,, bg
bgk
k Hcsck
Hcsckng
ngk.
k. Bn dcdckd
kdgk
gkj
j nk
nkn,
n, gk
gkgh
gh tu
tukg
kgbg
bghs
hsgg
bngrg`hgk
bngrg`hgk pgbg pckjugsggk
pckjugsggk sgag` sgtu dckns hctcrgmpnagk
hctcrgmpnagk scfgjgn
scfgjgn fchga
>
`nbupk
`nbupkyg,
yg, gtgu
gtgu uktuh
uktuh mcagkd
mcagkduth
uthgk
gk hc scheag
scheag`
` ygkj
ygkj acfn`
acfn` tnkjjn
tnkjjn fgjn
fgjn
mcrchg ygkj mcmnanhn hcocrbgsgk kermga gtgupuk bn gtgs kermga.
o. _nstcm Nkh
Nkhausni
Gkgh
Gkgh tukgbg
tukgbghsg
hsg ygkj
ygkj hcagnk
hcagnkgkk
gkkyg
yg rnkjgk
rnkjgk acfn`
acfn` fgnh
fgnh mckjnh
mckjnhutn
utn
pckbnbnhgk fcrsgmg-sgmg bckjgk gkgh fngsg bn hcags gtgu scheag` rcjuacr. Bn
sgkgg mcrchg
sgk mcrchg ghgk
ghgk mckjnh
mckjnhutn
utn prejrg
prejrgm
m pckbnb
pckbnbnhg
nhgk
k ygkj
ygkj bnscsu
bnscsugnh
gnhgk
gk bckjgk
bckjgk
hcmgmp
hcmgmpugk
ugkkyg
kyg fnag
fnag `ga ntu bnfutu
bnfutu`hg
`hgk,
k, bgk bnscbn
bnscbnghg
ghgk
k igsnant
igsnantgs
gs agn
agnk
k ygkj
ygkj
mcmukjhnkhgk fgjn gkgh-gkgh tcrscfut uktuh fcrjcrgh acfn` fgnh bgk augs.
Rnbgh
Rnbgh dgrgkj
dgrgkj gkgh-gk
gkgh-gkgh
gh nkn bgpgt
bgpgt mck
mckogp
ogpgn
gn tnkjhg
tnkjhgtt pckbnb
pckbnbnhg
nhgk
k ygkj
ygkj tnkjjn
tnkjjn
wgagupuk mckjgagmn hcsuantgk bgagm fcrjcrgh. Kgmuk gbg fcfcrgpg gkgh ygkj
mckj
mckjga
gagm
gmnn hctn
hctnbg
bghm
hmgm
gmpu
pugk
gk bgag
bgagm
m mcag
mcagkd
kdut
uthg
hgk
k pc
pckb
kbnb
nbnh
nhgk
gkky
kygg ygkj
ygkj
bnscfg
bnscfgfhg
fhgk
k eac`
eac` hcsuan
hcsuantgk
tgk bgagm
bgagm jcrghg
jcrghgk
k bgk hctcrf
hctcrfgtgs
gtgsgk
gk hcocrb
hcocrbgsgk
gsgkky
kyg.
g.
6) Mcknagn
Mcknagn hchugtgk
hchugtgk bgk hcacmg`gk
hcacmg`gk scrtg mnkgt
mnkgt snswg ygkj
ygkj bgpgt bnaghuhg
bnaghuhgk
k
bckjgk gsscssmckt.
7<
?) Mckjcmfgkjhgk tudugk-tudugk dgkjhg pgkdgkj bgk sgsgrgk-sgsgrgk dgkjhg
pckbch.
2) Mcrgkogkj mctebc bgk prescbur pckogpgngk tudugk
3) Mckcktuhgk mctebc bgk cvgaugsn hcmgdugk
f. \rnksnp pcmfcagdgrgk
Gbgg fc
Gb fcfc
fcrgp
rgpgg pr
prnk
nksn
snp
p utgm
utgmgg bg
bgag
agm
m mcmf
mcmfcr
crnh
nhgk
gk pc
pckb
kbnb
nbnh
nhgk
gk pg
pgbg
bg gk
gkgh
gh
tukgbghsg, bn gktgrgkyg scfgjgn fcrnhut.
7) \rnksn
\rnksnp
p muatnsc
muatnsckse
ksern
rn (fgkyg
(fgkygh
h nkbrg)
nkbrg)
\rescs pckbnbnhgk gkgh tukgbghsg scbgpgt mukjhnk mcmgkiggthgk bgk
mckjcmfgkjhgk nkbrg-nkbrg ygkj gbg bgagm bnrn gkgh hgrckg fgkygh gkgh
tukg
tukgbg
bghs
hsgg ygkj
ygkj mckj
mckjga
gagm
gmnn jgkj
jgkjju
jugk
gk nk
nkbr
brg.
g. Bckj
Bckjgk
gk pc
pckb
kbch
chgt
gtgk
gk
muatnscksern, hcacmg`gk pgbg nkbrg agnk bgpgt bniukjsnhgk sc`nkjjg bgpgt
mcmfgktu prescs pcmg`gmgk.
6) \r
\rnk
nksn
snp
p nk
nkbn
bnvn
vnbu
bugan
gansg
sgsn
sn
Nkbnvnbugansgsn mckjgkbukj grtn fg`wg tntnh teagh agygkgk \ckbnbnhgk
gbgag` hcmgmpugk gkgh scogrg nkbnvnbu.
nkbnvnbu. Mebca agygkgk
agygkgk pckbnbnhg
pckbnbnhgkkyg
kkyg
bgpgt
bgpgt fcr
fcrfck
fcktuh
tuh hagsnh
hagsnhga
ga bgk nkbnvn
nkbnvnbug
buga.
a. Bgagm
Bgagm mebca
mebca hagsnh
hagsnhga,
ga, agygkg
agygkgk
k
pckbnbnhgk bnfcrnhgk pgbg hcaempeh nkbnvnbu ygkj ockbcrukj mcmnanhn
hcmgmpugk ygkj `gmpnr sgmg, bgk fg`gk pcagdgrgk ygkj bnfcrnhgk pgbg
mgsnkj-mgsnkj gkgh scsugn bckjgk hcmgmpugk mcrchg mgsnkj-mgsnkj.
2. \ckgt
\ckgtggk
ggk Ankj
Ankjhuk
hukjgk
jgk fcag
fcagdgr
dgr bgk
bgk _grgk
_grgkg
g h`usu
h`ususs
Fcfcrgpg hekbnsn
hekbnsn h`usus
h`usus mckjckgn
mckjckgn jcbukj scheag` gbgag` scfgjgn fcrnhut.
g. Mgog
Mgogm-m
m-mgog
gogm
m rugk
rugkjg
jgk
k h`u
h`usu
suss
f. Dgagk mgsuh mckudu scheag` scfgnhkyg bnfgut hcrgs bgk rgtg ygkj
mcmukjhnkhgk gkgh tukgbghsg ygkj mcmghgn gagt fgktu bgpgt fcrjcrgh bckjgk
gmgk.
o. Rgkjjg
Rgkjjg scfgnhkyg
scfgnhkyg bnscbnghgk
bnscbnghgk dgaur
dgaur agktgn
agktgn ygkj bnfugt
bnfugt mnrnkj
mnrnkj bgk agkbgu
agkbgu
b. Agktgn
Agktgn fgkjukg
fgkjukgk
k fgnh
fgnh bnbgagm
bnbgagm bgk bnaugr
bnaugr jcbukj
jcbukj scfgnh
scfgnhkyg
kyg bnfugt
bnfugt bgrn fg`gk
fg`gk
ygkj tnbgh anonk
c. \nktu-pnktu
\nktu-pnktu rugkjgk
rugkjgk scfgnhk
scfgnhkyg
yg acfn`
acfn` acfgr bgrn pnktu
pnktu fngsg
fngsg
77
i. Sktuh
Sktuh mckj`u
mckj`ufuk
fukjhg
jhgk
k hcags scfgnhky
scfgnhkygg bnscbn
bnscbnghg
ghgk
k aerekj
aerekj ygkj
ygkj acfgr bgk gbg
pcjgkjgk bntcmfeh
j. \gbg fcfcrgpg
fcfcrgpg bnkbnkj
bnkbnkj aerekj
aerekj bgpgt
bgpgt bnpgsgkj
bnpgsgkj ocrmnk fcsgr
`. Hgmgr
Hgmgr mgkbn
mgkbn scfg
scfgnhk
nhkyg
yg bchgt
bchgt bckj
bckjgk
gk hcags
hcags
n. Bnpgsgk
Bnpgsgkj
j ZO bubu
bubuh
h gjgr
gjgr gkgh
gkgh tnbg
tnbgaa pcrau
pcrau fcre
fcrekjh
kjheh
eh
3. \crsekca
\crsekca
\crsekca ygkj bnfutu`hg
bnfutu`hgk
k bgagm pckycackcj
pckycackcjjgrggk
jgrggk pckbnbnhgk
pckbnbnhgk gkgh
tukgbghsg gbgag` scfgjgn fcrnhut.
g. Juru
Juru ygkj fcra
fcragtgr
gtgrfca
fcaghg
ghgkj
kj pckbnb
pckbnbnhg
nhgk
k augr fngsg
fngsg
f. Juru ygkj mcmnanhn hcg`angk h`usus
o. Juru
Juru sc
sche
heag
ag`
` fng
fngsg
sg
b. Behtcr um
umum
c. Beht
Behtcr
cr g`a
g`ann erte
ertepc
pcbn
bn
i. Kcureaej
j. G`an
G`an tcrg
tcrgpn
pn agnk
agnk
9. Cvgaugsn
Cvgaugsn fcagdgr bnaghuhgk scsugn bckjgk fcrgt rnkjgkkyg hcagnkgk. _cpcrtn4
g) gkg
gkgh
h ygkj
ygkj hcagnk
hcagnkgkk
gkkyg
yg rnkjgk
rnkjgk ygkj
ygkj bgpgt
bgpgt mckjnh
mckjnhutn
utn pcmfca
pcmfcagdgr
gdgrgk
gk scogrg
scogrg
rcju
rcjuacr
acr bg
bgk
k `g
`gky
kygg mcmf
mcmfut
utu`
u`hg
hgk
k pr
prej
ejrg
rgm
m h`
h`us
usus
us,, mghg
mghg cv
cvga
gaug
ugsn
snkv
kvgg gh
ghgk
gk
mckjnhutn cvgaugsn ygkj fcraghu scogrg rcjuacr bgk fgjn prejrgm h`ususkyg `grus
bncv
bncvga
gaug
ugsn
sn sc
scogr
ogrgg h`
h`us
usus
us88 f) gk
gkgh
gh yg
ygkj
kj hc
hcagn
agnkg
kgkk
kkyg
yg fc
fcrgt
rgt tc
tckt
ktu
u sgdg
sgdg `g
`gru
russ
bncvgaugsn scsugn bckjgk hcfutu`gk bgk prejrgm ygkj
bnpc
bnpcru
rukt
ktuh
uhhg
hgk
k hc
hcpg
pgbg
bgky
kyg,
g, scrtg
scrtg fc
fcra
ragk
gkjs
jsuk
ukj
j scogrg
scogrg tc
tcru
russ mckc
mckcru
russ bc
bckj
kjgk
gk
mcmghgn snstcm pcknagngk ygkj h`usus puag.
76
HCJNGRGK FCAGDGV ?
BCINKN_N, HAG_NINHG_N, \CK^CFGF, BGK BGM\GH HCRSKGAGVG_GK
G. \ckjcr
\ckjcrtng
tngk
k bgk Bcink
Bcinknsn
nsn Gkgh
Gkgh Rukga
Rukgagrg
grgss
Nstnag` rcsmn ‑ tukgagrgs” fgru bnhckga bgagm bukng pckbnbnhgk augr fngsg. Nstnag`
tukg ygkj fcrgrtn hurgkj bgk agrgs fcrgrtn scsugn. Dgbn, gkgh tukgagrgs fcrgrtn gkgh ygkj
fcrtnkjhg` aghu hurgkj scsugn bckjgk ankjhukjgk. \crnaghukyg scrnkj fcrtcktgkjgk
bckjgk kermg-kermg ygkj tcrbgpgt bnbgagm mgsgygrghgt tcmpgt ng fcrgbg.
_cpcrtn `gakyg nstnag`, bcinknsn mckjckgn tukgagrgs dujg fcrgkchg rgjgm. Fcrfgjgn
bcinknsn ygkj bngbgptgsn eac` Ayko` bgk Acwns (7>00) gbgag` scfgjgn fcrnhut.
7. \ufano Agw >2-626 ( Skbgkj-u
-uk
kbgkj tcktgk
gkj
j \AF bn Gmcr
crnnhg _crnh
rnhgt)
mckjcmuhgh
mckjcmuhghgk
gk pckjcrtngk
pckjcrtngk tukgagrgs
tukgagrgs bckjgk
bckjgk nstnag` jgkjjugk cmesn, Jgkjjugk
Jgkjjugk
cmesn gbgag` sugtu hekbnsn ygkj mckukduhhgk sgag` sgtu gtgu acfn` jcdgag fcrnhut
bgagm sgtu huruk wghtu tcrtcktu bckjgk tnkjhgt ygkj tnkjjn ygkj mcmpckjgru`n
prcstgsn fcagdgr.
g. Hctnbg
Hctnbghmg
hmgmp
mpugk
ugk fcagdgr
fcagdgr bgk tnbga
tnbga bgpgt
bgpgt bnhgnthg
bnhgnthgk
k bckjgk
bckjgk ighter
ighter hcocrbgs
hcocrbgsgk,
gk,
pckjnkbrggk gtgu hcsc`gtgk.
?. _o`mnb
_o`mnb bgk Mcrocr
Mcrocr (7>07)
(7>07) mckjcmuhg
mckjcmuhghgk
hgk fg`wg
fg`wg gkgh tukg
tukg agrgs
agrgs gbgag` gkgh
gkgh ygkj
ygkj
scogrg hekbnsn bgk tcrus mckcrus mckukduhhgk pckynmpgkjgk tnkjhg` aghu tnkjhgt
7?
fcrgt ygkj mcmpckjgru`n prescs fcagdgr mcshnpuk tcag` mckcrnmg agygkgk fcagdgr
scrtg fnmfnkjgk scpcrtn gkgh agnk.
2. Kcase
Kcasek
k (7>0
(7>07)
7) mckj
mckjcm
cmuh
uhgh
ghgk
gk fg
fg`w
`wgg tnkj
tnkjhg
hg`
` aghu
aghu scergk
scergkj
j murnb
murnb bn
bnhg
hgtg
tghg
hgk
k
mckynmpgkj dnhg4
g. Mcky
Mckynm
nmpg
pgkj
kj bg
bgrn
rn pc
pcrna
rnagh
ghu
u yg
ygkj
kj eac`
eac` er
ergk
gkj
j bc
bcwg
wgsg
sg bn
bngk
gkjj
jjgp
gp tnbg
tnbgaa ke
kerm
rmga
ga
6. \c
\cky
kynm
nmpg
pgkj
kjgk
gk ntu
ntu tctg
tctgp
p gb
gbgg wgag
wgagup
upuk
uk tc
tcag
ag`
` mckc
mckcrn
rnmg
mg ag
agyg
ygkg
kgk
k fc
fcag
agdg
dgrr sc
scrt
rtgg
fnmfnkjgk.
F. Hags
Hagsni
ninh
nhgs
gsnn Gkgh
Gkgh Rukg
Rukgag
agrg
rgss
\ckjhagsninhgsngk gkgh tukgagrgs fgkygh rgjgmkyg bngktgrg scfgjgn fcrnhut.
7. Hagsnin
Hagsninhgs
hgsnn ygkj
ygkj bnhcmu
bnhcmuhgh
hghgk
gk eac` Vescmfcr
Vescmfcrg,
g, bhh (7>>6)
(7>>6) gbgag`
gbgag` gkgh tukg agrgs
bgpgt
bgpgt bnhcae
bnhcaempe
mpehhg
hhgk
k gtgs
gtgs tnkjhg
tnkjhg`
` aghu
aghu ygkj
ygkj fcrcsnh
fcrcsnhe
e tnkjjn
tnkjjn bgk rckbg`
rckbg`.. ^gkj
^gkj
fcrcsnhe tnkjjn, ygntu `npcrghtni, gjrcsni, pcmfgkjhgkj, bcankhucksn bgk gkgh ygkj
mckgrnh
mckgrnh bnrn bgrn pcrjguagk sesnga, scbgkjhgk
scbgkjhgk ygkj fcrcssnhe rckbg` ygntu gutnsmc
bgk shnzeirckng.
6. _n
_nstc
stcm
m hags
hagsnin
ninhg
hgsn
sn hc
hcag
agnk
nkgk
gk pc
pcrna
rnagh
ghu
u yg
ygkj
kj bn
bnhc
hcmu
muhg
hghg
hgk
k ea
eac`
c` Wugy
Wugy,, 7>
7>:>
:> bg
bgag
agm
m
_gmuca G. Hnrh gkb Dgmcs D. Jgaagj`cr (7>09) ygkj bngan`fg`gsghgk eac` Me`.
Gmnk, bhh (7>>74 37) gbgag` scfgjgn fcrnhut.
g. Gkgh
Gkgh ygkj mckjga
mckjgagmn
gmn jgkjju
jgkjjugk
gk pcrnagh
pcrnaghu
u ygkj hgogu
hgogu mckjgou
mckjgou pgbg
pgbg tnpc gkgh
ygkj mcagwgk hchugsggk
f. Gkgh ygkj ocmgs mckgrnh bnrn gbgag` gkgh ygkj pcmgau, tghut-tghut, mckyck
mckyckbnrn,
bnrn,
pchg bgk pckurut mcrchg tcrtchgk fgtnkkyg.
o. Bnmcks
Bnmcksnn hctnbg
hctnbghmg
hmgtgk
tgkjgk
jgk mckjgou
mckjgou pgbg gkgh ygkj
ygkj tnbgh
tnbgh gbg pcr`gt
pcr`gtngk
ngk,, agmfgt
agmfgt,,
tgh fcrmnkgt scheag`, pcmgags, suhg mcagmuk bgk pckbngm.
b. Gkgh
Gkgh gjrcsn
gjrcsn sesngan
sesngansgsn
sgsn mcmpuky
mcmpukygn gn onrn mgsgag
mgsgag`
` pcrnag
pcrnaghu
hu ygkj sgmgk
sgmgk bckjgk
bckjgk
jgkjjugk pcrnaghu ygkj fcrsesngansgsn bckjgk ‑jckj” tcrtcktu.
72
O. \cky
\ckycf
cfgf
gf Hctu
Hctukg
kgag
agrg
rgsg
sgk
k
Ighter pckycfgf tnmfuakyg mgsgag` pcrnaghu sgkjgtag` hempachs, kgmuk ighter nkn
bgpgt bnhcaempehhgk scfgjgn fcrnhut.
7. Ig
Ight
hter
er hctu
hcturu
rukg
kgk
k
Ighter hcturukgk gbgag` gbgkyg jgrns hcturukgk ygkj mckbcrntg bcprcsn bgpgt
6. Ight
Ighter
er hc
hcru
rusgh
sghgk
gk in
insnh
snh
Ighter pckycyfgf jgkjjugk cmesnekga bgagm `ga nkn gbgag`4 hcagnkgk sgrgi,
onbcrg, prefacm hnmngwn tufu` bgk mctgfeansmc, jckctnhg bgk pckyghnt
?. Ig
Ight
hter
er ank
ankjh
jhuk
ukjg
jgk
k
\ckycf
\ckycfgf
gf hgrckg
hgrckg ighter
ighter ankjhu
ankjhukjg
kjgk
k gbgag`
gbgag`44 `ufukj
`ufukjgk
gk hcaugr
hcaugrjg
jg ygkj
ygkj tnbga
tnbga
`grmekns, tchgkgk mgsygrghgt, pckjgru` scheag` scpcrtn nktcrghsn juru bgk murnb gtgu
murnb ntu sckbnrn ygkj tnbga fgnh, pckjgru` hemukntgs gkgh bgk rcmgdg
2. Ighter agnk
Ig
Ight
hter
er agnk
agnk ygkj
ygkj tnbg
tnbgh
h hgag
hgag`
` pckt
pcktnk
nkj
j gb
gbga
gag`
g` pc
pckj
kjgr
gru`
u` ga
gahe
he`e
`eaa bg
bgk
k
pckygag`jukgkgk efgt-efgtgk.
B. Bgmp
Bgmpgh
gh Gkgh
Gkgh Rukg
Rukgag
agrg
rgss
7. Bgmp
Bgmpgh
gh ghgb
ghgbcm
cmnh
nh
Hcagnk
Hcagnkgk
gk pcrnag
pcrnaghu
hu ghgk
ghgk mckjgh
mckjghnfg
nfgthg
thgk
k gbgkyg
gbgkyg pckycs
pckycsugn
ugngk
gk sesnga
sesnga bgk
scheag` ygkj furuh. Ghnfgt pckycsugngk ygkj furuh tcrscfut mghg bgagm fcagdgrkyg
mcmpcran`gthgk onrn-onrn scfgjgn fcrnhut.
g. \ckogpgngk
\ckogpgngk `gsna fcagdgr
fcagdgr ygkj dgu`
dgu` bnfgwg`
bnfgwg` rgtg-rgtg
rgtg-rgtg
f. _crnkj hgan bnhnrnm hc hcpgag scheag` gtgu rugkj fnmfnkjgk uktuh tnkbghgk
bnsoanpnkcr
o. _crnkj
_crnkj hgan
hgan tnbga
tnbga kgnh
kgnh hcag
hcagss
b. _crnkj hgan mcmfeaes
mcmfeaes scheag`
scheag`
c. Acfn` scrnkj
scrnkj bnhnrnm
bnhnrnm hc acmfgjg
acmfgjg hcsc`gtgk
hcsc`gtgk bckjgk
bckjgk gagsgk sghnt
sghnt
i. Gkjj
Gkjjet
etgg hc
hcag
agur
urjg
jg,, tcrut
tcrutgm
gmgg er
ergk
gkj
j tu
tugg ac
acfn
fn`
` sc
scrnk
rnkj
j mckb
mckbgp
gpgt
gt pg
pgkj
kjjn
jnagk
agk bg
bgrn
rn
pctujgs hcsc`gtgk
j. Ergkj ygkj
ygkj fcrsgkjhutgk
fcrsgkjhutgk acfn` scrnkj
scrnkj fcrurusgk
fcrurusgk bckjgk peansn
peansn
`. Acfn` scrnkj
scrnkj mckdgagkn
mckdgagkn mgsg pcroefggk
pcroefggk bgrn ygkj
ygkj fcrwckgkj
fcrwckgkj
n. Acfn` scrnkj
scrnkj mcaghuhg
mcaghuhgkk pcagkjjgrgk
pcagkjjgrgk `uhum
`uhum bgk pcagkjj
pcagkjjgrgk
grgk agau anktgs
anktgs
73
d. Acfn` scrnkj bnhnrnm hc hanknh fnmfnkjgk
fnmfnkjgk
6. Bgmp
Bgmpgh
gh _esn
_esnga
ga/cm
/cmes
esne
nekg
kgaa
g. Gspch se
sesn
sngga
7. Mgsgag` ygkj mcknmfuah
mcknmfuahgk
gk jgkjjugk
jgkjjugk fgjn ergkj agnk.
6. \crnaghu
\crnaghu tcrscfu
tcrscfutt bntgkbg
bntgkbgnn bckjgk
bckjgk tnkbghgk
tnkbghgk gjrcsni
gjrcsni
?. Mcagh
Mcaghuh
uhgk
gk hcdg
hcdg`g
`gtgk
tgk rcm
rcmgd
gdgg
f. Gspch cmesnekga
7. Gbgkyg
Gbgkyg `ga-`ga
`ga-`ga ygkj mcknmfuah
mcknmfuahgk
gk pckbcrntg
pckbcrntggk
gk fgjn
fgjn gkgh
gkgh
6. Gbgk
Gbgkyg
yg rgsg
rgsg jca
jcans
nsg`
g`
?. Bgmp
Bgmpgh
gh in
insn
snh/
h/hc
hcsc
sc`g
`gtg
tgk
k
Bgmpgh
Bgmpgh insnh
insnh gkgh
gkgh tukgag
tukgagrgs
rgs bntgkb
bntgkbgn
gn bckjgk
bckjgk gbgkyg
gbgkyg jgkjju
jgkjjugk
gk mghgk,
mghgk,
jgkjjugk tnbur, bgk jgkjjugk jcrghgk. _crnkj hgan gkgh mcrgsghgk gbg scsugtu ygkj
tnbg fcrcs pgbg dgsmgknkyg, ng mubg` mckbgpgt hcocaghggk, mcrgsg ocmgs tcr`gbgp
hcsc`gtgkkyg, mcrgsg sceag`-eag` sghnt.
HCJNGRGK FCAGDGV 2
HCFSRS@GK H@S_S_ BGK \VEINA \CKBNBNHGK GKGH RSKGAGVG_
G. Hcfutu
Hcfutu`gk
`gk H`usus
H`usus Gkgh
Gkgh Rukga
Rukgagrg
grgss
Sktuh mcmfg`gs hcfutu`gk h`usus gkgh tukgagrgs mghg pcrau bnaghuhgk `ga-`ga
scfgjgn fcrnhut.
7. Hcfutu
Hcfutu`gk
`gk ghgk pckycsug
pckycsugngk
ngk ankjhukj
ankjhukjgk
gk fcagdg
fcagdgrr mgupuk
mgupuk prescs
prescs pcmfca
pcmfcagdgr
gdgrgk
gk ygkj
ygkj
scsugn bckjgk gkgh tukgagrgs
6. Hcfutu
Hcfutu`gk
`gk uktuh mckjcm
mckjcmfgkfgkjhg
jhgk
k hcmgmp
hcmgmpugk
ugk insnh
insnh scfgnh
scfgnhkyg
kyg mckjcm
mckjcmfgk
fgkjhg
jhgk
k
fghgt bgk hcmgmpugk nktcachtuga
?. Hcfutu`gk
Hcfutu`gk ghgk
ghgk pckjugsg
pckjugsggk
gk hctrgmpnagk
hctrgmpnagk h`usu
h`ususs uktuh fchga `nbup
`nbupkyg
kyg
2. Hcfutu
Hcfutu`gk
`gk ghgk gbgkyg
gbgkyg hcscmpgt
hcscmpgtgk
gk scfgnk
scfgnkyg
yg gjgr gkgh bgpgt
bgpgt mckycsug
mckycsugnhg
nhgk
k bnrn
bnrn
bckjgk fgnh tcr`gbgp ankjhukjgk gtgu tcr`gbgp kermg bn mgsygrghgt
3. Hcfu
Hcfutu
tu`g
`gk
k gh
ghgk
gk gb
gbgk
gkyg
yg rg
rgsg
sg gmgk
gmgk,, gj
gjgr
gr mcrc
mcrchg
hg mcmn
mcmnan
anhn
hn rgsg
rgsg pc
pcro
rogy
gygg bn
bnrn
rn bg
bgk
k
mcrchg mcrgsg tnbga tcrsnghgk eac` ankjhukjgk schntgr.
9. Hcfutu
Hcfutu`gk
`gk ghgk gbgkyg
gbgkyg sugsgkg
sugsgkg ygkj tnbga
tnbga mckgmfg`
mckgmfg` rgsg rckbg`
rckbg` bnrn, rsg fcrsgag`
fcrsgag`
fgjn gkgh tukgagrgs
F. \reina
\reina \ckbnb
\ckbnbnhg
nhgk
k Gkgh
Gkgh Rukga
Rukgagrg
grgss
7. Rudu
Rudugk
gk agy
agygk
gkgk
gk
79
Mckju
Mckjurg
rgkj
kjnn gtgu
gtgu mckj
mckj`n
`nag
agkj
kjhg
hgk
k he
hekb
kbns
nsnn yg
ygkj
kj tnbg
tnbgh
h mckj
mckjuk
uktu
tukj
kjhg
hgk
k yg
ygkj
kj
mcknmfuahgk gtgu mckgmfg` gbgkyg jgkjjugk pcrnaghu.
6. Mebc
Mebca/
a/_t
_trgt
rgtcj
cjnn \cmf
\cmfca
cagd
gdgrg
grgk
k
g. Mebca ag
agygkgk
Dckns
Dckns mebc
mebcaa agyg
agygkg
kgk
k yg
ygkj
kj bnfc
bnfcrnh
rnhgk
gk hc
hcpg
pgbg
bg gk
gkgh
gh tu
tukg
kgag
agrgs
rgs gb
gbga
gag`
g`44 Mebc
Mebcaa
f. Rchknh/pckbchgtgk
Rchknh ygkj bnjukghgk bgagm mckjgtgsn mgsgag` pcrnaghu gbgag`4 \crgwgtgk
bckjgk efgt, mebninhgsn pcrnaghu, strgtcjn psnhebnkgmnhg, strgtcjn cheaejn.
?. Rcm
Rcmpgt
pgt Agy
Agygk
gkgk
gk
Rcmpgt agygkgk pckbnbnhgk fgjn gkgh ygkj mckjgagmn jgkjjugk pcrnaghu gbgag`4
g. Rcmp
cmpgt h`usu
suss
f. Bnscheag` nkhausn
2. _grgkg
_grgkg pckbnbnhgk
pckbnbnhgk pgbg bgsgrkyg
bgsgrkyg tnbga fcrfcbg bckjgk sgrgkg pckbnbnhg
pckbnbnhgk
k fngsg.
@gkyg sgdg mcmfutu`hgk rugkjgk h`usus, mnsgakyg rugkjgk heksuagsn psnheaejn,
gtgu fnmfnkjgk bgk hekscankj8 rugkj pcmcrnhsggk hcsc`gtgk, rugkjgk tcrgpn insnh
mcagaun eag`rgjg, pcrmgnkgk bgk agnk-agnk.
3. \crsekna
\crsekca ygkj bnfutu`hgk uktuh gkgh tukgagrgs gbgag` juru ygkj fcrpckjgagmgk bgk
mgtgkj hcprnfgbngkkyg, tckgjg g`an fnbgkj hcnamugk agnk, yghkn psnheaej, hekscaer,
7:
FGF NNN
\CKSRS\
G. Hcsn
Hcsnmp
mpua
uagk
gk
Gkgh tukgbghsg scrnkj bnscfut bckjgk nstnag` gkgh ogogt tufu`, ogogt insnh, bgk
ogogt ertepcbn. Nstnag` tukgbghsg fcrgsga bgrn hgtg ‑tukg fcrgrtn rujn gtgu hurgkj bgk
bghsg ygkj fcrgrtn tufu`”. Rukgbghsg gbgag` gkgh ygkj mcmnanhn gkjjetg tufu` tnbgh
scmpurkg, scbgkjhgk nstnag` ogogt tufu` bgk ogogt insnh bnmghsubhgk uktuh mckycfut
gkgh ogogt pgbg gkjjetg tufu`kyg, fuhgk ogogt nkbrg.
\ckycf
\ckycfgf
gf tcrdgb
tcrdgbnky
nkygg hctukg
hctukgbgh
bghsggk
sggk bgpgt
bgpgt bnhcae
bnhcaempe
mpehhg
hhgk
k mckuru
mckurutt sggt
tcrdgbnkyg, ygntu4 _cfgf-scfgf scfcaum hcag`nrgk ( igsc prckgtga), _cfgf-scfgf pgbg
sggt hcag`nrgk (igsc kgtga), _cfgf-scfgf sctcag` prescs hcag`nrgk ( igsc pestkgtga).
\ckjjeaekjgk gkgh tukgbghsg fcrmgogm-mgogm sgag` sgtu bngktgrgkyg bnan`gt bgrn
snstcm hcagnkgkkyg ygkj tcrbnrn bgrn4 Hcagnkgk pgbg snstcm ocrcfrga (ocrcfrga
( ocrcfrga systcm)
systcm)
bgk Hcagnkgk pgbg snstcm etet bgk rgkjhg (musouaus
( musouaus shcactga systcm).
systcm).
Nstnag` rcsmn ‑ tukgagrgs” fgru bnhckga bgagm bukng pckbnbnhgk augr fngsg.
Nstnag` tukg ygkj fcrgrtn hurgkj bgk agrgs fcrgrtn scsugn. Dgbn, gkgh tukgagrgs fcrgrtn
gkgh
gkgh ygkj
ygkj fcrtnk
fcrtnkjhg
jhg`
` aghu
aghu hurgkj
hurgkj scsugn
scsugn bckjgk
bckjgk ankjhu
ankjhukjg
kjgk.
k. \crnag
\crnaghuk
hukyg
yg scrnkj
scrnkj
fcrtcktgkjgk bckjgk kermg-kermg ygkj tcrbgpgt bnbgagm mgsgygrghgt tcmpgt ng
fcrgbg. Ighter pckycfgf tnmfuakyg mgsgag` pcrnaghu sgkjgtag` hempachs, kgmuk
ighter nkn bgpgt bnhcaempehhgk scfgjgn fcrnhut. Ighter hcturukgk, Ighter hcrusghgk
insnh, bgk Ighter ankjhukjgk.
F. _grgk
Mgsygrgh
Mgsy grghgt
gt scfgnh
scfgnhkyg
kyg bnfcrn
bnfcrn pckyua
pckyuau`g
u`gk
k mckjck
mckjckgn
gn scheag`
scheag` nkhaus
nkhausni
ni bgk
prejrgm agygkgk pckbnbnhgk fgjn gkgh fcrhcfutu`gk h`usus, sc`nkjjg
sc`nkjjg ergkj tug ygkj
70
mcmnanhn gkgh fcrhcfutu`gk h`usus bgpgt bgpgt mcmfcrnhgk gkghkyg tcrgpn. Dgbn
gkgh ygkj mcmcrauhgk pckbnbnhgk h`usus scpcrtn gkgh tukgbghsg bgk tukgagrgs bgpgt
mckbgpgthgk pckbnbnhgk ygkj agygh scpcrtn gkgh pgbg umumkyg.
BGIRGV \S_RGHG
Zgrbgkn,
Zgrbgk n, NJGH,
NJGH, bhh (6<6<).
(6<6<). \ckjgktgr Gkgh Fcrhcfutu`gk H`usus.
H`usus. Rgkjcrgkj _cagtgk4
Sknvcrsntgs Rcrfuhg.
7>
NAMA : SUSAN
NIM : 857498844
POKJAR : PACET
TUGAS TUTORIAL 1
PENGANTAR PENDIDIKAN ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS
2. Apa yang dimaksud bahwa anak luar biasa (ALB) adalah anak yang mengalami
penyimpangan! kemudian sebutkan istilah-istilah yang berhubungan dengan hal
tersebut!
Jawab:
Anak yang tergolong luar biasa (ALB) adalah anak yang menyimpang dari rata-
rata anak normal dalam hal: ciri-ciri mental, kemampuan sensorik, fisik dan
neuromuskular, perilaku sosial dan emosional, kemampuan berkomunikasi, maupun
kombinasi dari dua atau lebih dari hal-hal di atas. Dilihat dari arah penyimpangan, jenis
kebutuhan khusus dapat dibagi menjadi dua kategori, yaitu kebutuhan khusus yang
terkait dengan kondisi diatas normal, dan kebutuhan khusus yang terkait dengan kondisi
dibawah normal.
Istilah-istilah pada anak luar biasa (ALB), yaitu sebagai berikut:
• Tunanetra, kurang penglihatan
• Tunarungu, gangguan pendengaran
• Gangguan komunikasi, disebut tunawicara atau gangguan bicara dan Bahasa
• Tunagrahita, cacat mental yang mempunyai IQ dibawah normal
• Tunadaksa, cacat fisik tidak bisa menjalankan fisik secara normal
• Tunalaras, gangguan emosi seperti suka menyakiti diri sendiri
• Anak berkesulitan belajar, mempunyai tingkat kecerdasan yang normal namun
mendapat kesulitan dalam belajar
• Tunaganda, menyandang lebih dari satu jenis kelainan seperti penyandang
tunanetra dan tunarungu.
3. Sebutkan klasifikasi anak dengan kebutuhan khusus, menurut Peraturan
Pemerintah (PP) yang anda ketahui!
Jawab:
Menurut PP.No 17/2010 tentang Penyelenggaraan dan Pengelolaan Pendidikan, Pasal
129, ayat 3 menetapkan 12 jenis peserta didik berkelainan, yaitu tunanetra, tunarungu,
tunawicara, tunagrahita, tunadaksa, tunalaras, berkesulitan belajar,autis, memiliki
gangguan motorik, menjadi korban penyalahgunaan obat terlarang, dan zat adiktif lain,
serta yang memiliki kelainan lain.
Berdasarkan beberapa definisi diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa anak berbakat adalah
anak yang mempunyai kemampuan yang unggul dari anak rata-rata atau normal, baik
dalam kemampuan intelektual maupun nonintelektual sehingga mereka membutuhkan
layanan pendidikan secara khusus.
8. Sebutkan cara-cara adaptasi lingkungan belajar dan adaptasi program layanan
pendidikan bagi anak berbakat!
Jawab:
1) Adaptasi lingkungan belajar
Ada beberapa alasan dalam mengadaptasi lingkungan belajar, yaitu: