DGCGOGE JCFNFDM XJDAGNBZNGN

‟\[ZKM CG\Z\ XJDJQG[GGN XJNKGXG[GN, CJXJNKZKZCGN,kgn

XJNBGNBBZQGN—

Kfsjn Xjnbgdpu9

Xrf`. Kr. Krs. M Cjtut \ukmamg, \.Z.

FOJE9
CJOFDXFC 0
Qmacg Fctg`mgng \mogagn (1882:778<:)
Nyfdgn Crmsey Qgcg Xutrg (1882:777;8)
M Nyfdgn Crmsng Rgrkgng (1882:777:0)
M Bustm Xutu Gbunb Dgsbueygntgrg (1882:77750)
M Bustm Dgkj Crmsng Grmdagwg (1882:77752)
M Bjkj Rgeyu Mnkrgygng (1882:77107)

XQFBQGD \[ZKM JCFNFDM XJDAGNBZNGN

@GCZO[G\ JCFNFDM KGN AM\NM\

ZNMPJQ\M[G\ ZKG]GNG

1811

m
 CG[G XJNBGN[GQ

Kjnbgn djnbulgpcgn puim kgn syucur cjpgkg [uegn ]gnb Dgeg Jsg, ygnb tjoge
djomdpgecgn rgedgt kgn cgrunmg-Nyg cjpgkg cgdm, sjemnbbg cgdm kgpgt djnyjojsgmcgn

pjnyusungn dgcgoge mnm kjnbgn

k jnbgn iukuo
iuk uo ‟\tukm cgsus pjdjrgtggn pjnkgptgtgn, cjpjnkukucgn kgn
pjnbgnbburgn—.

[ubgs mnm kmsusun untuc djdjnuem tubgs ygnb kmajrmcgn foje kfsjn tjrcgmt kjnbgn QX\ 2
dgtg cuomge Jcfnfdm Xjdagnbungn. Cgdm djnbulgpcgn tjrmdgcgsme cjpgkg Agpgc Xrf`. Kr.
Krs. M Cjtut \ukmamg, \.Z. sjagbgm kfsjn dgtg cuomge mnm ygnb tjoge djdajrmcgn tubgs mnm
sjemnbbg kgpgt djngdage pjnbjtgeugn kgn wgwgsgn sjsugm kjnbgn amkgnb stukm ygnb cgdm
tjcunm.

Cgdm djnygkgrm agewg sjtmgp dgnusmg djdmomcm cjtjragtgsgn, ajbmtupun kjnbgn cgdm.

Cgdm djnygkgrm agewg dgcgoge mnm dgsme igue kgrm cgtg sjdpurng. Kgogd pjdaugtgn dgcgoge
mnm dgsme agnygc sjcgom cjcurgnbgn ygnb kmtjducgn, agmc djnygnbcut tgdpmogn dgupun
suastgnsmnyg. Foje cgrjng mtu, cgdm djnbulgpcgn dfefn dgg` sjajsgr-ajsgrnyg. Crmtmc kgn
sgrgn kgrm sjdug pmegc ygnb ajrsm`gt djdagnbun sjogou cgdm egrgpcgn kjdm cjsjdpurnggn
dgcgoge mnm. Cgdm ajregrgp sjdfbg dgcgoge mnm kgpgt ajrdgn`ggt agbm pjdaglg ududnyg kgn
agbm cgdm ceususnyg .

Kjnpgsgr, 11 dgrjt 1811

Xjnuoms

mm
Kg`tgr Msm
CG[G XJNBGN[GQ ............................................................................................ mm

KG@[GQ M\M ..................................................

.......................................................................................................
........................................................
... mmm

AGA M .......................................................................................................................
................................................................................................. ...................... ;

XJNKGEZOZGN ......................................................................................
................................ ...................................................................
............. ;

G. Ogtgr Ajogcgnb .................................................................

........... .....................................................................................
............................... ;

A. Qudugn Dgsgoge ......................................................

.............................................................................................
....................................... ;

L. [uiugn ..............................................................................................................
................................................................................................ .............. ;

AGA MM .........................................................................................................
................................................... ...................................................................
............. :

XJDAGEG\GN ...............................................................
......................................................................................................
....................................... :

G. \tukm cgsus pjdjrgtggn pjnkgpgtgn ...................................................

................................................................
............. :

A. \tukm cgsus cjpjnkukucgn ..............................................................................

...................................... ........................................ 2

L. \tukm cgsus pjnbgnbburgn

p jnbgnbburgn .............................................................................
................................................ ............................. 78

AGA MMM ..................................................................

.............. ....................................................................................................
................................................ 70

XJNZ[ZX.............................................
XJNZ[ZX.................................................................................................
.................................................................
............. 70

Cjsmdpuogn .............................................................................................
....................................... .................................................................
........... 70

KG@[GQ XZ\[GCG ................................................................

......... ...................................................................................
............................ 72

mmm
 AGA 7

XJNKGEZOZGN

G. Ogtgr Ajogcgnb

Kgogd dgcgoge mnm, cgdm kgrm cjofdpfc gcgn djdgpgrcgn < cgsus kjnbgn tjdg ygnb
ajrajkg ygmtu ygnb pjrtgdg djnbjngm pjdjrgtggn pjnkgpgtgn, ygnb cjkug djnbjngm
cjpjnkukucgn, kgn ygnb cjtmbg djnbjngm pjnbgnbburgn. Cgsus-cgsus ygnb cgdm gcgn agegs
tjrsjaut cgdm gdamo kgrm kgtg-kgtg ygnb gkg kgrm cjpjdjrmntgegn kgn ajajrgpg iurngo ygnb sukge
kmsjagrcgn km mntjrnjt kgn djrupgcgn lfntfe rmmo pgkg dgsygrgcgt. Cjdukmg kgrm cj tmbg cgsus
tjrsjaut, cgdm kgrm cjofdpfc gcgn djnbcgmtcgn kjnbgn pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm km Mnkfnjsmg,
sjajrgpg ajsgr pjnbgruenyg, ajrsm`gt njbgtmvj gtgu pfsmtm` tjregkgp pjdagnbungn ajsjrtg sfousm
ygnb djnurut cgdm kgpgt djnburgnbm kgrm cjigkmgn cgsus tjrsjaut.

A. Qudusgn Dgsgoge

Agbgmdgng cgmtgn cgsus gntgrg pjdjrgtggn pjnkgpgtgn, cjpjnkukucgn, kgn

pjnbgnbburgn tjregkgp pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm6

L. [uiugn

Zntuc djnbjtgeum lfntfe rmmo gtgu cgsus ygnb gkg km dgsygrgcgt djnbjngm pjdjrgtggn
pjnkgpgtgn, cjpjnkukucgn, kgn pjnbgnbburgn ygnb ajrcgmtgn kjnbgn pjdagnbungn
pjdagnb ungn jcfnfdm.

mv
 AGA MM

M\M

7. Cgsus Xjdjrgtggn Xjnkgpgtgn

Cjtmdpgnbgn ygnb ajsgr kgogd kmstrmausm pjnkgpgtgn gtgu cjsjnignbgn jcfnfdm kgn

tmnbcgt cjdmscmngn djrupgcgn kug dgsgoge ajsgr ygnb agnygc tjrigkm km njbgrg ajrcjdagnb.
Ajrgwgo kgrm kmstrmausm pjnkgpgtgn ygnb tmkgc djrgtg ygnb cjdukmgn djdmlu tjrigkmnyg
cjtmdpgnbgn pjnkgpgtgn sjagbgm kgdpgc kgrm cjdmscmngn. Ego mnm gcgn djnigkm sgnbgt sjrmus
gpgamog cjkug dgsgoge tjrsjaut ajrogrut-ogrut kgn kmamgrcgn sjdgcmn pgrge, pgkg gcemrnyg gcgn
djnmdauocgn cfnsjcujnsm sfsmgo ygnb kgdpgcnyg lucup njbgtm`. Foje cgrjng mtu pjdagnbungn
ygnb kmogcucgn kmegrgpcgn tmkgc egnyg untuc djnlgpgm tgrbjt tmnbcgt pjrtudauegn, tjtgpm iubg
djnbegsmocgn pjdjrgtggn agbm dgsygrgcgt.

Cjofdpfc pjnbjougrgn tjrajsgr untuc ijnms pjnbjougrgn dgcgngn tjrigkm pgkg cjofdpfc
pjnbjougrgn ? ;88.888 rupmge ygmtu sjagnygc 08,0; pjrsjn kgn pjnbjougrgn nfn dgcgngnnyg
sjagnygc <=,<0 pjrsjn. \jkgnbcgn untuc cfdpfsmsm cfnsudsm nfn dgcgngn tjrajsgr tjrigkm pgkg
cjofdpfc pjnbjougrgn >41.:88.888 kjnbgn cfdpfsmsm <;,27 pjrsjn dgcgngn kgn 0:,1= pjrsjn
nfn dgcgngn. Zntuc cjofdpfc pjnbjougrgn 088.888 - 2==.888 rupmge egdpmr mdagnb gntgrg
cjofdpfc pjnbjougrgn untuc dgcgngn kgn nfn dgcgngnnyg ygmtu sjagnygc :7,<< pjrsjn untuc

0
dgcgngn kgn ;5,02 pjrsjn untuc nfn dgcgngn. \jlgrg udud tftgo pjnbjougrgn pjrcgpmtg km
Cftg ]fbygcgrtg pgkg tgeun 1870 ojame agnygc kmbungcgn untuc cfnsudsm nfn dgcgngn.
Xjrsjntgsj pjnbjougrgn pjrcgpmtg untuc cfnsudsm dgcgngn sjagnygc <2,80 pjrsjn kgn 01,=;
pjrsjn untuc cfnsudsm nfn dgcgngn. Kgrm [gajo 7, kgpgt kmomegt agewg sjdgcmn tmnbbm
cjofdpfc pjnbjougrgn pjrcgpmtg nyg, prfsjntgsj untuc ijnms pjnbjougrgn dgcgngn ljnkjrunb
sjdgcmn rjnkge kmagnkmnb kjnbgn nfn dgcgngn. \jlgrg rgtg-rgtg km Cftg ]fbygcgrtg untuc
cjofdpfc pjnbjougrgn pjrcgpmtg km agwge 1.888.888 rupmge, cfdpfsmsm pjnbjougrgnnyg ojame
agnygc km bungcgn untuc djdjnuem cjautuegn dgcgngnnyg, sjkgnbcgn untuc pjnbjougrgn
pjrcgpmtg km gtgs 1.888.888 rupmge, ojame agnygc kmbungcgn untuc djdjnuem cjautuegn nfn
dgcgngnnyg. Xgkg tgeun 1870, kgrm tftgo pjnkukuc tjromegt agewg ygnb ajrgkg pgkg cjofdpfc
;8 pjrsjn pjnkukuc ajrpjnbegsmogn rjnkge (dgsygrgcgt ogpms agwge) djnyjrgp sjagnygc 7<,8=
pjrsjn kgrm tftgo pjnkgpgtgn, cjofdpfc ;8 pjrsjn pjnkukuc
pjnkuk uc ajrpjnbegsmogn djnjnbge djnkgpgt
<=,=5 pjrsjn kgn cjofdpfc 18 pjrsjn pjnkukuc ajrpjnbegsmogn tmnbbm djnkgpgt ;0,=< pjrsjn
Gpgamog kmudpgdgcgn kjnbgn pjdagbmgn 788 pftfnb cuj, dgcg pjdagbmgn cuj gkgoge ;8 frgnb
ajrpjnbegsmogn tjrjnkge egnyg djnkgpgt 7< pftfnb cuj, ;8 frgnb ajrpjnbegsmogn djnjnbge
djnkgpgt ;8 pftfnb cuj kgn 18 frgnb kjnbgn pjnbegsmogn tjrtmnbbm djnkgpgt ;2 pftfnb cuj.
Ajrkgsgrcgn crmtjrmg Agnc Kunmg, cfnkmsm tjrsjaut kgpgt kmcgtgcgn agewg kmstrmausm pjnkgpgtgn
km Cftg ]fbygcgrtg tgeun 1870 tjrbfofnb ajrcjtmdpgnbgn sjkgnb gtgu dfkjrgt, kmdgng
pjnkukuc cjofdpfc ajrpjnbegsmogn rjnkge djnjrmdg kmgntgrg 71 sgdpgm 72 pjrsjn kgrm tftgo
pjnkgpgtgn. Imcg kmagnkmnbcgn kjnbgn cjgkggn pgkg tgeun sjajoudnyg ygmtu pgkg tgeun 187:,
cjofdpfc ;8 pjrsjn pjnkukuc ajrpjnkgpgtgn tjrjnkge djnmcdgtm agbmgn pjnkgpgtgn ygnb
sjkmcmt ojame tmnbbm, ygmtu 7;,87 pjrsjn. Ajbmtu puog kjnbgn 18 pjrsjn pjnkukuc ogpmsgn gtgs,
tjrigkm sjkmcmt pjnurungn agbmgn pjnkgpgtgn ygmtu :8,:8 pjrsjn pgkg tgeun 187: djnigkm ;0,=<
pjrsjn pgkg tgeun 1870.
18 70. \jkgnbcgn
\ jkgnbcgn untuc ;8 pjrsjn pjnkukuc ogpmsgn djnjnbge/sjkgnb
djnjnb ge/sjkgnb tjrigkm
pjnmnbcgtgn agbmgn pjnkgpgtgn ygmtu kgrm <:,;= pjrsjn pgkg tgeun 187: djnigkm <=,=5 pjrsjn
pgkg tgeun 1870. \jlgrg tftgo, cjofdpfc pjnkgpgtgn
pjn kgpgtgn djnjnbge kgn tmnbbm djnbugsgm 52 pjrsjn
kmstrmausm pjnkgpgtgn dgsygrgcgt km cftg.. \jemnbbg kgpgt kmcgtgcgn kgdpgc cjdgiugn
pjdagnbungn ojame kmrgsgcgn untuc pjnjrmdg
pjn jrmdg pjnkgpgtgn cjofdpfc sjkgnb kgn tmnbbm. Mkjgonyg
untuc cjofdpfc pjnjrmdg pjnkgpgtgn sjkgnb kgn tmnbbm dgdpu djntrgns`jr cj cjofdpfc
pjnjrmdg pjnkgpgtgn rjnkge sjemnbbg gcgn ojame djrgtg.

• Xjdagegsgn Cgsus

\jogdg mnm ajrcjdagnb pjnbjrtmgn agewg ajsgr cjlmonyg prfpfrsm pjnbjougrgn untuc
cfnsudsm dgcgngn tjregkgp sjourue pjnbjougrgn rudge tgnbbg kgpgt djdajrmcgn bgdagrgn
cjsjigetjrggn rudge tgnbbg tjrsjaut. Qudge tgnbbg kjnbgn prfpfrsm pjnbjougrgn ygnb ojame
ajsgr untuc cfnsudsm dgcgngn djnbmnkmcgsmcgn rudge tgnbbg ygnb ajrpjnbegsmogn rjnkge.
Dgcmn tmnbbm tmnbcgt pjnbegsmogn rudge tgnbbg, dgcmn cjlmo prfpfrsm pjnbjougrgn untuc
dgcgngn tjregkgp sjourue pjnbjougrgn rudge tgnbbg.

Kjnbgn cgtg ogmn kgpgt kmcgtgcgn agewg rudge tgnbbg/cjougrbg gcgn sjdgcmn sjigetjrg amog
pjrsjntgsj pjnbjougrgn untuc dgcgngn sjdgcmn ojame cjlmo kmagnkmnbcgn pjrsjntgsj pjnbjougrgn

2
untuc nfn dgcgngn. \goge sgtu mnkmcgtfr kgrm cjajregsmogn pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm gkgoge
pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm ygnb tmnbbm. Ngdun pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm ygnb tmnbbm tjrsjaut egrus
kmagrjnbm kjnbgn pjdjrgtggn pjnkgpgtgn dgsygrgcgt, sjemnbbg egsmo-egsmo pjdagnbungn
tjrsjaut kgpgt kmrgsgcgn foje sjourue ogpmsgn dgsygrgcgt gbgr tmkgc ajrkgdpgc pgkg cjsjnignbgn
sfsmgo. Dgcg kgrm mtu kmegrgpcgn Xjdjrmntge Cftg ]fbygcgrtg kgpgt tjrus djdajrmcgn pjregtmgn
ceusus kgogd upgyg djnburgnbm cjtmdpgnbgn kmstrmausm pjnkgpgtgn kgn cjdmscmngn. Aucgn
egnyg pjdjrmntge, pjogcu amsnms kgn dgsygrgcgt iubg pjrou mcut ajrpjrgn gctm`, gbgr cgud dmscmn
tmkgc sjdgcmn tjrpmnbbmrcgn, kgn gpg ygnb kmlmtg-lmtgcgn kgogd pjdagnbungn untuc
cjsjigetjrggn dgsygrgcgt kgpgt tjrlgpgm.

1. Cgsus Cjpjnkukucgn
G. Kmstrmausm Xjnkukuc Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt Djnurut Zdur

Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt (N[A) djrupgcgn prfvmnsm ygnb ajrgkg km Rmogyge [mdur
Mnkfnjsmg. N[A tjragbm djnigkm ajajrgpg puogu cjlmo kjnbgn sucu ygnb ajrgbgd. Rgogupun
puogunyg cjlmo, pjnkukuc N[A ljnkjrunb tmkgc sjkmcmt. Xjrtgdagegn iudoge pjnkukuc tjrus
tjrigkm.N[A tjoge ajrcfntrmausm sjagnygc 7,= pjrsjn tjregkgp pjnkukuc Mnkfnjsmg sjlgrg

cjsjouruegn sjemnbbg djnigkmcgn N[A sjagbgm puogu ygnb djdmomcm pjnkukuc tjrpgkgt km
Mnkfnjsmg sjtjoge Xuogu Igwg kgn Agom (Igogoukmn kgn @germ, 187<). Cjpgkgtgn pjnkukuc mnm
kmcgrjngcgn iudoge pjnkukuc ygnb agnygc, ngdun kgpgt kmomegt pgkg [gajo 7 agewg gkgnyg
cjtmdpgnbgn iudoge pjnkukuc ygnb gkg km N[A.

[gajo 7. Iudoge Xjnkukuc km Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt, pjr Cgaupgtjn/Cftg 1870-1875

\udajr9 Xrfyjcsm Xjnkukuc [geun 1878-1818 kgogd AX\ [geun 1872-187=

Iudoge pjnkukuc Ofdafc [mdur djnigkm cgaupgtjn kjnbgn iudoge pjnkukuc tjrajsgr
kjnbgn 7,7=1,778 imwg pgkg tgeun 1875 cjdukmgn kmsusuo foje iudoge pjnkukuc Ofdafc
[jnbge ygmtu =<=,;8= imwg. Cjtmdpgnbgn mnm tjrigkm kmcgrjngcgn Xuogu Ofdafc djnigkm
kjstmngsm wmsgtg ygnb pgomnb kmcjdagnbcgn km N[A (Mr`gn kgn Gprmgnm, 1872). Cjajrgkggn ofcgsm
wmsgtg kgpgt djnmnbcgtcgn pjrjcfnfdmgn pjnkukuc sjemnbbg cjljnkjrunbgn pjnkukuc untuc
djnjtgp km Xuogu Ofdafc djnigkm sjdgcmn tmnbbm.

5
Bgdagr 7. Brg`mc Xjrtudauegn Iudoge Xjnkukuc Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt [geun 187:-
1875.

\udajr9 Xrfyjcsm Xjnkukuc [geun 1878-1818 kgogd AX\ [geun 187:-1875, kmfoge

Xjrtudauegn iudoge pjnkukuc Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt djnuniuccgn trjn ygnb sjdgcmn
djnmnbcgt (Bgdagr 7) kmdgng pgkg tgeun 187:-1870 tjrigkm pjnmnbcgtgn sjajsgr 07.251 imwg,
tgeun 1870-1872 sjajsgr 08.:5: imwg, kgn tgeun 1872-1875 sjajsgr :5.;70 imwg. Xjrtudauegn
iudoge pjnkukuc djnurut [gajo 7 djnuniuccgn gnbcg tjrtmnbbm km Ofdafc [mdur pgkg tgeun
1870-1872 kgn tjrjnkge km Ofdafc Ztgrg, sjkgnbcgn pjrtudauegn tjrtmnbbm pgkg tgeun 1872-
1875 gkgoge km Ofdafc [mdur kgn tjrjnkge km \udagwg Agrgt. Xjrtudauegn pjnkukuc ygnb
kmpjnbgruem foje tmnbcgt `jrtmomtgs, dfrtgomtgs, kgn dmbrgsm djnuniuccgn dgsme curgnbnyg
pjnbjnkgomgn gnbcg pjrtudauegn iudoge pjnkukuc djogoum cjtmbg cfdpfnjn tjrsjaut.

A. Xmrgdmkg Xjnkukuc

Bgdagr 1. Xmrgdmkg Xjnkukuc Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt [geun 1875.

\udajr9 Xrfyjcsm Xjnkukuc [geun 1878-1818 kgogd AX\ (1875), kmfoge

Xmrgdmkg pjnkukuc sjpjrtm ygnb kmtuniuccgn pgkg bgdagr 1 gkgoge ajrupg pmrgdmkg
jcspgnsm` ygnb ajrajntuc ajsgr km agbmgn agwge kgn sjdgcmn cjlmo km agbmgn punlgc. \tructur

=
pjnkukuc Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt sjagbgmdgng kmrjprjsjntgsmcgn djogoum pmrgdmkg tjrsjaut
djnuniuccgn agewg sjagbmgn ajsgr pjnkukuc ajrgkg pgkg cjofdpfc usmg 8-; tgeun, :-= tgeun,
kgn 78-7; tgeun ygmtu sjagnygc 7.;2;.875 imwg gtgu 1=,<= pjrsjn kgrm iudoge pjnkukuc Nusg
[jnbbgrg Agrgt. Iudoge pjnkukuc usmg dukg ygnb ojame ajsgr djnuniuccgn gnbcg cjogemrgn
ygnb ajsgr sjrtg gnbcg cjdgtmgn agym rjnkge kmagnkmnbcgn kjnbgn gnbcg cjdgtmgn pjnkukuc
usmg ogniut.

Xmrgdmkg jcspgnsm` djnuniuccgn cgrgctjrmstmc pjrtudauegn pjnkukuc ygnb ljpgt,

sjpjrtm ygnb kmdmomcm foje Mnkfnjsmg kgn njbgrg-njbgrg ajrcjdagnb ogmnnyg ygnb djnuniuccgn
structur udur trgnsmsmfngo (Dgogdgssgd kgn Emkgygtm, 187: kgogd OMXM, 187=). @gctfr-`gctfr
ygnb djdpjnbgruem pjruagegn structur pjnkukuc Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt kmgntgrgnyg `jrtmomtgs
(cjogemrgn), dfrtgomtgs (cjdgtmgn), kgn dmbrgsm (dgsuc kgn cjougr). Gnbcg cjogemrgn tftgo km
Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt rgtg-rgtg djnlgpgm 1,5 kmdgng gnbcg
gnbc g tjrsjaut dgsme ojame tmnbbm kgrm
k grm rgtg-
rgtg ngsmfngo ygmtu 1,< djnurut \urvjm Kjdfbrg`m Cjougrbg Mnkfnjsmg (\KCM) 1872. Gnbcg
cjogemrgn ygnb tmnbbm km Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt kmsjagacgn rgtg-rgtg udur pjrcgwmngn pjrtgdg
sjemnbbg pjougnb untuc djogemrcgn gngc pun tmnbbm, pjogygngn Cjougrbg Ajrjnlgng (CA) ygnb
ajoud dgcsmdgo kgn agnygcnyg pjnfogcgn pjdgcgmgn gogt cfntrgsjpsm, sjrtg agnygcnyg
pjrnmcgegn kmagwge usmg emnbbg cjigkmgn pjdjrcfsggn. [mnbbmnyg gnbcg dfrtgomtgs kmsjagacgn
gnbcg cjdgtmgn agym (GCA) ygnb rjogtm` tmnbbm gcmagt curgnbnyg jkucgsm tjregkgp dgsygrgcgt,
prfsjs pjrsgomngn ygnb curgnb djomagtcgn tjngbg djkms prf`jsmfngo, sjrtg djnurunnyg cfnkmsm
cjsjegtgn mau kgn gngc sjogdg prfsjs cjegdmogn. Ajbmtu iubg kjnbgn gnbcg dmbrgsm ygnb
djnuniuccgn tmnbcgt dmbrgsm cjougr ygnb ojame ajsgr kmagnkmnbcgn dmbrgsm dgsuc (AX\, 187:).
Ego tjrsjaut kmsjagacgn kgyg tgrmc ofcgsm tuiugn ygnb ojame tmnbbm, pjougnb cjrig ygnb ojame
tmnbbm km ougr Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt, sjrtg dmbrgsm gcmagt pjrnmcgegn.

• Xjdagegsgn Cgsus

Kgrm [jfrm Xjdagnbungn Jcfnfdm Djnurut [fkgrf (1888) pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm

ajrgrtm sugtu prfsjs duotm kmdjnsmfngo ygnb djomagtcgn pjruagegn-pjruagegn ajsgr kgogd
structur sfsmgo, smcgpsmcgp dgsygrgcgt, kgn ojdagbg-ojdagbg ngsmfngo tjrdgsuc puog pjrljpgtgn
gtgu gcsjojrgsm pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm, pjnburgnbgn cjtmkgcdjrgtggn kgn cjdmscmngn gasfout.
Cjy`mt kgn Nmtmsgstrf (7==2) djnijogscgn agewg tuiugn gcemr pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm sugtu
njbgrg gkgoge djdpjrfoje susungn jcfnfdm sjkjdmcmgn rupg sjemnbbg kgpgt tjrigdmn sugtu
tmnbcgt emkup ygnb sjtmnbbm-tmnbbmnyg agbm sjourue wgrbgnjbgrg. [mnbcgt emkup kgogd sugtu
njbgrg amgsgnyg kmucur kjnbgn pjnkgpgtgn rgtg-rgtg tmgp frgnb ajrkgsgrcgn pjdagnbungn
ngsmfngo. Djscmpun kjdmcmgn, ajrtgdagenyg egsmo prfkucsm ajoud ajrgrtm ngmcnyg tmnbcgt
pjnbemkupgn, gpgamog pjrtgdagegn pjnkukuc djojamem tmnbcgt pjrtgdagegn prfkucsm. \gsgrgn
Xjdagnbungn gkgoge pjdjrgtggn pjdagnbungn kgn egsmo-egsmonyg djnuiu cjpgkg cjgkmogn
sfsmgo agbm sjourue rgcygt Mnkfnjsmg, sjpjrtm ygnb kmgdgngtcgn foje Xgnlgsmog. Xjrtudauegn
jcfnfdm ygnb tmnbbm kgn tjrlmptgnyg stgaomtgs ngsmfngo ygnb sjegt kgn kmngdms. Duoygkm
(188<970) djnygtgcgn agewg tmnbbmnyg gnbcg pjrtudauegn pjnkukuc ygnb tjrigkm km njbgrg
sjkgnb ajrcjdagnb sjpjrtm Mnkfnjsmg kgpgt djnbegdagt prfsjs pjdagnbungn.. Ngdun, iudoge

78
pjnkukuc kgn pjnkukuc udur prfkuctm` ygnb ajsgr sjrtg ogiu pjrtudauegn pjnkukuc ygnb
tmnbbm sjajngrnyg tmkgc pjrou djnigkm dgsgoge amog kgyg kucunb jcfnfdm ygnb j`jctm` km njbgrg
mtu lucup cugt djdjnuem ajragbgm dglgd cjautuegn dgsygrgcgt, tjrdgsuc pjnyjkmggn
cjsjdpgtgn cjrig.

Xjdjrtggn pjdagnbungn gcgn ljpgt kmrgsgcgn pjnkukuc gpgamog cjsjdpgtgn cjrig

tjrsjkmg kjnbgn agmc

untuc pjnkukuc kgpgtkgn sjsugm kjnbgn
djnbegsmocgn cfnkmsm ygnb
pjnkgpgtgn dgsygrgcgt. Cjsjdpgtgn
gcgn kmbungcgn cjrig
untuc ygnb tjrlmptg
djnmcdgtm emkup
ygnb ogygc kgn djnmnbcgt kgrm dgsg cj dgsg [jfrm Xjrtudauegn Jcfnfdm Xjrtudauegn
jcfnfdm egrus djnljrdmncgn pjrtudauegn futput pjr cgpmtg. Kjnbgn pjrtudauegn pjrcgpmtg,
ajrgrtm tjrigkm pjrtudauegn upge rmmo kgn djnmnbcgtnyg stgnkgr emkup. Kjnbgn kjdmcmgn
pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm gkgoge sugtu cfnkmsm tjrigkmnyg pjrcjdagnbgn BNX pftjnsmgo ygnb
djnljrdmncgn gkgnyg pjrtudauegn futput pjrcgpmtg kgn djnmnbcgtnyg stgnkgr emkup
dgsygrgcgt (Durnm, 1880)

Xjrtudauegn pjnkukuc sjajngrnyg djrupgcgn cjsjmdagnbgn kmngdms gntgrg kug

cjcugtgn ygnb djngdage gtgu ygnb djnburgnbm iudoge pjnkukuc. Xjrcjdagnbgn pjnkukuc
gcgn kmpjnbgruem foje iudoge agym ygnb ogemr tjtgpm sjlgrg ajrsgdggn puog gcgn kmcurgnbm foje
iudoge cjdgtmgn ygnb kgpgt tjrigkm pgkg sjdug bfofnbgn udur. Kgogd cfntjcs spgsmgo dfaomtgs
pjnkukuc iubg ajrpjnbgrue tjregkgp pjruagegn kgogd iudoge pjnkukuc, kmdgng mdmbrgsm gcgn
djngdage iudoge pjnkukuc kgn jdmbrgsm gcgn djnburgnbm iudoge pjnkukuc kgogd sugtu
wmogyge. Iudoge pjnkukuc ygnb ajsgr agbm ajajrgpg cgognbgn djrupgcgn sugtu ego pfsmtm`
cgrjng kjnbgn iudoge pjnkukuc ygnb ajsgr tjrsjaut kgpgt kmigkmcgn sjagbgm suaijc
pjdagnbungn, pjrjcfnfdmgn gcgn ajrcjdagnb amog iudoge tjngbg cjrignyg agnygc. Ngdun
kmsmsm ogmn ajajrgpg cgognbgn iustru djrgbucgn gpgcge iudoge pjnkukuc ygnb ajsgr gkgoge
sjagbgm gssjt sjpjrtm ygnb kmijogscgn sjajoudnyg, gcgn tjtgpm cjagomcgn kgrm ego tjrsjaut agewg
pjnkukuc djrupgcgn ajagn agbm pjdagnbungn.
pjda gnbungn.

Ego mnm ajrcgmtgn kjnbgn pjdjnuegn cjautuegn ygnb sjdgcmn ogdg sjdgcmn agnygc puog
sjmrmnb kjnbgn pjrcjdagnbgn iudoge pjnkukuc tjrsjaut. \jajngrnyg pjrdgsgogegn ygnb dunluo
kmamkgnb cjpjnkukucgn aucgn egnyg pgkg iudoge ygnb ajsgr sjdgtg gcgn tjtgpm iubg ajrmdags
pgkg turungn kgrm cugntmtgs ygnb ajsgr tjrsjaut gntgrg ogmn gkgoge pjrsjagrgn pjnkukuc, cugomtgs
pjnkukuc, cjlucupgn kgrm smsm cfnsudsm, structur pjnkukuc ygnb sjagbmgn ajsgr dgsme dukg,
dfkgo kgn tjcnfofbm ygnb kmdmomcm iubg dgsme rjnkge kgn gcmagtnyg prfkuctmvmtgs cjrig dgcmn
djnurun sjrtg dgsgoge crusmgo ygnb ajrcgmtgn kjnbgn cjtjngbgcjriggn.

<. \tukm Cgsus Xjnbgnbburgn

G. Xjnbgrue pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm, tmnbcgt mn`ogsm, kgn upge dmnmdud tjregkgp iudoge
pjnbgnbburgn

Xjdagnbungn jcfnfdm tjoge kmogcucgn foje pjdjrmntge sjagbgm upgyg

djwuiukcgn dgsygrgcgt ygnb sjigetjrg, gkmo, kgn dgcdur agmc dgtjrmmo dgupun spmrmtugo.

77
Zpgyg-upgyg ygnb kmogcucgn pjdjrmntge ajoud djnkgpgtcgn egsmo dgcsmdgo, dgsme
agnygc pjrsfgogn ygnb pjrou kmsjojsgmcgn foje pjdjrmntge sjpjrtm pjnbgnbburgn kgn
dgsgoge-dgsgoge sfsmgo ogmnnyg (\ukrgkigk, 7===97).
Xjrdgsgogegn sfsmgo aucgn egnyg djnigkm dgsgoge mnkmvmkugo gtgu cjofdpfc
dgsygrgcgt, tjtgpm pjrdgsgogegn sfsmgo djrupgcgn dgsgoge njbgrg ygnb djnigkm
tgnbbunb igwga ajrsgdg untuc kgpgt kmsjojsgmcgn kjnbgn agmc kgn ajrcjogniutgn.
Xjrdgsgogegn sfsmgo ygnb kmegkgpm foje sjugtu njbgrg gtgu wmogyge tmkgc tjrojpgs kgrm
grge pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm ygnb kmogcucgn foje sjbjngp wgrbg njbgrg (\ukrgkigk,
7===97). Xjdagnbungn jcfnfdm pgkg sugtu njbgrg kgpgt kmomegt kgrm ajajrgpg mnkmcgtfr
pjrjcfnfdmgn. \goge sgtu km gntgrgnyg gkgoge djogoum tmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn. Ajsgrnyg
tmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn kgpgt djnuniuccgn cfnkmsm sugtu njbgrg, gpgcge
pjrjcfnfdmgnnyg ajrcjdagnb gtgu djnbgogdm cjdunkurgn. \jogmn mtu kjnbgn tmnbcgt
pjnbgnbburgn, kgpgt kmcjtgeum puog gkgnyg cjtmdpgnbgn gtgu cjsjnignbgn kmstrmausm
pjnkgpgtgn ygnb kmtjrmdg dgsygrgcgt.
Xuogu Agom sukge tjrcjngo km pjniuru kunmg kjnbgn cjmnkgegn faijc wmsgtgnyg
ygnb djnigkmcgn Xuogu Agom sjagbgm tuiugn wmsgtg kunmg ygnb kmbjdgrm, gpgogbm
kmtgdage kjnbgn ajrgbgdnyg gkgt mstmgkgt kgn cjaukgyggn ygnb cjntgo kgn unmc. \jctfr
pgrmwmsgtg ygnb tjrus ajrcjdagnb, tmkgc djdaugt dgsgoge pjnbgnbburgn dukge
kmgtgsm, kgn pjnbgnbburgn dgsme djnigkm dgsgoge ygnb lucup sjrmus ygnb djnigkm
pjcjriggn rudge agbm sjbjngp pjdjrmntge kgjrge, agmc pjdjrmntge prfvmnsm dgupun
agbm pjdjrmntge cgaupgtjn/cftg. Kgtg AX\ djnuniuccgn iudoge pjnbgnbburgn km
sjourue cgaupgtjn/cftg km Agom tgeun 188;-1878. \jlgrg rgtg-rgtg, iudoge
pjnbgnbburgn tjrjnkge km Agom tjrigkm pgkg tgeun 188= kjnbgn tmnbcgt pjnbbgnbburgn
2.0:8 imwg kgn tjrtmnbbm tjrigkm pgkg tgeun 1880 ygmtu djnlgpgm 7<.<08 imwg. Kgrm
[gajo 7 kgpgt kmomegt agewg iudoge pjnbgnbburgn km sjourue cgaupgtjn/cftg sgnbgt
ajr`ouctugsm. Cjgkggn `ouctugtm` tjrsjaut djrupgcgn ljrdmngn agewg pjnbgnbburgn
aucgnoge dgsgoge ygnb dukge untuc kgpgt kmgtgsm foje pjdjrmntge ygnb gkg.

71
 Dgsgoge pjnbgnbburgn djdgnb sgnbgt cfdpojcs untuc kmagegs kgn djrupgcgn

msu pjntmnb, cgrjng kgpgt kmcgmtcgn kjnbgn ajajrgpg mnkmcgtfr-mnkmcgtfr ygnb

djdpjnbgruemnyg. Gkgpun mnkmcgtfr-mnkmcgtfr jcfnfdm ygnb djdpjnbgruem tmnbcgt
pjnbgnbburgn sjpjrtm pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm, tmnbcgt mn`ogsm, kgn upge dmnmdud.
Djnurut \ucmrnf (188; 9 <<7), gpgamog pjrtudauegn jcfnfdmnyg djnbgogdm cjngmcgn,
kmegrgpcgn gcgn ajrpjnbgrue pgkg pjnurungn iudoge pjnbgnbburgn, ego mnm kmmcutm
kjnbgn tmnbcgt upge. Imcg tmnbcgt upge ngmc gcgn ajrpjnbgrue pgkg pjnurungn iudoge
pjnbgnbburgn puog, sjkgnbcgn tmnbcgt mn`ogsm ygnb tmnbbm gcgn ajrpjnbgrue pgkg
cjngmcgn iudoge pjnbgnbburgn. Xjnjomtmgn ygnb kmogcucgn foje [unge (1878), vgrmgajo
BKX kgn mn`ogsm djdpunygm euaunbgn ygnb njbgtm` tjregkgp pjnbgnbburgn, sjkgnbcgn
pjnjomtmgn ygnb kmogcucgn foje Gedgk (1882) djnygtgcgn agewg gkg euaunbgn
eu aunbgn pfsmtm`
gntgrg tmnbcgt mn`ogsm kjnbgn tmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn.

A. Kj`mnmsm kgn Cfnsjp Xjnbgnbburgn

Djnurut Ngnbg (1887 9 1:<), pjnbgnbburgn (unjdpofydjnt) kmkj`mnmsmcgn sjagbgm
sugtu cjgkggn kmdgng sjsjfrgnb ygnb tjrbfofnb kgogd cgtjbfrm gnbcgtgn cjrig ( ogafr
`frlj) tmkgc djdmomcm pjcjriggn kgn sjlgrg gctm` sjkgnb djnlgrm pjcjriggn.
\jogniutnyg tjrkgpgt ajajrgpg ijnms-ijnms pjnbgnbburgn. Djnurut \ucmrnf (188; 9 <15)
tjrkgpgt kug lgrg untuc djnbbfofnbcgn ijnms-ijnms pjnbgnbburgn ygmtu ajrkgsgrcgn
sudajr/pjnyjaga ygnb djwuiukcgn pjnbgnbburgn kgn lmrm pjnbgnbburgn tjrsjaut.

Ajmcut ijnms pjnbgnbburgn ajrkgsgrcgncgn pjnyjaganyg9

7) Xjnbgnbburgn nfrdgo gtgu `rmcsmfngo gkgoge ijnms pjnbgnbburgn ygnb kmsjagacgn

1) pjnbgnbbur mnbmn
Xjnbgnbburgn djnlgrm
smcomcgo pjcjriggn
gkgoge ijnms ygnb ojame agmc.ygnb kmsjagacgn djrfsftnyg
pjnbgnbburgn

7<
 cjbmgtgn jcfnfdm gtgu cgrjng tjrogdpgu cjlmonyg pjrdmntggn gbrjbgt km kgogd
pjrjcfnfdmgn kmagnkmnb pjngwgrgn gbrjbgtnyg.
<) Xjnbgnbburgn structurgo gkgoge ijnms pjnbgnbburgn ygnb kmsjagacgn gkgnyg
pjruagegn structur cjbmgtgn jcfnfdm.
;) Xjnbgnbburgn tjcnfofbm gkgoge pjnbgnbburgn ygnb kmsjagacgn gkgnyg
pjnbbgntmgn tjngbg dgnusmg foje djsmn-djsmn kgn agegn cmdmg.

Ojame ogniut djnurut \ucmrnf (188; 9 <<8), pjnbbfofnbgn ijnms pjnbgnbburgn

ajrkgsgrcgn lmrmnyg gkgoge sjagbgm ajrmcut.
7) Xjnbgnbburgn tjraucg ygmtu pjnbgnbburgn mnm tjrlmptg sjagbgm gcgmagt
pjrtgdagegn ofwfnbgn pjcjriggn ygnb ojame rjnkge kgrm pjrtgdagegn tjngbg
cjrig.
1) Xjnbgnbburgn tjrsjdaunym ygmtu pjnbgnbburgn mnm tjrlmptg sjagbgm gcmagt iudoge
pjcjrig kgogd sugtu cjbmgtgn jcfnfdm ojame agnygc kgrm ygnb sjajngrnyg
kmpjroucgn.
<) Xjnbgnbburgn ajrdusmd ygmtu pjnbgnbburgn ygnb tjrlmptg gcmagt dusmd ygnb
gkg, amgsgnyg pjnbgnbburgn mnm tjrkgpgt km sjctfr pjrtgnmgn kgn pjrmcgngn.
;) \jtjnbge djnbgnbbur ygmtu pjnbgnbburgn ygnb tjrlmptg gcmagt tjngbg cjrig
ajcjrig tmkgc sjpjnue kgn igd cjrig djrjcg gkgoge igue ojame rjnkge kgrm ygnb
nfrdgo.

L. Xjnyjaga Xjnbgnbburgn
Djnurut \ucmkif (188:), gkg ajragbgm pjnyjaga tjrigkmnyg pjnbgnbburgn, km
gntgrgnyg gkgoge9
7) Cjtjragtgsgn iudoge ogpgnbgn cjrig, sjemnbbg tmkgc dgdpu djngdpunb sjourue
pjnlgrm cjrig.
1) Cjtjragtgsgn cjdgdpugn ygnb kmdmomcm pjnlgrm cjrig, sjemnbbg pjnlgrm cjrig tmkgc
dgdpu djnbmsm ofwfnbgn cjrignd cgrjng tmkgc djdjnuem pjrsygrgtgn
cjdgdpugn kgn cjtjrgdpmogn ygnb kmpjroucgn.
<) Cjtjragtgsgn mn`frdgsm, ygcnm tmkgc djdmomcm mn`frdgsm kunmg usgeg dgng ygnb
djdjroucgn tjngbg cjrig sjrtg pjrsygrgtgn gpg ygnb kmpjroucgn.
;) [mkgc djrgtgnyg ogpgnbgn cjrig. Kgjrge pjrcftggn agnygc tjrsjkmg ogpgnbgn
pjcjriggn sjkgnbcgn km pjkjsggn sgnbgt tjragtgs.
:) Cjamigcgn pjdjrmntge ygnb tmkgc tjpgt, ygcnm pjdjrmntge tmkgc dgdpu
djnkfrfnb pjrougsgn kgn pjrtudauegn sjctfr dfkjrn.
0) Qjnkgenyg upgyg pjdjrmntge untuc djogcucgn pjogtmegn cjrig bung djnmnbcgtcgn
scmoo pjnlgrm cjrig.

7;
K. Euaunbgn Xjrtudauegn Jcfnfdm kjnbgn Xjnbgnbburgn
Djnurut [fkgrf (7=5: 9 17=) pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm djnsygrgtcgn pjnkgpgtgn
ngsmfngo ygnb ojame tmnbbm kgn untuc mtu tmnbcgt pjrtudauegn ygnb ojame tmnbbm
djrupgcgn pmomegn ygnb egrus kmgdamo. Ngdun ygnb djnigkm pjrdgsgogegn aucgn
egnyg sfgo agbgmdgng lgrg djdglu pjrtudauegn, tjtgpm iubg smgpg ygnb
djogcsgngcgn kgn ajregc
djnmcdgtm egsmonyg. \jtmgp gkgnyg pjnmnbcgtgn kgogd pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm
kmegrgpcgn kgpgt djnyjrgp tjngbg cjrig, sjemnbbg kgpgt djnburgnbm iudoge
pjnbgnbburgn.

J. Euaunbgn [mnbcgt Mn`ogsm kjnbgn Xjnbgnbburgn

Djnurut Kjrnaurb kgn Cgrygdgn Duletgr (7==; 9 <<8), imcg tmnbcgt mn`ogsm ygnb
kmmnbmncgn gkgoge rjnkge, dgcg gcgn tjrigkm tmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn ygnb sgnbgt tmnbbm.
\jagomcnyg, imcg tmnbcgt mn`ogsm ygnb kmmnbmncgn tmnbbm, dgcg gcgn tjrigkm tmnbcgt
pjnbgnbburgn ygnb rjogtm` rjnkge. Euaunbgn gntgrg tmnbcgt mn`ogsm kjnbgn
pjnbgnbburgn kmbgdagrcgn foje curvg Xemoomps. Gkgnyg cjljnkjrunbgn agewg tmnbcgt
mn`ogsm kgn pjnbgnbburgn ngmc gtgu euaunbgn sjgrge (tmkgc gkg trgkj f``) dgcg
djnuniuccgn agewg gkgnyg pjrajkggn kjnbgn curvg Xemomps kmdgng tjrigkm trgkj f``
gntgrg mn`ogsm ygnb rjnkge gtgu pjnbgnbburgn ygnb rjnkge.

J. Euaunbgn [mnbcgt Zpge Dmnmdud kjnbgn Xjnbgnbburgn

Djnurut Gobef`grm (1878 9 7:), tjngbg cjrig djnjtgpcgn tmnbcgt upge
dmnmdudnyg pgkg tmnbcgt upge tjrtjntu. Imcg sjourue upge ygnb kmtgwgrcgn ajsgrnyg km
agwge tmnbcgt upge tjrsjaut, sjfrgnb pjcjrig gcgn djnfogc
djnf ogc djnkgpgtcgn upge tjrsjaut
kgn ego mnm gcgn djnyjagacgn pjnbgnbburgn. Imcg upge ygnb kmtjtgpcgn pgkg sugtu
kgjrge tjrogou rjnkge, dgcg gcgn ajrgcmagt pgkg tmnbbmnyg iudoge pjnbgnbburgn ygnb
tjrigkm pgkg kgjrge tjrsjaut. Gpgamog kmtmnigu kgrm smsm pjnbusgeg, djnmnbcgtnyg upge
gcgn djnmnbcgtcgn amgyg ygnb kmcjougrcgn foje pjrusgeggn, dgcg gcgn djnburgnbm
j`msmjnsm pjnbjougrgn, sjemnbbg pjnbusgeg gcgn djnbgdamo cjamigcgn pjnburgnbgn
tjngbg cjrig bung djnburgnbm amgyg prfkucsm. Ego mnm gcgn ajrgcmagt pgkg pjnmnbcgtgn
pjnbgnbburgn.

Dgsgoge pjnbgnbburgn djrupgcgn dgsgoge ygnb sjrmnb kmegkgpm foje sjdug

njbgrg km Kunmg tjrdgsuc Mnkfnjsmg. Iudoge pjnkukuc ygnb ajsgr kgpgt djnmdauocgn
pjrdgsgogegn cjtjngbgcjriggn, sgoge sgtunyg gkgoge pjnbgnbburgn. Dgsgoge
pjnbgnbburgn km Xrfvmnsm Agom sgnbgt pjntmnb untuc kmagegs cgrjng tjrigkm cjtmkgcdjrgtggn
tmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn gntgr cgaupgtjn/cftg km prfvmnsm Agom ygnb kmsjagacgn foje gkgnyg
pjrajkggn iudoge pftjnsm sudajr kgyg gogd sugtu kgjrge ygnb ajrajkg-ajkg.
Xjnbgnbburgn djrupgcgn dgsgoge ygnb sgnbgt sjrmus kgn sgnbgt djdpjnbgruemcfnkmsm

sugtu kgjrge cgrjng iudoge pjnbgnbburgn djrupgcgn mnkmcgtfr dgiunygpjrjcfnfdmgn

sugtu kgjrge ygnb kgpgt djnuniuccgn tmnbcgt kmstrmausm pjnkgpgtgnygnb djrgtg gtgu tmkgc

7:

7
;
 188
7
=
8

187
5 8

km kgjrge tjrsjaut (Gobf`grm, 1878). 187

0
1 7

; 187
8 1

187
<
Bgdagr 7.[mnbcgt Xjnbgnbburgn [jraucg ([X[) Djnurut Cgaup gtjn/Cftg km
Xrfvmnsm Agom [geun 188=-187<
\udajr9 Agkgn Xusgt \tgtmstmc Xrfvmnsm Agom, 187;

AjrkgsgrcgnBgdagr 7, kgpgt kmomegt agewg sjlgrg tftgotmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn

km Xrfvmnsm Agomdjnurun sjtmgp tgeunnyg. [mnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn tjrtmnbbm km Xrfvmnsm
Agom tjrkgpgt pgkg tgeun 188= ygmtu sjajsgr <,7< pjrsjn kgn tjrjnkge tjrkgpgt pgkg
tgeun187< ygmtu sjajsgr 7,2= pjrsjn. Gcgn tjtgpm, tmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn gntgr
cgaupgtjn/cftg km Xrfvmnsm Agom ajr`ouctugsm sjtmgp tgeunnyg. Cfnkmsm tjrsjaut
djdpjromegtcgn agewg tmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn gntgr cgaupgtjn/cftg km Xrfvmnsm Agom
tmkgc djrgtg, ego tjrsjaut kmsjagacgn foje tmkgc ajrmdagnbnyg pjrcjdagnbgn gntgrg
iudoge ogpgnbgn pjcjriggn ygnb tjrsjkmg km sugtu kgjrge kjnbgn iudoge gnbcgtgn cjrig

kmkgogd sugtu kgjrge tjrsjaut.

Agom gkgoge sjauge prfvmnsm ygnb kmcjngokgn ajrcjdagnb sjagbgm kgjrge
pgrmwmsgtg.Ego mnm kmkucunb foje cjmnkgegn pgnfrgdgsjrtg cjgnjcgrgbgdgn sjnm kgn
aukgyg ygnbtmkgc kmdmomcm foje prfvmnsm ygnb ogmn.\udagnbgn kgrm cjbmgtgn pgrmwmsgtg mnm
sgogesgtunyg tjrljrdmn kgrm nmogm XKQA Xrfvmnsm Agom (Xrgstygkjwm, 187<).Xjrtudauegn
jcfnfdm sgnbgt pjntmnb kmkgogd djnmogm cmnjrig sugtu pjrjcfnfdmgn, sgoge sgtunyg mgoge
untuc djnbgngomsms egsmo kgrm pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm ygnb tjoge kmogcsgngcgn foje sugtu
kgjrge.Xjrtudauegn jcfnfdm kgpgt djnigkm tfogc ucur tmnbcgt cjsjigetjrggn dgsygrgcgt
sugtu kgjrge cgrjng pjnmnbcgtgn pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm sugtu kgjrge amgsgnyg
kmmcutmkjnbgn pjnmnbcgtgn pjnkgpgtgn pjr cgpmtg sugtu kgjrge

70
 AGA MMM

XJNZ[ZX

G. Cjsmdpuogn
7. Xjrtudauegn jcfnfdm ygnb tmnbbm tjrsjaut egrus kmagrjnbm kjnbgn pjdjrgtggn
pjnkgpgtgn dgsygrgcgt,
dgsy grgcgt, sjemnbbg egsmo-egsmo pjdagnbungn tjrsjaut kgpgt kmrgsgcgn foje
sjourue ogpmsgn dgsygrgcgt gbgr tmkgc ajrkgdpgc pgkg cjsjnignbgn sflmgo. Aucgn egnyg
pjdjrmntge, pjogcu amsnms kgn dgsygrgcgt iubg pjrou mcut ajrpjrgn gctm`, gbgr cgud
dmscmn tmkgc sjdgcmn tjrpmnbbmrcgn, kgn gpg ygnb kmlmtg-lmtgcgn kgogd pjdagnbungn
untuc cjsjigetjrggn dgsygrgcgt kgpgt tjrlgpgm.
1. Iudoge pjnkukuc ygnb ajsgr agbm ajajrgpg cgognbgn djrupgcgn sugtu ego pfsmtm` cgrjng

kjnbgn iudoge pjnkukuc ygnb ajsgr tjrsjaut kgpgt kmigkmcgn sjagbgm suaijc
pjdagnbungn, pjrjcfnfdmgn
p jrjcfnfdmgn gcgn ajrcjdagnb amog
a mog iudoge tjngbg cjrignyg agnygc. Ego
mnm ajrcgmtgn kjnbgn pjdjnuegn cjautuegn ygnb sjdgcmn ogdg sjdgcmn agnygc puog

sjmrmnb kjnbgn pjrcjdagnbgn iudoge pjnkukuc tjrsjaut

<. [mnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn gntgr cgaupgtjn/cftg km Xrfvmnsm Agom ajr`ouctugsm sjtmgp
tgeunnyg. Cfnkmsm tjrsjaut djdpjromegtcgn agewg tmnbcgt pjnbgnbburgn gntgr
cgaupgtjn/cftg km Xrfvmnsm Agom tmkgc djrgtg, ego tjrsjaut kmsjagacgn foje tmkgc
ajrmdagnbnyg pjrcjdagnbgn gntgrg iudoge ogpgnbgn pjcjriggn ygnb tjrsjkmg km sugtu
kgjrge kjnbgn iudoge gnbcgtgn cjrig kmkgogd sugtu kgjrge tjrsjaut. Xjrtudauegn
jcfnfdm sgnbgt pjntmnb kmkgogd djnmogm cmnjrig sugtu pjrjcfnfdmgn, sgoge sgtunyg
mgoge untuc djnbgngomsms egsmo kgrm pjdagnbungn jcfnfdm ygnb tjoge kmogcsgngcgn
foje sugtu kgjrge.Xjrtudauegn jcfnfdm kgpgt djnigkm tfogc ucur tmnbcgt
cjsjigetjrggn dgsygrgcgt sugtu kgjrge cgrjng pjnmnbcgtgn pjrtudauegn jcfnfdm
sugtu kgjrge amgsgnyg kmmcutmkjnbgn pjnmnbcgtgn pjnkgpgtgn pjr cgpmtg sugtu kgjrge.

72
 Kg`tgr Xustgcg9
Xjrdfnf GM, kcc. 1818. Gngomsms Kmstrmausm Xjnkukuc Nusg [jnbbgrg Agrgt Djnurut Zdur kgn
Ijnms Cjogdmn SBffboj \lefogrT.Skmunkue 18 Dgrjt 1817T. [jrsjkmg pgkg
ettps9//www.rjsjgrlebgtj.njt/prf`moj/GkmgVXjrdfnf/puaomlgtmfn/<;;22852;VGngomsmsVKmstrmausm
VXjnkukucVNusgV[jnbbgrgVAgrgtVDjnurutVZdurVkgnVIjnmsVCjo
VXjnkukucVNusgV[jnbbgrgVAgrgtVDjnurutVZd urVkgnVIjnmsVCjogdmn/omncs/:`
gdmn/omncs/:`5ja:g:g0`kll`k
5ja:g:g0`kll`k
2a0jg<;:/Gngomsms-Kmstrmausm-Xjnkukuc-Nusg-[jnbbgrg-Agrgt-Djnurut-Zdur-kgn-Ijnms-
Cjogdmn.pk`

Gyunmnbsgsm, Gngc Gbunb Cjtut. XJNBGQZE XJQ[ZDAZEGN JCFNFDM, [MNBCG[

MN@OG\M, KGN ZXGE DMNMDZD [JQEGKGX IZDOGE XJNBGNBBZQGN KM AGOM,
unuk.gl.mk, kmgcsjs 18 Dgrjt 1817, ?ettps9//slefogr.bffboj.lfd/lmtgtmfns6
usjr4yItKO2sGGGGI&eo4jn>

Dgejnkrgygsg, M Nyfdgn. XJNBGQZE XJQ[ZDAZEGN JCFNFDM KGN [MNBCG[

ZXGE [JQEGKGX [MNBCG[ XJNBGNBBZQGN DJOGOZM IZDOGE MNPJ\[G\M KM
XQFPMN\M AGOM, unuk.gl.mk, kmgcsjs 18 Dgrjt 1817, ?
ettps9//slefogr.bffboj.lf.mk/lmtgtmfns6usjr4edWzzQcGGGGI&eo4jn>

75