EWMWKANK DN]NB NKSN] BGJNEO]NK

CGKANK PGLMG]ONK NYO GBYBJWYOF
( Cosusuk
 Cosusuk aukn lglgkueo
lglgkueo tuans lntn bujone Cgsnok Pgkgjotonk Bgsgen
Bgsgentnk
tnk
 Lnsynrnbnt cnk Bgpgkcucubnk
Bgpgkcucubnk))

Chsgk Pgkanlpu4
 Ko‟lnj Mnrhyn, Y.BL., L.PE 
L.PE 

Cosusuk Hjge4

Anjue Jnrnswnto
 KOL4 >6=>>0>0>093
>6=>>0>0>093

P]HA]NL YSWCO OJLW BGYGENSNK LNY_N]NBNS

FNBWJSNY BGYGENSNK LNY_N]NBNS
WKOVG]YOSNY DGLMG]

=0>?

0
 

BNSN PGKANKSN]

Pudo syubur bgencornt Njjne YQS ntns sganjn rnelnt cnk bnrukon-Kyn sgrtn
tocnb jupn sehjnwnt sgrtn snjnl bgpncn dukdukank Knmo Luenllnc YNQ
sgeokaan pgkyusuk cnpnt lgkygjgsnobnk prhphsnj cgkank ducuj ‚Eumukank
‚ Eumukank Dnrnb
Nktnr Bgjneornk cgkank
cgkank Pglmgronk Nso Gbsbjusof“. Prhphsnj oko cosusuk aukn
lgjgkabnpo tuans Lntn Bujone Cgsnok Pgkgjotonk
Pgkgjoto nk cnk Bgpgkcucubnk Bgsgentnk co
Fnbujtns Bgsgentnk Lnsynrnbnt Wkovgrsotns Dglmgr.
Suans oko cnpnt cosgjgsnobnk cgkank cubukank mgrmnano poenb. Pncn
bgsglpntnk oko pgkyusuk lgkynlpnobnk tgroln bnsoe cnk pgkaenrannk ynka
sgtokaao-tokaaokyn bgpncn4
>.  Njjne YQS, Suenk sglgstn njnl

=.  _nka tgrehrlnt tol chsgk pgkanlpu lntn bujone Cgsnok Pgkgjotonk
Bgsgentnk cnk Bgpgkcucubnk, Fnbujtns Bgsgentnk Lnsynrnbnt
Wkovgrsotns Dglmgr

9.  Hrnka tun bnlo, ntns sganjn rgstu cnk cubukankkyn cnjnl mgktub npnpuk

3.  Sglnk-tglnk ynka tocnb cnpnt cosgmutbnk sntu pgr sntu, ntns sganjn mgktub
bgrdnsnlnkyn.
Pgkyusuk tgjne lgkygjgsnobnk tuans oko sglnbsolnj lukabok. Knluk
npnmojn lnsoe tgrcnpnt bgburnkank cnjnl prhphsnj oko pgkyusuk lhehk lnnf.

Hjge bnrgkn otu, mgrmnano sulmnka snrnk ynka mgrtudunk uktub pgkyglpurknnk
tuans oko cgkank rgkcne ento cotgroln sgmnano ulpnk mnjob uktub mnenk gvnjunso.
Yglhan tuans oko cnpnt lglmgrobnk sulmnka pobor ynka phsotof cnk mgrlnkfnnt.

Dglmgr, >5 Cgsglmgr =0>?

Pgkyusuk

o
 

CNFSN] OYO

BNSN PGKANKSN] ...........................................................

.................................................................................
..................................
............ o

CNFSN] OYO .............................................

...................................................................
............................................
........................................
.................. oo

MNM O. PGKCNEWJWNK ....................

..........................................
............................................
............................................
...................... >

>.> Jntnr Mgjnbnka ..........................................

................................................................
............................................
.........................
... >

>.= ]ulusnk Lnsnjne ............................................

...................................................................
........................................
................. =

>.9 Sudunk............................................
...................................................................
.............................................
....................................
.............. =

MNM OO.
O O. SOKDNWNK PWYSNBN ...................................
.........................................................
........................................
.................. 3

=.> Dnrnb Nktnr Bgjneornk ...........................................

..................................................................
........................................
................. 3

=.= NYO Gbsbjusof .........................................

...............................................................
............................................
.................................
........... 7

=.9 Bgrnkabn Sghro ...........................................

.................................................................
............................................
.............................
....... 5

=.3 Bgrnkabn Bhksgp ..............................................

....................................................................
............................................
...................... 5

MNM OOO.
O OO. LGSHCG PGKGJOSONK ...............................................
......................................................................
.........................
.. ?

9.> Dgkos Pgkgjotonk ................................

......................................................
............................................
........................................
.................. ?

9.= Sglpnt cnk Qnbtu Pgkgjotonk ..............................................

.....................................................................
.........................
.. ?

9.9 Phpujnso cnk Ynlpgj Pgkgjotonk ..................................................

....................................................................
.................. ?

9.3 Vnronmgj Pgkgjotonk cnk Cgfokoso Hpgrnsohknj .............................................

............................................. >0

9.7 Cntn cnk Yulmgr Cntn ...........................................

..................................................................
......................................
............... >=

9.6 Sgbkob Pgkaulpujnk Cntn cnk Njnt Pglgrhjge Cntn .................................

................................. >=

9.1 Sgbkob Pgkyndonk cnk Nknjosos Cntn ..................................................

...........................................................
......... >9

9.5 Njur Pgkgjotonk............................................

..................................................................
............................................
...........................
..... >7

CNFSN] PWYSNBN .........................................................

...............................................................................
..................................
............ >1

oo
 

MNM O. PGKCNEWJWNK

>.> Jntnr Mgjnbnka

Bunjotns nknb lnsn boko lgrupnbnk pgkgktu bunjotns Yulmgr Cnyn Lnkuson
(YCL) co lnsn ynka nbnk cntnka. Pglmnkauknk lnkuson lnsn cgpnk colujno
cgkank pglmoknnk nknb lnsn sgbnrnka. Wktub lglpgrsonpbnk YCL ynka
 mgrbunjotns co lnsn ynka nbnk cntnka lnbn nknb pgrju copgrsonpbnk nanr
lgkinpno tulmue bglmnka ynka hptolnj sgsuno cgkank bglnlpunkkyn.

Sulmue bglmnka nknb copgkanrueo hjge mgrmnano fnbthr, snjne sntu fnbthr
tgrpgktoka ncnjne pglmgronk Nor Yusu Omu (NYO) gbsbjusof. NYO ncnjne lnbnknk
ocgnj mnao mnyo. NYO lglmgrobnk sglun bgmutuenk aozo ynka copgrjubnk mnao mnyo
uktub tulmue cnk mgrbglmnka cgkank sgent (]nenyu & Nprokokarul, =0>3).

Pglmgronk NYO conkdurbnk sgjnln 6 mujnk pgrtnln tnkpn lglmgrobnk lnbnknk

ntnu lokulnk jnokkyn (Snlpne-Knne, Bulo-Bygrglg, & Nlh-Ncdog, =0>?).
Pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof sgjnln 6 mujnk pgrtnln cnpnt lgkigane pgkynbot
okfgbso sgpgrto conrg cnk snjurnk pgrknpnsnk, sgrtn lgkygconbnk kutroso cnk inornk
ynka comutuebnk mnyo uktub lgkinpno pgrtulmuenk cnk pgrbglmnkank ynka
hptolnj (YCBO, =0>1).

Cnjnl Qhrc Egnjte Nssglmjy ynka mgrjnkasuka >5 Lgo =00>, QEH
lgkynlpnobnk rgbhlgkcnso pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof 6 mujnk cnk LPNYO
sgtgjnekyn cgkank tgtnp lglmgrobnk NYO eokaan = tneuk. Bgputusnk tgrsgmut
tgjne conchpso hjge pglgroktne Okchkgson pncn tneuk =003 lgjnjuo Bgplgkbgs ]O
 Kh. 370/Lgkbgs/YB/OV/ cgkank lgkgtnpbnk tnragt pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof
snlpno ulur 6 mujnk (Fobnwnto, Yynfoq, & Bnroln, =0>7).

Mgrcnsnrbnk cntn Prhfoj Bgsgentnk Okchkgson Sneuk =0>6, inbupnk pglmgronk

NYO gbsbjusof mnao mnyo 0-6 mujnk pncn =0>6 co Okchkgson sgmgsnr =?%.
Ygcnkabnk mgrcnsnrbnk cntn Yurvgo Cglharnfo Bgsgentnk Okchkgson pgrsgktnsg
nknb mgrulur co mnwne 6 mujnk ynka lgkcnpntbnk NYO gbsbjusof lgkokabnt
cnjnl 7 tneuk tgrnbeor, cnro 3=% pncn YCBO =0>= lgkdnco 7=% pncn YCBO =0>1.

>
 

Mgrcnsnrbnk cntn tgrsgmut cnpnt cosolpujbnk mnewn inbupnk pglmgronk NYO

gbsbjusof co Okchkgson lnsoe rgkcne.

Dnrnb nktnr bgjneornk ynotu dnrnb bgjneornk ynka cojoent cnjnl buruk wnbtu
tneuknk nktnrn bgjneornk nknb tgrnbeor cgkank bgjneornk nknb sgmgjulkyn

(Khvotnsnro, Cgstrontnkon, & Fgmry, =0>6). Colnkn dnrnb bgjneornk ynka cgbnt
ynotu burnka cnro = tneuk enrus lgkcnpntbnk nsupnk aozo ynka iubup uktub
lglgkueo bgmutuenk aozo nknb mnjotn. Mgrcnsnrbnk Corgbthrnt Mokn Bgsgentnk
Nknb Bglgkbgs ynka lgkinknkabnk >000 Enro Pgrtnln Bgeocupnk ynotu lujno
lnsn bgenlojnk (=10 enro) cnk lnsn sgtgjne bgenlojnk ynotu nknb uson =3 mujnk
ntnu = tneuk (190 enro). Colnkn pncn lnsn oko nbnk mgrcnlpnb murub pncn
bgigrcnsnk sginrn pgrlnkgk dobn tocnb lgkinbupo bgmutuenk aozo ynka
comutuebnk nknb mnjotn. Hjge bnrgkn otu dnrnb bgjneornk enrus copgrentobnk bnrgkn
 dnrnb bgjneornk ynka tgrjnju cgbnt nbnk lglpgkanrueo phjn nsue omu sgeokaan

nbnk lglpgkanrueo stntus aozo nknb mnjotn (Jutvonkn

( Jutvonkn & Mucohkh, =0>0
=0>0).
).

Mgrcnsnrbnk enj ynka tgjne cosgmutbnk contns, lnbn pgkgjoto tgrtnrob

lgjnbubnk pgkgjotonk lgkagkno eumukank dnrnb nktnr bgjneornk cgkank pglmgronk
NYO gbsbjusof mgrcnsnrbnk cntn Yurvgo Cglharnfo Bgsgentnk Okchkgson tneuk
=0>1.

>.= ]ulusnk Lnsnjne

>.>.>  Mnanolnkn costromuso frgbugkso pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof co Okchkgson

tneuk =0>18
>.>.=  Mnanolnkn costromuso frgbugkso pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof co Okchkgson
tneuk =0>1 mgrcnsnrbnk dnrnb nktnr bgjneornk
>.>.9  Npnbne tgrcnpnt eumukank eumukank nktnrn dnrnb nktnr bgjneornk
cgkank pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof co Okchkgson tneuk =0>1.

>.9 Sudunk

=
 

>.9.>  Wktub lgkagtneuo costromuso frgbugkso pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof co

Okchkgson tneuk =0>1.
>.9.=  Wktub lgkagtneuo costromuso frgbugkso pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof co
Okchkgson tneuk =0>1 mgrcnsnrbnk dnrnb nktnr bgjneornk.
>.9.9  Wktub lgkagtneuo eumukank nktnrn dnrnb nktnr bgjneornk cgkank
 pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof co Okchkgson
Okchkgson tneuk =0>1.

9
 

MNM OO. SOKDNWNK PWYSNBN

=.> Dnrnb Nktnr Bgjneornk

=.>.> Bhksgp Dnrnb Nktnr Bgjneornk

Dnrnb bgjneornk lgrupnbnk oktgrvnj nktnrn cun bgjneornk ynka mgrurutnk

cnro sghrnka wnkotn. Dnrnb bgjneornk ynka igkcgruka sokabnt cnpnt lgkolmujbnk
 mgmgrnpn gfgb kgantof mnob pncn bgsgentnk wnkotn tgrsgmut lnupuk bgsgentnk mnyo
ynka cobnkcukakyn.Ygtgjne lgjneorbnk, wnkotn lglgrjubnk wnbtu ynka iubup
uktub lglujoebnk cnk lglpgrsonpbnk coro uktub bgenlojnk sgrtn pgrsnjoknk
sgjnkdutkyn (Ynwotro cbb, cnjnl (]ofconko, =0>1)).

=.>.= Dnrnb Bgjneornk ynka Ocgnj

Mgsnrkyn rgsobh bgenlojnk cnk bgjneornk ncnjne bnrgkn dnrnb bgjneornk

ynka tocnb ocgnj. Cnjnl enj oko ncnjne bgjneornk ynka burnka cnro =3 mujnk ntnu
jgmoe cnro 7? mujnk (]ofconko, =0>1). Ygjnok otu, ncnkyn pgrumnenk pgrojnbu pncn
nknb ynka tgrdnco nbomnt cgbntkyn dnrnb bgjneornk nktnrn bgjneornk pgrtnln cnk
bgjneornk sgjnkdutkyn. Enj oko cosgmnmbnk hrnka tun lgkdnco tgrjnju fhbus pncn
nknb bgcun sgeokaan prhsgs tulmue bglmnka pncn nknb pgrtnln sgcobot
tgrnmnobnk. Cnlpnb ynka tgrdnco ncnjne ncnkyn bglukcurnk pgrojnbu pncn nknb
cobnrgkbnk hjge bgokaoknk nknb uktub lgrgmut pgrentonk hrnka tun cnro ncobkyn
(]ofconko, =0>1).

Sgrcnpnt mgmgrnpn njnsnk pgrjukyn dnrnb bgjneornk, conktnrnkyn ncnjne

sgmnano mgrobut (Wllne, =0>7)4

>. Mgjul pujoekyn

pujoekyn bhkcoso rneol omu sgtgjne bgenlojnk sgmgjulkyn.

=. Cnpnt tolmujkyn
tolmujkyn mgmgrnpn rgsobh cnjnl bgenlojnk, snjne sntukyn ncnjne
nkglon.

9. ]gsobh tgrdncokyn pgkcnrnenk pnsin pgrsnjoknk.

3. Qnbtu ynka cosgconbnk omu uktub lgkyusuo cnk lgrnwnt

lgrnwnt mnyo burnka
bnrgkn enrus tgrmnao.

3
 

=.= NYO Gbsbjusof

NYO ncnjne lnbnknk ynka tgrmnob mnao mnyo 6 mujnk pgrtnln
bgeocupnkkyn. Yglun bgmutuenk kutroso ynotu prhtgok, bnrmheocrnt, jglnb, votnlok
cnk lokgrnj sucne tgriubupo cnro NYO. NYO nwnj lgkankcuka znt bgbgmnjnk tumue
cnro omu ynka cnpnt lgjokcukao mnyo cnro pgkynbot pgkygmnm bglntonk mnyo co
sgjurue cukon sgpgrto conrg, OYPN cnk rncnka pnru-pnru. Co lnsn cgwnsn, tgrmubto
 mnewn mnyo ynka comgro NYO lglojobo rosobh jgmoe rgkcne tgrbgkn pgkynbot
cgagkgrntof sgpgrto pgkynbot cnrne tokaao, conmgtgs topg =, cnk hmgsotns. Ygeokaan
QEH sgdnb =00> lgrgbhlgkcnsobnk nanr mnyo lgkcnpnt NYO gbsbjusof snlpno
ulur 6 mujnk (Fobnwnto, Yynfoq, & Bnroln, =0>7).

=.=.> Cgfokoso Pglmgronk NYO Gbsbjusof

Sgrcnpnt mgmgrnpn vgrso tgktnka cgfokoso pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof. Yginrn

oktgrknsohknj, cobgknj cun cgfokoso ynka sgroka coauknbnk pncn pgkgjotonk cnk
cgsnok prharnl NYO (Fobnwnto, Yynfoq, & Bnroln, =0>7), ynotu4

>.  Bhkshrsoul OANM ( Oktgrnagkiy

 Oktgrnagkiy Arhup fhr Nitohk hk Mrgnstfggcoka ).
). NYO
gbsbjusof ncnjne tocnb ncn inornk ntnu lnbnknk pncnt cnro sulmgr jnok, sgjnok
NYO, ynka lnsub bg lujut mnyo.
=.  QEH/Wkoigf (=009). NYO gbsbjusof ynotu mnyo enkyn lgkgroln NYO cnro omu
bnkcuka ntnu omu susu, ntnu NYO pgrne, cnk tocnb ncn inornk ntnupuk
lnbnknk jnokkyn bgiunjo mgmgrnpn tgtgs sorup ynka tgrcoro cnro votnlok,
supjglgk lokgrnj, jnrutnk anrnl rgeocrnso hrnj (H]Y) ntnu hmnt-hmntnk ntns

okcobnso lgcos.

=.=.= Okcobnthr Bgmgrensojnk Lgkyusuo

Bgmgrensojnk lgkyusuo cnpnt cojoent cnro curnso pglmgronk NYO sndn (NYO
gbsbjusof) sgjnln 6 mujnk bgpncn mnyo, cnk duan cnro cun nspgb hutihlg
hutihlg jnok
 jnok ynka
snln pgktokakyn, ynotu stntus aozo mnyo cnk stntus aozo omu pnsin lgkyusuo
gbsbjusof.

>.  Curnso NYO Gbsbjusof

7
 

Curnso Pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof ynka conkdurbnk QEH ncnjne 6 mujnk.

Bgmgrensojnk pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof 6 mujnk cotgktubnk hjge mnkynb fnbthr
(Fobnwnto, Yynfoq, & Bnroln, =0>7), ynotu fnbthr prgcosphsoso mgrupn pgkcocobnk,
 pgkagtneunk, cnk pgkanjnlnk omu. Ygcnkabnk fnbthr pglukabok ynka
 mgrpgkanrue ncnjne OLC. Cubukank tgknan bgsgentnk pgkhjhka pgrsnjoknk ynka
lglmgrobnk bhksgjoka lgkyusuo pncn snnt NKI lgrupnbnk fnbthr pgkchrhka
ynka mgrpgkanrue cnjnl bgmgrensojnk pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof.

=.  Ytntus Aozo Omu

Omu cgkank OLS prnenloj khrlnj nbnk jgmoe lnlpu lgkinpno bgknobnk mgrnt
 mncnk enloj sgsuno rgbhlgkcnso, sgeokaan lglojobo incnkank jglnb ynka iubup
uktub lgkyusuo snnt phstpnrtul. OLS sgmnano okcobnthr stntus aozo omu enrus
copgrentobnk pncn toan pgrohcg (Fobnwnto, Yynfoq, & Bnroln, =0>7), ynotu4

n.  OLS omu prnenloj4 OHL (=00?) lgrgbhlgkcnsobnk bgknobnk mgrnt mncnk
enloj ynka jgmoe mgsnr (>=,7->5 ba) pncn omu cgkank OLS prnenloj rgkcne
(:>5,7) comnkcokabnk uktub omu cgkank OLS prnenloj sgcnka
s gcnka (>5,7-=3,??)
sgmgsnr >>,7->6 ba, cnk OLS prnenloj tokaao (;=7) sgmgsnr 1->>,7 ba, OLS
 prnenloj mgrsnln cgkank bgknobnk MM ynka coinpno sgjnln enloj nbnk
lgkgktubnk MM mnyo jneor cnk incnkank jglnb omu uktub lglprhcubso
NYO.
 m.  OLS omu phstpnrtul4 Incnkank jglnb omu ynka cosonpbnk sgjnln lnsn
bgenlojnk nbnk tgrjoent cnro pgrmgcnnk OLS omu phstpnrtul cnk OLS omu

 prnenloj. OLS omu phstpnrtul lgrupnbnk okcobnthr stntus aozo omu

lgkyusuo bnrgkn lgkukdubbnk solpnknk jglnb omu ynka nbnk coauknbnk
uktub lgkyusuo. Pncn omu cgkank stntus aozo mnob, incnkank jglnb ynka
cosonpbnk sgjnln bgenlojnk nbnk mgrbosnr sgbotnr 9-3 ba phstpnrtul.
i.  OLS omu pnsin lgkyusuo4 Pgkaauknnk gkgrao uktub lglprhcubso NYO
sgjnln lnsn lgkyusuo nbnk lgkygmnmbnk incnkank jglnb mgrburnka.
OLS pnsin lgkyusuo ynka jgmoe rgkcne comnkcokabnk OLS phstpnrtul
lgkukdubbnk coauknbnkkyn incnkank jglnb tgrsgmut uktub lglprhcubso
NYO.

9.  Ytntus Aozo Mnyo

6
 

Pgrtulmuenk mnyo ncnjne okcobnthr prhbso cnro prhcubso NYO cnk bgiubupnk
 pglmgronk NYO. Lnbn pglnktnunk pgrtulmuenk mnyo pgktoka cojnbubnk uktub
lgkagtneuo iubup ntnu tocnbkyn NYO ynka comgrobnk (Fobnwnto, Yynfoq, & Bnroln,
=0>7). Mgrobut oko ncnjne okcobnthr pgrtulmuenk mnyo (Yuthlh & Nkaarnoko,
=0>0)4

n.  Mgrnt mncnk

Wlulkyn toan mujnk pgrtnln, mnyo lgkanjnlo bgknobnk mgrnt mncnk
sgmgsnr 600->.000 arnl. Ygjnkdutkyn, pncn toan mujnk mgrobutkyn sgmnkynb
600-100 arnl. Yglnbok mgrtnlmne uson mnyo, duljne bgknobnk mgrnt
mgr nt mncnk
sglnbok lgkuruk, bnrgkn mnyo sglnbok nbtof mgragrnb.
 m.  Sokaao mncnk
Mnyo lgkanjnlo bgknobnk tokaao mncnk sgmnkynb >,7 bnjo tokaao mncnk
bgtobn jneor. Dobn mnyo jneor cgkank tokaao mncnk 35 il, pncn uson sntu

tneuk, tokaao mnyo lgkinpno 1= il.

i.  Wburnk jokabnr bgpnjn
Ynnt jneor, rntn-rntn uburnk jokabnr bgpnjn mnyo ncnjne 97 il. Wburnk
jokabnr bgpnjn lgkanjnlo bgknobnk sgsuno uson mnyo. Pncn uson sntu tneuk,
uburnk jokabnr bgpnjn mgrtnlmne sgbotnr >= il. Pgkauburnk jokabnr bgpnjn
 pgktoka cojnbubnk pncn cun tneuk pgrtnln uktub lgkagtneuo ncnkyn
agdnjn tocnb khrlnj pncn mnyo.

1
 

=.9 Bgrnkabn Sghro

Vnronmgj Okcgpgkcgk Vnronmgj Cgpgkcgk

Dnrnb Nktnr Bgjneornk Pglmgronk NYO

Gbsbjusof

Dnrnb Bgjneornk Ocgnj >.Curnso Pglmgronk NYO

=.Ytntus Aozo Omu
n.  OLS omu prnenloj
 m.  OLS omu
 phstpnrtul 
i.  OLS omu pnsin
lgkyusuo
9.Ytntus Aozo Mnyo
n.  Mgrnt mncnk
 m.  Sokaao mncnk
i.  Wburnk jokabnr
bgpnjn

=.3 Bgrnkabn Bhksgp

Vnronmgj Okcgpgkcgk Vnronmgj Cgpgkcgk

Dnrnb Nktnr Bgjneornk Pglmgronk NYO

Gbsbjusof

Dnrnb Bgjneornk Ocgnj

Lglmgro NYO Socnb lglmgro
Gbsbjusof NYO Gbsbjusof

5
 

MNM OOO. LGSHCG PGKGJOSONK

9.> Dgkos Pgkgjotonk

Pgkgjotonk oko lgkaauknbnk dgkos pgkgjotonk nknjotob cgkank pgkcgbntnk irhss-
 sgitohknj . Pgkgjotonk nknjotob coauknbnk uktub lgkdgjnsbnk ncnkyn eumukank
nktnrn vnronmgj ynka sntu cgkank vnronmgj ynka jnokkyn (Ynstrhnslhrh & Oslngj,
=0>3). Pgkgjotonk ynka cojnbubnk lgrupnbnk pgkgjotonk lgkaauknbnk cntn YCBO
tneuk =0>1 cgkank dgkos pgkgjotonk nknjotob ynka mgrtudunk uktub lgkagtneuo
eumukank nktnrn dnrnb nktnr bgjneornk cgkank pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof.
Pgkcgbntnk irhss-sgitohknj   coauknbnk
coauknbnk bnrgkn lgkdgjnsbnk eumukank nktnrn fnbthr
rosobh cgkank pgkynbot (gfgb), pgkauburnk tgrencnp vnronmgj mgmns (fnbthr rosobh)
cnk vnronmgj tgranktuka (gfgb) enkyn cojnbubnk sgbnjo cnjnl wnbtu ynka
 mgrsnlnnk (Ynstrhnslhrh & Oslngj, =0>3).

9.= Sglpnt cnk Qnbtu Pgkgjotonk

Pgkgjotonk lgkaauknbnk cntn YCBO tneuk =0>1 ynka tgjne cojnbubnk pncn
tnkaanj =3 Dujo snlpno 90 Ygptglmgr =0>1 co sgjurue Okchkgson.

9.9 Phpujnso cnk Ynlpgj Pgkgjotonk

9.9.> Phpujnso Pgkgjotonk
Phpujnso pgkgjotonk lgrupnbnk sgbgjhlphb sumdgb cgkank bnrnbtgrostob
tgrtgktu ynka sgsuno cgkank tudunk pgkgjotonk (Ynstrhnslhrh & Oslngj, =0>3).
Phpujnso pgkgjotonk ynka coauknbnk ncnjne omu ynka lglojobo nknb lokolnj cun
nknb cnk dnrnb bgjneornk nknb tgrnbeor cgkank bgjneornk nknb sgmgjulkyn
lnbsolnj cun tneuk co Okchkgson mgrcnsnrbnk cntn YCBO tneuk =0>1.
9.9.= Pgkgktunk Ynlpgj Pgkgjotonk
Ynlpgj pgkgjotonk ncnjne  sumsgt (mnaonk) phpujnso ynka cotgjoto
(Ynstrhnslhrh & Oslngj, =0>3). Pgkanlmojnk snlpgj pgkgjotonk cojnbsnknbnk
 mgrcnsnrbnk phpujnso pgkgjotonk, ynka mgrnrto ncnjne sgjurue phpujnso omu ynka
lglojobo nknb lokolnj cun nknb cnk dnrnb bgjneornk nknb tgrnbeor cgkank
bgjneornk nknb sgmgjulkyn lnbsolnj cun tneuk co Okchkgson mgrcnsnrbnk cntn

?
 

YCBO tneuk =0>1. Pgkanlmojnk snlpgj ynka lgkinbup sgjurue nkaahtn phpujnso
ululkyn cojnbubnk pncn phpujnso ynka rgjntof bgioj/burnka cnro 90, sgcnkabnk
 pncn pgkgjotonk ynka cojnbsnknbnk, cntn pgkgjotonk ynka coauknbnk lgrupnbnk
cntn sgbukcgr/cntn survgo ynka tgjne lgjnjuo prhsgs snlpjoka pncn pgkanlmojnk
cntn sgmgjulkyn, sgeokaan phpujnso snlpgj enrus coauknbnk sglun bnrgkn
 phpujnso snlpgj tocnb cnpnt coposnebnk.
n.  Brotgron Okbjuso
Brotgron okbjuso ncnjne bnrnbtgrostob ulul sumygb pgkgjotonk pncn phpujnso
(Ynstrhnslhrh & Oslngj, =0>3). Cnjnl pgkgjotonk oko ynka tgrahjhka
cnjnl brotgron okbjuso ncnjne omu ynka lglojobo nknb lokolnj cun nknb
cnk dnrnb bgjneornk nknb tgrnbeor cgkank bgjneornk nknb sgmgjulkyn
lnbsolnj cun tneuk co Okchkgson mgrcnsnrbnk cntn YCBO tneuk =0>1.
 m.  Brotgron Gbsbjuso
Brotgron gbsbjuso ncnjne sgmnaonk sumygb ynka lglgkueo brotgron okbjuso
enrus cobgjunrbnk cnro stuco hjge bnrgkn mgrmnano sgmnm (Ynstrhnslhrh &
Oslngj, =0>3). Brotgron gbsbjuso cnjnl pgkgjotonk oko ncnjne omu ynka
lglojobo nknb lokolnj cun nknb cnk dnrnb bgjneornk nknb tgrnbeor cgkank
bgjneornk nknb sgmgjulkyn lnbsolnj cun tneuk co Okchkgson mgrcnsnrbnk
cntn YCBO tneuk =0>1 knluk lglojobo cntn ynka tocnb jgkabnp (cntn
( cntn
lossoka ))..

9.3 Vnronmgj Pgkgjotonk cnk Cgfokoso Hpgrnsohknj

9.3.> Vnronmgj Pgkgjotonk

Vnronmgj lgrupnbnk bnrnbtgrostob sumygb pgkgjotonk ynka mgrumne
cnrolsntu sumygb bg sumygb jnok (Ynstrhnslhrh & Oslngj, =0>3). Vnronmgj cnjnl
 pgkgjotonk tgrcoro cnro vnronmgj mgmns (okcgpgkcgk
okcgpgkcgk))  ynotu vnronmgj ynka npnmojn on
 mgrumne nbnk lgkanbomntbnk pgrumnenk pncn vnronmgj jnok (Ynstrhnslhrh &
Oslngj, =0>3). Vnronmgj mgmns cnjnl pgkgjotonk oko ncnjne dnrnb nktnr bgjneornk.
Ygcnkabnk vnronmgj tgrobnt (cgpgkcgk
(cgpgkcgk)) ncnjne vnronmgj ynka mgrumne nbomnt
 pgrumnenk vnronmgj mgmns (Ynstrhnslhrh & Oslngj,
Osln gj, =0>3). Vnronmgj tgrobnt cnjnl
 pgkgjotonk oko ncnjne pglmgronk NYO gbsbjusof pncn nknb.

9.3.= Cgfokoso Hpgrnsohknj

>0
 

Cgfokoso hpgrnsohknj ncnjne pglmgronk cgfokoso tgrencnp suntu vnronmgj

 pgkgjotonk sginrn hpgrnsohknj sgeokaan bglukaboknk uktub tgrdncokyn bgrnkiunk
cnjnl pgkauburnk vnronmgj, nknjosos cntn, oktgrprgtnso ensoj sgrtn solpujnk cnpnt
tgreokcnrbnk (Ynstrhnslhrh & Oslngj, =0>3). Pglmgronk cgfokoso hpgrnsohknj ynka
tgpnt pncn suntu pgkgjotonk nbnk lglmnktu pgkgjoto cnjnl lgkgktubnk bgsgsunonk
vnronmgj ynka copgrjubnk co cnjnl pgkgjotonk. Mgrobut ncnjne urnonk cnro vnronmgj,
cgfokoso hpgrnsohknj, ocgktofobnso, cnk sbnjn ubur.
Snmgj. Cgfokoso Hpgrnsohknj
Vnronmgj Cgfokoso Hpgrnsohknj
Hpgrnsohknj Ocgktofobnso Ybnjn Wbur
Vnronmgj Okcgpgkcgk
Dnrnb Nktnr Dnrnb bgjneornk ynka ><> tneuk ]nsoh
Bgjneornk cojoent cnjnl buruk =<= tneuk
wnbtu tneuknk nktnrn
bgjneornk nknb tgrnbeor
cgkank bgjneornk nknb
sgmgjulkyn.
Dnrnb bgjneornk Dnrnb bgjneornk ynka >< :=3 mujnk ]nsoh
ocgnj jgmoe cnro =3 mujnk nktnrn =< ≧=3 mujnk 
bgjneornk nknb tgrnbeor
cgkank bgjneornk nknb
sgmgjulkyn.
Vnronmgj Cgpgkcgk

Pglmgronk NYO NYO ynka comgrobnk 0<tocnb comgro NYO  Khloknj

Gbsbjusof bgpncn mnyo sgdnb gbsbjusof
cojneorbnk sgjnln 6 ><comgro NYO
 mujnk, tnkpn gbsbjusof
lgknlmnebnk cnk/ntnu
lgkaankto cgkank
lnbnknk ntnu lokulnk
jnok. Ygtgjne 6 mujnk,
 pglmgronk NYO cgkank

lnbnknk pgkcnlpoka

>>
 

NYO, jnju NYO cojnkdutbnk

snlpno cgkank cun tneuk
ntnu jgmoe.

9.7 Cntn cnk Yulmgr Cntn

Cntn ncnjne mnenk ynka lnsoe pgrju cojnbubnk pgkahjnenk nanr cnpnt
lgkaensojbnk okfhrlnso bunjotntof lnupuk bunktotntof ynka lgkukdubbnk
bgkyntnnk (]ocuwnk, =0>6). Cntn ynka nbnk coauknbnk cnjnl pgkgjotonk oko
ncnjne cntn sgbukcgr. Cntn sgbukcgr ncnjne cntn ynka copgrhjge pgkgjoto sginrn
tocnb jnkasuka cnro sulmgr cntnkyn, losnjkyn lgjnjuo nrsop-nrsop cnk chbulgk-
chbulgk ynka colojobo hjge okstnkso-okstnkso tgrbnot lnupuk lgcon jnok
(Yuaoyhkh, =0>6). Cntn sgbukcgr ynka nbnk coauknbnk cnjnl pgkgjotonk ncnjne
cntn sgbukcgr ynka lgrupnbnk cntn lgktne YCBO tneuk =0>1 ynka copgrhjge cnro

Mncnk Bgpgkcucubnk cnk Bgjunran Mgrgkinkn Knsohknj (MBBMK).

9.6 Sgbkob Pgkaulpujnk Cntn cnk Njnt Pglgrhjge Cntn

9.6.> Sgbkob Pgkaulpujnk Cntn
Pgkaulpujnk cntn ncnjne tntn inrn ynka sostglntos cnk stnkcnrc uktub
lgkcnpntbnk cntn ynka comutuebnk. Sgbkob pgkaulpujnk cntn ncnjne jnkabne
ynka pnjoka strntgaos cnjnl pgkgjotonk bnrgkn tudunk utnln cnro pgkgjotonk ncnjne
lgkcnpntbnk cntn cnk lgrupnbnk mnaonk cnro okstrulgk pgkaulpujnk cntn uktub
eophtgsos cothjnb ntnu cotgroln cgkank pglmubtonk cntn ynka ncn co jnpnkank.
Cntn tgrsgmut cobulpujbnk cgkank lgthcg tgrtgktu ynka cosgmut tgbkob
 pgkaulpujnk cntn (Yuaoyhkh, =0>6). Pgkaulpujnk cntn pncn pgkgjotonk oko
cojnbubnk cgkank tgbkob chbulgktnso, ynotu cntn mosn cocnpntbnk cnro intntnk,
trnksbop, cnk sgmnanokyn (Yuaoyhkh, =0>6). Sgbkob chbulgktnso cojnbubnk bnrgkn
cntn ynka coauknbnk cocnpntbnk cgkank lgkanbsgs cntn lgktne YCBO tneuk
=0>1 ynka mgrnsnj cnro Mncnk Bgpgkcucubnk cnk Bgjunran Mgrgkinkn Knsohknj
(MBBMK).
9.6.= Njnt Pglgrhjge Cntn

>=
 

Okstrulgk pgkaulpujnk cntn ncnjne njnt mnktu ynka copnbno pgkaulpuj

cntn uktub bgaontnk pgkaulpujnk cntn nanr bgaontnk lgkdnco tgrstrubtur sgrtn
jgmoe lucne (]ocuwnk, =0>6). Okstrulgk pgkanlmojnk cntn ynka coauknbnk
ncnjne jglmnr bugsohkgr. Bugsohkgr ncnjne tgbkob pgkaulpujnk cntn ynka
cojnbubnk cgkank inrn lglmgrobnk sgduljne pgrtnkynnk ntnu pgrkyntnnk tgrtujos
bgpncn rgsphkcgk uktub codnwnm (Yuaoyhkh, =0>6). Bugsohkgr ynka coauknbnk
ncnjne bugsohkgr cnjnl cnftnr pgrtnkynnk wnkotn ynka mgrnsnj cnro Mncnk
Bgpgkcucubnk cnk Bgjunran Mgrgkinkn Knsohknj (MBBMK).

9.1 Sgbkob Pgkyndonk cnk Nknjosos Cntn

9.1.> Sgbkob Pgkahjnenk Cntn
Pgkahjnenk cntn lgrupnbnk suntu prhsgs uktub lgkcnpntbnk cntn cnro
sgtonp vnronmgj pgkgjotonk ynka sonp conknjosos cnjnl prhsgs pgkahjnenk cntn

 pgkgjotonk cgkank njnt mnktu lgkaauknbnk pgrnkabnt juknb nknjosos stntostobn

(_uwhkh & ]nenrcdh, =0>6). Mgrobut ncnjne tnenpnk pgkahjnenk cntn cnjnl
 pgkgjotonk4
n.  Pgkagcotnk Cntn 
Pgkagcotnk lgrupnbnk pglgrobsnnk ntnu bhrgbso cntn ynka tgjne
cobulpujbnk. Pgkagcotnk cojnbubnk uktub lglgrobsn cntn ynka lnsub,
npnbne sucne lglgkueo synrnt ntnu mgjul, dobn cntn ynka lnsub tocnb
lglgkueo synrnt lnbn cnpnt cojnbubnk gjoloknso ntnu pgrmnobnk uktub
lgjgkabnpo cntn (_uwhkh & ]nenrcdh, =0>6).

 m.  Cntn Ygjgitohk 

Cntn  sgjgitohk
 sgjgitohk   lgrupnbnk prhsgs sgjgbso ynka cojnbubnk uktub
lgkgktubnk cntn ynka sgsuno cgkank brotgron tgrtgktu ynka tgjne
cotgtnpbnk (_uwhkh & ]nenrcdh, =0>6).
i.  Ihcoka/]gihrcoka  
 ]gihrcoka lgrupnbnk
lgrupnbnk    pglmgronk bhcg mnru ynka mgrtudunk uktub
lgkabjnrofobnsobnk/lgkabntgahrobnk cntn sgeokaan cnpnt cojnbubnk
nknjosos sgsuno cgkank bgmutuenk (_uwhkh & ]nenrcdh, =0>6).
c.  Ijgnkoka  

>9
 

Ijgnkoka  lgrupnbnk
 lgrupnbnk bgaontnk pgkagigbnk bglmnjo ynka cojnbubnk cgkank
tudunk lglgrobsn ncn ntnu tocnbkyn bgsnjnenk ynka lnsoe tgrdnco pncn
cntn ynka coauknbnk, dobn lnsoe tgrdnco lnbn pgrju cojnbubnk
 pglmgrsoenk/gjoloknso cntn. Ynjne sntu inrn pgkagigbnk bglmnjo ncnjne
cgkank lgjnbubnk pgkagigbnk frgbugkso cntn (_uwhkh & ]nenrcdh,
=0>6).
9.1.= Sgbkob Pgkyndonk Cntn
Pgkyndonk cntn lgrupnbnk bgaontnk ynka mgrtudunk uktub lglmunt
jnphrnk ensoj pgkgjotonk nanr lucne copnenlo sgeokaan cnpnt cojnbubnk nknjosos
cnk cotnrob bgsolpujnk ynka cnpnt lgkaanlmnrbnk ensoj pgkgjotonk. Pgkyndonk
cntn pncn pgkgjotonk cojnbubnk cgkank lgkaaunknbnk tnmgj, arnfob, cnk cgsbropso
tgrtujos cnro nknjosos ynka cocnpntbnk cnro ensoj pgkgjotonk (Yuaoyhkh, =0>6).
9.1.9 Sgbkob Nknjosos Cntn
Nknjosos cntn ncnjne tnenpnk cnjnl lgkinro cnk lgkyusuk cntn ynka
cocnpnt cnro ensoj wnwnkinrn cnk chbulgktnso, cgkank lgkabhhrcoknsobnk cntn
bgcnjnl bntgahro, codnmnrbnk bg cnjnl ukot-ukot, lgjnbubnk soktgsn, cosusuk
bgcnjnl phjn, copojoe ynka pgktoka cnk copgjndnro, sgrtn lgkyolpujbnk sgeokaan
lucne copnenlo hjge pgkgjoto lnupuk
ln upuk hrnka jnok (Yuaoyhkh, =0>6).
n.  Nknjosos Wkovnronmgj
Nknjosos ukovnronmgj lgrupnbnk inrn nknjosos cntn cgkank inrn
lgkdgjnsbnk ntnu lgkcgsbropsobnk suntu vnronmgj sginrn sgcgrenkn. Inrn
 pgkyndonkkyn cgkank lgkaauknbnk pgrsgktnsg ntnu tnmgj costromuso
frgbugkso, arnfob lnupuk conarnl (Cnejnk, =0>3).
 m.  Nknjosos Movnronmgj
Nknjosos movnronmgj mgrmoinrn tgktnka eumukank nktnrn cun vnronmgj
(Cnejnk, =0>3). Wdo movnronmgj cgkank lgkaauknbnk udo ieo-squnrg
ieo-squnrg  
cojnbubnk uktub lgkagtneuo eumukank nktnr vnronmgj mgmns ynotu dnrnb
nktnr bgjneornk, sgcnkabnk vnronmgj tgrobnt ncnjne pglmgronk NYO
gbsbjusof. Vnronmgj mgmns coeumukabnk cgkank vnronmgj tgrobnt, dobn kojno
 p:0,07 lnbn vnronmgj tgrsgmut lglojobo eumukank cgkank vnronmgj tgrobnt
cnk dobn kojno p;0,07 lnbn vnronmgj tgrsgmut tocnb lglojobo eumukank
cgkank vnronmgj tgrobnt.

>3
 

9.5 Njur Pgkgjotonk

Bgrnkabn njur pgkgjotonk cnjnl pgkgjotonk oko ncnjne sgmnano mgrobut4

>7
 

Jnkabne Ensoj

Lgkgktubnk lnsnjne Lgkgktubnk lnsnjne

Lgrulusbnk lnsnjne Lgrulusbnk lnsnjne

Lgkgktubnk dgkos pgkgjotonk Pgkgjotonk Irhss-Ygitohknj  

Lgkgktubnk phpujnso cnk Phpujnso & snlpgj ynka

snlpgj coauknbnk ncnjne omu ynka
lglojobo nknb lokolnj = nknb
& dnrnb bgjneornk nknb tgrnbeor
cgkank bgjneornk nknb
Lgkgktubnk okstrulgk sgmgjulkyn lnbsolnj = tneuk
 pgkgjotonk

Okstrulgk cnro bugsohkgr wnkotn

Pglmnensnk  pncn YCBO =0>1

Bgsolpujnk cnk snrnk Pglmnensnk

Bgsolpujnk cnk snrnk

>6
 

CNFSN] PWYSNBN

Cnejnk, Y. (=0>3). Ytntostob uktub Bgchbtgrnk cnk Bgsgentnk. Dnbnrtn4

Bgsgentnk.  Dnbnrtn4 Nrbnks.

Fobnwnto, Y., Yynfoq, N., & Bnroln, B. (=0>7). Aozo Omu cnk Mnyo. 
Mnyo.  Dnbnrtn4 ]ndn
Arnfokch Pgrsncn.

Jutvonkn, G., & Mucohkh, O. (=0>0). Pgvnjgkso cnk Cgtgrloknk Bgdnconk Aozo
Burnka pncn Mnjotn. Durknj
Mnjotn. Durknj Bgsgentnk Lnsynrnbnt. Vhj. 7, kh.
kh. =,
=, >95->33.

 Khvotnsnro, Cgstrontnkon, Y., & Fgmry, F. (=0>6). Cgtgrloknk Bgdnconk Nknb Mnjotn
co Mnwne Anros Lgrne co Pusbgslns Nwnj Sgrusnk.  Durknj Ojlu
 Bgsgentnk Lnsynrnbnt , 35-69.

]nenyu, Y., & Nprokokarul, K. (=0>3). Fnbthr-Fnbthr ynka Mgreumukank

Pglmgronk NYO Gbsbjusof pncn Bnrynwnto WKYOBN Sneuk =0>9.  Durknj
 Ojlone Yhjuso Vhj. > Kh. >, 77-69.

]ocuwnk. (=0>6). Cnsnr-Cnsnr
(=0>6). Cnsnr-Cnsnr Ytntostobn. Mnkcuka4
Ytntostobn. Mnkcuka4 Njfnmgtn.

]ofconko, O. (=0>1). Seg Gffgit hf Pnroty, Morte Qgoaet Mnmjgs, Prgaknkiy Oktgrvnj
nkc n Eosthry hf Eglhrrenag wote teg Okiocgkig hf Phstpnrtul
Eglhrrenag. Durknj
Eglhrrenag. Durknj Mgrbnjn Gpocglohjhao.
Gpocglohjhao.

Ynstrhnslhrh, Y., & Oslngj, Y. (=0>3).  Cnsnr-Cnsnr Lgthchjhao Pgkgjotonk

 Bjokos. Dnbnrtn4
 Bjokos.  Dnbnrtn4 Ynauka Ygth.

YCBO. (=0>1). Yurvgo Cglharnfo cnk Bgsgentnk Okchkgson =0>1. Dnbnrtn4

=0>1.  Dnbnrtn4 Mncnk
Bgpgkcucubnk cnk Bgjunran Mgrgkinkn Knsohknj.

Yuaoyhkh. (=0>6).  Lgthcg Pgkgjotonk Bunktotntof, Bunjotntof cnk ]&C. Mnkcuka4

]&C. Mnkcuka4
Njfnmgtn.

Yuthlh, M., & Nkaarnoko, C. _. (=0>0).  Lnbnknk Ygent Pgkcnlpoka NYO. 

NYO. 
Dnbnrtn4 Cglgcon Pustnbn.

>1
 

Snlpne-Knne, N. L., Bulo-Bygrglg, N., & Nlh-Ncdog, D. (=0>?). Lntgrknj

Ienjjgkags hf Gxijusovg Mrgnstfggcoka nkc Ihlpjglgktnry Fggcoka ok
Aenkn. Dhurknj Phkg,
Aenkn. Dhurknj Phkg, >->6.

Wllne, F. (=0>7). Bhktromuso Fnbthr ]osobh O tgrencnp Bhlpjobnso Bgenlojnk co

]ulne Ynbot Luenllncoyne Yurnmnyn. Vhjulg 01, Kh, 0>.

0>.

_uwhkh, G., & ]nenrcdh, L. (=0>6).  Lgthcg Pgkgjotonk Bunktotntof4 Nknjosos Oso
cnk Nknjosos Cntn Ygbukcgr. Dnbnrtn4
Ygbukcgr. Dnbnrtn4 PS. ]ndn Arnfokch Pgrsncn.

>5