MKJKAKD \K\KSKE EVSKERKXK BKE JFRKDKEKE EKSINEKA

MKRK JVAIKD PFEBIBIJKE JF\KXLKEFLKXKKE 

BNSFE PFMHIMHIEL?
Mkyk Bijk Bkdaikek ,M.Jfs

BISVSVE NAFD?

XNXN EIMKS SFJKX JFECNEN

PVRI KEBIEI JVSVMK

B3 JFHIBKEKE

KJKBFMIJ JFHIBKEKE DKMPKX HKIBVXI

JKAIKEBK AKMPVEL SFAKRKE

80;4/80;9
 

 
 

 
 

JKRK PFELKERKX

Kadkmbuaiaakd puoi syujur skyk pkeoktjke jfpkbk Kaakd S\R ykel mksid mfmhfrijke
ekgks jfdibupke, sfdiellk skyk bkpkt mfeyfafskijke pfmhuktke mkjkakd iei bfelke oubua
‑Kekaisis Duhuelke Ketkrk \kwkske Eusketkrk bke Pfrtkdkeke Eksineka”. 
Eksineka”.  

Mkjkakd iei bihukt uetuj mfmfeudi skakd sktu tulks mktk juaikd hkdksk iebnefsik.
Bkakm mkjkakd iei mfmhkdks tfetkel pfelfrtike wkwkske eusketkrk, pfelftike pfrtkdkeke
eksineka,bke duhuelke biketkrk jfbukeyk.

skyk skmpkijke tfrimk jksid ktks pfrdktikeeyk tfrdkbkp mkjkakd iei, bke pfeuais skelkt
skbkr mkjkakd iei skelkt okud bkri sfmpurek bke skyk
s kyk hfrdkrkp sfmnlk mkjkakd iei
 hfrmkegkkt hkli biri skyk sfebiri bke jdususeyk pfmhkck pkbk umumeyk.
umumeyk.

Bfelke sflkak jfrfebkdke dkti, skrke-skrke bke jritij ykel jnestrujtig skelkt skyk
dkrkpjke bkri pkrk pfmhkck luek pfeieljktke pfmhuktke mkjkakd pkbk tulks ykel akie bke
 pkbk wkjtu mfebktkel.

Jkaikebk, 09 Njtnhfr 80;4

Pfeyusue
 

BKGRKX ISI

Jktk Pfelketkr …….…………..…………………………………......................

…….…………..…………………………………......................  

Bkgtkr Isi ……………………………………………………………..................

……………………………………………………………..................

Hkh I ? Pfebkduauke

K) Ruouke Pfeuaiske ………………………………….………….....................

………………………………….………….....................  

H) Xumuske Mkskakd
Mkska kd ………………….………………………....................... 
………………….………………………....................... 

B) Sistfmktijk Pfeuaiske ……………….……………………….....................

……………….……………………….....................

Hkh II ? Pfmhkdkske

K) \kwkske Eusketkrk.............................................
Eusketkrk......................................................................
..................................
.........

;. Pfelfrtike...............................................................................................

8. Guelsi \kwkske eusketkrk..............................................

eusketkrk....................................................................
......................

3. Ruouke \kwkske Eusketkrk..........................................

Eusketkrk...................................................................
.........................

2. Kske \kwkske Eusketkrk..............................................

Eusketkrk.......................................................................
.........................

6. Pfakjskekke bke Impafmfetksi \kwkske Eusketkrk..............................

Eusketkrk..............................

H) Jftkdkeke Eksineka………..……………….……...
Eksineka………..……………….…….........................
...........................…
.....…  

;. Pfelfrtike................................................................................................

8. Guelsi Jftkdkeke Eksineka.............................................

Eksineka.....................................................................
........................

3. Ruouke Jftkdkeke Eksineka..............................................

Eksineka....................................................................
......................
2. Pfrwuoubke Jftkdkeke Eksineka...........................................
Eksineka............................................................
.................

6. Ciri-ciri Jftkdkeke Eksineka..............................................

Eksineka...................................................................
.....................

7. Ksks Jftkdkeke Eksineka.............................................

Eksineka...................................................................
..........................
....

C) Duhuelke Ketkrk \kwkske Eusketkrk bke Jftkdkeke Eksineka..…...… 

Eksineka..…...… 

B) KSJK LKRXK BKAKM JFRKDKEKE EKSINEKA......................... 

F. Duhuelke Ketkrlktrk........
Ketkrlktrk...................
.........................
........................
......................
...............
...
G. PFX\VOVBKE JFRKDKEKE
JFRKDKEKE EKSINEKA BKAKM KSRK LKRXK
 

Hkh III ? Pfeutup

K) Jfsimpuake…………………………………………
Jfsimpuake…………………………………………....................................
....................................

H) Skrke ……………………………………………….............................……..
……………………………………………….............................……..  

Bkgtkr Pustkjk………………….……………….................…………………
………………….……………….................…………………  
 

HKH I

PFEBKDVAVKE

K. AKRKX HFAKJKEL

\iakykd Iebnefsik ykel sfhklike hfskr kbkakd wiakykd pfrkirke mfmpueyki hkeykj
cfakd jfafmkdke ykel bkpkt bimkegkktjke nafd eflkrk akie ykel pkbk kjdireyk bkpkt
mfruetudjke hkdjke bkpkt mfeyfhkhjke bisietflrksi hkelsk Iebnefsik. Iebnefsik ykel
mfmiaiji jurkel afhid ;3.7<0 puaku mfmfraujke pfelkwkske ykel cujup jftkt. Bimkek
 pfelkwkske tfrsfhut tibkj dkeyk biakjujke nafd pidkj REI/Pnari skok tftkpi sfmuk akpiske
mksykrkjkt Iebnefsik. Hiak dkeyk mfelkebkajke REI/Pnari skok ykel pfrsfeoktkkeeyk jurkel
afeljkp mueljie hkelsk Iebnefsik subkd tfrckhij – 
tfrckhij  –  ckhij
 ckhij nafd hkelsk akie.
a kie. Bfelke kbkeeyk
wkwkske eusketkrk jitk bkpkt mfmpfrfrkt rksk
rks k pfrsktuke bi ketkrk pfebubuj Iebnefsik ykel
skaiel hfrhdiefjk tuellka ijk.

\kwkske Eusketkrk pkbk bkskreyk mfrupkjke ckrk pkebkel tfrdkbkp hkelsk sfebiri.
Jktk ‑wkwkske” hfrkska bkri jktk ‑wkwks” ykel hfkrti mfaidkt ktku mfmk
mfmkebkel
ebkel (S.
Sumkrsnen, 8006). Sftikp Eflkrk pfrau mfmiaiji wkwkske eksineka bkakm uskdk
mfeyfafellkrkjke jfdibupkeeyk.\kwkske itu pkbk umumeyk hfrjkitke bfelke ckrk
 pkebkel tfetkel dkjijkt sfhukd Eflkrk ykel mfmiaiji jfbkuaktke ktks wiakykdeyk. Gnjus
 pfmhickrkke pkbk uesur jfjukskke bke jfwiakykdke bisfhut
bisfhut ‑lfnpnaitij”. 
‑lfnpnaitij”. 

Jitk sfmuk mfeykbkri hkdwk sftikp hkelsk mfmpueyki citk-citk audur bke iebkd ykel
ielie bickpkieyk. Nrkel mfelktkjke hkdwk citk-citk ykel ielie bickpki nafd suktu hkelsk
mfmpueyki guelsi sfhklki pfefetu bkri tuouke eksinekaeyk. Akzimeyk bkakm uskdk mfeckpki
tuouke tfrsfhut, hkelsk hfrskeljutke mfeldkbkpi tketkelke, keckmke, dkmhktke, bke
lkelluke ykel sfeketiksk pfrau bidkbkpi ktkupue bitkelluakeli. Nafd jkrfek itu, suktu
 hkelsk dkrus mfmpueyki jfmkmpuke,
jfmkmpuke, jfjuktke, jftkelludke b bke
ke jfuaftke. Vmumeyk ieiakd
ykel biekmkjke jftkdkeke eksineka, ykel bkpkt oulk bisfhut sfhklki jftkdkeke hkelsk

K. RVOVKE PFEVAISKE

Kbkpue tuouke pfeuaiske Mkjkakd iei kbkakd?

;. Vetuj mfmpfakokri tfetkel duhuelke wkwkske eusketkrk bke jftkdkeke eksineka.

8. Vetuj mfmhfrijke pfelftkduke jfpkbk pkrk pfmhkck tfetkel hklkimkek jitk bkpkt
mfmpfrfrkt rksk pfrsktuke bi ketkrk pfebubuj Iebnefsik ykel skaiel hfrhdiefjk tuellka ijk.

3. Vetuj mfmfeudi tulks mktk juaikd Pfebibijke Jfwkrlkeflkrkke.

H. XVMVSKE MKSKAKD

Kbkpue ykel jkmi ofaksjke bi siei rumuske mkskakdeyk sfhklki hfrijut?

;. Kpk pfelfrtike wkwkske eusketkrk, jftkdkeke eksineka bke duhuelke jfbukeyk>
 

 8. kpkjkd tuouke kbkeyk wkwkske eusketrk bke jftkdkeke eksineka>

3. Kpk jftfrjkitke ketkrk wkwkske eusketkrk bke jftkdkeke eksineka>

C. SISRFMKRIJK PFEVAISKE

Mkjkakd iei bisusue bfelke sistfmktijk pfmhkdkske ykel mfaiputi?

HKH I ? PFEBKDVAVKE Mfeykoijke aktkr hfakjkel mkskakd,Ruouke pfeuaiske,

rumuske mkskakd bke sistfmktijk pfeuaiske:

HKH II ? PFMHKDKSKE Mfmhkdks wkwkske eusketkrk, jftkdkeke eksineka bke

duhuelke ketkrk wkwkske eusketkrk bke jftkdkeke eksineka.

HKHIII ? PFEVRVP mfeykoijke jfsimpuake bke skrke.

 

HKH II

PFMHKDKSKE  

K. \K\KSKE EVSKERKXK

;. Pfelfrtike

Mfeurut Prng. Br. \ke Vsmke hkdwk pfelfrtike wkwkske eusketkrk kbkakd ckrk
 pkebkel hkelsk Iebnefsik
Iebnefsik mfelfeki biri bke tkekd kireyk sfhklki Eflkrk jfpuauke bfelke
bfelke
sfmuk kspfj jfdibupke ykel hfrvkriksi.

Hfrbkskrjke RKP MPX tkdue ;993 bke tkdue ;994 tfetkel Lkris Hfskr Dkauke
 Eflkrk, pfelfrtike wkwkske eusketkrk kbkakd ckrk pkebkel bke sijkp hkelsk Iebnefski
Iebnefski
tfrdkbkp biri bke aieljuelkeeyk bfelke mfelutkmkjke pfrsktuke bke jfsktuke hkelsk sfrtk
jfsktuke wiakykd bkakm pfakjskekke pfeyfafellkrkke jfdibupke mksykrkjkt, hfrhkelsk bke
 hfreflkrk uetuj mfellkpki tuouke eksineka.
eksineka.

8. Guelsi \kwkske Eusketkrk

\kwkske eusketkrk hfrguelsi sfhklki pfbnmke, bnrnelke, mntivksi, sfrtk rkmhu-

rkmhu bkakm pfefetuke sflkak jfhiokjskekke (jfhiokjke), tiebkjke, pfrhuktke bke jfputuske
 hkli pfeyfafellkrk eflkrk bi tieljkt puskt
puskt bke bkfrkd mkupue hkli sfaurud rkjykt Ieb
Iebnefsik
nefsik
bkakm jfdibupke hfrmksykrkjkt, hfrhkelsk bke hfreflkrk.

3. Ruouke \kwkske Eusketkrk

\kwkske eusketkrk hfrtuouke mfwuoubujke eksinekaismf ykel tielli bi sflkak kspfj

jfdibupke mksykrkjkt Iebnefsik ykel afhid mfelutkmkjke jfpfetijke eksineka
eksi neka bkripkbk
jfpfetielke iebivibu, jfanmpnj, suju hkelsk, bkfrkd, bke lnanelke. Iei hujkeakd hfrkrti
mfeldiakeljke jfpfetielke jfpfetielke iebivibu, jfanmpnj, suju hkelsk, ktkupue bkfrkd.
Jfpfetielke jfpfetielke tfrsfhut kjke sfakau bidnrmkti, bikjui bke bipfeudi sfakmk tibkj
 hfrtfetkelke bfelke jfpfetielke mksykrkjkt hkeykj ktku jfpfetielke eksineka.
 Eksinekaismf ykel tielli bi hfrhklki hibkel ktku sfli jfdibupke bfmi tfrwuoubey
tfrwuoubeykk tuouke
eksineka tfrsfhut kbkakd pkeckrke bkri mkjie hfrtkmhkdeyk rksk, sfmkelkt bke pkdkm
jfhkelskke bkakm oiwk hkelsk Iebnefsik sfhklki dksia pfmkdkmke bke pfeldkyktke
\kwkske Eusketkrk.

2. Ksks \kwkske Eusketkrk

Ksks wkwkske eusketkrk mfrupkjke jftfetuke jftfetuke ktku jkibkd jkibkd

bkskr ykel dkrus biciptkjke, bipktudi, bipfaidkrk, bke bitkkti klkr tftkp tkkt bke sftikeyk

jnmpnefe pfmhfetuj hkelsk Iebnefski tfrdkbkp jfsfpkjktke hfrskmk. Pfelkhkike

Pf elkhkike tfrdkbkp
ksks wkwkske Eusketkrk kjke hfrkjihkt tfrokbieyk
tf rokbieyk pfakellkrke tfrdkbkp jfsfpkjktke
 

 hfrskmk ykel kjke mfeimhuajke pfrpfckdke,

pfrpfckdke, tfrcfrki hfrkieyk hdiefjk bkri tikp hklike bkri
 hkelsk bke eflkrk Iebnefski. Nafd jkrfek itu ksks wkwkske eusketkrk tibkj hnafd bikhkijke.

Ksks wkwkske eusketkrk tfrbiri ktks ?

¼ Jfpfetielk ykel skmk

¼ jfkbiake
¼ jfouourke

¼ snaibkritks

¼ jfrok skmk

¼ jfsftikke

6. Pfakjskke ktku Impafmfetksi \kwkske Eusketkrk

\kwkske Eusketkrk mfrupkjke ckrk pkebkel sfrtk visi eksineka Iebnefsik sfdiellk
dkrusakd bipfrluekjke sfhklki krkdke, kcuke, pfbnmke
pfb nmke bke tuetutke hkli sfaurud iebivibu
 hkelsk Iebnefsik bkakm mfmfaidkrke bke mfmhkelue tuetutke hkelsk bke EJXI. nafd
jkrfek itu, pfefrkpke, pfakjskekke ktku impafmfetksi wkwkske eusketkrk dkrus tfrcfrmie
 pkbk pnak sijkp, bke tiebkj ykel
ykel sfakau bke sfeketiksk mfebkduaujke jfpfetielke hkelsk
hkelsk
bke EJXI bkripkbk jfpfetielke jfanmpnj kpkakli jfpfetielke prihkbi.

Pfefrkpke ktku impafmfetksi wkwkske eusketkrk

eusketkrk sfeketiksk hfrnrifetksi pkbk
jfpfetielke rkjykt bke wiakykd tkekd kir sfckrk utud bke mfeyfaurud ykitu bkakm dka dka
 hfrijut iei?

Pfefrkpke ktku impafmfetksi wkwkske eusketkrk bkakm jfdibupke pnaitij kjke

mfeciptkjke ijaim pfeyfafellkrk eflkrk ykel sfdkt bke biekmis, dka tfrsfhut tkmpkj bkri

wuoub pfmfrietkdke ykel jukt, kspirktig bke tfrpfrckyk ykel bihkelue sfhklki pfeofamkke
jfbkuaktke rkjykt.

Impafmfetksi ktku pfefrkpke wkwkske eusketkrk bkakm jfdibupke fjnenmi kjke

mfeciptkjke tktkeke fjnenmi ykel hfekr hfekr mfeokmie pfmfeudke bke pfeieljktke
jfsfokdtfrkke bke jfmkjmurke rkjykt sfckrk kbia bke mfrktk. Biskmpiel itu, pfefrkpke
wkwkske eusketkrk mfecfrmiejke tkelluelokwkh pfelfanakke sumhfr bkyk kakm ykel
mfmpfrdktijke bke mfmpfrtimhkeljke jfhutudke mksykrkjkt ketkr bkfrkd sfckrk timhka
 hkaij sfrtk jfafstkrike sumhfr bkyk kakm itu sfebiri.

Pfefrkpke \kwkske eusketkrk bkakm sfli jfdibupke snsika. Dka tfrsfhut kjke
mfeciptkjke sijkp akdirikd bke hktieikd ykel mfeldnrmkti, mfefrimk bke mfelkjui sflkak
 hfetuj jfhdiefjkke ktku pfrhfbkke sfhklki jkrueik
jkrueik skel Pfeciptk.
 

Pfefrkpke wkwkske eusketkrk bkakm sfebi jfdibupke pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke kjke
mfeumhudjfmhkeljke
mfeumhudjfmhkelj ke jfskbkrke cietk tkekd kir bke hkelsk, ykel afhid akeout kjke
mfmhfetuj sijkp hfak eflkrk pkbk sftikp wkrlk eflkrk Iebnefsik

H. JFRKDKEKE EKSINEKA

;. Pfelfrtike

Pfelfrtike jftkdkeke eksineka kbkakd jnebisi biekmijk, ykitu suktu hkelsk ykel hfrisi
jfuaftke bke jftkelludke ykel mkmpu mfelfmhkeljke jftkdkeke, Jfjuktke eksineka
bkakm mfeldkbkpi bke mfelktksi sflkak tketkelke, dkmhktke bke keckmke hkij ykel bktkel
bkri bkakm mkupue bkri aukr. Oulk sfckrk akelsuel ktkupue tibkj akelsuel ykel bkpkt
mfmhkdkykjke ietflritks, ibfetitks sfrtk jfakelsuelke dibup hkelsk bke eflkrk.

Jftkdkeke eksineka bipfraujke bkakm rkeljk mfeokmie fjsistfesi hkelsk bke eflkrk
bkri sflkak lkelluke hkij ykel bktkeleyk bkri bkakm mkupue bkri bkakm eflfri. Vetuj itu
 hkelsk Iebnefsik dkrus tftkp mfmiaiji jfuaftke bke jftkelludke
jftkelludke ykel pfrau bihiek sfckrk
jnesistfe bke hfrjfakeoutke.

8. Ruouke Jftkdkeke Eksineka

Jftkdkeke eksineka bipfraujke bkakm mfeueokel jfhfrdksiake tulks

tu lks pnjnj
 pfmfrietkdke, sfpfrti tflkjeyk dujum bke jftfrtihke, tfrwuoubeyk jfsfokdtfrke bke
jfmkjmurke, tfrsfafellkrkeyk pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke, tfrwuoubeyk
tfr wuoubeyk jfkbiake dujum bke
jfkbiake snsika, sfrtk tfrbkpkteyk jfsfmpktke rkjykt uetuj mfelkjtukaisksi biri.

3. Guelsi Jftkdkeke Eksineka

Jftkdkeke eksineka mfmpueyki guelsi sfhklki?

¼ Bkyk tkeljka, bkakm jfbubujkeeyk sfhklki jnesfpsi pfekeljkake, jftkdkeke

eksineka Iebnefsik
bke tketkelke bituoujke
tfrdkbkp uetuj
ibfetitks, mfekeljka
ietflritks, sflkak hfetuj
fjsistfesi hkelsk,keckmke, lkelluke,
bke eflkrk Iebnefsikdkmhktke,
bkakm
kspfj? ibfnanli, pnaitij, fjnenmi, snsika hubkyk, bke pfrtkdkeke jfkmkeke.

¼ Pfelkrkd hkli pfelfmhkelke pntfesi jfjuktke hkelsk bkakm hibkel ibfnanli,

 pnaitij, fjnenmi, snsika hubkyk,
hubkyk, bke pfrtkdkeke jfkmkeke sfdiellk tfrckpki jfsfokdtfrkke
rkjykt.

¼ Pfelkrkd bkakm mfeyktujke pnak pijir, pnak tiebkj, bke ckrk jfrok ietfrsfjtnr,
ketkrsfjtnr, bke muatibisipaiefr. Ckrk jfrok iei sfakeouteyk bitfrofmkdjke bkakm XOP ykel
bihukt nafd pfmfrietkd ykel mfmukt jfhiokjke bke strktfli pfmhkelueke bkakm sftikp
sfjtnr uetuj mfeckpki tuouke eksineka mfwuoubjke mksykrkjkt kbia bke mkjmur.
 

2. Pfrwuoubke Jftkdkeke Eksineka

Pfrwuoubke Jftkdkeke Eksineka ykel bijfmhkeljke hkelsk Iebnefsik mfaiputi

(Hkdke Pfektkrke, HP< Puskt, ;997)?

¼ Jftkdkeke ibfnanli, kbkakd jnebisi mfetka hkelsk Iebnefsik ykel

 hfrbkskrjke jfykjieke kjke jfhfekrke ibfnanli
ibfnanli Pkecksiak ykel mfelkebuel jfmkmpu
jfmkmpukeke
uetuj mfellkakel bke mfmfaidkrk pfrsktuke bke jfsktuke eksineka bke jfmkmpuke uetuj
mfekeljka pfeftrksi ibfnanli ksiel sfrtk eiaki-eiaki ykel tibkj sfsuki bfelke jfprihkbike
 hkelsk.

¼ Jftkdkeke pnaitij, kbkakd jnebisi jfdibupke pnaitij hkelsk Iebnefsik ykel

 hfrakebksjke bfmnjrksi ykel hfrtumpu pkbk pfelfmhkelke bfmnj
bfmnjrksi
rksi Pkecksiak bke VVB
;926 ykel mfelkebuel jfmkmpuke mfmfaidkrk stkhiaitks pnaitij
pnaiti j ykel sfdkt bke biekmis
sfrtk jfmkmpuke mfefrkpjke pnaitij aukr eflfri ykel hfhks kjtig.

¼ Jftkdkeke fjnenmi, kbkakd jnebisi jfdibupke pfrfjnenmike hkelsk

Iebnefsik ykel hfrakebksjke Pkecksiak bke VVB ;926 ykel mfelkebuel jfmkmpuke
mfefrkpjke stkhiaitks fjnenmi ykel sfdkt bke biekmis sfrtk jfmkmpuke mfeciptkjke
jfmkebirike fjnenmi eksineka bfelke bkyk skiel ykel tielli bke mfwuoubjke jfmkjmurke
rkjykt ykel kbia bke mkjmur

¼ Jftkdkeke snsika hubkyk, kbkakd jnebisi jfdibupke snsika hubkyk hkelsk

Iebnefsik ykel mfeoiwki jfprihkbike eksineka ykel hfrbkskrjk

¼ e Pkecksiak ykel mfelkebuel jfmkmpuke mfmhfetuj bke mfelfmhkeljke

jfdibupke snsika hubkyk mkeusik bke mksykrkjkt Iebnefsik ykel hfrimke bke hfrtkqwk
tfrdkbkp Rudke Ykel Mkdk Fsk, dibup rujue, hfrsktu, cietk tkekd kir, hfrjukaitks, mkou bke
sfokdtfrk bkakm jfdibupke ykel sfrhk sfakrks, sfrksi
sfr ksi bke sfimhkel sfrtk jfmkmpuke
mfekeljka pfeftrksi hubkyk ksiel ykel tibkj sfsuki bfelke jfhubkykke eksineka.

¼ Jftkdkeke pfrtkdkeke jfkmkeke, kbkakd jnebisi bkyk tkeljka hkelsk

Iebnefsik ykel biakebksi jfskbkrke hfak eflkrk sfaurud rkjykt ykel mfelkebuel
jfmkmpuke mfmfaidkrk stkhiaitks pfrtkdkeke jfkmkeke eflkrk ykel biekmis, mfelkmkejke
 pfmhkelueke bke dksiaeyk
dksiaeyk sfrtk jfmkmpuke mfmpfrtkdkejke jfbkuaktke Eflkrk bke
mfekeljka sfmuk hfetuj keckmke.
 

6. Ciri Jftkdkeke Eksineka

I. Jftkdkeke eksineka mfrupkjke prksykrkt utkmk hkli hkelsk

ykel sfbkel mfmhkelue mfeuou hkelsk ykel mkou bke mkebiri bfelke sfmkelkt
s fmkelkt tibkj
mfelfeka mfeyfrkd ykel kjke mfmhfrijke bnrnelke bke rkelskelke uetuj hfrhukt bkakm
mfelktksi tketkelke, dkmhktke bke lkelluke ykel timhua.

II. Mfeuou mfmpfrtkdkejke jfakelsuelke dibup. Hkelsk

Iebnefsik ykel hkru mfmhkelue birieyk tibkj afpks bkri pfeckpkike tuouke ykel
bicitkcitkjke.

III. Jftkdkeke eksineka biwuoubjke sfhklki jnebisi biekmis

 hkelsk Iebnefsik ykel hfrisi jfuaftke bke jftkelludke
jftkelludke hkelsk uetuj mfel
mfelfmhkeljke
fmhkeljke
jfjuktke bfelke mfeokbijke ciri mfelfmhkeljke jftkdkeke eksineka hfrbkskrjke rksk cietk
tkekd kir, sftik jfpkbk pfroukelke, uaft bkakm uskdk
usk dk ykel bibkskrjke pkbk jftkqwkke bke
jfimkeke jfpkbk Rudke Ykel Mkdk Fsk, jfuaftke
jfuaftk e bke jftkelludke sfsuki bfelke pfruhkdke
ykel bidkbkpi sfhklki kjihkt biekmijk pfroukelke, hkij bkakm pfrlkuake ketkr hkelsk
mkupue bkakm rkeljk pfmhiekke pfrsktuke bke jfsktuke hkelsk.

7. Ksks Jftkdkeke Eksineka

Pfelfmhkelke jftkdkeke eksineka hkelsk Iebnefsik bibkskri pkbk ksksksks

sfhklki hfrijut?

(;). Jfsfokdtfrkke bke jfkmkeke

(8). Vtud mfeyfaurud tfrpkbu

(3). Jfjfaukrlkke

(2). Mkwks biri

C. DVHVELKE KERKXK \K\KSKE EVSKERKXK BKE JFRKDKEKE

 EKSINEKA

Bkakm pfeyfafellkrkke jfdibupke eksineka klkr tftkp mfelkrkd pkbk pfeckpkike

tuouke eksineka bipfraujke suktu akebkske bke pfbnmke ykel jnjnd hfrupk jnesfpsi wkwske
eksineka uetuj mfwuoubjke kspirksi hkelsk sfrtk jfpfetielke bke tuouke eksineka.

\iakykd Iebnefsik ykel sfhklike hfskr kbkakd wiakykd pfrkirke mfmpueyki hkeykj
cfakd jfafmkdke ykel bkpkt bimkegkktjke nafd eflkrk akie ykel pkbk kjdireyk bkpkt
mfruetudjke hkdjke bkpkt mfeyfhkhjke bisietflrksi hkelsk Iebnefsik. Iebnefsik ykel
mfmiaiji jurkel afhid ;3.7<0 puaku mfmfraujke pfelkwkske ykel cujup jftkt. Bimkek
 

 pfelkwkske tfrsfhut tibkj dkeyk

dkeyk biakjujke nafd pidkj REI/Pnari skok tftkpi sfmuk akpiske
mksykrkjkt Iebnefsik. Hiak dkeyk mfelkebkajke REI/Pnari skok ykel pfrsfeoktkkeeyk jurkel
afeljkp mueljie hkelsk Iebnefsik subkd tfrckhij – 
tfrckhij  –  ckhij
 ckhij nafd hkelsk akie.
a kie. Bfelke kbkeeyk
wkwkske eusketkrk jitk bkpkt mfmpfrfrkt rksk
rks k pfrsktuke bi ketkrk pfebubuj Iebnefsik ykel
skaiel hfrhdiefjk tuellka ijk.

\kwkske eksineka hkelsk Iebnefsik kbkakd wkwkske eusketkrk ykel mfrupkjke

 pfbnmke hkli prnsfs pfmhkelueke
pfmhkelueke eksineka mfeuou tuouke eksineka. Sfbkel
Sfbkeljke
jke jftkdkeke
eksineka mfrupkjke jnebisi ykel dkrus biwuoubjke klkr prnsfs pfeckpkike tuouke eksineka
tfrsfhut bkpkt hfrokake bfelke sujsfs. Sfckrk rieljks bkpkt bijktkjke hkdwk wkwkske
eusketkrk bke jftkdkeke eksineka mfrupkjke buk jnesfpsi bkskr ykel skaiel mfebujuel
sfhklki pfbnmke hkli pfeyfafellkrkke jfdibupke hfrhkelsk bke hfreflkrk klkr tftkp okyk
bke hfrjfmhkel sftfruseyk Nafd jkrfek itu, bipfraujke suktu jnesfpsi jftkdkeke eksineka
ykel sfsuki bfelke jkrkjtfristij hkelsk Iebnefsik. Bfelke kbkeyk wkwkske eusketkrk, jitk
dkrus bkpkt mfmiaiji sijkp bke pfriakju ykel sfsuki jfoukelke, cietk tkekd kir sfrtk rfak
 hfrjnrhke hkli eusk bke hkelsk.
hkelsk. Bkakm jkitkeeyk bfelke pfmubk pfefrus hkehkelsk
lsk
dfebkjeyk bitkekmjke sijkp wkwkske eusketkrk sfokj biei sfdiellk jfcietkke mfrfjk
tfrdkbkp hkelsk bke eflkrk afhid mfykjiei bke afhid bkakm.

B. KSJK LKRXK BKAKM JFRKDKEKE EKSINEKA

Lktrk ykel hfrkrti uesur bke Kstk ykel hfrkrti bfakpke, ykel bimkjsub Kstklktrk
Jftkdkeke Eksineka Iebnefsik ykitu uesur-uesur ktku kspfj-kspfj ykel mfebujuel
jftkdkeke eksineka eflkrk Iebnefsik ykel tfrbiri bkri bfakpke kspfj sfckrk
sfck rk jfsfaurudke
bfelke tilk kspfj jfdibupke kakmikd bke aimk kspfj jfdibupke snsika.

Kpk skokjkd uesur-uesur ktku kspfj-kspfj tfrsfhut>

Rilk Kspfj pfrtkmk ktku RriLktrk jfdibupke kakmikd, ykitu ?

;.  Lktrk aftkj bke jfbubujke lfnlrkgi

8.  Lktrk jfkbkke bke jfjkykke kakm
3.  Lktrk jfkbkke bke jfmkmpuke pfebubuj

jfmubike PkeckLktrk akieeyk ktku Aimk Kspfj jfdibupke snsika, ykitu ?

;.  Lktrk ibfnanli

8.  Lktrk pnaitij
3.  Lktrk fjnenmi
2.  Lktrk snsika hubkyk
 

6.  Lktrk pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke

Jfbfakpke uesur biktks mfrupkjke mnbfa dksia jkoike Afmdkeks ktku Afmhklk
Jftkdkeke Eksinka tfetkel pfrkeljkt duhuelke kspfj-kspfj jfdibupke
j fdibupke mkseusik bke hubkyk
ykel hfrakelsuel bfelke mfmkegkktjke jfjkykke kakm ykel bkpkt bickpki bfelke
mfelluekjke jfmkmpukeeyk

Sfpfrti ykel kbk pkbk pkbk Rri Lktrk hkdwk jfbubujke lfnlrkgis, sumhfr bkyk kakm,
bke pfebubuj mfrupkjk pntfesi ykel hfskr bkakm jftkdke eksineka Iebnefsik sfpfrti ?

  Hfetuj wiakykd eflkrk ? bkpkt hfrupk eflkrk pketki, eflkrk jfpuakuke ktku
eflkrk jnetiefetka
  Auks wiakykd eflkrk ? kbk eflkrk bfelke wiakykd ykel auks bke eflkrk
bfelke wiakykd ykel sfmpit (jfcia)
  Pnsisi lfnlrkgis, kstrnenmis, bke lfnanlis eflkrk
  Bkyk bujuel wiakykd eflkrk : kbk wiakykd ykel dkhittkhaf bke kbk wiakykd
ykel uedkhittkhaf

Bfelke bfmijike pfeyfhkrke tfjenanli jfmkouke pfmhkelueke ketkr bkfrkd dkrus

mfrktk klkr sftikp bkfrkd bkpkt hfrpfrke pfetiel tfrdkbkp jftkdkeke eksineka, Sumhfr bkyk
kakm ykel bimiaiji pkbk suktu bkfrkd oulk mfrupkjke suktu pntfesi ykel bimiaiji nafd eflri
iei hkij sfckrk jukaitks mkupue juketitks, ykel oulk ijut hfrpfrke sfrtk bkakm mfenpkel
jfdibupke eksineka, bfelke bfmijike pfrau biafstkrijke. Jfbkuaktke wiakykd eksineka,
mfrupkjke skrkek hkli tfrsfbikeyk sumhfr jfjkykke kakm bke mfeokbi mnbka bkskr
 pfmhkelueke. Sfakeouteyk
Sfakeouteyk pfelfanakke bke pfelfmhkelke sumhfr
sumhfr jfjkykke kakm
mfrupkjke skakd sktu iebijktnr jftkdkeke eksineka.

Hflitu puak bfelke kspfj-kspfj jfkbkke bke jfjkykke kakm sfhklki hfrijut ?

 
Pntfesi
bkyk kakm dfwkei, sumhfr
ekhkti, bkebkyk kakm wiakykd ykel hfrskeljutke : mfeckjup sumhfr
tkmhkel
   Jfmkmpuke mfelfjspanrksi sumhfr bkyk kakm
   Pfmkegkktke sumhfr bkyk kakm bfelke mfmpfrditueljke mksk bfpke bke
aieljuelke dibup
   Jnetrna ktks sumhfr bkyk kakm

Kspfj-kspfj akieeyk sfpfrti ?

Lktrk pfebubuj ykel skelkt hfrpfelkrud tfrdkbkp jktkdkeke eksineka Iebnefsik

sfpfrti tieljkt Sumhfr Bkyk Mkeusik ykel hfrjukaitks bkpkt mfmhketu bkakm pfmkegkktke
sflkak mkckm kspfj ykel kbk uetuj jfpfetielke jftkdkeke eflkrk, oulk ijut mfafstkrijke
Sumhfr Bkyk Kakm ykel kbk, bke mfmhkwk bkmpkj pnsitig hkli jfdibupke snsika eflkrk
 

Lktrk Ibfnanli ykel hfrjkitke Pkecksiak sfhklki suktu pfbnmke hkelsk Iebnefsik
bkakm mfeoklk jfsktuke, pfrsktuke, bke jfutudke eflkrk bimkek hkelsk Iebnefsik tfrbiri
bkri jfkefjkrklkmke ykel tielli sfdiellk bkpkt hfrpntfesi tfrokbieyk pfrpfckdke,
 pfrsfaisidke, bke jnegaij ietfreka sfdiellk uesur ibfnanli
ibfnanli skelkt bipfraujke uetuj
mfmpfrsktujke hkelsk Iebnefsik klkr skmk-skmk mfmiaiji
mfmiai ji pfrkskke hkelsk tfrdkbkp
jfkefjkrklkmke ykel tielli sfrtk jfjkykke hkelsk Iebnefsik

Lktrk pnaitij hfrjkitke bfelke pfelfanakke ksft-ksft ykel bimiaiji hkelsk Iebnefsik
sfckrk hfrskmk-skmk klkr
k lkr tibkj tfrokbi pfrpfckdke, skaiel mfebujuel sktu skmk akie bkakm
 pfmhkelueke, bke mfmhfrijke rksk kmke sfrtk mfmpfrjnjnd pfrsktuke bke jfsktuke
eksineka, sfdiellk pkbk liairkeeyk kjke mfmketkpjke jftkdkeke eksineka suktu hkelsk.

Lktrk fjnenmi hfrjkitke bfelke pfmfrktkke bistrihusi jfhutudke wkrlk eflkrk ykel
 hfrpfrke akelsuel bkakm jfjuktke eksineka
eksineka suktu eflkrk, sfpfrti cnetnd kpkhiak suktu eflkrk
mfmiaiji jfmkouke fjnenmi ykel pfskt bimkek jfhutudke-jfhutudke wkrlk eflkrkeyk bkpkt
tfrpfeudi bfelke tieljkt jfmisjieke ykel mieim, mkjk eflkrk
ef lkrk tfrsfhut hfrpntfesi uetuj
tumhud sfhklki jfjuktke bueik. Sftikp eflkrk mfmiaiji sistfm fjnenmieyk sfebiri-sfebiri
uetuj mfelktur pfmfrktkke bistrihusi jfhutudke wkrlk eflkrk

Lktrk snsika hubkyk bimkek eiaki mnrka bke pkebkelke mksykrkjkt tfrdkbkp rksk bke
 oiwk eksinekaismf pktut uetuj tftkp bipfrtkdkejke bke bioueouel
bioueouel tielli, klkr tibkj mubkd
tfrpfelkrud bfelke hubkyk aukr tfrutkmk pkdkm-pkdkm tfrtfetu ykel bkpkt mfeimhuajke
 pfrpfckdke bke jnegaij ietfreka, rksk cietk tfrdkbkp prnbuj anjka
anjka oulk dkrus tftkp bioueouel
tielli klkr jfjkykke-jfjkykke ykel bimiaij bkpkt biafstkrijke, bipfrtkdkejke, bke
bipfroukeljke kpkhiak bi rfhut nafd hkelsk akie. Dka iei oulk pfetiel hkli jftkdkeke eksineka
tfrutkmk oiwk pktrintismf bke sfmkelkt eksinekaismf ykel tielli

Lktrk pfrtkdkeke bke jfmkeke mfrupkjke skakd sktu kspfj utkmk ykel tfrpfetiel bfmi
jftkdkeke eksineka bimkek sistfm-sistfm pfrtkdkeke eflkrk bfelke afmhklk-afmhklk

jfkmkeke
miaitfr bkrimksykrkjkt,
aukr, mkupuebke REI hfrtulks
mfeoklk uetuj
jftfrtihke mfeoklk
dujum bkri eflkrk
bkakm, bkri keckrkmke-keckmke
sfdiellk jftkdkeke eksineka
Iebnefsik bkpkt tfroklk sfutudeyk sfckrk aukr bke bkakm, dka iei oulk mfaihktjke pfebubuj
ktku mksykrkjkt uetuj wkoih ijut sfrtk bkakm mfeoklk jftkdkeke eflkrk rfpuhaij Iebnefsik

Sfpfrti ykel subkd biskmpkijke bi ktks hkeykj sfjkai pntfesi-pntfesi ykel jitk miaiji
uetuj mfeueokel, mfmhketu, bke mfmpfrjukt sistfm jftkdkeke Iebnefsik kpkhiak bkpkt
bimkegkktjke sfckrk hkij bke mfrktk sfdiellk
s fdiellk tibkj kbk akli bkfrkd ykel tfrtiellka hkij
bkakm sfli tfjenanli mkupue sumhfr-sumhfr bkyk akieeyk, bke jitk sfhklki mksykrkjkt oulk
dkrus ijut mfeoueouel tielli oiwk eksinekaismf bke sfeketiksk mfeoklk, mfmktudi, bke
 hfrtkelluel okwkh tfrdkbkp dujum ykel
ykel hfrakju, jitk oulk wkoih uetuj hfrpfrke
hfrpfrke sfrtk bkakm
mfeoklk pkrsktuke bke jfsktuke eflkrk Iebnefsik, klkr tfrdiebkr bkri sflkak
s flkak mkckm jnegaij,
 hkij ietfreka mkupue jnegaij fjstfreka.
 

Oijk bkakm pkebkelke mimie sfebiri, skkt iei Iebnefsik sfbkel mfelkakmi hkeykj
sfjkai jriris jftkdkeke eflkrk, hkij bkakm lktrk pnaitij, snsika hubkyk, ibfnanli, skmpki
 pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke. Sfpfrti ykel hkeykj
hkeykj hfrfbkr hkeykj sfjkai jfmueburke-
jfmueburke ykel bikakmi nafd hkelsk iei, muaki auetureyk oiwk pktrintismf bke rksk
eksinekaismf, jurkel bioueoueleyk pfrsktuke bke jfsktuke, sfdiellk tfrokbi
t frokbi pfrpfckdke bke
mfeimhuajke hkeykj bkmpkj eflktig. Hfaum akli mksykrkjkt Iebnefsik ykel afhid hkellk
tfrdkbkp hubkyk aukr jftimhkel hubkykeyk sfebiri, bke jurkel bidkrlkieyk prfstksi-prfstksi
kekj eflri.

 Ekmue bkakm dkaeyk uetuj mfeykhut MFK ykel kjke bktkel, bidkrkpjke hkelsk
Iebnefsik bkpkt hfrcfrmie uetuj jfkrkd ykel afhid hkij, jkrek bkri Lktrk-lktrk
Lktrk- lktrk bi ktks
Iebnefsik mfmiaiji hkeykj pntfesi hkij bkakm sfli sumhfr bkyk kakm, sumhfr bkyk mkeusik,
fjnenmi, mkupue snsika hubkyk. Jitk pfrau uetuj mfeoueouel tielli rksk hkellk bke
nptimismf tfrdkbkp prnbuj anjka bke prfstksi-prfstksi kekj hkelsk klkr bkpkt mfeokbi suktu
dka ykel mfeokeoijke bke bkpkt hfrskiel mfakwke sflkak hfetuj krus ksiel ykel eketieyk
kjke mksuj jf eflkrk jitk. Jitk dkrus bkpkt hfrpflkel tflud tfrdkbkp ibfnanli jitk klkr
tibkj mubkd tfrokbi pfrpfckdke, oulk bkri sfli-sfli akieeyk
akiee yk klkr jitk tibkj tfrpfelkrud nafd
mksujeyk hubkyk-hubkyk ksiel jftijk pkskr hfhks MFK bihujk.

F. Duhuelke Ketkrlktrk
Ketkrk trilktrk bke pkecklktrk sfrtk ketkrlktrk itu sfebiri tfrbkpkt duhuelke timhka
 hkaij ykel frkt ykel biekmkjke jnrfaksi bke ietfrbfpfebfesi ykel krtieyk kbkakd sfhklki
 hfrijut.

  Jftkdkeke eksineka pkbk dkjijkteyk hfrlketuel jfpkbk jfmkmpuke hkelsk

bke eflkrk bi bkakm mfebkykluekjke sfckrk nptimka lktrk kakmikd (trilktrk) sfhklki
mnbka bkskr uetuj pfeciptkke jnebisi biekmis ykel mfrupkjke jfjuktke bkakm
 pfeyfafellkrkke jfdibupke eksineka (pkecklktrk).
   Jftkdkeke eksineka kbkakd suktu pfelfrtike dnaistij, ykitu suktu tktkeke ykel
utud, mfeyfaurud bke tfrpkbu, bi mkek tfrbkpkt skaiel duhuelke ketkr lktrk bi bkakm
jfsfaurudke jfdibupke eksineka (kstklktrk).
  Jfafmkdke bi skakd sktu lktrk bkpkt mfelkjihktjke jfafmkdke bi lktrk akie


bke mfmpfelkrudi jnebisi sfckrk jfsfaurudke sfhkaijeyk jfjuktke bkri skakd sktu ktku
 hfhfrkpk lktrk bkpkt bibkykluekjke uetuj mfmpfrjukt lktrk akieeyk ykel afmkd, bke
mfmpfelkrudi jnebisi sfckrk jfsfaurudke.
  Jftkdkeke eksineka Iebnefsik hujke mfrupkjke suktu pfeoumakdke jftkdkeke
sflfekp lktrkeyk, mfakiejke suktu rfsuatketf jftfrjkitke ykel ietflrktig bkri jnebisi-
jnebisi biekmij jfdibupke hkelsk bi hibkel-hibkel ibfnanli, pnaitij, fjnenmi, sncika
 hubkyk, pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke.

Sfakeouteyk duhuelke ketkr lktrk, bijfmujkjke sfpfrti urkike hfrijut.

;) Lktrk lfnlrkgi
Jkrkjtfr lfnlrkgi skelkt mfmpfelkrudi ofeis, jukaitks bke pfrsfhkrke jfjkykke kakm
bke sfhkaijeyk jfjkykke kakm bkpkt mfmpfelkrudi jkrkjtfr lfnlrkgi.
 

 
8) Ketkrk lktrk lfnlrkgi bke lktrk jfpfebubujke
Hfetuj-hfetuj jfdibupke bke pfeldibupke sfrtk pfrsfhkrke pfebubuj skelkt frkt
jkitkeeyk bfelke jkrkjtfr lfnlrkgi bke sfhkaijeyk jkrkjtfr lfnlrkgi mfmpfelkrudi
jfdibupke bkri pfebubujkeyk.

3) Ketkrk lktrk jfpfebubujke bke lktrk jfjkykke kakm

Jfdibupke bke pfeldibupke pfebubujke bipfelkrudi nafd ofeis, jukaitks, juketitks bke
 pfrsfhkrke jfjkykke kakm, bfmijike puak sfhkaijeyk ofeis, jukaitks, juketitks bke pfrsfhkrke
jfjkykke kakm bipfelkrudi nafd gkjtnr-gkjtnr jfpfebubujke jdususeyk jfjkykke kakm ykel
bkpkt bipfrhkdkrui.

Jfjkykke kakm mfmpueyki mkegkkt eyktk oijk tfakd binakd nafd pfebubuj ykel
mfmiaiji jfmkmpuke bkakm iamu pfelftkduke bke tfjenanli.

2) Duhuelke ketkrlktrk bkakm pkecklktrk

Sftikp lktrk bkakm Pkecklktrk mfmhfrijke jnetrihusi tfrtfetu pkbk lktrk-lktrk akie bke
sfhkaijeyk sftikp lktrk mfefrimk jnetrihusi bkri lktrk-lktrk akie sfckrk tfrietflrksi.

 Ketkrklkttr k i bfnan
 Ketkrklk anli
li bfelk
elke
e lkt
lktrk
rk p
pn
naitij
aitij,, f
fjn
jnen
enm
mi , snsik
snsikaa hub
hubk
kyk, p
pf
frtk
rtkdk
dkek
eke
ebbk
ke
jfkmkeke, mkjk krti ibfnanli kbkakd sfhklki gkaskgkd hkelsk bke akebkske ibfnanli eflkrk.

Sfakie itu ibfnanli mfrupkjke eiaki pfefetu hkli jfdibupke eksineka ykel mfaiputi
sfaurud lktrk bkakm pkecklktrk bkakm mfmfaidkrk jfakelsuelke dibup hkelsk bke
 pfeckpkike tuouke eksineka.

 Ketkrk lk
 Ketkrk lkttrk p
pn
naitij bf
bfelk
elke
e lk
lkttrk ib
ibf
fnan
anli
li , f
fjn
jnen
enm
mi , snsik
snsikaa hub
hubk
kyk, p
pf
frtk
rtkdk
dkek
eke
ebbk
ke
jfkmkeke:  hfrkrti jfdibupke pnaitij ykel mketkp bke biekmis mfeokakejke jfhfekrke
ibfnanli, mfmhfrijke ijaim
ykel jnebusig uetuj pfelfmhkelke fjnenmi, snsika hubkyk, pfrtkdkeke bke
jfkmkeke.

Jfdibupke pnaitij hkelsk bipfelkrudi nafd hfrmkckm dka ykel sktu bfelke ykel
akieeyk skaiel hfrjkitke. Ik bipfelkrudi nafd tieljkt jfcfrbkske bke jfskbkrke pnaitij,
tieljkt jfmkjmurke fjnenmi, jftkktke hfrklkmk, jfkjrkhke snsika bke rksk jfkmkekeeyk.

 Ketkrk llk
 Ketkrk ktr k f
fjn
jnen
enm
mi bfelk
elke
e lkt
lktrk i bfnanli
anli , fjn
jnen
enm
mi , sn
snsik
sikaa hub
ubk
kyk, pfr tkdk
dkek
eke
e
bke jfkmkeke: hfrkrti jfdibupke fjnenmi ykel tumhud mketkp bke mfrktk, kjke
mfeykjiejke jfhfekrke ibfnanli ykel bikeut,

mfebiekmisir jfdibupke pnaitij bke pfrjfmhkelke snsika hubkyk sfrtk mfebujuel

 pfelfmhkelke pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke. Jfkbkke fjnenmi ykel stkhia, mkou bke mfrktk
mfeueokel stkhiaitks bke pfeieljktke jftkdkeke kspfj akie.

 Ketkrk
 Ketkrk lkt
lktr k sn
snsik
sikaa hub
ubk
kyk bfelk
elke
e lkt
lktrk
rk i bfnanli
anli , fjn
jnen
enm
mi , sn
snsik
sikaa hub
ubk
kyk,
 pf
 pfrtk
rtkdk
dkek
eke
ebbk
ke jf
jfk
kmkeke: bkakm krti jfdibupke snsika hubkyk ykel sfrksi, stkhia, biekmis,
eke
 hfrhubkyk bke hfrjfprihkbike, kjke mfeykjiejke jfhfekrke ibfnanli,
 

mfmhfrijke ijaim ykel jnebusig uetuj jfdibupke pnaitij ykel hfrhubkyk, jfdibupke
fjnenmi ykel tftkp mfmfetieljke jfhfrskmkke sfrtk jfdibupke pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke
ykel mfeldnrmkti dkj-dkj iebivibu.

Jfkbkke snsika ykel tfrietflrksi sfckrk sfrksi, stkhia, biekmis, hfrhubkyk bke
 hfrjfprihkbike dkeyk bkpkt hfrjfmhkel bi bkakm sukskek kmke bke bkmki.

Jfhfskrke bke jfsfaurudke eiaki snsika hubkyk hkelsk mfecfrmiejke tieljkt

jfsfokdtfrkke bke jfkmkeke eksineka hkij gisij mktfrika mkupue mfetka spirituka.

Jfkbkke snsika ykel timpkel bfelke jnetrkbijsi bi hfrhklki hibkel jfdibupke

mfmueljiejke timhuaeyk jftflkelke snsika ykel bkpkt hfrjfmhkel mfeokbi lfonakj snsika.
s nsika.

 Ketkrk lkt
 Ketkrk lktrk
rk pfr tkdk
dkek
eke
e bke jfk
jfkmkek
eke
e bfelk
elke
e lkt
lktrk
rk i bfnanli
anli , fjne
jnen
nmi , snsik
snsikaa
hubkyk,
hubkyk, pf
pfrr tkdkeke bke jjfk
fkmk
mkeke
eke:

bkakm krti jnebisi jfdibupke pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke ykel stkhia bke biekmis kjke
mfykjiejke jfhfekrke ibfnanli, mfmhfrijke ijaim ykel jnebusig uetuj pfelfmhkelke
jfdibupke pnaitij, fjnenmi bke snsika hubkyk.

Jfkbkke pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke ykel stkhia, biekmis, mkou bke hfrjfmhkel bi
sfaurud kspfj jfdibupke kjke mfmpfrjnjnd bke mfeueokel jfdibupke ibfnanli, pnaitij,
fjnenmi, bke snsika hubkyk.

Kstklktrk bkakm pfebfjktke jfsfokdtfrkke bke jfkmkeke mfmpueyki pfrkeke

tfrlketuel bkri sigkt sftikp lktrk.

  Lktrk kakmikd mfmpueyki pfrkeke skmk hfskr hkij uetuj jfsfokdtfrkke

mkupue uetuj jfkmkeke.
  Lktrk ibfnanli, pnaitij bke snsika hubkyk mfmpueyki pfrkeke skmk hfskr


uetuj jfsfokdtfrkke bke jfkmkeke.

  Lktrk fjnenmi rfaktig mfmpueyki pfrkeke afhid hfskr uetuj jfsfokdtfrkke


bkripkbk pfrkeke uetuj jfkmkeke.

  Lktrk pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke rfaktig mfmpueyki pfrkeke afhid hfskr uetuj
jfkmkeke bkripkbk pfrkeke uetuj jfsfokdtfrkke.

G. PFX\VOVBKE JFRKDKEKE
JFRKDKEKE EKSINEKA
EKSINEKA BKAKM KSRK
LKRXK

Sfhklkimkek tfakd bieyktkjke sfhfaumeyk, pfelfrtike jftkdkeke eksineka tfrbiri ktks 3

jnesfp, ykjei Jftkdkeke Eksineka sfhklki jnebisi, Jftkdkeke Eksineka sfhklki mftnbf ktku
 pfebfjktke, bke Jftkdkeke Eksineka sfhklki bnjtrie
bnjtrie pfelkturke hfreflkrk.

Sfhklki jkoike kjkbfmij, jitk tibkj mfelluekjke jnesfpsi jftkdkeke sfhklki bnjtrie
tftkpi sfhklki jnebisi. Jftkdkeke Eksineka kbkakd jnebisi biekmis ykel mfrupkjke ietflrksi
bkri jnebisi tikp kspfj jfdibupke hkelsk bke eflkrk. Kspfj jfdibupke tfrsfhut tfakd
bifakhnrksi bkakm wuoub Kstk Lktrk ykel mfaiputi Rri Lktrk (kspfj kakmikd) bke Pkeck Lktrk
 

(kspfj snsika). Jftkdkeke eksineka oulk mfrupkjke pfebfjktke ykel utud mfeyfaurud, ykjei
mfecfrmiejke jftfrpkbuke ketkrk sflkak kspfj jfdibupke eksineka hkelsk. Kspfj tfrsfhut
 oulk tfakd tfrkeljum bkakm Kstk Lktrk Jftkdkeke Eksineka.

Bfelke bfmijike, jftkdkeke eksineka Iebnefsik kjke

k jke sfmkjie jukt bke jnjnd, oijk
biakjujke upkyk pfmhiekke bke pfelfmhkelke tfrdkbkp sftikp kspfj (lktrk) sfckrk
tfrfeckek, tfrpkbu, bke hfrjfsiekmhuelke. Pfmhiekke Jftkdkeke Eksineka biakjujke
bfelke mfelluekjke pfebfjktke Kstk Lktrk (bfakpke kspfj),
ks pfj), ykel mfrupkjke jfsfaurudke
bkri kspfj-kspfj jfdibupke hkelsk bke eflkrk Iebnefsik.

Pfmhiekke tfrdkbkp kspfj snsika pfetiel biakjujke sfhkh kspfj iei hfrsigkt biekmis, afhid
mubkd hfruhkd bke tfrmksuj bkakm ietklihaf gkctnr. Pfmhiekke tfrdkbkp kspfj ibfnanli,
ykjei ibfnanli Pkecksiak kbkakd hfrjkitke bfelke 6 (aimk) eiaki bkskr
bks kr ykel bijkebueleyk,
ykel tfrokhkrjke bkakm eiaki iestrumfetka bkakm VVB ;926. Kmkebfmfe ktks VVB ;926
sfrtk kbkeyk rfeckek pfruhkdke ykel kjke bktkel dkrus tfrus bkpkt bijfmhkaijke pkbk eiaki

bkskr Pkecksiak. Bkakm dka iei Pkecksiak tftkp bitfmpktjke sfhklki jkibkd pfeuetue dujum,
tfrmksuj VVB ;926. Sfhklki citk dujum, Pkecksiak dkrus tftkp biaftkjjke sfhklki guelsi
jnestitutig bke rfluaktig hkli enrmk dujum Iebnefsik. Bi sisi akie,
a kie, pfebibijke mfelfeki
ibfnanli Pkecksiak pfrau tfrus biokakejke bkakm sistfm pfebibijke eksineka.

Pfmhiekke jfdibupke pnaitij bfwksk iei mfelkrkd pkbk sistfm pnaitij bfmnjrksi bke
 hubkyk bfmnjrksi. Pfelfmhkelke sistfm pnaitij bikrkdjke pkbk pfeyfmpurekke strujtur
 pnaitij ykel bititijhfrktjke pkbk prnsfs pfafmhklkke bfmnjrksi bfelke mfektk duhuelke
ketkrk jfafmhklkke pnaitij bke jfafmhklkke pfrtkdkeke jfkmkeke bkakm jfdibupke
 hfreflkrk. Bi sisi akie pfelfmhkelke hubkyk pnaitij ykel bititijhfrktjke pkbk pfekekmke
eiaki-eiaki bfmnjrktis tfrus biupkykjke mfakaui pfeciptkke jfskbkrke hubkyk bke pfekekmke
eiaki-eiaki pnaitij bfmnjrktis, tfrutkmk pfeldnrmktke eiakieiaki DKM, eiaki-eiaki pfrskmkke,
keti-jfjfrkske, sfrtk eiaki-eiaki tnafrkesi, mfakaui hfrhklki wkckek bke mfbik sfrtk upkyk
mfwuoubjke hfrhklki wkckek bikanl hkli pfeieljktke jfskbkrke mfelfeki pfetieleyk
mfmfaidkrk pfrsktuke hkelsk. Oijk jfdibupke pnaitij hfrakelsuel bfmnjrktis bke stkhia mkjk
jftkdkeke pnaitij hkelsk kjke tfroklk.

Lktrk fjnenmi bikrkdjke pkbk akebkske ykel hfrtumpu pkbk jfjuktke pfrtumhudke
fjnenmi, pfmfrktkke bke stkhiaitks fjnenmi. Pfrtumhudke fjnenmi ykel tielli, oijk dkeyk
bieijmkti nafd sfhklike mksykrkjkt oustru bkpkt mfafmkdjke jftkdkeke hkelsk. Nafd jkrfek
itu pfelfmhkelke fjnenmi dkrus biakjujke bfelke pfebfjktke ykel mfeyfaurud bke
sfimhkel, jnesistfe bke kbia. Jfmisjieke tfrokbi hujke sfjkbkr jkrfek hfaum tfrpfeudieyk
jfhutudke pnjnj, tftkpi jkrfek tibkj kbkeyk dkj bke kjsfs uetuj mfmfeudi jfhutudke
 pnjnj. Kjsfs tibkj dkeyk mfeckjup jftfrsfbikke pksnjke jfhutudke pnjnj ykel hfrjukaitks
sfsuki bfelke anjksi jfhutudke, tftkpi oulk jftfrokeljkuke dkrlkeyk, bke jfkmkeke pksnjke
sfpkeokel wkjtu. Xkjykt Iebnefsik kjke mfeokbi sfokdtfrk hiak dkj bke kjsfseyk uetuj
mfmfeudi jfhutudke bkskreyk tfrokmie.
 

 
Bkakm lktrk snsika hubkyk, keckmke ykel muecua kbkakd mubkdeyk iegiatrksi eiaki-eiaki
 hubkyk hkrkt ykel sfjuafr, aihfrka, bke mktfrikaistij jf mksykrkjkt Iebnefsik. Pfmhiekke
ykel biakjujke tfrutkmk bfelke mfeieljktjke pfmkdkmke, jfskbkrke bke pfeldkrlkke
tfrdkbkp eiaki-eiaki hubkyk hkelsk sfebiri. Skakd sktueyk kbkakd eiaki audur hubkyk Pkecksiak
ykel sfakau mfeoklk jfsfimhkelke ykel dkrmneis ketkrk duhuelke mkeusik bfelke birieyk,
bfelke mksykrkjkt, bfelke Rudke, sfrtk jfsfimhkelke ketkrk jfmkouke gisij mktfrika
bfelke jfsfokdtfrkke mfetka spiritua bke jfsfimhkelke ketkrk jfpfetielke bueik bfelke
kjdirkt.

Bkakm dka lktrk pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke, jfpfetielke eksineka Iebnefsik ykel vitka bke
 pfrmkefe kbkakd tftkp
t ftkp tflkj bke utudeyk EJXI ykel hfrbkskrjke Pkecksiak bke VVB ;926.
Bkakm mfwuoubjke jfpfetielke eksineka tfrsfhut, pfrtkdkeke eflkrk Iebnefsik
bisfafellkrkjke uetuj mfekeljka bke mfecflkd sflkak hfetuj keckmke bke lkelluke, hkij
ykel hfrsumhfr bkri aukr mkupue bkri bkakm eflfri. Bkakm mfwuoubjke jnmitmfe hkelsk
Iebnefsik ykel keti-pfeokokdke bke pfeiebkske suktu hkelsk tfrdkbkp hkelsk ykel akie,
nrifetksi pfeyfafellkrkke pfrtkdkeke eflkrk bikrkdjke uetuj sfhfskr-hfskreyk mfwuoubjke
bkyk tkeljka hkelsk ykel dkebka.

ktk Eflkrk

Rwittfr  

Lnnlaf Paus 
 

HKH III

PFEVRVP

K.  JFSIMPVAKE

Bfelke kbkeyk wkwkske euske tkrk bke jftkdkeke eksineka iei jitk sflfekp
 hkelsk iebnefsik bkpkt mfefetujke kpk ykel dkrus biakjujke uetuj jfmkouke efl
eflkrk
krk
iebnefsik bke mfmpfrtkdkejke jfbkuaktke iebnefsik.

Jfliktke pfmhkelueke pfrtkdkeke bke jfkmkeke dkrus mfmhfrijke jfsfmpktke

jfsfm pktke
jfpkbk sftikp wkrlk eflkrk uetuj hfrpfrke kjtig, jkrfek jfliktke tfrsfhut
tfr sfhut mfrupkjke
jfwkoihke sftikp wkrlk eflkrk, sfpfrti mfmfaidkrk aieljuelke tfmpkt tiellka, mfeieljktjke
jfmkmpuke bisipaie, mfakpnrjke dka-dka ykel mfelkellu jfkmkeke jfpkbk kpkrkt bke
 hfakokr jfmiaitfrke.

Mfmhkelue rksk pfrsktuke, sfdiellk keckmke suktu bkfrkd ktku puaku oulk mfeokbi
keckmke hkli bkfrkd akie. Xksk pfrsktuke iei bkpkt biciptkjke bfelke mfmhkelue snaibkritks
bke duhuelke frkt ketkrk wkrlk eflkrk ykel hfrhfbk bkfrkd bfelke jfjuktke jfkmkeke.

Mfmhkelue REI ykel prngfsineka sfrtk mfeyfbikjke skrkek bke prkskrkek ykel
mfmkbki hkli jfliktke pfelkmkeke wiakykd Iebnefsik, tfrutkmk puaku bke wiakykd tfraukr
Iebnefsik.

H.  SKXKE

Bfelke bituaiseyk mkjkakd ykel mfeofaksjke tfetkelwkwkske

tfet kelwkwkske eusketkrk, jftkdkeke

eksineka bke duhuelke ketkrk wkwkske usketkrk bke jftkdkeke eksineka, sfmnlk jitk sfmuk
 hisk hfekr-hfekr mfmkdkmi tfetkel kpk ykel sfdkruseyk jitk bkpktjke sfhklki wkrlk eflkrk
bi eflfri iei. Sfdiellk, oijk kbk dkj-dkj ykel hfaum jitk bkpktjke, jitk hisk
mfmpfroukeljkeeyk. Hflitu oulk sfhkaijeyk, oijk dkj-dkj sfhklki wkrlk eflkrk tfakd jitk
tfrimk, mkjk sfpktuteyk jitk mfeokakejke jfwkoihke jitk sfhklki wkrlk
wkr lk eflkrk. Bfelke
bfmijike, eflfri iei kjke mkou
mko u bke pfeud bfelke jfkbiake, jfmkjmurke, kmke bke
sfokdtfrk.
 

BKGRKX PVSRKJK

dttp?//www.kpkpfelfrtikekdai.cnm/80;2/;0/wkwkske-eusketkrk-bke-pfelfrtike-

wkwkske-eusketkrk.dtma
dttp?//bfmnjrksiiebnefsik.hanlspnt.cnm/80;2/04/jftkdkeke-eksineka-pfelfrtike-
guelsi.dtma

dttp?//wiebnwshif.hanlspnt.cnm/80;3/0;/cnetnd-mkjkakd-jfwkrlkeflkrkke-
mktfri.dtma

dttps?//tdkrrk.wnrbprfss.cnm/80;0/06/06/duhuelke-ketkrk-wkwkske-eusketkrk-bfelke-
jftkdkeke-eksineka/dtma