BEHKN[NG QEGME_NJNG CNG QEGFBNFNG

BNQI[NG Q[N@SF@UH BNKI[NSI[FUH @IG_S[U@_F

CNG KNJNG KNGMUGNG ‒QEGMULFNG @UNS SE@NG
KESIG‘

CF@E[LN@NG IBEJ <

@EBIHQI@ FF-O

_eknmnf Sumns cng _ynrnt cnbnh Hntn @ubfnj

Qrn`tf`uh Knjng Kngmugng

GNHN GFH
HNUBNGN NB-DN[FOJF >613>1>1>1>;?
HUJNHHNC [NTV NBJNCF
>613>1>1>1>?;
Kngcn Noej, >1 Lugf ;1;1

@etun Bnkirntirfuh @igstru`sf cng Ciseg Qrn`tf`uh Knjng Kngmugng

Knjng Kngmugng DS Ugsyfnj

[ucfngsynj Qutrn, _.S, H._f Cr. Vubfn Jnyntf _.S, H.Egm

GFQ < >6=516;?;11;>;>113 GFQ < >6=>1=16>66=1;;11;
 @NSN QEGMNGSN[

Qulf syu`ur pegubfs uonp`ng `epncn Sujng yngm Hnjn Esn, `nregn cegmng `nrugfngyn,
pegubfs cnpnt hegyebesnf`ng pegubfsng bnpirng yngm kerlucub. ‒Qegmulfng @unt Se`ng

Keti
Ke g‘. Hes`fpug cnbnh hegmerln`ng pegubfs hegcnpnt kngyn` jnhkntng, pegubfs kerjnsfb
tig‘.
hegyebesnf`ng bnpirng fgf tepnt wn`tu.
Sumns bnpirng fgf herupn`ng snbnj sntu tumns yngm jnrus cfsebesnf`ng seknmnf
sek nmnf
hnjnsfswn yngm hehprimrnh hntn `ubfnj Qrn`tf`uh Knjng Kngmugng.
Kngmugng .
Cnbnh pehkuntng bnpirng fgf, `nhf hegmuonp`ng kngyn` terfhn `nsfj `epncn <
>. Knpn` [ucfngsynj Qutrn _.S, H._f seknmnf `etun Bnk. @igstru`sf cng Knjng Kngmugng
Dn`ubtns Se`gf` Ugfversftns _yfnj @unbn.
;. Fku Cr.
Cr. Vubfn
Vubfn Jnynt
Jnyntff _.S,
_.S, H.Egm seknmnf Ciseg Qehkfhkfgm
Qe hkfhkfgm cnbnh Qrn`tf`uh Knjng
Knjn g
?. Knpn` Hnjbfb _.S, H.S. seknmnf Qehkfhkfgm cnbnh Qrn`tf`uh Knjng Kngmugng

cng pehkuntng bnpirng.

3. _eburuj
_eburuj stnd pncn Bnk @igstru`sf
@igstru`sf cng Knjng Kngmugng yngm f`ut hehkngtu
cnbnh hebn`sngn`ng prn`tf`uh.
5. _ertn re`ng-re`ng yngm f`ut hehkngtu hebn`u`ng
hebn`u`ng prn`tf`uh fgf.
sngmnt
Qegubfs sngmnt hegyncnrf knjwn cnbnh hegyusug bnpirng fgf hnsfj lnuj cnrf `ntn
sehpurgn, ugtu` ftu pegubfs sngmnt hegmjnrnp`ng `rftf` cng snrng yngm kersfdnt hehkngmug
mugn sehpurgngyn bnpirng fgf. Qegubfs lumn kerjnrnp sehimn bnpirng fgf kfsn kerhngdnnt knmf
pegubfs `jususgyn cng uhuhgyn
uhuhg yn knmf pehknon cng lumn pegubfs `jususgyn.

Kngcn Noej, >1 Lugf ;1;1

Qegubfs

f
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>.>.Bntnr Kebn`ngm

Ketig herupn`ng jnsfb cnrf pegonhpurng knjng-knjng nmremnt jnbus cng `nsnr ynftu
pnsfr, kntu, kntu peonj ntnu knjng sehnonh bnfggyn, cegmng hegnhknj`ng seheg seou`upgyn
yngm kerdugmsf
kerdugmsf seknmnf pere`nt knjng susug ketig, cng nfr seknmnf knjng pehkngtu mugn
`eperbung ren`sf `fhfn sebnhn prises pegmernsng cng pernwntng ketig kerbngmsugm.

@e`unt
@e`untng
ng ketig
ketig cfpegmnr
cfpegmnrujf
ujf ibej kngyn`
kngyn` jnb,
jnb, cfng
cfngtnr
tnrngyn
ngyn ibej knjng
knjng pegyusu
pegyusuggyn,
ggyn,
rngongm onhpurng, pegmerlnng, cng pernwntng. Ketig hehfbf`f
hehfbf` f sfdnt `unt terjncnp te`ng cng
behnj terjncnp tnrf`. Cewnsn fgf pertuhkujng cng per`ehkngmng fgcustrf `igstru`sf cf
Fgcigesfn ou`up pesnt. Jnhpfr =1% hnterfnb yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh pe`erlnng `igstru`sf ncnbnj

ketig (oigorete). Kngyn`gyn

Kngyn`g yn luhbnj pegmmugnng ketig
k etig cnbnh `igstru`sf tersekut hegmn`fknt`n
hegmn`fknt`ng g
pegfgm`ntng `ekutujng hnterfnb ketig, sejfgmmn hehfou pegnhkngmng kntung
kntun g seknmnf snbnj sntu
knjng pehkegtu` ketig seonrn kesnr-kesnrng sertn ketig yngm cfjnsfb`ng `ecnp nfr sejfgmmn
hegmurngmf resnpng yngm hegyeknk`ng
hegyeknk` ng megngmng nfr. Jnb fgf hegyeknk`ng turuggyn luhbnj
suhker cnyn nbnh yngm tersecfn ugtu` `eperbung pehketigng cng perusn`ng bfgm`ugmng. _ebnhn
fgf kerknmnf pegebftfng sucnj cfbn`u`ng tetnpf hnsfj kebuh cftehu`ng nbtergntfd te`gf`
`igstru`sf
`igstru`sf yngm edfsfeg sertn pegyecfnng
pegyecfnng knjng kngmugng cnbnh luhbnj kesnr cng e`igihfs.
e`igihfs.
Jnb tersekut cnpnt hehkerf`ng suntu nbtergntfd ugtu` hegmurngmf hnterfnb pncn ketig ftu segcfrf
cegmng tfcn` hegmurngmf `unt te`nggyn, sepertf ketig cegmng pegmurngmng nmremnt jnbus.

Qncn pegebftfng fgf, cfbn`u`ng pegmulfng npn`nj ketig yngm cfkunt hnhpu hegnjng
te`ngng cng `ihpisfsf ketig hngn`nj yngm knf` nmnr hehfbf`f `unt te`ng yngm ou`up.

>.;.Sulung
Sulung cnrf prn`tf`uh fgf ncnbnj ugtu`<
- Hegmetnjuf bngm`nj
bngm`nj `erln prn`tf`uh pegmulfng `unt te`ng ketig
- Hegmetnjuf sfdnt dfsfs cnrf ketig
- Hegmetnjuf onrn pehkuntng ketig.

- Hegmetnjuf gfbnf `unt te`ng ketig

>
>.?.Hngdnnt
- Ugtu` hegmetnjuf sfdnt dfsfs,
dfsfs, onrn pehkuntng, cng `unt te`ng ketig.
- Cnpnt hehnjnhf stngcnr
stngcnr prisecur ulf `unt te`ng ketig.
Cnpnt hehnjnhf tegtngm onrn pegmulfng sertn hehnjnhf cntn yngm cfjnsfb`ng, sepertf<
kub` cegofty,dfgges hicubus,speofdfo mrnvfty,cng hfx cesfmg.
cesfmg .
 KNK FF

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;.>.Qegmertfng
;.>.Qegmertfng Ketig

Ketig cfcedfgfsf`ng
cfcedfgfsf`ng seknmnf onhpurng
onhpurng cnrf knjng pegyusuggyn yngm tercfrf cnrf knjng
seheg jfcribf`
jfcribf` (pirtbngc oehegt), nmremnt `nsnr, nmremnt jnbus, cng nfr cegmng ntnu tngpn
hegmmugn`ng knjng tnhknj (nchfxture ntnu nccftfve). CQUBQHK hehkerf`ng cedfgfsf tegtngm
ketig seknmnf
sekn mnf onhpurng
on hpurng ngtnrn seheg pirtbngc ntnu seheg jfcribf` yngm bnfggyn,
bnf ggyn, nmremnt jnbus,
nmremnt `nsnr cng nfr, cegmng ntnu tngpn knjng onhpurng tnhknjng yngm hehkegtu`
hnssn pncnt (_GF 1?-;:3=-;11;). Gumrnjn, Qnub (;11=), hegmugm`np`ng knjwn pncn ketig
yngm knf`, setfnp
setfnp kutfr nmremnt seburujgyn terkugm`us cegmng hirtnr.
hirtnr. Cehf`fng
Cehf`fng pubn jnbgyn
cegmng rungm ngtnr nmremnt, jnrus terfsf ibej hirtnr. Lncf `unbftns pnstn ntnu hirtnr hegegtu`ng
`unbftns ketig. _eheg ncnbnj ugsur `ugof cnbnh ketig, hes`fpug luhbnjgyn jngyn =->5% cnrf
onhpurng. Ketig cegmng luhbnj seheg yngm secf`ft (snhpnf =%) cfsekut ketig `urus (beng
oigorete),
oigorete), secngm`ng ketig cegmng luhbnj seheg yngm kngyn` cfsekut
cfsekut ketig mehu` (rfoj
oigorete). Hegurut Hubyigi (;114) seonrn uhuh ketig cfkecn`ng `ecnbnh ; `ebihpi`, ynftu <

>. Ketig kercnsnr`ng `ebns cng hutu ketig. @ebns cng hutu ketig fgf, cf kecn`ng heglncf ?
`ebns, ynftu <

n. Ketig `ebns F ncnbnj ketig ugtu` pe`erlnng-pe`erlnng

pe`erlnng-pe`erlnng gig stru`tutrnb
stru`tutrnb.. Ugtu` pebn`sngnnggyn
pebn`sngnnggyn
tfcn` cfperbu`ng `enjbfng `jusus. Qegmnwnsng hutu jngyn cfkntnsf pncn pegmnwnsng rfgmng

terjncnp hutu knjngknjng, secngm`ng terjncnp `e`untng te`ng tfcn` cfsynrnt`ng peherf`snng.
Hutu `ebns F cfgyntn`ng cegmng K1.

k. Ketig `ebns FF ncnbnj ketig ugtu` pe`erlnng-pe`erlnng

pe`erlnng-pe`erlnng stru`turnb seonrn uhuh.
Qebn`sngnnggyn
Qebn`sngnnggyn heherbu`ng `enjbfng yngm ou`up cng jnrus cfbn`u`ng cf knwnj pfhpfgng
pfhpfgng
tegnmn-tegnmn njbf. Ketig `ebns FF cfknmf 4 cnbnh hutu-hutu stngcnr K>, @ >;5, @ >=5, cng
@
;;5. Qncn hutu K>, pegmnwnsng hutu jngyn cfkntnsf
cfkntnsf pncn pegmnwnsng
pegmnwnsng terjncnp hutu
knjngknjng secngm`ng
secn gm`ng terjncnp
terjncn p `e`untng
`e`un tng te`ng tfcn` cfsynrnt`ng peherf`snng.
pehe rf`snng. Qncn hutu-hutu

@ >;5 cng @ >=5 cegmng `ejnrusng ugtu` heherf`sn `e`untng te`ng ketig seonrn `igtfgu cnrf
jnsfb-jnsfb peherf`snng kegcn ulf.
o. Ketig `ebns FFF ncnbnj ketig ugtu` pe`erlnng-pe`erlnng stru`turnb yngm bekfj tfgmmf cnrf @ ;;5.
Qebn`sngnnggyn heherbu`ng `enjbfng `jusus cng jnrus cfbn`u`ng cf knwnj pfhpfgng tegnmn-
tegnmn njbf. Cfsynrnt`ng ncngyn bnkirntirfuh ketig cegmng pernbntng yngm begm`np sertn cfbnyngf
ibej tegnmn-tegnmn njbf yngm cnpnt hebn`u`ng pegmnwnsng hutu ketig seonrn `igtfgu. Ncnpug
pehknmfng `ebns lnbng fgf, cnpnt
cn pnt cfbfjnt cnbnh tnkeb ;.> kerf`ut fgf <

Snkeb ;.> @ebns cng Hutu Ketig @ebns Hutu Ϗ‚k` (`m/oh; ) Ϗ‚kh (`m/oh; )

Kercnsnr`ng legfsgyn, ketig cfknmf heglncf 4 legfs, ynftu <

n. Ketig [fgmng

Ketig rfgmng herupn`ng ketig yngm cfkunt cegmg kikit yngm bekfj rfgmng cfkngcfgm`ng
cegmng kikit ketig girhnb. Nmremnt yngm cfmugn`ng ugtu` hehpricu`sf ketig rfgmng pug
herupn`ng
herupn`ng nmremnt rfgmng lumn. Nmremnt yngm cfmugn`ng uhuhgyn herupn`ng jn sfb cnrf

pehkn`nrng sjnbe, behpugm, sbntes, resfcu sbnm, resfcu kntu knrn cng kngyn` bnmf jnsfb
pehkn`nrng vub`ngf`. Kernt legfs nmremnt rfgmng se`ftnr >611 `m/h? ntnu kercnsnr`ng
`epegtfgmng pegmmugnng stru`turgyn ker`fsnr ngtnrn >331 ‟ >:51 `m/h? , cegmng `e`untng te`ng
uhur ;: jnrf bekfj kesnr cnrf >=,; Hpn.

k. Ketig Girhnb

Ketig girhnb ncnbnj ketig yngm hegmmugn`ng nmremnt pnsfr seknmnf nmremnt jnbus cng
kntu peonj seknmnf nmremnt `nsnr sejfgmmn hehpugynf kernt legfs ketig ngtnrn ;;11 `m/h?
‟
;311 `m/h? cegmng `unt te`ng se`ftnr >5 ‟ 31 Hpn.
o. Ketig Kernt

Ketig kernt ncnbnj ketig yngm cfjnsfb`ng cnrf nmremnt yngm hehfbf`f kernt fsf bekfj kesnr
cnrff ketig
cnr ketig girhnb
girhnb ntnu bekfj cnrf ;311 `m/h?
`m/h? . Ugtu`
Ugtu` hegmjnsf
hegmjnsfb`ng
b`ng ketig kernt cfm
cfmugn`
ugn`ng
ng
nmremnt yngm hehpugynf kernt legfs yngm kesnr.

c. Ketig Hnssn (hnss

( hnss oigorete)

Cfgnhn`ng ketig hnssn `nregn cfmugn`ng ugtu` pe`erlnng ketig yngm kesnr cng hnsfd,
hfsnbgyn ugtu` kegcugmng, `ngnb, pigcnsf, cng lehkntng.

e. Derri-Oehegt
Derri-Oehegt

Derri-Oehegt ncnbnj suntu knjng mnkugmng yngm cfperibej cegmng onrn hehkerf`ng
suntu tubngmng yngm kerupn ngynhng `nwnt knln seknmnf pehkerf `e`untng tnrf` cng cn`tfb pncn
hirtnr seheg.

d. Ketig _ernt (dfkre oigorete)

Ketig sernt (dfkre oigorete) ncnbnj knjng `ihpisft yngm tercfrf cnrf ketig cng knjng bnfg
kerupn sernt. _ernt cnbnh ketig fgf kerdugmsf hegoemnj retn`-retn` sejfgmmn heglncf`ng ketig
bekfj cn`tfb cnrfpncn ketig girhnb.

Cfsnhp
Cfsnhpfgm
fgm ketig
ketig hehfbf
hehfbf`f
`f pegmebih
pegmebihpi``
pi``ng,
ng, ketig
ketig pug hehfbf`
hehfbf`ff `ebekfj
`ebekfjng
ng cng
`e`urngmng. Kerf`ut fgf `ebekfjng cng `e`urngmng cnrf ketig, ynftu (Gumrnjn. Q, ;11=) <

@ebekfjng <

- Cnpnt ceggmng hucnj

hucnj hegcnpnt`
hegcnpnt`ng
ng hnterfnb cnsnrgyn
cnsnrgyn (nvnfbnkfbf
(nvnfbnkfbfty)
ty) Nmremnt cng nfr
pncn uhuhgyn kfsn cfcnpnt cnrf bi`nb setehpnt. _eheg pncn uhuhgyn lumn cnpnt cfkunt
cfcnernj setehpnt, kfbn tersecfn. Cegmng cehf`fng, k
kfnyn
fnyn pehkuntng rebntfd hurnj `nregn
sehun knjng kfsn cfcnpnt cf cnbnh gemerf, knj`ng kfsn setehpnt. Knjng terhnjnb ncnbnj seheg,
yngm kfsn cfpricu`sf cf cnbnh gemerf.

- @ehucnjng ugtu` cfmugn`ng (versntfbfty)

- @ehnhpung kerncnptnsf (ncnptnkfbfty) sejfgmmn ketig cnpnt cfoetn` cegmng ketu` cng
u`urng kernpnpug

- Snjng terjncnp tehperntur tfgmmf

- Kfnyn pehebfjnrnng yngm `eofb.

- Hnhpu hehf`ub kekng yngm kernt

@e`urngmng <

- Kernt segcfrf ketig yngm kesnr, se`ftnr ;311 `m/h?

- @e`untng tnrf`gyn regcnj, hes`fpug `e`untng te`nggyn kesnr

- Ketig oegcerugm ugtu` retn`, `nregn seheg gyn jfcribfs. Knln tubngmng kfsn ker`nrnt, hes`fpug
tfcn` tere`spise sepnrnj stru`tur knln

- @unbftnsgyn sngmnt termngtugm onrn pebn`sngnng cf bnpngmng. Ketig yngm knf` hnupug
yngm kuru` cnpnt terkegtu` cnrf ruhus cng onhpurng yngm snhn

- _tru`tur ketig subft ugtu` cfpfgcnj`ng.

cfpfgcnj`ng. Qehn`nfng
Qehn`nfng `ehknbf ntnu cnurubngm subft cng tfcn`
e`igihfs. Cnbnh jnb fgf stru`tur knln bekfj ugmmub, hfsnbgyn tfgmmnb hebepns
snhkugmnggyn snln.

;.;.Qegmertfng Nmmremnt @nsnr

Nmremnt `nsnr (Oinrse Nmmremnte) kfnsn lumn cfsekut `erf`fb seknmnf jnsfb cesfgtemrnsf nbnhf
cnrf kntung ntnu kerupn kntu peonj yngm cfperibej cnrf fgcustrfgcustrff peheonj kntu, cegmng
kutfrnggyn keru`urng ngtnrn 3,=4 hh – >51 hh.. @etegtung nmremn
nmremntt `nsnr ngtnrn bnfg<

 Nmremnt `nsnr jnrus tercfrf cnrf kutfrng yngm `erns cng tfcn` kerpirf. Nmmremnt `nsnr
yngm kutfrnggyn pfpfj jngyn cnpnt cfpn`nf lf`n luhbnj kutfr-kutfr pfpfjgyn tfcn` hebnhpnuf
;1% kernt nmremnt seburujgyn.

 Nmremnt `nsnr tfcn` kibej hegmngcugm buhpur bekfj cnrf >% cnbnh kernt `erfgmgyn.

Kfbn hebnhpnuf jnrus cfouof.

 Nmremnt `nsnr tfcn` kibej hegmngcugm znt yngm cnpnt herusn` ketig, sepertf znt yngm
rebntfd nb`nbf.

 Nmremnt `nsnr ugtu` ketig cnpnt kerupn `erf`fb nbnh cnrf kntu peonj.


Nmremnt `nsnr jnrus bewnt tes `e`ernsng cegmng kelngn pegmulf [ucebidd cegmng kekng ulf
;1 tig.

 @ncnr knmfng yngm behnj lf`n cfulf cegmng miresng kntngm tehknmn hn`sfhuh 5%.

 Ngm`n `ejnbusng (Dfgegess Hicubus) ugtu` Oinrse Nmmremnte ngtnrn 4‟

=,5. Legfs nmremnt `nsnr yngm uhuh ncnbnj<

>. Kntu peonj nbnhf<

nbnhf< Knjng fgf cfcnpnt cnrf oncns ntnu kntu peonj nbnhf yngm cfmnbf.

;. @erf`fb nbnhf< @erf`fb cfcnpnt cnrf prises nbnhf, ynftu cnrf pegmf`fsng tepf hnupug
cnsnr sugmnf ibej nfr sugmnf yngm hegmnbfr.

?. Nmremnt `nsnr kuntng< Serutnhn kerupn sbnm ntnu sjnbe yngm kfnsn cfmugn`ng ugtu`
ketig kerkikit rfgmng.

3. Nmremnt ugtu` pebfgcugm gu`bfr cng kerkikit kernt< Nmremnt `nsnr yngm cf`bnsfdf`nsf
cfsfgf hfsnbgyn knln peonj, knrft, hnmgntft cng bfhig.

;.?.Qegmertfng Nmmremnt Jnbus

Nmremnt jnbus ugtu` ketig cnpnt kerupn pnsfr nbnh seknmnf jnsfb cesfgtemrnsf nbnhf cnrf
kntung-kntung ntnu kerupn pnsfr kuntng yngm cfjnsfb`ng ibej nbnt peheonj kntu. Nmremnt fgf
keru`urng 1,14? hh – 3,=4 hh yngm hebfputf pnsfr `nsnr (Oinrse _ngc)
_ng c) cng pnsfr jnbus (Dfge
_ngc). Ugtu` ketig pegnjng rncfnsf, serku` knln jnbus cng serku` kesf peonj cfmugn`ng seknmnf
nmremnt jnbus. Hegurut QKF, nmremnt jnbus hehegujf synrnt<

 Nmremnt jnbus jnrus tercfrf cnrf kutfrng-kutfrng tnlnh, `erns, cng kersfdnt `e`nb nrtfgyn
tfcn` jngour ibej pegmnruj ounon cng tehperntur, sepertf terf` hntnjnrf julng, cng bnfg-bnfg.

=
 Nmremnt jnbus tfcn` kibej hegmngcugm buhpur bekfj cnrf 5 % kernt `erfgm, npnkfbn
`ncnr buhpur bekfj kesnr cnrf
cn rf 5%, hn`n nmremnt jnbus jnrus cfouof kfbn fgmfg
fgm fg cfpn`nf
ugtu` onhpurng ketig ntnu kfsn lumn cfmugn`ng bngmsugm tetnpf `e`untng ketig ker`urngm 5
%.

 Nmremnt jnbus tfcn` kibej hegmngcugm knjng irmngf` (znt jfcup) terbnbu kngyn` cng
jnrus cfku`tf`ng cegmng peroiknng wnrgn cnrf NK[NH_-JN[CE[ cegmng bnrutng GnIJ
?%.

 Ngm`n `ejnbusng (Dfgegess Hicubus) ugtu` Dfge _ngc ngtnrn ;,;‟?,;.

 Ngm`n `ejnbusng (Dfgegess Hicubus) ugtu` Oinrse _ngc ngtnrn ?,;‟3,5.

 Nmremnt jnbus jnrus tercfrf cnrf kutfrng yngm kernge`nrnmnh kesnrgyn.

Nmremnt jnbus yngm tfcn` hehegujf peroiknng tersekut lumn cnpnt cfpn`nf, nsnb snln
`e`untng te`ng ncu`ng nmremnt pncn uhur = cng ;: jnrf tfcn` `urngm cnrf 65% cnrf `e`untng
ncu`ng nmremnt yngm snhn, tetnpf cfouof terbekfj cnjubu cnbnh bnrutng GnIJ ?% yngm
yng m
`ehucfng cfouof kersfj cegmng nfr pncn uhur yngm snhn.Nmremnt jnbus jnrus tercfrf cnrf kutfrng
yngm kernge`nrnmnh cng npnkfbn cfnyn` cegmng nyn`ng susugng jnrus hehegujf synrnt-synrnt
seknmnf kerf`ut<

 _fsn cfntns nyn`ng 3 hh hfgfhuh kerntgyn ;%

 _fsn cfntns nyn`ng >hh hfgfhuh kerntgyn >1%

 _fsn cfntns nyn`ng 1,1;5 kerntgyn ker`fsnr ngtnrn :1% snhpnf 65%.

;.3.Qegmertfng _eheg Qirtbngc

_eheg kernsnb cnrf `ntn onehegtuh (knjnsn bntfg) yngm nrtfgyn hehitigm heglncf
heglncf
knmfng-knmfng `eofb tn` kernturng. _ecngm`ng cnbnh pegmertfnggyn
pegmertfngg yn seheg ncnbnj znt yngm

cfmugn`ng
cfmugn`ng ugtu` here`nt`ng
here`nt`ng kntu kntn, kntn`i hnupug knjng kngmugng bnfggyn.
(]f`fpecfn.oih/_eheg). Hegurut @nhus Kesnr Knjnsn Fgcigesfn seheg ncnbnj serku` ntnu
tepugm yngm terkunt cnrf `npur cng hnterfnb bnfggyn yngm cfpn`nf ugtu` hehkunt
ketig,
here`nt`ng
here`nt`ng kntu kntn ntnupug hehkunt tehki`. _eheg ncnbnj pere`nt jfcrnubf`
jfcrnubf` yngm
yn gm
cfjnsfb`ng cegmng onrn hegmjnbus`ng `bfg`er yngm
yn gm tercfrf cnrf knjng utnhn sfbf`nt -sfbf`nt
`nbsfuh cng knjng tnhknjng kntu mypsuh cfhngn segynwn-segynwn
segynwn-seg ynwn tersekut cnpnt keren`sf
cegmng nfr cng hehkegtu` znt knru kersfdnt pere`nt pncn kekntung.

_eheg cnbnh pegmertfng uhuh ncnbnj knjng yngm hehpugynf sfdnt ncjesfve cng
oijesfve,
oijesfve, cfmugn`ng seknmnf knjng pegmf`nt (kigcfgm hnterfnb), yngm cfpn`nf kersnhn-snhn
kersnhn-snhn
cegmng kntu `erf`fb cng pnsfr. _eheg cnpnt cfknmf ntns cun `ebihpi`, ynftu<

n. _eheg gig jfcrnubfs ncnbnj seheg yngm tfcn` cnpnt hegmerns cnbnh nfr ntnu tfcn` stnkfb
cnbnh nfr. Oigtij seheg gig jfcrnubfs (jycrnubfo kfgcer) ncnbnj bfhe cfhngn bfhe fgf
herupn`ng pere`nt `bnsf` cnbnh kngmugng yngm cfkunt cegmng hehngns`ng bfhestige pncn
suju :51 iO. OnOI? cnrf bfhestige n`ng hebepns`ng OI; cng hegmjnsfbn`g kurg bfhe ntnu
qufo` bfhe (OnI).

OnOI? + J;I On(IJ); + OI;

Qricu` fgf keren`sf oepnt cegmng nfr hegmjnsfb`ng On(IJ); cnbnh kutfrng yngm jnbus cng
On(IJ); fgf tfcn` cnpnt hegmerns cnbnh nfr tetnpf cnpnt hegmerns kfbn keren`sf cegmng
OI; cnrf ucnrn hehkegtu` OnOI? `ehknbf.

k. _eheg jfcrnubfs ncnbnj seheg yngm cnpnt hegmerns cnbnh nfr hegmjnsfb`ng pncntng yngm
yn gm
stnkfb cnbnh nfr. Ibej `nregn hehpugynf sfdnt jfcrnubfs, hn`n seheg tersekut kersfdnt<

- Cnpnt hegmerns kfbn cfonhpur nfr

- Sfcn` bnrut cnbnh nfr

- Cnpnt hegmerns wnbnu cfcnbnh nfr

Oigti
igtij
j seheg
eheg jfcr
jfcrnu
nubbfs ncnb
ncnbnj
nj se
sehe
heg
g Qir
Qirtbng
tbngc,
c, seheg
eheg onhp
onhpur
ur,, seheg
eheg `jus
`jusu
us cng
cng
seknmnfgyn.

;.3.>. Legfs-Legfs _eheg

n. _eheg Qutfj (Mrny Oehegt)

 _eheg putfj ncnbnj seheg yngm bekfj hurgf cnrf seheg nku cng cfmugn`ng ugtu`
pe`erlnng pegyebesnfng
pe gyebesnfng (dfgfsjfgm), sepertf
sepe rtf seknmnf dfbber ntnu pegmfsf. _eheg legfs fgf
fg f cfkunt cnrf
knjng utnhn `nbsft (onbofte) bfhestige hurgf.
h urgf.

k. _eheg _uhur Hfgyn` (Ifb ]ebb Oehegt)

_eheg suhur hfgyn` ncnbnj seheg `jusus yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh prises pegmekirng
hfgyn` kuhf ntnu mns nbnh, knf` cf cnrnt hnupug cf bepns pngtnf.

o. _eheg Qirtbngc

_eheg pirtbngc fnbnj seheg jfcribfsfs yngm cfjnsfb`ng cegmng onrn hegmjnsfb`ng `bfg`er
terutnhn cnrf sfbf`nt-sfbf`nt `nbsfuh yngm kersfdnt jfcribfsfs (cnpnt hegmerns lf`n keren`sf cegmng
nfr) cegmng mfps seknmnf knjng tnhknjng. _eheg herupn`ng knjng pegmf`nt yngm pnbfgm
ter`egnb cng pnbfgm kngyn` cfmugn`ng cnbnh prises `igstru`sf ketig. _eheg yngm uhuh

cfpn`nf ncnbnj seheg tfpe F cng `etermngtugmng `epncn pehn`nfng seheg legfs fgf hnsfj sngmnt
kesnr. _eheg pirtbngc lf`n cfbfjnt cnrf sfsf dugmsf hnsfj hehfbf`f `e`urngmng
`e `urngmng cng `eterkntnsng
yngm pncn n`jfrgyn n`ng hehpegmnrujf hutu hirtnr.

Qncn cnsnrgyn seheg pirtbngc tercfrf cnrf 3 ugsur yngm pnbfgm pegtfgm, ynftu<

>.Srf`nbsfuh _fbf`nt (O?_) ntnu ?OnI._fI;

_fdntgyn jnhpfr snhn cegmng sfdnt seheg ynftu lf`n cftnhknj`ng nfr n`ng heglncf `n`u
cng cnbnh kekernpn lnh snln pnstn n`ng hegmerns. O?_ heguglngm `e`untng nwnb seheg cng

hegfhkub`ng pngns jfcrnsf `urngm bekfj 5: `nbirf/mrnh setebnj ? jnrf.

;. Cf`nbsfuh _fbf`nt (O;_) ntnu ;OnI._fI;

Qncn snnt pegnhknjng nfr setebnj ren`sf yngm hegyeknk`ng pnstn hegmerns cng
hegfhkub`ng
hegfhkub`ng pngns >; `nbirf/
`nbirf/mrnh
mrnh setebnj ? jnrf. Qnstn n`ng hegmerns,
hegmerns, per`ehkngmng
per`ehkngmng
`e`untnggyn stnkfb cng bnhknt pncn kekernpn hfgmmu `ehucfng hegonpnf `e`untng te`ng n`jfr
jnhpfr snhn cegmng O?_.

?. Srf`nbsfuh Nbuhfgnt (O?N) ntnu ?OnI.Nb;I?

 Ugsur fgf npnkfbn keren`sf cegmng nfr n`ng hegfhkub`ng pngns jfcrnsf tfgmmf ynftu ;>;
`nbirf/mrnh setebnj ? jnrf. Qer`ehkngmng `e`untng terlncf sntu snhpnf cun jnrf tetnpf sngmnt
regcnj.

3. Setrn`nbsfuh Nbuhfgiderft (O3ND) ntnu 3OnI.Nb;I?.De;I?

Ugsur fgf snnt keren`sf cegmng nfr kerbngmsugm sngmnt oepnt cng pnstn terkegtu` cnbnh
kekernpn hegft, hegfhkub`ng pngns jfcrnsf 4: `nbirf/mrnh. ]nrgn nku-nku pncn seheg
cfseknk`ng
cfseknk`ng ibej ugsur fgf. _fbf`nt cng nbuhfgnt
nbuhfgnt yngm ter`ngcugm cnbnh seheg pirtbngc lf`n
keren`sf cegmng nfr n`ng heglncf pere`nt yngm hehncnt bnbu hehkegtu` hnssn yngm `erns.
[en`sf hehkegtu` hecfn pere`nt fgf cfsekut cegmng jfcrnsf.
jfcrnsf. [en`sf `fhfn seheg kersfdnt
exitjerhfo
exitjerhfo cegmng pngns yngm cfjnsfb`ng
cfjnsfb`ng hegonpnf >>1 `nbirf/m
`nbirf/mrnh.
rnh. N`fkntgyn
N`fkntgyn cnrf
ren`sf e`siterhfs
e`siterhfs terlncf perkecnng tehperntur
tehperntur yngm sngmnt tnlnh sejfgmmn
sejfgmmn hegmn`fknt`ng
hegmn`fknt`ng
retn`-retn` `eofb (hforiorno`) pncn hirtnr.

Qrises ren`sf `fhfn seheg cegmng nfr sejfgmmn hehkegtu` hnsn pncnt fgf lumn hnsfj
kebuh kfsn cf`etnjuf seonrn rfgof `nregn sfdntgyn yngm sngmnt `ihpbe`s. [uhus `fhfn yngm
cfpermugn`ng lumn hnsfj kersfdnt per`frnng ugtu` ren`sf `fhfn cnrf ugsur O;_ cng O?_ cnpnt
cftubfs seknmnf kerf`ut<

;O?_ + 4J;I ↛ (O?_;J?) + ?On(IJ);

?O;_ + 4J;I ↛ (O?_;J?) + On(IJ);

Qeruknjng `ihpisfsf
`ihpisfsf `fhfn seheg yngm cfbn`u`ng
cfbn`u`ng cegmng onrn hegmuknj presegtnse
presegtnse
ehpnt `ihpigeg utnhn seheg cnpnt hegmjnsfb`ng
hegmjnsfb`ng kekernpn legfs seheg cegmng tulung
pehn`nfggyn
Snkeb ;.3. @ihpisfsf _eheg Qirtbngc

I`sfcn @ihpisfsf (% Kernt)

OnI 41 - 4= %

_fI; >= ‟ ;5 %

Nb;I? ?-:%

De;I? 1,5 - 4,1 %

HmF 1,> - 4,1 %

@;I 1,5 - >,? %

BIF 5,1 %

F[ ?,1 %

;.5.Qegmertfng
;.5.Qegmertfng Nfr

Nfr ncnbnj suntu znt onfr yngm tfcn` hehpugynf rnsn, knu cng wnrgn cng tercfrf cnrf

jfcrimeg cng i`sfmeg cegmng ruhus `fhfn J;I. @nregn nfr hehpugynf sfdnt yngm jnhpfr kfsn
cfmugn`ng ugtu` npn snln, hn`n nfr herupn`ng znt yngm pnbfgm pegtfgm knmf sehun kegtu`
`ejfcupng (tuhkujng, jewng, cng hngusfn) snhpnf snnt fgf sebnfg hntnjnrf yngm herupn`ng
suhker egermf. Nfr cnpnt kerupn nfr tnwnr cng nfr nsfg (nfr bnut) yngm herupn`n
herupn`ng
g knmfng
terkesnr cf kuhf fgf. Cf cnbnh bfgm`ugmng nbnh prises, peruknjng wuluc, mern`ng nbfrng nfr (cf
perhu`nnng tngnj, cf cnbnh tngnj, cng cf ucnrn) cng legfs nfr hegmf`utf suntu sf`bus
`esefhkngmng cng cf`egnb cegmng fstfbnj sf`bus jfcribimf (@icintfe cng _lnrfed, ;1>1).
 Nfr seknmnf peren`sf cfpn`nf cegmng tulung supnyn terlncf jfcrnsf `fhfn ngtnrn nmremnt
cegmng seheg yngm hehkunt onhpurng yngm hegmerns. Nfr yngm cfmugn`ng ugtu` onhpurng
ketig jnrus hehegujf synrnt-synrnt
synrnt-syn rnt ngtnrn bnfg<

>. Nfr jnrus kersfj.

;. Sfcn` hegmngcugm buhpur, hfgyn` cng kegcn ternpugm bnfggyn yngm cnpnt cfbfjnt
seonrn vfsunb.
?. Sfcn` hegmngcugm kegcn-kegcn tersuspegsf bekfj cnrf ; mrnh/bfter.
3. QJ nfr 8 =, nfr tfcn` kibej hegmngcugm mnrnh yngm cnpnt bnrut cng cnpnt herusn` ketig
bekfj cnrf 5 mrnh/bfter.
5. _ehun nfr yngm hegmngcugm ugsur `fhfn yngm hernmu`n nmnr cfngnbfsfs cn
cfevnbunsf hutugyn hegurut pehn`nfnggyn.
4. Knjng irmngfo cnbnh nfr cffzfg`ng bekfj cnrf ;1111 pph.
=. Cfkegnr`ng hegmngcugm hfgyn` (hfgyn` hfgernb/hfgyn` tngnj) 2 ;% kernt seheg
yngm cfpn`nf.
:. Hnsfj cfkegnr`ng nfr cegmng `ngcugmng behpugm yngm ternpugm 2 ;111 pph.
 KNK FFF

QEBN@_NGNNG Q[N@SF@UH CNG QEHKNJN_NG

?.>.Qeherf`snng Kernt _ntung Nmmremnte

?.>.>.Qegcnjubung
Kernt sntung nmremnt ncnbnj rnsfi ngtnrn kernt nmremnt cng fsf/vibuhe. Qegmulfng kernt
sntung pncn nmremnt kermugn ugtu` hegm`igversf cnrf sntung kernt `e sntung vibuhe. Cnbnh
herngongm onhpurng ketig `ihpisfsf knjng cftegtu`ng cnbnh sntung kernt. Qncn wn`tu
hehkunt ketig cfbnpngmng cegmng `ihpisfsf kernt `urngm prn`tfs, kfnsnggyn cf bnpngmng
hegmmugn`ng `ihpisfsf perkngcfgmng ynftu cegmng tn`nrng (vibuhe). Ugtu` hegm`igversf cnrf
`ihpisfsf sntung vibuhe cfmugn`ng ngm`n kernt fsf.

Kernt fsf nmremnt sngmnt cfpegmnrujf

cfpegmnrujf ibej kekernpn dn`tir sepertf kernt legfs, mrncnsf

nmemnt, cfnheter hn`sfhuh nmremnt. Kernt fsf nmremnt ketig cfsynrnt`ng bekfj cnrf >,; `m/bfter

?.>.;.Sulung

 Hegmetnjuf kernt sntung oinrse nmmremnte.

 Hegmetnjuf kernt sntung oinrse sngc.
 Hegmetnjuf kernt sntung dfge sngc.

?.>.?.Qebn`sngnng

Nbnt yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh peherf`snng kernt sntung nmremnt ngtnrn bnfg<

>. Sfhkngmng cegmng `etebftfng 1,> mrnh.

;. Kelngn sfbfgcer ugtu` pnsfr cng `erf`fb.
?. Kelngn peguhku` kerfcfnheter >4 hh cng tfgmmf 411 hh.

Kegcn ulf yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh peherf`snng kernt sntung nmremnt ncnbnj<

>. Oinrse nmmremnte

;. Oinrse _ngc
?. Dfge _ngc
Bngm`nj Qebn`sngnng<

>. Qeherf`snng Kernt _ntung dfge sngc

;. Hegfhkngm kelngn `isigm.
?. Hegnhknj`ng dfge sngc jfgmmn >/? vibuhe kelngn `ehucfng heguhku` ;5 x.

3. Hegnhknj`ng vibuhe dfge sngc jfgmmn ;/? vibuhe kelngn `ehucfng heguhku` ;5
x bnmf.
5. Hegnhknj`ng vibuhe dfge sngc jfgmmn terfsf peguj `ehucfng heguhku` ;5 x bnmf,
setebnj ftu herntn`ng knmfng ntnsgyn cng tfhkngm.
4. Heherf`sn kernt sntung Oinrse _ngc snhn cegmng onrn heherf`sn kernt sntung
dfge sngc.
=. Heherf`sn kernt sntung Oinrse nmmremnte snhn cegmng onrn heherf`sn kernt sntung
dfge sngc.
:. Ubngmf sekngyn` ?x cegmng snhpeb tngnj yngm kerkecn ugtu` hnsfgm hnsfgm
hnterfnb cng ontnt jnsfbgyn.

Jnsfb Qegmnhntng<

Snkeb ?.>.> Qeherf`snng Kernt _ntung Oinrse Nmmremnte

Gi. _nhpbfgm ]efmjt Tibuhe id Kub`

Urut Gi. Oigtnfger Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte Oigtnfger Cegsfty
(@m) Nmmremnte (@m) (b) (@m/b)
(@m)
(>) (;) (?) (3) (5) (4) (=)
> N 3,=> >;,=6 :,1: 5 >,4>4
; K 3,=> >;,4; =,6> 5 >,5:;
? O 3,=> >;,=; :,1> 5 >,41;

NTE[NME >,411
Snkeb ?.>.; Qeherf`snng Kernt _ntung Oinrse _ngc

Gi. _nhpbfgm ]efmjt Tibuhe id Kub`

Urut Gi. Oigtnfger Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte Oigtnfger Cegsfty
(@m) Nmmremnte (@m) (b) (@m/b)

(@m)
(>) (;) (?) (3) (5) (4) (=)
> N :,?: >>,;6 ;,61 >,55; >,:4:
; K :,?6 >>,;? ;,:3 >,55; >,:;6
? O :,?6 >>,;= ;,:: >,55; >,:55

NTE[NME >,:51

Snkeb ?.>.? Qeherf`snng Kernt _ntung Dfge _ngc

Gi. _nhpbfgm ]efmjt Tibuhe id Kub`

Urut Gi. Oigtnfger Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte Oigtnfger Cegsfty
(@m) Nmmremnte (@m) (b) (@m/b)
(@m)
(>) (;) (?) (3) (5) (4) (=)
> N :,?6 >1,:= ;,3: >,55; >,56=
; K :,?6 >1,=4 ;,?= >,55; >,5;=
? O :,?6 >1,:5 ;,34 >,55; >,5:5

NTE[NME >,546

Qehknjnsng<

Kernt rntn-rntn Oinrse Nmmremnte < >,411 @m/b

Kernt rntn-rntn Oirnse _ngc < >,:51 @m/b

Kernt rntn-rntn Dfge _ngc < >,546 @m/b

@esfhpubng<

_etfnp hnterfnb yngm cftfhkngm hehfbf`f kernt yngm kerkecn cng hegmmugngn`ng kelngn
yngm cfsesunf`ng.

?.;.Qeherf`snng @ncnr Nfr Nmremnt

@ncnr nfr ncnbnj kesnrgyn perkngcfgmng ngtnrn kernt nfr yngm cf`ngcugm nmremnt cnbnh
`encnng `erfgm cng cfgyntn`ng cnbnh perseg (%). Qernturng yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh Nherfong
_iofety dir Sestfgm ngc Hnterfnbs (N_SH O=1) persynrntng `ncnr nfr ynftu 1,; % ‟ 3,1 %.

Cf cnbnh
cnbnh onhpurn
onhpurng
g ketig,
ketig, nfr hehpugynf
hehpugynf cun kunj dugmsf.
dugmsf. Qertnhn,
Qertnhn, ugtu`
hehugm`fg`ng
hehugm`fg`ng ren`sf `fhfn yngm hegyeknk`ng pegmf`ntng cng kerbngmsugmgyn
kerbngmsugmgyn pegmernsng.
@ecun, seknmnf pebuhns onhpurng `erf`fb, pnsfr, cng seheg nmnr cnpnt cftehpnt`ng `e cnbnh
oetn`ng cegmng `ebeoe`ng sesunf regongn. Nfr cnbnh onhpurng ketig tercfrf cnrf<

 Nfr yngm tersernp cnbnh nmremnt0

 Nfr yngm kerncn pncn perhu`nng nmremnt0
 Nfr yngm cftnhknj`ng sebnhn prises pegonhpurng.

Hegurut Nherfong _iofety dir Sestfgm ngc Hnterfnbs sngmntbnj subft ugtu` hegonpnf
nmremnt cnbnh `encnng __C (_nturntec _urdnoe Cry) cf bnpngmng ynftu `igcfsf cnrf pnrtf`eb

nmremnt ntnu pncnt kerpirf bnfggyn `etf`n vifc perhenkeb cffsf cegmng nfr tetnpf ter`egn
perhu`nng `erfgm. _ejfgmmn perbu
pe rbu hegm`igversf`ng `encnng
`en cnng yngm sekegnrgyn
sekegnrg yn cnrf nmremnt cf
bnpngmng heglncf `encnng __C, ynftu cegmng hegmetnjuf titnb `ncnr nfr cng `npnsftns
pegyernpng cnrf
cn rf nmremnt yngm cfu`ur. @ncnr nfr kekns
ke kns cfjftugm cnrf titnb `ncnr nfr cf`urngmf
`npnsftns nksipsf. Cnpnt cfsfhpub`ng knjwn nfr yngm ter`ngcugm cnbnh nmremnt n`ng
hehpegmnrujf luhbnj nfr yngm cfperbu`ng cf cnbnh onhpurng. _nbnj sntu sfdnt yngm sngmnt
hehpegmnrujf kesnrgyn nfr yngm tercnpnt cnbnh nmremnt ncnbnj pirisftns cng nksirpsf
nmremnt (N_SH O>;:).
?.;.>.Sulung

 Hegmetnjuf `ncnr/`ngcugmng nfr cf perhu`nng kutfr-kutfr oinrse nmmremnte, oinrse sngc

cng dfge sngc
 Hegmetnjuf kernt sntung oinrse nmmremnte, oinrse sngc cng dfge sngc

?.;.;.Qebn`sngnng

Nbnt yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh peherf`snng `ncnr nfr nmremnt ngtnrn bnfg<

>. Sfhkngmng cegmng `etebftfng 1,> mrnh.

;. Sugm`u pehngns cegmng tehperntur >51.
?. ]ncnj yngm cnpnt cfpngns`ng.

Kegcn ulf yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh pegmulfng `ncnr nfr nmremnt ngtnrn bnfg<

>. Oinrse nmmremnte

nmmremnte cnbnh `encnng Leguj @erfgm Hu`n (L@H) ntnu _nturntec _urdnoe
Cry (__C).
;. Oinrse sngc cnbnh `encnng Leguj @erfgm Hu`n (L@H) ntnu _nturntec _urdnoe
Cry (__C).
?. Dfge sngc cnbnh `encnng Leguj @erfgm Hu`n (L@H) ntnu _nturntec _urdnoe Cry

(__C). Bngm`nj Qebn`sngnng<

>. Hegmnhkfb oinrse nmmremnte, oinrse sngc cng dfge sngc oigtij seknmnf kegcn ulf
;. [egcnh cfcnbnh ehker kerfsf nfr jfgmmn
jfgmmn perhu`nng tertutupf nfr cng kfnr`ng
kfnr`n g sebnhn
;3 lnh
?. _etebnj ;3 lnh, jnhpnr`ng hnterfnb cf tehpnt yngm tfcn` cfpnpnrf sfgnr
hntnjnrf bngmsugm
3. Ugtu` hehnstf`ng oinrse sngc cng dfge sngc `erfgm sehpurgn (__C) mugn`ng `eruout
`igus. Lf`n oinrse sngc cng dfge sngc tfcn` hehkegtu` `eruout, hn`n oinrse sngc cng
dfge sngc sucnj `erfgm sehpurgn.
 5. Ugtu` oinrse nmmremnte, tfhkngm `ernglngm hegmmugn`ng tfhkngmng cng ontnt jnsfbgyn.
@nft`ng `ernglngm cfknwnj tfhkngmng cng hnsu``ng `ecnbnh kns`ih kerfsf nfr
bnbu ontnt jnsfbgyn.
4. Hnsu``ng oinrse nmmremnte sekngyn` >/? `ernglngm cng tfhkngm. Bnbu `nft`ng
`ehknbf `ernglngm yngm kerfsf oinrse nmmremnte cng hnsu``ng `ecnbnh kns`ih. Ontnt
jnsfbgyn.
=. Knmf oinrse sngc
sngc ygm sucnj cf`erfgm`ng heglncf tfmn knmfng (N,K, cng O).
Sfhkngm mebns cng pegutup `non bnbu fsf peguj mebns cegmng nfr cng tfhkngm.
:. Hnsu``ng Oinrse sngc sekngyn` >/? mebns bnbu tutup cegmng pegutup `non cng tfhkngm.
Bnbu hnsu``ng nfr `ecnbnh mebns yngm kerfsf hnterfnb snhpnf peguj (lngmng
snhpnf tercnpnt mebehkugm ucnrn) cng tfhkngm `ehknbf.
6. Ugtu` dfge sngc
sngc bn`u`ng bngm`nj yngm snhn
snhn sepertf oinrse sngc.
>1. Ubngmf bngm`nj bngm`nj tersekut ugtu` ? snhpeb hnterfnb. Ontnt jnsfbgyn. Bnbu tfrfs`ng

nfr cng hnsu``ng hnterfnb `e cnbnh wncnj. Cng kerf bnkeb cegmng `ertns (N, K, cng O).
Hnsu``ng hnterfnb yngm sucnj cftfhkngm `ecnbnh wncnj cng hnsu``ng `e cnbnh iveg
i
cegmng suju >15 O sebnhn ;3 lnh.
>>. _etebnj ;3 lnh, `ebunr`ng hnterfnb cnrf cnbnh iveg. Sfhkngm `ehknbf hnterfnb cegmng
hegmmugn`ng tfhkngmng cng ontnt jnsfbgyn `ecnbnh tnkeb yngm sucnj

cfsecfn`ng. Jnsfb Qegmnhntng<

Snkeb ?.;.> Qeherf`snng @ncnr Nfr Oinrse Nmmremnte

Gi. ]efmjt Gitntfig _nhpbe

Urut N K O
(mrnh) (mrnh) (mrnh)

(>) (;) (?) (3) (5) (4)

>. Kns`et ]o 34; 335 335
; Kns`et Ugcer ]nter ]o w 3?3,3 ?64,? ?64,:
? Kns`et + Nmmre mnte __C ]o s ;31; ;536 ;5;6
3 Kns`et + Nmmremn
emnte Ug
Ugcer ]osw >455 >=;1 >=16

]nter
5 Nmmremnte snturntec surdnoe ]s 8 ]os- ]o >631 ;>13 ;1:3
 cry
4 Nmmremnte Ugcer ]nter ]w 8 ]osw - ]ow >;;1,4 >?;?,= >?>;,;
= Tibuhe id Nmmremnte, __C ]v 8 ]s ‟ ]osw‚ + ]ow— =>6,3 =:1,? ==>,:
: _pesfdfo Mrnvfty, __C _M, __C 8 ]s / ]v ;,464 ;,464 ;,=11
Nvernme _pesfdfo Mrnvfty, ;,46=
__C
6 Kns`et ]o ‚ 1,111 1,111 1,111
>1 Kns`et + Nmmre mnte IC ]‚osw >6;= ;1:6 ;1=3
>> Nmmremnte Iveg Cry ]c 8 ]‚osw ‟ ]‚o >6;= ;1:6 ;1=3
>; _peofdfo Mrnvfty,IC _M,IC 8 ]c/]v ;,4=: ;,4== ;,4:=
Nvernme _peofdfo ;,4:1
Mrnvfty,IC
>? ]nter Nksirptfig (%) >11 (]s-]c)/]c 1,4=3 1,=>: 1,3:;
Nvern me Nksirptfig (%) 1,4;3

Snkeb ?.;.; Qeherf`snng @ncnr Nfr Oinrse _ngc

Gi. ]efmjt Gitntfig _nhpbe

Urut N K O
(mrnh) (mrnh) (mrnh)
(>) (;) (?) (3) (5) (4)
>. Oigtnfger ]o >1:3 >1:> >1>1
;. Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte __C ]o s >3?5 >3;6 >?4:
?. Nmmrem
mremnnte ssnt
ntu
urntec
ntec sur
surddnoe ]s 8 ]os - ]o ?5> ?3: ?5:
cry
3. Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte + ]osw‚ >63: >63= >:=?
]nter
5. Oigtnfger + ]nter ]ow— >=?1 >=?> >4?>

4. Tibuhe id Nmmremnte, __C ]v 8 ]s ‟ ]osw‚ +]ow‘ >?? >?; >?4

;1
 _pesfdfo Mrnvfty, __C _M, __C 8 ]s / ]v ;,4?6 ;,4?4 ;,4?;
=. Nvernme _pesfdfo Mrnvfty, ;,4?5
__C
:. Oigtnfger 1,111 1,111 1,111
6. Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte IC ]‚osw ?3> ??= ?3>
>1. Nmmremnte Iveg Cry ]c 8 ]‚osw ‟ ]‚o ?3> ??= ?3>
>>. _pesfdfo Mrnvfty, IC _M, IC 8 ]c / ]v ;,54? ;,5?? ;,51=
Nverngme _pesfdfo Mrnvfty, ;,5?3
IC
>;. ]nter Nksirptfig >11 (]s ‟ ]c) / ]c ;,6?; ?,;43 3,6:5

Nverngme ]nter Nksirptfig >,=35

(%)

Snkeb ?.;.? Qeherf`snng @ncnr Nfr Dfge _ngc

Gi. ]efmjt Gitntfig _nhpbe

Urut N K O
(mrnh) (mrnh) (mrnh)
(>) (;) (?) (3) (5) (4)
>. Oigtnfger ]o >1:3 >1:> >1>1
;. Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte __C ]o s >?:1 >?:6 >;56

?. Nmmrem
mremnnte ssnt
ntu
urntec
ntec surdnoe ]s 8 ]os - ]o ;64 ?1: ;36
cry
3. Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte + ]osw‚ >6>> >6>4 >:11
]nter
5. Oigtnfger + ]nter ]ow‘ >=?1 >=?> >45>
4. Tibuhe id Nmmremnte, __C ]v 8 ]s ‟ ]osw‚ + >>5 >;? >11
]ow‘

_pesfdfo Mrnvfty, __C _M, __C 8 ]s / ]v ;,5=? ;,513 ;,361

;>
 =. Nver
ernm
nmee _pe
pessfdfo Mrnv
nvffty,
ty, ;,5;;
__C
:. Oigtnfger 1,111 1,111 1,111
6. Oigtnfger + Nmmremnte IC ]‚osw ;:? ;:= ;?5
>1. Nmmremnte Iveg Cry ]c 8 ]‚osw ‟ ]‚o ;:? ;:= ;?5
>>. _pesfdfo Mrnvfty, IC _M, IC 8 ]c / ]v ;,431 ;,??? ;,?51
Nverngme _pesfdfo Mrnvfty, ;,53>
IC
>;. ]nter Nksirptfig >11 (]s ‟ ]c) / ]c 3,56? =,?>= 5,65=

Nverngme ]nter Nksirptfig 5,655

(%)

Qehknjnsng<

Kercnsnr`ng jnsfb peroiknng, `ncnr nfr kegcn ulf F cng `ncnr nfr kegcn ulf FF hehegujf
pernturng persynrntng cnrf Nherfong _iofety dir Sestfgm ngc Hnterfnbs, `nregn kesnr `ncnr nfr
kegcn ulf F ynftu ?,36%, cng kerncn pncn regtngm 1,; % ‟ 3,1 % (N_SH O=1). Kemftu lumn
cegmng `ncnr nfr kegcn ulf FF sekesnr 3,115% hnsfj kerncn cnbnh regtngm ngm`n yngm
cfsynrnt`ng ibej N_SH.

@esfhpubng<

Qeroiknng _peofdfo Mrnvfty cfbn`u`ng ugtu` hegcnpnt`ng

hegcnpn t`ng persegtnse nksirpsf cnrf
hnterfnb-hnterfnb yngm cf ulf.

?.?.Qeherf`snng
?.?.Qeherf`snng Mrncnsf Nmremnt

?.?.>.Qegcnjubung

Mrncnsf hnterfnb fnbnj cfstrfkusf u`urng kutfrng cnrf hnterfnb. Kfbn kutfr-kutfr nmremnt
hehpugynf u`urng yngm snhn (sernmnh) vibuhe pirf n`ng kesnr. _eknbf`gyn kfbn u`urng kutfrng
kervnrfnsf n`ng terlncf vibuhe pirf yngm `eofb. Jnb fgf `nregn kutfrng yngm `eofb hegmfsf pirf

cfngtnrn kutfrng yngm bekfj kesnr, sejfgmmn pirf-pirfgyn heglncf secf`ft.

;;
?.?.;Sulung

Sulung cnrf peherf`snng mrncnsf hnterfnb ncnbnj<

>. Hegmetnjuf mrncnsf oinrse nmmremnte.

;. Hegmetnjuf mrncnsf oinrse sngc.
?. Hegmetnjuf mrncnsf dfge sngc.

?.?.?Qebn`sngnng

Nbnt yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh peherf`snng mrncnsf hnterfnb ngtnrn bnfg<

>. Sfhkngmng cegmng `etebftfng 1,> mrnh.

;. Kns`ih Kesf
?. Sugm`u
3. _ntu set nyn`ng.
5. Sehpnt hegnhpugm jnsfb nyn`ng.
4. _f`nt pehkersfj nyn`ng.

Kegcn ulf yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh peherf`snng mrncnsf hnterfnb ncnbnj<

>. Kegcn ulf oinrse nmmremnte

;. Kegcn ulf oinrse sngc
?. Kegcn ulf dfge sngc

Bngm`nj Qegmnhntng <

i
>. @ebunr`ng hnterfnb-hnterfnb cnrf cnbnh iveg cegmng pngns ngtnrn >15 O.
;. _usug nyn`ng hegurut susugng cegmng bukngm nyn`ng yngm terkesnr pnbfgm ntns
`ehucfng bukngm yngm bekfj `eofb cf knwnjgyn.
?. Knmf oinrse nmmremnte heglncf tfmn knmfng. Sfhkngm hnsfgm-hnsfgm knmfng sekngyn`
;111 mrnh. _nrfgm hegmmugn`ng snrfgmng >6,> hh snhpnf cegmng ;,?: hh.
3. Sfhkngm jnsfb yngm tersfsn cfntns hnsfgm-hnsfgm snrfgmng cng ontnt jnsfbgyn.
5. Ugtu` oinrse sngc knmf heglncf tfmn knmfng cng tfhkngm hnsfgm-hnsfgm knmfng sekngyn`
>111 mrnh. _nrfgm hegmmugn`ng snrfgmng 3,=4 hh snhpnf snrfgmng n`jfr.
 4. Ugtu` dfge sngc
sngc knmf heglncf tfmn knmfng cng tfhkngm hnsfgm-hnsfgm sekngyn`
511 mrnh. _nrfgm hegmmugn`ng snrfgmng ;,?: hh snhpnf snrfgmng n`jfr.
=. Sfhkngm jnsfb yngm tersfsn cfntns hnsfgm-hnsfgm snrfgmng
snrfgmng cng ontnt

jnsfbgyn. Jnsfb Qegmnhntng<

Snkeb ?.?.>.Qeherf`snng Mrncnsf Kutfrng Oinrse Nmmremnte

[ESNFGEC IG _FETE NTE[NME

_FETE N K O Q[OEGSNME
_F\E ]EFMJS QE[OEGS ]EFMJS QE[OEGS ]EFMJS QE[OEGS [ESNFGEC
(hh) (mrnh) (%) (mrnh) (%) (mrnh) (%) IG
> ; ? 3 5 4 = :
?>,5 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
>6,; >1:: 53,3 654 3=,: >>1? 55,>51 5;,351
6,5; ::= 33,?5 663 3:,= :>3 31,= 33,6>4
3,=4 ;5 >,;5 51 ;,5 :? 3,>5 ;,4?3
;,?: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
>,; 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
1,4 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
1,? 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
1,>5 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
_F_N 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
SISNB ;111,111 >11,111 ;111,111 >11,111 ;111,111 >11,111 >11,111

Snkeb ?.?.;.Qeherf`snng Mrncnsf Kutfrng Oinrse _ngc

[ESNFGEC IG _FETE NTE[NME

_FETE N K O Q[OEGSNME
_F\E ]EFMJS QE[OEGS ]EFMJS QE[OEGS ]EFMJS QE[OEGS [ESNFGEC
(hh) (mrnh) (%) (mrnh) (%) (mrnh) (%) IG

> ; ? 3 5 4 = :
 ?>,5 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
>6,; 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
6,5; 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
3,=4 >56 >5,6 >64 >6,4 ;;? ;;,? >6,;4=
;,?: >=: >=,: >5: >5,: >:: >:,: >=,34=
>,; >61 >6 >45 >4,5 >=4 >=,4 >=,=11
1,4 >6; >6,; >45 >4,5 >45 >4,5 >=,311
1,? >?= >?,= >34 >3,4 >;4 >;,4 >?,4??
1,>5 >>6 >>,6 >?? >?,? 6; 6,; >>,34=
_F_N ;5 ;,5 ?= ?,= ?1 ? ?,144
SISNB >111,111 >11,111 >111,111 >11,111 >111,111 >11,111 >11,111

Snkeb ?.?.?.Qeherf`snng Mrncnsf Kutfrng Dfge _ngc

[ESNFGEC IG _FETE NTE[NME

_FETE N K O Q[OEGSNME
_F\E ]EFMJS QE[OEGS ]EFMJS QE[OEGS ]EFMJS QE[OEGS [ESNFGEC
(hh) (mrnh) (%) (mrnh) (%) (mrnh) (%) IG
> ; ? 3 5 4 = :
?>,5 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
>6,; 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111

6,5; 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111

3,=4 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111 1,111
;,?: ;6 5,: ;6 5,: ?5 = 4,;
>,; ?= =,3 ?: =,4 ?: =,4 =,5??
1,4 :3 >4,: 46 >?,: 5= ?4,: ?=,4
1,? ;>1 3; >=1 ?3 >:3 ?4,: ?=,4
1,>5 >14 ;>,; >55 ?> >51 ?1 ;=,3
_F_N ?5 = ?6 =,: ?1 =,; =,???
SISNB 511,111 >11,111 511,111 >11,111 511,111 >11,111 >11,111

;5
Qehknjnsng<

Cnrf jnsfb peherf`snng mrncnsf oinrse nmmremnte, hicubus `ejnbusng oinrse nmmremnte =,3:>:

%. Cnrf jnsfb peherf`snng mrncnsf oinrse sngc, hicubus `ejnbusng oinrse sngc 3,3545 %.

Cnrf jnsfb peherf`snng mrncnsf dfge sngc cfperibej hicubus `ejnbusng dfge sngc ;,;5:?

%. @esfhpubng<

Cegmng ngnbfsn snrfgmng cnpnt cf`etnjuf cfstrfkusf kutfrng pncn hnsfgm-hnsfgm legfs nmremnt.

?.3.Qegmncu`ng
?.3.Qegmncu`ng Ketig

?.3.>.Qegcnjubung

Qncn peroiknn
peroiknng
g fgf cfurnf
cfurnf`ng
`ng onrn-onr
onrn-onrnn hegonhpu
hegonhpurr knjng-knj
knjng-knjng
ng cnsnr
cnsnr pehkunt
pehkuntng
ng

onhpurng
onhpurn g ketig.
ketig. Qegmncu`
Qegmncu`ng
ng ketig
ketig kercnsn
kercnsnr`n
r`ng
g tehpnt
tehpnt ncn cun hnonh
hnonh ynftu
ynftu pegmncu`ng
pegmncu`ng
cftehpnt (sfte hfx) cng pegmncu`ng sfnp tungm (rency hfx) cnbnh pebn`sngnngyn pegmncu`ng
cftehpnt (sfte hfx) cf`egnb cegmng cun hetice ynftu cegmng pegonhpurng hngunb (tegnmn
hngusfn hegmmugn`ng s`ipe, ongm`ub) cng yngm `ecun hegmmugn`ng hesfg hibeg, ugtu`
pegmncu`ng sfnp tungm (rency hfx) pebn`sngnngyn cfpricu`sf cnrf sekunj pnkrf` pegonhpur
(cf`egnb cegmng kntojfgm pbng). Cnbnh pehkuntng onhpurng ketig, jnrus cfbn`u`ng cegmng
kegnr cnbnh
cn bnh hehperjntf`ng
hehp erjntf`ng semremnsf onhpurng
on hpurng ketig, bnhn wn`tu ketig
ke tig cfonhpur
cfonh pur sertn bi`nsf
bi`n sf
pegmncu`ng ketig. @nregn lf`n snbnj cnbnh onrn hegmncu` knjng cnsnr ketig, hn`n n`ng
hegmurngmf `e`untng ketig ftu segcfrf.

Cnbnh suntu ncu`ng/onhpurng ketig, `ncnr nfr sngmnt cfperjntf`ng `nregn hegegtu`ng
tfgm`nt wir`nkfbftygyn ntnu tfcn`. Onhpurng ketig yngm terbnbu onfr n`ng hegyeknk`ng
hegyeknk`n g hutu
ketig regcnj, cng bnhn hegmerfgm. _ecngm`ng onhpurng ketig yngm terbnbu `erfgm
hegyeknk`ng ncu`ng tfcn` herntn cng subft ugtu` cfoetn`. Ulf _buhp hegmnou pncn _GF
>6=;-
;11: cng FO_ 6>.>11.?1.

?.3.;.Sulung

;4
 Hegmetnjuf onrn-onrn hegonhpur knjng-knjng cnsnr pehkunt onhpurng ketig cegmng
hegmmugn`ng hesfg pegmncu`.

;=
?.3.?.Onhpurng
?.3.?.Onhpurng Ketig (Hfx Cesfmg)

_ekebuh pegonhpurng ketig cf`erln`ng, hn`n terbekfj cnjubu cfbn`sngn`ng peherf`snng

sfdnt-sfdnt hnterfnb yngm cfmugn`ng knf` peherf`snng sfdnt-sfdnt dfsfs he`ngfs hnupug sfdnt-sfdnt
`fhfn. Cnbnh pegmerlnng prn`tf`uh fgf jngyn cfbn`u`ng peherf`snng sfdnt-sfdnt dfsfs snln. Cng

pegebftfng sfdnt-sfdnt dfsfs fgfpug jngyn cfbn`u`ng pncn nmremrnt

nmremrn t snln. _ecngm`ng seheg, nfr tfcn`
cfperf`sn bnmf `nregn sucnj hehegujf `rfterfn yngm tebnj cftetnp`ng.

Qncn peregongnng `unt te`ng ketig cfregongn`ng ncnbnj @-;;5 cegmng hegmmugn`ng
kegcn ulf kerkegtu` sfbfgcer stngcnr cegmng cfnheter >5 oh cng tfgmmf ?1 oh. tfgmmf sbuhp yngm
y ngm
cffgmfg`ng ncnbnj cfnheter ntns >1 oh, cfnheter knwnj ;1 oh, tfgmmf ?1 oh.

Qeregongnng Onhpurng (Hfx Cesfmg)<

>. Sfgmmf sbuhp yngm cffgmfg`ng ncnbnj cfnheter ntns >1 oh, cfnheter knwnj ;1 oh, tfgmmf

?1 oh.
;. Cfnheter hn` sfhuh nmremnt yngm cfmugn`ng ncnbnj ?>,5 hh.

>. Uknj sntung @ cnrf `m/oh; `e cnbnh kegtu` HQn

@ 8 ;;5 `m/oh ; x 1,:?

6,:>
@ 8 >:4,=5 `m/oh; x
>11

d‖o
@8 8>:,?;1 HQn

;. Legfs ketig ncnbnj gig nfr egtrnfgec oigorete (@igstru`sf tfcn` cfpegmnrujf ibej
tehperntur
tehperntur n`fknt hehke`u cng hegonfr es0 dreezfgm ngc tjnwfgm). Luhbnj nfr yngm
cfkutuj`ng ugtu` hegcnpb`ng sbuhp cfnheter ntns >1 oh, cfnheter knwnj ;1 oh, tfgmmf
?1 oh ugtu` gig nfr egtrnfgec
egtrnfgec oigorete cegmng cfnheter hn`sfhuh nmremnt ?>,5 hh
cfper`frn`ng luhbnj nfr yngm cfperbu`ng ncnbnj >:4,=4 `m/h' (cfcnpnt cegmng onrn
fgterpibnsf bfgfer).
n n'
8

k k'
 ;5 ∛?=,5 ;5∛ ?>,5
8
>6?∛>:> >6? ∛ x
∛>;5 ∛ 4,5
8
>; >6? ∛ x
x8 >:4,=4
?
Nfr 8 >:4,=4 `m/h
?. Dn`tir Nfr _eheg (DN_) ugtu` gig nfr egtrnfgec oigorete cegmng temngmng >:,?;1 Hpn
d‚or 8 d‚o + z.s
d‚or 8 >:,?;1 HQn + (>,45 x ;,5)

d‚or 8 >:,?;1 + 3,>;5

d‚or 8 ;;,335HQn

n n
8

k k

;5∛;1 ;5∛ ;;,3

8
1,4>∛, 146 1,4>∛ x

5 ;,4
8
∛1,1: 1,4>∛ x

(DN_) x 8 1,45> HQn

3. Luhbnj nfr seheg yngmj cfkutuj`ng cnpnt cfjftugm <

?
Nfr >:4,=4 `m / h
_eheg 8 8 ?
8 ;:4,::> `m/h?
DN_
DN_ 1,45> `m / h

5. Luhbnj oinrse nmremnt yngm cfkutuj`ng. Dfge nmmremnte cegmng DH (dfgesses

(dfgesses hicubus) <
;,: cng nmremnt cegmng cfnheter hn`sfhuh ?>,5 hh, luhbnj oinrse nmremnt yngm
cfkutuj`ng ncnbnj 1,46> (ig cry riccec knssfs) cnbnh setfnp h ketig.
DHds 8 ;,1=:
DHos 8 ?,6:>:;
n n'
8

k k'

;5∛ ?=,5 ?>,5 ∛;5

8
1,4=∛ 1,=> x ∛1,4=
 ∛>;,5 ∛4,5
8
∛1,13 1,4= ∛ x
:,?=5 ‟ >;,5x 8 -1,;4
>;,5x 8 :,4;?
Z 8 1,46> h?

4. Qnsfr 8 > ketig

Qnsfr 8 ketig ‟ nfr ‟ seheg ‟ ON
Qnsfr 8 ;?65,4 ‟ >:4,=4 ‟ ;:4,::> ‟ >>15,4
Qnsfr 8 6;;,4613 `m/

=. [uhus estfhnsf onhpurng nmremnt jnbus, cegmng perkngcfgmng DH

DHds (x) + DHos (> - x) 8 DHdn
;,15= (x) + ?,434(> ‟ x) 8 ;,:

;,15=x + ?,434 ‟ ?,434x 8 ;,:

->,5:6x 8 -1,:34

x 8 1,:34/>,5:6

x 8 1,5?;
>‟x 8 > ‟ 1,5?;
8 1,34:
 Kernt dfge sngc 8 :>4,?4 x 1,5?;
8 3?3,?1? `m/h?

Kernt oinrse sngc 8 :>4,?4 x 1,34:
8 ?:;,154 `m/h?

:. [e`np
Nfr 8 >:4,=4
_eheg 8 ;:4,::>
ON 8 >>15,4
D_ 8 3?3,?1?
 O_ 8 ?:;,154

6. _fbfgcer
c 8 >5 oh
t 8 ?1 oh

>
ρ c; t
3

>
ρ (1,>5); x 1.?
3

T> sfbfgcer 8 1,115?

T4 sf
sfbfgcer 8 1,115? x 4 8 1,1?>:
Tibuhe pncn hibeg 8 T4 sfbfgcer x >,;
8 1,1?:; h?

>1. Nfr x Tp 8 >:4,=4 x 1,1?:; 8 =,>?3 `m/h?

_eheg x Tp 8 ;:4,::> x 1,1?:; 8 >1,65: `m/h?
ON x Tp 8 >>15,4 x 1,1?:; 8 3;,;?? `m/h?
D_ x Tp 8 3?3,? x 1,1?:; 8 >4,561 `m/h?
O_ x Tp 8 ?:;,14 x 1,1?:; 8 >3,563 `m/h?

?.3.3Qebn`sngnng

Nbnt yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh pegmncu`ng ketig ncnbnj<

>. Sfhkngmng cegmng `etebftfng 1,> `m cng 1,15 `m.

;. Hesfg pegmncu` ketig.
?. Ehker/kelngn cng gnhpng kesnr.
3. Oetn`ng sfbfgcer.
5. _egci` spesf.
4. @eruout Serpnougm (@eruout Nkjrnhs) cegmng cfnheter ;1 oh ugtu` knmfng knwnj, >1
oh ugtu` knmfng ntns cng tfgmmf ?1 oh.
=. Knln pehncnt cfnheter >4 hh cng pnglngm 41 oh.
Kegcn ulf kerupn ketig semnr yngm cfnhkfb cnrf ―Qeroiknng Qegmncu`ng Ketig—

>. _eheg, cegmng kernt >1,65: `m/h?

Nmmremnte,cegmn g kernt 3;,;?? `m/h?
;. Oinrse Nmmremnte,cegmng
?. Oinrse _ngc,cegmng kernt >3,563 `m/h?
3. Dfge _ngc,cegmng kernt >4,561 `m/h?
5. Nfr,cegmng kernt =,>?3 `m/h?

Bngm`nj Qehkuntng

>. Sfhkngm sehun hnterfnb sesunf cegmng cntn yngm cf cnpnt cnrf Hfx Cesfmg.Snruj `e
cnbnh wncnj.
;. _fnp`ng hibeg cng hnsu``ng hnterfnb cnrf kutfr terkesnr snhpnf yngm ter`eofb,hnsu``ng
nfr cng ncu` snhpnf onhpurnggyn herntn.

?. Hehnsu``ng ncu`ng ketig yngm hnsfj semnr `e cnbnh `eruout oetn`ng cnbnh ?
bnpfs, hnsfgm-hnsfgm bnpfs >/? vibuhe oirigm.
3. Hehncnt`ng setfnp bnpfs cegmng onrn heguhku`-guhku` ;5x tuhku`ng tfnp bnpfsgyn.
bnpfsgyn.
5. Herntn`ng ncu`ng ketig cnbnh `eruout pncn knmfng ntnsgyn cegmng segci` spesf
sejfgmmn knmfng ntnsgyn snhn rntn cegmng sfsf ntns `eruout oetn`ng, setebnj pegusu`ng
bnpfs tern`jfr.
4. Hegmngm`nt oetn`ng cegm
cegmng
ng jntf-jntf setebnj ?1 cetf`, sebn
sebnhn
hn hegmngm`nt oetn`ng
oetn`ng
hegmusnjn`ng kegnr-kegnr temn` burus `e ntns sejfgmmn tfcn` heruknj jnsfb oetn`ng.
=. Hegmu`u
Hegmu`urr sbnh cegmng onrn hegehpnt`ng
hegehpnt`ng oetn`ng cfsekebnj
cfsekebnj jnsfb oetn`ng.
Qegurugng
Qegurugng knmfng ntns seonrn perbnjng-bnjng jfgmmn kerjegtf n`nghegcnpnt`ng sebfsfj
sebfsfj
tfgmmf ngtnrn oetn`ng sekebuh cng sesucnj cfngm`nt, gfbnf fgf cfsekut ―gfbnf sbnh—.Ontnt
jnsfbgyn.

?.5.Qehkuntng _fbfgcer Ketig

?.5.>Qegcnjubung

Ketig ncnbnj sekunj knjng kngmugng `ihpisft yngm terkunt cnrf `ihkfgnsf
nmremnt (jnbus
(jnbus cng `nsnr) cng pegmf`nt seheg kesertn nfr seknmnf knjng pehkngtu mugn
`eperbung ren`sf `fhfn sebnhn prises pegmernsng (kerjfcrnsf, hegmebeh `ihpigeg kersnhn cng
n`jfrgyn hehkegtu` hnterfnb sepertf kntu) cng pernwntng ketig kerbngmsugm.
 _fdnt cnrf ketig segcfrf hehfbf`f `unt te`ng yngm tfgmmf gnhug hehfbf`f `unt tnrf`
yngm behnj cng kersfdnt metns. Gfbnf `unt tnrf` jngyn ker`fsnr 6% ‟ >5% snln cnrf gfbnf `unt
te`nggyn.

@unt jngour cnrf ketig sngmnt cfpegmnrujf ibej kekernpn dn`tir, cfngtnrngyn <

>. Legfs cng `unbftns seheg,

;. Legfs cng be`n`-be`u` kfcngm perhu`nng nmremnt,
?. Qernwntng,
3. _uju, cng
5. Uhur ketig tersekut.

?.5.;.Sulung

Hehkunt snhpbe ketig kerkegtu` sfbfgcer cng knbi` ugtu` cnpnt hegmulf `unbftns ketig

ynftu `unt te`ng ketig.

?.5.?Qebn`sngnng

Nbnt yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh peroiknng pehkuntng sfbfgcer cng knbi` ketig ngtnrn bnfg<

>. Oetn`ng ketig kerkegtu` sfbfgcer

sfbfgcer cegmng cfnheter >5 oh, tfgmmf ?1 oh begm`np
begm`np cegmng
nbns cng se`rup pegynhkugm yngm `ecnp nfr cng tebnj cfibesf pebuhns sekngyn` 4 kunj.
;. _egci` spesf
?. Knln pehncnt/pegusu` cfnheter >4 hh cng pnglngm 411 hh.

3. Kn` pegonhpur/gnhpng kesnr.

5. @ertns hf`n
4. Qnbu `nret

Kegcn ulf kerupn ketig semnr yngm cfnhkfb cnrf ―Qeroiknng Qegmncu`ng Ketig—

>. _eheg, cegmng kernt >1,65: `m/h?

Nmmremnte,cegmn g kernt 3;,;?? `m/h?
;. Oinrse Nmmremnte,cegmng
?. Oinrse _ngc,cegmng kernt >3,563 `m/h?
3. Dfge _ngc,cegmng kernt >4,561 `m/h?
5. Nfr,cegmng kernt =,>?3 `m/h?
Bngm`nj Qehkuntng <

>. Hegnhpugm
Hegnhpugm ncu`ng ketig semnr cnbnh kn` pegnhpugm. @ehucfng
@ehucfng hegyfnp`ng
hegyfnp`ng
oetn`ng sfbfgcer ketig .
;. Hehnsu``ng ncu`ng ketig semnr `e cnbnh 4 oetn`ng, cnbnh ? tnjnp/bnpfs cegmng segci`

spesf yngm hnsfgm-hnsfgm bnpfs cfper`frn`ng hehpugynf vibuhe yngm snhn.

?. Hehncnt`ng tfnp bnpfs cegmng onrn hegusu`-gusu` hegmmugn`ng kntngm knln ;5x
herntn `esehun perhu`nng bnpfsng cegmng `ecnbnhng
`e cnbnhng snhpnf secf`ft hnsu` `esehun
perhu`nng bnpfsng sekebuhgyn, `jusus bnpfsng
bn pfsng F pegusu`ng tfcn` snhpnf hegmegnf
heg megnf cnsnr
oetn`ng.
3. Hehegujf knmfng ntns oetn`ng cegmng ketig setebnj hehncnt`ng bnpfsng `etfmn,
`ehucfng herntn`ng
herntn`ng cegmng segci` spesf jfgmmn perhu`nng ntns ncu`ng ketig rntn
cegmng knmfng ntns oetn`ng.@etu` oetn`ng nmnr ncigng rntn cegmng hegmmugn`ng pnbu
`nret.Bnpfsf knmfng ntns cegmng `ertns hf`n nmnr perhu`nnggyn rntn.
5. Hehkersfj`ng kegcn ulf cnrf `itirng yngm hebe`nt.Hehfgcnj oetn`ng cnbnh
rungm
rungmng
ng yngm
yngm be
behkn
hknk.
k. Hegme
Hegmebun
bunr`
r`ng
ng kegcn
kegcn ul
ulff cnrf
cnrf oetn`n
oetn`ng
g setebn
setebnj
j ;3 ln
lnh
h se
seln`
ln`
pehkuntng.
4. _etebnj ;3 lnh bepns`ng `ertns hf`n
hf`n cng oetn`ng cnrf kegcn ulf cng kerf tngcn
tngmmnb pehkuntnggyn.
=. Bnbu regcnh ketig `e cnbnh kn` nfr sebnhn
sebnhn ;: jnrf.

Jnsfb Qegmnhntng<

>. DN_ < 1,45> HQn

;. _buhp < ;1 oh

Qehknjnsng<

Cnbnh peroiknng fgf cfmugn`ng sntu legfs kegcn ulf sfbfgcer, cfhngn luhbnj kegcn ulf
sekngyn` egnh kunj. Oetn`ng ketig kerkegtu` sfbfgcer cegmng cfnheter >5 oh, tfgmmf knmfng ?1
oh .Qehkuntng ketig ulf cfbn`u`ng sntu `nbf pegonhpurng nmremnt cegmng luhbnj seheg >1,65:
`m/h?, oinrse nmmremnte 3;,;?? `m/h ?, oinrse sngc >3,563 `m/h ?, dfge sngc >4,56; `m/h ? cng nfr
=,>?3 `m/h?

@esfhpubng<
 Onhpur
Onhpurng
ng ngtnrn
ngtnrn seheg
seheg >1,65: `m/h?, oinrse nmmremnte 3;,;?? `m/h?, oinrse sngc
>1,65: `m/h
>3,563 `m/h?, dfge sngc >4,361 `m/h? cng nfr =,>?3 `m/h?. lf`n cfoetn` hegmmugn`ng oetn`ng
ketig kerkegtu` sfbfgcer cegmng cfnheter >5 oh, tfgmmf knmfng
knmfn g ?1 oh n`ng hegmjnsfb`ng
hegmj nsfb`ng egnh
eg nh
kunj kegcn ulf.

?.4.Ulf @unt Se`ng Ketig

?.4.>.Qegcnjubung

Ketig herupn`ng suntu hnterfnb knjng kngmugng `ihpisft yngm terkunt cnrf `ihkfgnsf
nmremnt cng pegmf`nt yngm kerupn seheg. Cnbnh Qernturng Ketig Kertubngm Fgcigesfn
(QKF
>6=>< ?6) knjwn `unt te`ng ncnbnj knjng `igstru`sf yngm hehpugynf sfdnt `e`untng te`ng
yngm `jns, gfbnfgyn n`ng hegyeknr se`ftnr suntu gfbnf rntn-rntn.

_nbnj sntu pegmulfng ketig yngm pnbfgm utnhn ncnbnj pegmulfng `unt te`ng, @nregn sesunf
cegmng `eugmmubng
`eugmmubng sfdnt ketig ynftu cnpnt hegnjng te`ng sngmnt `unt. Hutu ketig uhuhgyn
cftegtu`ng kercnsnr`ng `unt te`nggyn. Onrn hegmulf `unt te`ng ketig cfbn`u`ng terjncnp kegcn
ulf (kerkegtu` sfbfgcer).

Cegmng pegmulfng fgf cnpnt cf`etnjuf kesnrgyn `e`untng te`ng ketig bnpngmng hebnbuf

pegmulfng snhpeb, sejfgmmn cnpnt cftegtu`ng npn`nj ketig tersekut sesunf cegmng `unt te`ng
regongn cng bnyn` cnbnh pegmmugnnggyn cf bnpngmng.

?.4.;.Sulung

>.Hegmetnjuf `unt te`ng ketig cng kernt legfs ketig.

?.4.?.Qebn`sngnng

Nbnt yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh ulf `unt tr`ng sfbfgcer ketig ncnbnj<

>. Qegmmnrfs.
;. Nbnt Onppfgm.
 ?. Sfhkngmng.
3. Hesfg Ulf Se`ng.

Kegcn ulf

>.Ketig semnr

Bngm`nj Qehkuntng<

>. @ebunr`ng ketig setebnj cf regcnh sebnhn

sebnhn = jnrf cng cfnh`ng sebnhn ;3 lnh sekebuh
cfbn`u`nggyn ulf `unt te`ng.
;. U`ur cfnheter cng tfgmmf ketig bnbu ontnt jnsfbgyn.

?. Sfhkngm ketig cng ontnt`ng lumn jnsfbgyn.

3. Betn``ng ketig cf hesfg ulf `unt te`ng ketig cng ontnt jnsfbgyn.

Jnsfb Qegmnhntng<

Snkeb ?.4 Snkeb @unt Se`ng

Hnssn Cfhegsf
Gihir Buns @unt Se`ng
Uhur Kegcn
Kegcn Kfcngm (G/hh»)
(jnrf) Ulf B
C (hh) Mnyn Se`ng (`G)
Ulf (hh»)
(`m) (hh)

N = >;,:= ?11,> >51 >=4=,>35 ?>?,:>3 >=,=5:

K = >?,>= ?11,4 >51 >=465,1; ?;?,4;> >:,;:1

O = >?,1: ;66,: >51,; >==>1,4 ;:3,?3 >4,13=

Snkeb ?.= @igversf @unt Se`ng _fbfgcer `e @ukus
@igversf @unt Se`ng _fbfgcer Ketig `e @ukus
Ketig @igversf Uhur ;:
Gi kegcn ulf
Jnrf
HQn @m/oh;
N ;>,?65 ;>:,16? ??5,5;=
K ;;,1;3 ;;3,515 ?35,?6;
O >6,??? >6=,1=3 ?1?,>61

@nhf tfcn` kfsn hegcnpnt`ng jnsfb pegmulfng ulf te`ng ketig ;: jnrf cf`nregn`ng pngcehf OITFC >6
yngm hegmjnhknt pegmulfng ulf te`ng ketig ;: jnrf sejfgmmn `nhf jngyn kfsn hehunt cntn jnsfb `igversf ketig
uhur ;: jnrf.
 KNK FT

QEGUSUQ

3.>.@esfhpubng

Cnrf peroiknng yngm tebnj cfbn`u`ng, prn`tf`ng cnpnt hegmetnjuf knjng-knjng pi`i`
pehkuntng ketig, ynftu nmremnt `nsnr, nmremnt jnbus, nfr cng seheg, sertn hegmegnb pernggyn
cnbnh pehkuntng ketig, sepertf nfr cng seheg cfmugn`ng
cfmugn `ng ugtu` hehkunt pnstn seheg, bnbu
nmremnt cfmugn`ng seknmnf knjng pegmunt ketig cng pnstn seheg cfmugn`ng ugtu` hegmf`nt
nmremnt.. _ebnfg ftu lumn hegmetnjuf pnrnheter-pnrnheter
nmremnt pnrnheter-pnrnheter hnterfnb pehkegtu` ketig, ngtnrn bnfg
`ncnr nfr, `ncnr Buhpur cng `ncnr znt irmngfo pncn hnterfnb pehkegtu` ketig. pnrnheter
hnterfnb fgf cfperbu`ng nmnr snnt hehkunt ketig, onhpurnggyn sesunf cegmng `ekutujng

sejfgmmn hegmjnsfb`ng ketig sesunf cegmng yngm cffgmfg`ng. Cnrf cun jnb tersekut, prn`tf`ng
hegmetnjuf onrn heregongn`ng pehkuntng ketig, ynftu cegmng hehkunt perjftugmng `ekutujng
knjng-knjng pehkuntng ketig sesunf cegmng `e`untng yngm cffgmfg`ng. Cng setebnj cf
regongn`ng, prn`tf`ng cnpnt hegmetnjuf onrn hehkunt ketig, sepertf hegonhpur knjng-knjng
cng hegoetn`gyn cf ke`fstfgm.

Jnb-jnb yngm perbu cfperjntf`ng snnt hegoetn` ketig ncnbnj peguhku`ng ugtu`
hehnstf`ng ucnrn yngm tersfhpng `ebunr, pegmmetnrng ugtu` hehnstf`ng nmremnt herntn cng
pebnpfsng ibf pncn ke`fstfgm nmnr ketig yngm sucnj lncf tfcn` hegehpeb
he gehpeb pncn cfgcfgm ke`fstfgm.

Sern`jfr ncnbnj prn`tf`ng cnpnt hegmetnjuf onrn hernwnt ketig, ynftu cnpnt cegmng cfregcnh
cnbnh nfr ugtu` hegmurngmf pngns jfcrnsf, cng hebn`u`ng ulf te`ng ugtu` hegmulf `unt te`ng
ketig cng hegmulf sfdnt he`ngf` ketig tersekut.

Kercnsnr`ng jnsfb pegebftfng cng pehknjnsng pebn`sngnng onhpurng ketig cegmng dns
1,45> hn`n cfperibej<

>. @unt te`ng ketig rntn-rntn

rntn-rntn (D‚o) 8 hpn
;. _tngcnr Cevfnsf (_) 8 `m/oh».
?. @unt te`ng ketig `nrn`terfstf` (D‚or) 8 `m/oh»
 @ehucfng hegurut jnsfb pegyebfcf`ng dfsfs cng pehknjnsng jnsfb-jnsfbgyn cnpnt
cfsfhpub`ng knjwn<

>. Nmremnt yngm cfmugn`ng cnbnh prn`tf`uh sucnj hehegujf persynrntng.

;. Usfn cnrf kegcn ulf sngmnt hehpegmnrujf `e`untng ketig.
?. Cfsnhpf
Cfsnhpfgm
gm ftu
ftu dn`tir-d
dn`tir-dn`ti
n`tirr yngm lumn
lumn cnpnt hehpegmn
hehpegmnrujf
rujf hutu
hutu ketig
ketig ncnbnj
ncnbnj dns,
`ihpisfsf knjng pehkegtu` ketig cng pebn`sngnng pegmerlnng ketig.

5.> _nrng
Cnrf jnsfb pegmnbnhng cnbnh hegmf`utf prn`tf`uh Knjng Kngmugng fgf, hn`n pegubfs
hegynrng`ng<

>. Qrn`tf`
Qrn`tf`fng
fng jnrus
jnrus hegmunsnf
hegmunsnf hnterf ntnu prisecu
prisecurr `erln
`erln sekebuh
sekebuh hebn`u`ng
hebn`u`ng prn`tf`u
prn`tf`uh
h nmnr
terjfgcnr cnrf `esnbnjng-`esnbnjng yngm terlncf cnbnh pebn`sngnng prn`tf`uh.
;. Cnbnh pebn`sngnng
pebn`sngnng prn`tf`
prn`tf`uh,
uh, prn`tf`fng
prn`tf`fng jnrus
jnrus hehperjntf`ng
hehperjntf`ng cng hegmf`utf
hegmf`utf semnbn
semnbn
kegtu` petuglu` yngm
yng m cfkerf`ng ibej pehkfhkfgm prn`tf`uh.
?. Hegofpt
Hegofptn`ng
n`ng `erlnsnh
`erlnsnhnn cng `e`ihpn`ng ngtnrn sesnhn prn`tf`fng
prn`tf`fng nmnr
nmnr cnpnt
cnpnt jnsfb
jnsfb
yngm iptfhnb.
3. @ete`ugng, cfsfpbfg, cng `etebftfng nmnr bekfj cftfgm`nt`ng
 CNDSN[ QU_SN@N

[fyncf, H., & Nhnbfn. (;115). Se`gibimf Knjng >. Ln`nrtn

Ngigfh. >661. _GF1?->6=3->661 Segtngm Hetice Qegmulfng @unt

Se`ng Ketig. Kncng _tngcnrfsnsf Gnsfignb.

Ngigfh. ;1>>. _GF >6=3<;1>> Segtngm Onrn Ulf @unt Se`ng Ketig cegmng

Kegcn Ulf _fbfgcer. Kncng _tngcnrfsnsf Gnsfignb.

Qrn`t
Qrn`tf`u
f`uh
h @eb
@ebihp
ihpi`
i` FF, ;1;1. Qeregongnng Onhpurng Ketig (Oigorete Hfx Cesfmg) Hutu @-;;5 `m/oh;,
;1;1.
Dn`ubtns Se`gf` Ugfversftns _yfnj @unbn < Gngmmrie Noej Cnrussnbnh.

j tt ps <//www.sorfkc.oih/ ci
cio /; 65 =; 1= ?>/ Bn pi
pir ng -Q rn
rn `t f`u h-
h- Ke ti g-
g-

@ebih pi `-
`- T

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hyo fv fbfn g . dfbe s .w
.w ir cp re
re ss .o
.oih /; 1> :/ 1> /p kf - >6
>6= >- pern tur ng- ke ti g-
g- ker tu bn gm -f
-fg c ig
ig es fn .p
.p cd
cd

jt tps<//www.fbhuke tig.oih/;1>=/>>/hutu- ketig-`-`moh-cng-hutu-ketig-d-hpn.jthb

jt tp <// st n gew .u
.ug y.no .f.f c/
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BNHQF[NG

31