JHKHCHB

^I\H@H@ OCHB \HEH DHCHJ ^IJLH@EY@H@ LH@EQH,

KILGFHKH@ @HQGO@HC DHCHJ ^I@EIJLH@EH@ ^I@FHQ, H\HB
QT\HTIEG ^IJLH@EY@H@ KIOCHB\HEHH@ @HQGO@HC

Dgsusu` Ocib6

8.  HEY@E ^\HWOEH <814>>2

<.  FYJJW UYCH@DH\G <814>87

^\OE\HJ QTYDG ^I@DGDGKH@ OCHBH\HEH DH@ KIHQIBHTH@

K IHQIBHTH@

MHKYCTHQ KIEY\YH@ DH@ GCJY ^I@DGDGKH@

^I@DGDGKH@ 

Y@G]I\QGTHQ ^HQG\ ^I@EH\HGH@

KHLY^HTI@ \OKH@ BYCY

<><8

8
 

KHTH ^I@EH@TH\

Gcju kiochbrhehh` hdhchb pi`eithbuh` yh`e sgstijhtgs dh` tiroreh`gsgr

ti`th`e mi`oji`h kiochbrhehh` yh`e dglh`eu` jichcug siluhb sgstij pi`icgtgh`
gcjghb yh`e dgpirocib dhrg jidh` ‑ jidh`
jidh` pi`yicgdgkh`, produk `yhth gcju
kiochbrhehh` thjphk dhchj lhth`e tulub pi`eithbuh`. Dgsgpcg` gcju
kiochbrhehh` lirsh`dhr phdh prostucht, hsujsg dh` prg`sgp yh`e lirlidh sisuhg
di`eh` rujpu` hkhr dgsgpcg` gcju.
Mu`esg gcju kiochbrhehh` hdhchb u`tuk ji`ehfg pirsohch` lirdhshrkh`
jhshchb yh`e tichb dggdi`tgmgkhsg dh` ji`eu`ekhpkh` pi`eithbuh` silhehg
 fhwhlh``yh siahrh gcjghb. Qichg` gtu ochbrheh fueh lirkhgth` di`eh`
 pijlh`eu`h` suhtu `iehrh lhgk dglgdh`e iko`ojg, pocgtgk, hehjh, ludhyh dh
dh``
chg` silhehg`yh.
Y`tuk gtu pi`ucgs hkh` jijlhbhs cilgb ch`fut ti`th`e ochbrheh dh`
 pijlh`eu`h` `iehrh. @hju` pi`ucgs ji`yhdhrg jhkhchb g`g sh`eht fhub dhrg
dhr g
kisijpur`hh` jhkh dhrgphdh gtu pi`ucgs sh`eht ji`ebhrhpkh` shrh` dh` krgtgk
tirbhdhp jhkhchb g`g. Hths shrh` dh` krgtgk
krgt gk pi`ucgs uahpkh` tirgjhkhsgb.

^hsgr ^i`ehrhgh`, Qiptijlir <><8

^i`ucgs

g
 

DHMTH\ GQG

KHTH ^I@EH@TH
^I@EH@TH\
\ ..................................
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..................................
..................................
.................. g

DHMTH\ GQG .................................

DHMTH\ ..................................................
...................................
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.............. gg
LHL G ^I@DHBYCYH@
H.  Chthr Lichkh`e
Lichkh`e ..................................
..................................................
..................................
...................................
.......................
......8
L.  Lhthsh` Jhshchb .................................
..................................................
...................................
...................................
....................
...1
A.  \uj
\ujush`
ush` Jhshchb ...................................
...................................................
..................................
..................................
.................. 1
D.  Tuf
Tufuh`
uh` Jhkhchb
Jhkhchb ..................................
...................................................
...................................
...................................
....................
...1
I.  Jh`m
Jh`mhht
hht Jhkhchb
Jhkhchb .................................
.................................................
..................................
...................................
....................
...1
LHL GG ^IJLHBHQH@
H. ^irh`h` Ochb \heh Dhchj ^ijlh`eu`h` Lh`esh ...................
.......... ..................
..................
.............
.... 9

L. Kilgfhkh` @hsgo`hc Dhchj ^i`eijlh`eh` ^i`fhs ..................

......... ..................
..................
.............
.... 2
A. Hrhb Qtrhtieg ^ijlh`eu`h` Kiochbrhehh`
Kiochbrhehh` @hsgo`hc ...................
.......... ..................
...............
...... 89
LHL GGG ^I@YTY^
H. Kisgjpuch`
Kisgjpuch` ...................................
....................................................
..................................
..................................
............................
...........82
L. Qhrh` .................................
..................................................
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.....82
DHMTH\ ^YQTHKH

gg
 

LHL G
^I@DHBYCYH@

H.  Chthr Lichkh`e

Ochbrheh tichb ji`fhdg lhegh` bgdup dhrg silhegh` lishr jhsyhrhkht

G`do`isgh, lhgk dg koth lishr jhupu` dg picosok pidishh`. Ochbrheh hdhchb

 lhegh` g`tierhc dhrg kiludhyhh` jhsyhrhkht g`do`isgh.

g`do`isgh. Ochbrheh hdhchb

 prosis sgstijhtgk yh`e liruph siehch kieghth` hthu ushbh yh`e dhpht

ji`doro`e ji`eijlh`ekh`, dh` jijlg`h poti`sg-poti`sg fhsjh`ghb dh`

robh`ghb sisiorh`e silhehg pirorh`eh` hthu h`eeoth jhsyhrhkht liruph

 pirjhg`h`, pith`dg`eh`, dh` pristhsg pu`ahk dhchj pijli`tukh` jh`usgh

yh`e jijgcgkg Gdiocoeg yh`e siutub`yh dh` lirkuhcgths lirdhshrkh` Dhshr

 @iehrh hthu ^h`ahsgch.

Ji`urut kodrht`yh ochbrheh jiruphkh` kilutubh` jh`usgh yh`e

 lirsujlir kiphdh kilishrh` dh` kiheu`eh` Tubh` Wh`e Jhbh Ish,

jiruphkh` shchb shtu u`sur pokok dh` sh`eht lirpi`ehrub dg dhchj

 pijlh`eu`h` robh`g dh` fhsjh`g sitghp g`sh` jh`usgh dgdhchj rh`ekh

 pijlh`eu`h` jh`usgh siutub`yh, yh`e sh`eht dglutubkh`

dglutubkh` dgdhchj

 pichksh`hh` pijlh`eu`h` lh`esh dh` `iehrh ji`ufu jhsyhrhkht yh`e sibht

dh` lirjhrthlht. Ocib khri`h gtu, jiruphkh` bhk sitghp g`sh` u`tuk

jichksh`hkh` dh` lirphrtgsgphsg dhchj kieghth` ochbrheh.

Ochbrheh yh`e dgchksh`hkh` siahrh tiri`ah`h, tirhrhb dh` lhgk sirth

 lirkisg`hjlu`eh` dhpht ji`eijlh`ekh`

ji`eijlh`ekh` kithbh`h` yh`e lirsgmht

ji`yicurub, jhjpu ji`g`ekhtkh` kitrhjpgch`, kidgsgpcg`h`, pi`ebhyhth`

8
 

`gchg-`gchg sportgvgths, `gchg-`gchg jorhc dh` istitgkh sikhcgeus ji`g`ekhtkh`

 pristhsg. Qichg` gtu fueh dhpht ji`g`ekhtkh` dh` ji`eijlh`ekh`

kijhjpuh` jh`hfirghc dh` kipijgjpg`h`

kipijgjpg`h` yh`e
yh`e sh`eht
sh`eht dgpircukh`
dgpircukh` silhehg

ei`irhsg judh pi`irus lh`esh.

^risthsg ochbrheh jiruphk` bhsgc yh`e dgpirocib hths ushbh dh` kirfh

kirhs dhchj lgdh`e ochbrheh. ^risthsg ochbrheh phstg tgdhk ciphs dhrg tg`ekht

kidgsgpcg`h` phrh htcit dhchj chtgbh` yh`e dgchkukh` siahrh tirus ji`irus.

 @iehrh hdhchb oreh`gshsg jhsyhrhkht yh`e jijpu`yhg dhirhb

dhir hb tirti`tu

dgjh`h kikuhshh` `iehrh lirchku sipi`ub`yh silhehg suhtu kidhuchth`,

sidh`ekh` ^rom. Jgrghj Ludghrdfo jijlirgkh` pi`eirtgh` @iehrh hdhchb

oreh`gshsg dhchj suhtu wgchyhb dhpht jijhkshkh` kikuhshh``yh siahrh shb

tirbhdhp sijuh eoco`eh` kikuhshh` chg``yh dh` yh`e dhpht ji`ithpkh`

tufuh`-tufuh` dhrg kibgduph` lirshjh gtu. Fhdg @iehrh hdhchb sikujpuch`

orh`e yh`e ji`ijphtg wgchyhb tirti`tu dh` dgoreh`gshsg ocib pijirg`thb

`iehrh yh`e shb, yh`e ujuj`yh jijpu`yhg kidhuchth` (kicuhr dh` ki

dhchj). Dgsitghp `iehrh ochbrheh ji`fhdg lhegh` yh`e sh`eht pi`tg`e lhgk

u`tuk mu`esg kisibhth` fueh dg lgdh`e pocgtgk,

po cgtgk, iko`ojg, ludhyh dcc.

Du`gh ochbrheh shht g`g dh` lhbkh` yh`e hkh` dhth`e, tgdhk dhpht

dgpgshbkh` di`eh` kibgduph` lirjhsyhrhkht, lirlh`esh dh` lir`iehrh.

Ochbrheh tgdhk bh`yh silhehg kilutubh` u`tuk ji`fheh kiluehrh` tulub,

hkh` tithpg tichb jirhsuk dhchj sijuh siktor kibgduph`. Cilgb fhub cheg,

 pristhsg ochbrheh
o chbrheh dhpht ji`eh`ekht bhrkht dh` jhrthlht
jhrt hlht jh`usgh lhgk siahrh
siahr h

<
 

g`dgvgduhc, kicojpok, jhsyhrhkht, lh`esh dh` @iehrh (B\. Heu`e Chkso`o 6

kojphs <>/>=/>4).

L.  Lhthsh` Jhshchb

Hehr tgdhk jicuhs, lirdhshrkh` urhgh` chthr lichkh`e dg hths, jhkhchb

g`g bh`yh jijlhbhs ochbrheh dh` pijlh`eu`h` `iehrh.

A.  \ujush` Jhshchb

Dhrg chthr lichkh`e yh`e tichb dgkijukhkh`, pokok pijlhbhsh` dhchj

jhkhchb g`g dhpht dgrujuskh` slhehg lirgkut 6

8.  Hph gtu ochbrheh?

<.  Hph gtu `iehrh?

1.  Lhehgjh`h pirh` ochbrheh dhchj pijlh`eu`h` `iehrh?

D.  Tufuh` Jhkhchb

Y`tuk ji`eithbug dh` jijlirgkh` g`morjhsg ti`th`e bulu`eh`

ochbrheh tirbhdhp pijlh`eu`h` `iehrh dh` ji`g`ekhtkh` jg`ht jhsyhrhkht

u`tuk lirochbrheh tgdhk bh`yh ji`ahrg kiluehrh` `hju` fueh

ji`ebhrujkh` `hjh lh`esh dh` `iehrh.

I.  Jh`mhht Jhkhchb

Hdhpu` jh`mhht dhrg pijluhth` jhkhchb g`g, yhgtu silhehg lirgkut6

8.  Lheg pijlhah, jhkhchb g`g dhpht ji`hjlhb whwhsh` sirth

ji`g`ekhtkh` pijhbhjh` ti`th`e bulu`eh` ochbrheh dh` pijlh`eu`h`

`iehrh

1
 

<.  Lheg pi`ucgs, dhpht ji`yhfgkh` g`morjhsg ti`th`e ochbrheh dh`

 pijlh`eu`h` `iehrh sirth ji`ebhrhpkh` shrh` dh` krgtgk yh`e

jijlh`eu` tirbhdhp jhkhchb yh`e pi`ucgs susu`.

4
 

LHL GG
^IJLHBHQH@

H.  ^irh`h` Ochb \heh Dhchj ^ijlh`eu`h` Lh`esh  

8.  Dimg`gsg Ochbrheh dh` ^irkijlh`eh` dg G`do`isgh.

Ochbrheh hdhchb suhtu li`tuk hktgvgths

hkt gvgths mgsgk yh`e tiri`ah`h dh`
dh `

tirstruktur yh`e jicglhtkh` eirhkh` tulub liruch`e-uch`e dh` dgtufukh`

u`tuk ji`g`ekhtkh` kiluehrh` fhsjh`g. Ochbrheh jiruphkh` silhegh`

kilutubh` pokok dhchj kibgduph` sibhrg-bhrg khri`h dhpht ji`g`ekhtkh`

kiluehrh` yh`e dgpircukh` dhchj jichkukh` tuehs`yh. Ochbrheh dhpht

dgjuchg sifhk usgh judh bg`eeh usgh ch`fut dh` dhpht dgchkukh` sitghp

bhrg.
bhrg.
^irkijlh`eh` ochbrheh dg G`do`isgh dhchj pirspiktgm sifhrhb

jiruphkh` lhegh` g`tierhc dhrg kiludhyhh` jhsyhrhkht G`do`isgh.

Ochbrheh lh`esh G`do`isgh dgpi`ehrubg ocib `iehrh-`iehrh Iroph, sipirtg

 lh`esh Lich`dh, Firjh`, Qwidgh, dh` Hustrgh. Khri`h gtu puch sgstij

ochbrheh Firjh`, Qwidgh, dh` Hustrgh jijpi`ehrubg pirkijlh`eh`

ochbrheh dg G`do`isgh (Busdhrth, <>8>69).

Ochbrheh hdhchb bhc yh`e ji`hrgk, khri`h jiruphkh` pi`ehchjh`-

 pi`ehchjh` tg`dhkh` jh`usgh yh`e tirgkht siahrh kucturhc dh` tirsidgh

dhchj g`morjhsg yh`e lirvhrghsg. ^i`dikhth` cg`ths kucturhc dh`

g`tir`hsgo`hc siahrh ko`tg`u ji`ahphg `gchg pi`tg`e`yh, kbusus`yh khri`h

eirhkh`, pirjhg`h` dh` ochbrheh silhehg iksprisg `o`-virlhc jh`usgh

 phdh dhshr`yh lirsgmht g`tir`hsgo`hc.

9
 

Ochbrheh dgeijhrg ocib sijuh khch`eh` jhsyhrhkht, tirli`tuk`yh

ochbrheh jhsh kg`g dhrg jhsyhrhkht. Ochbrheh tgdhk chg` tirli`tuk dhrg

cg`eku`eh` jhsyhrhkht dh` dgpiru`tukh` lheg jhsyhrhkht gtu

si`dgrg. Tg`ekht pirkijlh`eh`

pirkijlh`eh` ochbrheh hthu lgsh dglgch`e
dglgch`e jhfu tgdhk`yh

ochbrheh lirhwhc dhrg jhsyhrhkht. Mhktor pi`yilhl pirkijlh`eh`

ochbrheh dhrg zhjh` ki zhjh` sirth kiju`auch` lirlhehg jhahj

ochbrheh, bg`eeh tirli`tuk`yh ochbrheh jodir` hthu ochbrheh jhsh kg`g

sijuh tgjluc dhrg kisukhh` suhtu jhsyhrhkht. Qijhkg` jhsyhrhkht siahrh

cuhs ji`yukhg ahlh`e ochbrheh gtu, sijhkg` popucir ochbrheh gtu si`dgrg.

Qiahrh ehrgs lishr`yh lhbwh ochbrheh lirsujlir dhrg jhsyhrhkht.

Jhsyhrhkht jhjpu ji`eijlh`ekh` hturh`, ahrh jhg`, shrh`h dh`

 prhshrh`h dhchj ochbrheh, sibg`eeh sijhkg` popucir ochbrheh

ochbrheh shht g`g.

Eirhkh` kiochbrhehh` `hsgo`hc ji`ehchjg lhlhk lhru lirshjhh`

di`eh` dgprokchjhsgkh``yh kijirdikhh` G`do`isgh. ^ijirg`thb

G`do`isgh jichcug Kiji`trgh` ^i`dgdgkh` dh` ^i`ehfhrh`,

jijpropheh`dhkh` pi`yici`eehrhh` chtgbh`-chtgbh` dh` ribhlgcgthsg mgsgk

dh` ji`thc yh`e tichb rushk sichjh pi`fhfhbh` koco`gh Lich`dh dh`

Fiph`e (Busdhrth, <>8>6<>). Jhsyhrhkht G`do`isgh ji`ehkug lhbwh

dhchj bgdup tgdhk bh`yh ji`ehchjg pi`ehrub pgkgrh` dh` kijhjpuh`

jh`usgh g`dgvgdu shfh. Ochbrheh jijlirg kisijphth` yh`e sh`eht lhgk

u`tuk ji`yhcurkh` ti`heh di`eh` fhch` yh`e lhgk dg dhchj cg`eku`eh`

 pirshudhrhh` dh` pirshbhlhth` u`tuk pirshtuh` yh`e sibht dh` suhsh`h

yh`e hkrhl dh` eijlgrh.

=
 

Qifhch` di`eh` pirkijlh`eh` ochbrheh dg G`do`isgh, u`tuk dhpht

ji`ahphg pijhbhjh` dh` pristhsg yh`e optgjhc pircu hdh`yh duku`eh`

gcju pi`eithbuh` dh` tik`ocoeg (G^TIK). Dhchj ochbrheh, tik`ocoeg

 lukh` lirhrtg gdi`tgk di`eh` pijhkhgh` jisg`, tithpg pi`ahphgh` bhsgc

yh`e cilgb lhgk jichcug pi`irhph` pi`eithbuh` gcjghb (Cuth`, \uscg, dkk,

87786<<). ^i`eithbuh` yh`e sgstijhtgs dh` tiroreh`gsgr ti`th`e mi`oji`h

kiochbrhehh` yh`e dglh`eu` jichcug siluhb sgstij pi`icgtgh` gcjghb yh`e

dgpirocib dhrg jidh`-jidh` pi`yicgdgkh`, hkh` sh`eht lirpirh` pi`tg`e

dhchj pirkijlh`eh` ochbrheh dg G`do`isgh.

Lirlhehg dimg`gsg yh`e sudhb hdh ti`th`e ochbrheh, lhehgjh`hpu` bhrus

dgch`dhsg suhtu hreuji`thsg yh`e ko`sgsti`. Gstgchb ochbrheh yh`e dgphkhg

silhehg rufukh` pi`eijlh`eh` Gcju Kiochbrhehh` hdhchb dimg`gsg yh`e

 lirsgmht ujuj, rujush` pidheoe hshc Firjh`, Birlirt Bhhe yh`e

jijpirocib pi`ehkuh` g`tir`hsgo`hc6

Tbi worcd sport gs `ot usid g` tbi `hrrow si`si om htbcitgas om aojpitgtgvi

 sport, rhtbir gt jih`s tbi suj om pbysgahc hatgvgtgis om morjhc h`d g`morjhc

`hturi rihcgzi jostcy g` sport dgsagpcg`iss lut hcso g` mu`dhji`thc morjs

cgki ahcgstbi`gas, mgt`iss trhg`g`e, or hirolgas (\uscg dh` Qujhrdgh`to,

<>>>6 5).

Ochbrheh gtu si`dgrg phdh bhkgkht`yh lirsgmht `itrhc dh` `hturhc, `hju`

jhsyhrhkhtchb yh`e kijudgh` jijli`tuk dh` jijlirg hrtg tirbhdhp`yh.

Qisuhg di`eh` mu`esg dh` tufuh``yh, ochbrheh dhpht dgrg`ag silhehg

 lirgkut.

5
 

8. Ochbrheh pi`dgdgkh` hdhchb prosis pijlg`hh` ji`ikh`kh` pi`euhshh`

kitirhjpgch` dh` kith`ekhsh` lirochbrheh tirjhsuk fueh pijlg`hh` `gchg-

`gchg kipi`dgdgkh` jichcug pijlikhch` pi`ehchjh` yh`e ci`ekhp

sibg`eeh yh`e tirfhdg hdhchb prosis sosghcgshsg jichcug dh` ki dhchj

ochbrheh.

<. Ochbrheh kisibhth`

kisibhth ` hdhchb
hdh chb fi`gs kieghth` ochbrheh yh`e cilgb
ci lgb

ji`gtgklirhtkh` phdh uphyh ji`ahphg tufuh` kisibhth` dh` mgt`is yh`e

tirahkup dhchj ko`sip wicc-lig`e  jichcug

 jichcug kieghth` ochbrheh.

1. Ochbrheh ribhlgcgthtgm
ribhlgcgtht gm hdhchb fi`gs kieghth`
kieght h` ochbrheh,
o chbrheh, hthu chtgbh`

 fhsjh`g yh`e ji`ikh`kh` tufuh` yh`e lirsgmht tirhpg hthu hspik psgkgs
dhrg pirgchku.

4. Ochbrheh kojpitgtgm hdhchb fi`gs kieghth` ochbrheh yh`e ji`gtgk

 lirhtkh` pirhehh` pirmorjh dh` pi`ahphgh` pristhsg jhksgjhc yh`e

 lghsh`yh dgkicoch ocib oreh`gshsg ochbrheh morjhc, lhgk `hsgo`hc jhupu`

g`tir`hsgo`hc (KDG Kiochbrhehh`, <>>>6 8>-88).

L. Kilgfhkh` @hsgo`hc Dhchj ^i`eijlh`eh` ^i`fhs 

Dhchj lilirhph thbu` lichkh`eh` g`g, lirlhehg ushbh tichb

t ichb dgchkukh` ocib

 pijirg`thb G`do`isgh di`eh` jijluht kilgfhkh`-kilgfhkh` lhru eu`h

ji`g`ekhtkh` pichksh`hh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g. Kurgkucuj lhru (8774) yh`e

ji`ahkup pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g lheg sikochb dhshr dh` ji`i`ehb tichb dgluht dh`

dgputuskh`. Dijgkgh` puch kurgkucuj lhru lheg proerhj Dgpcojh GG, dgjh`h

euru-euru sikochb dhshr yh`e dgdhchj`yh tirdhpht jhth kucghb ^i`dgdgkh`

Fhsjh`g dh` Kisibhth` tichb dgpirsghpkh` silhehg pi`yijpur`hh` kurgkucuj

2
 

chjh. Yphyh pijlhbhruh` kurgkucuj tirsilut, sibhrus`yh dggkutg di`eh` uphyh

 pi`g`ekhth` kijhjpuh` euru dhchj prosis lichfhr ji`ehfhr sisuhg di`eh`

tu`tuth` kurgkucuj dh` pi`ehdhh` mhsgcgths pi`duku`e`yh.

Qhyh`e, bg`eeh diwhsh g`g ushbh-ushbh yh`e dgchkukh` euru pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g dh` ji`yidghkh` mhsgcgths yh`e ji`duku`e proerhj-proerhj pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g licuj dgchkukh` siahrh optgjuj. Hphlgch ko`dgsg sipirtg g`g tirfhdg tirus,

jhkh dhpht dgpirkgrhkh` lhbwh g`ovhsg-g`ovhsg kurgkucuj yh`e dgchkukh` tgdhk

dhpht dgrihcgshsgkh` di`eh` imiktgm. Kurgkucuj silhehg shchb shtu kojpo`i`

 pi`dgdgkh` tgdhk
t gdhk hkh` lirhrtg, jhkhchb phrh euru hthu dosi` yh`e jichksh`hkh`
jichksh`hkh `

kurgkucuj dhchj ko`dgsg yh`e kurh`e ji`eu`tu`ekh`, lhgk dhchj kijhjpuh`

ji`ehfhr jhupu` mhsgcgths yh`e ji`duku`e`yh. Jirikh hkbgr`yh jichksh`hkh`

tuehs ji`ehfhr pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g ai`diru`e siahrh rutg` dh` trhdgsgo`hc.

Hkglht`yh, sirg`e lirlhehg uphyh g`ovhsg yh`e tichb dgch`ahrkh`, ji`ehchjg

 lirlhehg uphyh g`ovhsg yh`e tichb

t ichb dgch`ahrkh`, ji`ehchjg lirlhehg ki`dhch dh`

bhjlhth`. Y`tuk gtu, fgkh gjpciji`thsg kurgkucuj pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g bhrus lgsh

dgahphg dh` lirbhsgc, jhkh bhrus hdh kig`eg`h` yh`e lishr u`tuk ji`g`ekhtkh`

kijhjpuh` euru dh` ji`hjlhb mhsgcgths

mhsgcgths yh`e sisuhg.

Kiimiktgmh` pichksh`hh` pi`ehfhrh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dg sikochb phdh

 lilirhph thbu` tirhkbgr tichb ji`fhdg gsu `hsgo`hc yh`e ji`hrgk. Gsu tirsilut

sirg`e dglgahrhkh` siahrh sirgus dhchj moruj dgskusg hthu sijg`hr tg`ekht

`hsgo`hc ocib lirlhehg khch`eh` tirjhsuk phrh phkhr dh` prhktgsg pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g. Lirlhehg shrh` dh` rikoji`dhsg sirg`e dghfukh` dhchj uphyh

ji`g`ekhtkh` pichksh`hh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dg sikochb-sikochb tirjhsuk

7
 

 pirlhgkh` kurgkucuj, pi`g`ekhth` kijhjpuh` euru, pi`yidghh` chph`eh` dh`

mhsgcgths`yh.

Qisu`eeub`yh uphyh u`tuk ji`g`ekhtkh` jutu pichksh`hh` pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g tichb ji`dhpht pirbhtgh` silhehgjh`h tirtuh`e dhchj hjh`ht ELB@

silhehg lirgkut6

 ^i`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dh` ochbrheh pircu dgtg`ekhtkh` dh` dg

jhsyhrhkht silhehg ahrh pijlg`hh` kisibhth` fhsjh`g dh` robh`g
lheg sitghp h`eeoth jhsyhrhkht. Qich`fut`yh pircu dgtg`ekhtkh`
kijhjpuh` prhshrh`h dh` shrh`h pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dh` ochbrheh,
tirjhsuk pi`dgdgk, pichtgb dh` pi`eeirhk`yh, dh` dgehchkkh`
 eirhkh` u`tuk jijhsyhrhkhtkh` ochbrheh dh` ji`eochbrhehkh`
jhsyhrhkht.  
jhsyhrhkht.

^hdh thbu` 8721 gtu fueh ^risgdi` Qubhrto ji`ehjh`htkh` hehr

 pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dg sikochb juchg Thjh` Kh`hk-Kh`hk shjphg di`eh`

^ireuruh` Tg`eeg pircu cilgb dgeghtkh` dh` dgkijlh`ekh`.

Kilgfhksh`hh` tichb fichs dh` hrhb pi`eijlh`eh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g

sisu`eeub`yh tichb fichs. Kg`g yh`e ji`fhdg pirjhshchbh` pokok hdhchb silirhph

 fhub tg`ekht kilirbhsgch` strhtieg dh` pichksh`hh` pijlh`eu`h` pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g dh` ochbrheh dg jhsyhrhkht kbusus`yh dhchj pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g d g

sitghp tg`ekht sikochb.

^i`ehfhrh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g yh`e imiktgm dhchj ki`yhthh` cilgb dhrg

sikidhr ji`eijlh`ekh` kitirhjpgch` ochbrheh. ^i`ehfhrh` tirsilut phdh

bhkgkht`yh jiruphkh` prosis sgstijhtgs yh`e dghrhbkh` phdh

 pi`eijlh`eh` prglhdg h`hk siutub`yh.

siutub`yh.

Qifhrhb pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dh` ochbrheh dg G`do`isgh ji`u`fukkh`,

 lhbwh hspik pocgtgk dhrg ochbrheh phdh ujuj`yh

ujuj`yh jhsgb dojg`h`. Lhbkh` diwhsh

8>
 

g`g, pristhsg ochbrheh tithp dgph`dh`e silhehg –hcht‚ u`tuk ji`u`fukkh` dh`

sikhcgeus ji`eg`eht jhrthlht lh`esh, tiruthjh

t iruthjh dg moruj g`tir`hsgo`hc.

Hkglht`yh, pirbhtgh` yh`e liegtu lishr tirbhdhp pi`ahphgh` pristhsg jhsuk ki

dhchj kurgkucuj pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g. Gsg kurgkucuj pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g jgshc`yh,

jiskgpu` hdh pgcgbh`, ji`ehrhb ki pi`euhshh` ahlh`e ochbrheh.

Jiskgpu` kurgkucuj tirsilut dgrh`ah`e di`eh` jijpirbhtgkh`

mhktor 
 sosgo-h`tbropocoegs, sosgo kucturhc dh`
dh` eioerhmgs
 eioerhmgs,, tithpg pi`ehrub dhrg

kicojpok-kicojpok pijg`ht dh` pijirbhtg, tiruthjh dhrg khch`eh` pocgtgsg thk

dhpht dgbg`dhrkh`. Bhc g`g tirairjg`, jgshc`yh dhchj –eirhkh` 4-

4-9‚ yhk`g 4-9
4-9

ahlh`e ochbrheh (htcitgk, si`hj, pi`ahksgcht, dh` pirjhg`h`) yh`e dgprojosgkh`

dg lhwhb phyu`e pijlg`hh` ochbrheh usgh dg`g.

Lirki`hh` bhc dg hths, thjphk`yh tichb tirfhdg jgsko`sipsg pijlg`hh`

ochbrheh usgh dg`g dg G`do`isgh. Jgsko`sipsg gtu lukh` shfh lirkhgth` di`eh`

tufuh` tithpg fueh pichksh`hh``yh. ^ijlg`hh` ochbrheh usgh dg`g dgphbhjg silhehg
silheh g

mhsi pijlg`hh` u`tuk ji`ei`hc dh` ji`euhshg suhtu ahlh`e ochbrheh di`eh`

 pi`ikh`h` phdh pi`euhshh` kitirhjpgch` kbusus, silhehg spisghcgshsg dhchj

rh`ekh pi`ahphgh` pristhsg.

Qilhehg hkglht tirchcu ji`diwhkh` pristhsg, pijlg`hh` ochb rheh dg

khch`eh` h`hk usgh judh dgshchb eu`hkh`, dh` lhbkh` dhchj prhktgk`yh sirg`e

 lirti`th`eh` di`eh` `orjh-`orjh pi`dgdgkh`. H`hk-h`hk yh`e sibhrus`yh

tujlub di`eh` whfhr, sirg`e jijpirocib pirchkuh` dgcuhr lhths kijhjpuh``yh.

Qirg`e h`hk dgphksh bhrus lirchtgb di`eh` lilh` yh`e lircilgbh`. Qirg`e h`hk

dgphksh bhrus lirchtgb di`eh` lilh` yh`e lircilgbh`. Khsus pi`eeu`hh` olht

88
 

tirchrh`e phdh h`hk usgh dg`g dh` pi`aurgh` ujur dhchj hri`h kifuhrhh`

kicojpok ujur dhchj hri`h kifuhrhh` kicojpok ujur jiruphkh` pi`ehchjh`

yh`e `iehtgm lheg pirtujlubh` dh` pirkijlh`eh` kiprglhdgh` h`hk.

Gdihc`yh, sisuhg di`eh` ph`dh`eh` bgdup (mgcshmht)

(mgcshmht) dh`
 dh` ko`sip pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g yh`e kgth h`ut, pijlg`hh` ochbrheh usgh dg`g gtu dghrhbkh` phdh

 pi`ei`hch` dh` pi`euhshh` kitirhjpgch` dhshr suhtu ahlh`e ochbrheh yh`e

dgci`ekhpg di`eh` pi`eijlh`eh` kitirhjpgch` sirth kijhjpuh` mgsgk yh`e

 lirsgmht ujuj. Qiji`thrh gtu, dhchj ko`tiks pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g, sipirtg phdh

kichs-kichs hwhc, pi`ikh`h``yh phdh pi`eijlh`eh` kitirhjpgch` eirhk siahrh

ji`yicurub.

8. ^i`eijlh`eh` ^i`dgdgkh` Fhsjh`g dh` Ochbrheh dg G`do`isgh

Qhchb shtu pirth`yhh` yh`e sirg`e dghfukh` ocib euru-euru pi`fhs

 lichkh`eh` g`g hdhchb6 "Hphkhb pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g?" ^irth`yhh` yh`e aukup

h`ib g`g fustru dgkijukhkh` ocib pgbhk yh`e phcg`e lirbhk ji`fhwhl pirth`yhh`

tirsilut. Bhc g`g ju`ekg` tirfhdg khri`h phdh whktu silicuj`yh euru gtu jirhsh

dgrg`yh lukh` silhehg euru pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g, jichg`kh` euru pi`dgdgkh`

ochbrheh. ^irulhbh` ph`dh`eh` gtu tirfhdg ji`yusuc pirulhbh` `hjh jhth

 pichfhrh` whfgl dhchj kurgkucuj pi`dgdgkh` dg G`do`isgh, dhrg jhth pichfhrh`

 pi`dgdgkh` ochbrheh dh` kisibhth` (orkis) dhchj kurgkucuj 8724, ji`fhdg

 pichfhrh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dh` kisibhth` (pi`fhskis) dhchj kurgkucuj8774.

Hkglht`yh silhegh` lishr euru ji`eh`eehp lhbwh pirulhbh` `hjh gtu tgdhk

jijgcgkg pirlidhh`, dh` pichksh`hh``yh dgh`eehp shjh. ^hdhbhc kiduh gstgchb dg

hths su`eeub lirlidh, sibg`eeh tufuh``yh pu` lirlidh puch.

8<
 

^i`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g lirhrtg proerhj pi`dgdgkh` ciwht eirhk hthu

 pirjhg`h` dh` ochbrheh. Dg dhchj`yh

dh chj`yh tirkh`du`e hrtg lhbwh eirhkh`, pir
pirjhg`h`,
jhg`h`,

hthu ahlh`e ochbrheh tirti`tu yh`e dgpgcgb bh`yhchb hcht u`tuk ji`dgdgk. Bhc g`g

dhpht liruph kitirhjpgch` mgsgk dh` jotorgk, kitirhjpgch` lirpgkgr dh`

kitirhjpgch` jijiahbkh` jhshchb, dh` lgsh fueh kitirhjpgch` ijosgo`hc dh`

sosghc. Khri`h gtu, sicurub kieghth` pijlichfhrh` dhchj jijpichfhrg eirhk dh`

ochbrheh dg hths cilgb pi`tg`e dhrg phdh bhsgc`yh. Di`eh` dijgkgh`, lhehgjh`h

euru jijgcgb jitodi, jicglhtkh` h`hk, lirg`tirhksg di`eh` jurgd sirth

ji`euthjhkh` g`tirhksg jurgd di`eh` jurgd chg``yh, bhrus ji`fhdg

 pirtgjlh`eh` uthjh.

Qidh`ekh` pi`dgdgkh` ochbrheh 

ochbrheh hdhchb pi`dgdgkh` yh`e r`ijlg`h h`hk

hehr ji`euhshg ahlh`e-ahlh`e ochbrheh tirti`tu. Kiphdh jurgd dgpirki`hckh`

 lirlhehg ahlh`e ochbrheh hehr jirikh ji`euhshg kitirhjpgch` lirochbrheh. Wh`e

dgtikh`kh` dg sg`g hdhchb bhsgc dhrg pijlichfhrh` gtu, sibg`eeh jitodi pi`ehfhrh`

sirth lhehgjh`h h`hk ji`fhch`g pijlichfhrh``yh yh`e dgtikh`kh` phdh tufuh`

yh`e g`eg` dgahphg. ^irlidhh` g`gchb yh`e tirkhdh`e ji`fhdg kishchbh` dhchj

ji`ehrtgkh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g.

Wh`e sirg`e tirfhdg phdh pijlichfhrh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g hdhchb lhbwh

euru kurh`e jijpirbhtgkh` kijhjpuh` dh` kilutubh` jurgd. Fgkh sgswh bhrus

 lichfhr lirjhg`
lir jhg` siphk loch, jirikh lichfhr kitirhjpgch`
kitir hjpgch` tik`gk siphk loch siahrh

ch`esu`e. Tik`gk-tik`gk dhshr dhchj pichfhrh` dijgkgh` cilgb dgtikh`kh`,

siji`thrh thbhph` tuehs eirhk yh`e dgsisuhgkh` di`eh` kijhjpuh` h`hk kurh`e

dgpirbhtgkh`, kifhdgh` tirsilut jiruphkh` shchb shtu kicijhbh` dhchj

81
 

 pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g kgth. H`hk yh`e sudhb tirhjpgc lghsh`yh dhpht ji`fhdg

ao`tob, dh` h`hk yh`e licuj tirhjpgc lichfhr dhrg ji`ehjhtg dijo`strhsg

tijh``yh yh`e sudhb jhbgr thdg. Dhchj shchb shtu ehyh ji`ehfhr jijh`e

ji`ikh`kh` phdh kieghth` tirsilut thpg dhchj pichksh`hh``yh jhsgb

ji`gtgklirhtkh` phdh pi`euhshh` tik`gk dhshr lukh` phdh prosis yh`e dgfhch`g

sgswh. @hju` sili`hr`yh pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g kgth dgbhrhpkh` tgdhk sipirtg yh`e

dg hths.

^i`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g ti`tu tgdhk lgsh dgchkukh` di`eh` ahrh dijgkgh`.

^i`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g hdhchb suhtu prosis yh`e tiri`ah`h dh` lirthbhp yh`e pircu

dglg`h siahrh bhtg-bhtg dhchj whktu yh`e dgpirbgtu`ekh`. Lgch orgi`thsg pichfhrh`

 pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g hdhchb hehr h`hk ji`euhshg

ji`euhshg kitirhjpgch` lirochbrheh,

jgshc`yh siphk loch, euru hkh` cilgb ji`ikh`kh` phdh pijlichfhrh` tik`gk
t ik`gk dhshr

di`eh` krgtirgh kilirbhsgch` yh`e sudhb dgti`tukh`. Dhchj bhc g`g, euru tgdhk

hkh` jijpirbhtgkh` lhehgjh`h hehr sitghp h`hk jhjpu jichkukh``yh, silhl

ahrh jichtgb tik`gk dhshr yh`e lirsh`ekuth` bh`yh dgchkukh` di`eh` ahrh

tu`eehc. Lilirhph h`hk ju`ekg` lgsh ji`egkutg dh` ji`gkjhtg ahrh lichfhr yh`e

dgpgcgb euru thdg. Tithpg silhegh` chg` jirhsh sichcu ehehc, khri`h lheg jirikh

ahrh chtgbh` tirsilut tirchcu sucgt, hthu tirchcu judhb. H`hk-h`hk yh`e lirbhsgc

hkh` jirhsh puhs dhrg ahrh chtgbh` thdg, dh` sieirh ji`yi`h`eg pirjhg`h` siphk

 loch. Chg` cheg di`eh` h`hk-h`hk chg` yh`e kurh`e lirbhsgc? Jirikh hkh` sirth

jirth jirhsh lhbwh pirjhg`h` siphk loch tirchcu sucgt dh` tgdhk ji`yi`h`ekh`,

sibg`eeh jirikh tgdhk ji`yukhg pichfhrh` dh` pirjhg`h` siphk loch tirsilut.

Hphcheg kitgkh jirikh jichkukh` chtgbh` yh`e ehehc thdg, jirikh sichcu dgifik

84
 

ocib tijh`-tijh` yh`e chg` hthu lhbkh`. H`hk-h`hk dhchj kicojpok ehehc g`g

 lghsh`yh ji`ehchjg pirhshh` `iehtgm. Hkglht`yh, h`hk tgdhk lgsh lirkijlh`e dh`

h`hk ai`diru`e ji`fhdg h`hk yh`e ri`dhb dgrg. @hju` bhc tirsilut dhpht dghthsg

jichcug pijlichfhrh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g yh`e cilgb imiktgm.

Jichcug pijlichfhrh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g yh`e imiktgm, sijuh

kiai`diru`eh` tirsilut lgsh dgbhpuskh`, khri`h euru jijgcgb ahrh hehr h`hk

yh`e kurh`e tirhjpgc pu` tithp ji`yukhg chtgbh` jijpirocib pi`ehchjh`

suksis. Dg shjpg`e euru jijlidhkh` li`tuk chtgbh` yh`e bhrus dgchkukh` sitghp

h`hk, krgtirgh kilirbhsgch``yh pu` dglidhkh` puch. Y`tuk kicojpok jhjpu

krgtirgh kilirbhsgch` cilgb lirht dhrg h`hk yh`e kurh`e jhjpu, jgshc`yh dhchj

 pichfhrh` cijphr cijlg`e dg ti`tukh`6 jicijphr sifhub 9 jitir u`tuk h`hk

jhjpu jichkukh`, dh` bh`yh 1 jitir u`tuk h`hk kurh`e jhjpu jichkukh`.

Di`eh` ahrh dijgkgh`, sijuh h`hk jirhshkh` hph yh`e dgsilut pirhshh`

 lirbhsgc, dh` h`hk jhkg` ji`yhdhrg lhbwh kijhjpuh``yh pu` ji`g`ekht,

sigrg`e di`eh` sirg`e`yh jirikh ji`euch`e-uch`e chtgbh`.

A. Hrhb Qtrhtieg ^ijlh`eu`h` Kiochbrhehh` @hsgo`hc  

^i`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dhchj pichksh`hh``yh bhrus tirsusu` rhpg dhchj

siluhb proerhj yh`e sgstijhtgs dh` lirkich`futh`. ^roerhj tirsilut dgbhrhpkh`

jhjpu jiji`ubg kilutubh` pisirth dgdgk u`tuk ji`g`ekhtkh` kiluehrh` dh`

ji`hjlhb thlu`eh` eirhk. Khri`h gtu dglutubkh` strhtieg pi`eijlh`eh` yh`e

ji`ahkup lilirhph hspik silhehg lirgkut6

8.  Kijlh`ekh` proerhj yh`e ji`ikh`kh` phdh pi`yidghh` pi`ehchjh`

eirhk yh`e dgsi`heg

dgsi`heg pisirth dgdgk dhchj fh`ekh whktu yh`e
yh`e ph`fh`e. ^roerhj

89
 

tirsilut dhpht dgtirhpkh` dhchj li`tuk pirjhg`h`-pirjhg`h` yh`e

ji`yi`h`ekh` sibg`eeh pisirth dgdgk cilgb h`tusghs yh`e tg`eeh tirbhdhp

 pijlichfhrh`. Di`eh` h`tusghsji pisirth dgdgk dhchj lichfhr eirhk jhkh

 pi`ehchjh` eirhk yh`e dgrhshkh` hkh` sijhkhg` lirvhrghsg. Jgshc`yh jhtirg

cojpht tgdhk pircu dglirgkh` tik`gk jicojpht yh`e li`hr `hju` dhpht jichcug

 pirjhg`h` cojpht khrdus sibg`eeh sgswh hkh` jirhsh tgdhk tirlilh`g di`eh`

tuehs yh`e jirikh lirgkh`. Khri`h gtu, fh`eh` jijlirgkh` jhtirg yh`e

ji`ebhruskh` sgswh ji`euhshg jhtirg tirsilut tithpg h`hk lgsh jijpirocib

 pi`ehchjh` eirhk yh`e cilgb

cilgb lh`yhk.

<.  Lh`tuchb sgswh u`tuk ji`euhshg kitirhjpgch` eirhk dh` kijlh`ekh`

 pi`gchgh` dgrg yh`e posgtgm lhbwh sgswh

sgsw h dhpht ji`euhshg kitir
kitirhjpgch`
hjpgch` tirsilut.

Lghrkh` sgswh jichkukh` sisuhg kijhjpuh` yh`e dgjgcgkg dh` fh`eh`

jijlirgkh` phtokh` yh`e tirchcu jijlirhtkh` lheg sgswh. Qgswh yh`e licuj

jhjpu jichkukh` fh`eh` dgphkshkh` u`tuk lgsh. Lh`tus sgswh tirsilut

di`eh` pi`thbhph` eirhk dh` pi`euch`eh` yh`e cilgb lh`yhk. Qilhehg ao`tob,

 lhehgjh`h jichkukh` pijh`hsh` yh`e li`hr silicuj lirchtgb, lhehgjh`h

jichkukh` stritabg`e yh`e hjh` dh` imiktgm; hthu lhehgjh`h jijhg`kh` suhtu

ahlh`e ochbrheh di`eh` jijuhskh` dh` ji`dhth`ekh`

ji`dhth `ekh` kisi`h`eh`.

1.  Lirgkh` kisijphth` yh`e cilgb cuhs dh` jirhth sibg`eeh sijuh sijuh sgswh

jirhshkh` sitghp kieghth` yh`e dgchkukh` dhchj pijlichfhrh` siahrh hdgc.

Kisijphth` yh`e dglirgkh` kiphdh sitghp sgswh bhrus shjh sibg`eeh jirikh

tgdhk jirhsh dg lidhkh` di`eh` sgswh chg`. ^roerhj yh`e dgtirhpkh` fh`eh`

jijlirgkh` kisijphth` yh`e cilgb phdh sgswh yh`e jhjpu jichkukh`

8=
 

khri`h bhc tirsilut dhpht ji`gjluckh` rhsh kurh`e pirahyh dgrg phdh sgswh

yh`e licuj jhjpu jichkukh`. Kisijphth` yh`e hdh dgushbhkh` hehr sgswh

jijh`mhhtkh``yh di`eh` lhgk sibg`eeh pi`yusu`h` proerhj yh`e lhgk sh`eht

dgpircukh` ocib euru dhchj pichksh`hh``yh hehr kisijphth` yh`e dglirgkh`

tgdhk dg eu`hkh` di`eh` piraujh ocib sgswh.

4.  Lirgchb proerhj yh`e dhchj pichksh`hh`yh sgswh lichfhr kitirhjpgch`-

kitirhjpgch` yh`e lirjh`mhht dhchj kibgduph```yh sibg`eeh proerhj yh`e

dglirgkh` lukh` bh`yh u`tuk kipi`tg`eh` fhsjh`g, sipirtg kiluehrh`, tithpg

 fueh u`tuk pirkijlh`eh` sosghc, dh` kitirhjpgch` yh`e dgpircukh` u`tuk

ji`fhch`g kibgduph```yh (lirlhsgs cgmi skgcc ) sibg`eeh sgswh ji`ehpcgkhsgkh`

kieghth` yh`e jirikh chkukh` dhchj pijlichfhrh` ki dhchj kibgduph` sibhrg-

bhrg`yh. Kitirhjpgch` gtu h`thrh chg`, ji`ehthsg jhshchb, jijotgvhsg dgrg,

jiridhj ijosg, jiri`ah`hkh` sisuhtu, dh` chg`-chg`.

85
 

LHL GGG

^I@YTY^

H. Kisgjpuch`

^ichksh`hh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g jhsgb ji`ehrhb phdh pichksh`hh`

 pi`dgdgkh` ochbhrheh sibg`eeh cilgb ji`ikh`kh` phdh pi`euhshh` tik`gk dhshr

 phdhbhc yh`e sili`hr`yh hdhchb pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g cilgb ji`ikh`kh` phdh

 pijlirgh` pi`ehchjh` eirhk phdh pisirth dgdgk. Qichg` gtu pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g

cilgb ji`gtgklirhtkh` phdh pijludhyhh` eirhk sibg`eeh `h`tg`yh kieghth`yh

dhpht dghpcgkhsgkh` dhchj kibgduph` `yhth. Bhc tirsilut tircgbht phdh ko`sip lhru

dhchj pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g yh`e g`eg` ji`fhdgkh` sgswh si`h`e, lirkirg`eht,

 lichfhr eirhk dh` dgsgpcg` dhchj pijlichfhrh`. Ocib khri`h gtu pijlhbhruh`

dhchj pichksh`hh` pi`dgdgkh fhsjh`g pircu dgchkhsh`hkh` hehr pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g tgdhk ji`fhdg sipirtg chtgbh` ochbrheh. ^ijlhbhruh` tirsilut liruph

 pijlirgh` jhtirg yh`e dgsisuhgkh`

d gsisuhgkh` di`eh` kijhpuh` dh`
dh ` chthr lichkh`e pisirth
pi sirth

dgdgk. ^i`ikh`h` phdh tirahphg ijpht bhc dg hths fueh ji`fhdg prgorgths dhchj

 pi`eijlh`eh` pi`dgdgkh`
pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dg G`do`isgh.

L. Qhrh`

Dgbhrhpkh` pi`yici`eehrhh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g tgdhk dgshjhkh` di`eh`

chtgbh` ochbrheh yh`e ji`ikh`kh` phdh pi`euhsh` tik`gk dhshr khri`h sgswh

hkh` jirhsh losh` di`eh` kieghth` yh`e sgmht`yh lhku. Dgbhrhpkh` pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g kidiph``yh lgsh ji`yisuhgkh` di`eh` kilutubh` sgswh u`tuk

ji`hjlhb pi`ehchjh` eirhk dh` ji`hjlhb thlu`eh` eirhk. Di`eh` jijhbhjg

82
 

ko`sip lhru dh` pi`eijlh`eh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g dgbhrhpkh` pi`dgdgkh`

 fhsjh`g dhpht ji`fhdg shrh`h yh`e phcg`e imiktgm u`tuk jijludhyhkh` eirhk

kiphdh pisirth dgdgk sibg`eeh dhpht hktgvgths dhchj pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g

dghpcgkhsgkh` dg kibgduph` `yhth. ^hdh hkbgr`yh dgbhrhpkh` di`eh` jhkhchb g`g

dhpht ji`fhdg rufukh` yh`e ji`duku`e dhchj ji`fhdgkh` pi`dgdgkh` fhsjh`g

kihrhb pi`yisuhgh` di`eh` ko`tiks shht g`g.

87
 

DHMTH\ ^YQTHKH

Busdhrth B. F. Q., <>>7. Jh`hfiji` ^i`dgdgkh` Fhsjh`g. Lh`du`e. ^i`irlgt

Hcmhlith Lh`du`e.

Cuth`, \uscg. <>>8. Ji`ehfhr ^i`dgdgkh` Fhsjh`g ^i`dikhth` ^i`dgdgkh` Eirhk

Dg Qikochb Dhshr. Fhkhrth. Diphrtiji` ^i`dgdgkh` @hsgo`hc
DGFDHQJI@.

Jhbi`drh, Heus, dkk. (<>>=). Gjpciji`thsg Joviji`t-^rolcij-Lhsid Cihr`g`e

Qilhehg ^i`eijlh`eh` ^hrhdgejh \imciatgvi Tihabg`e Dhchj ^i`dgdgkh`
Fhsjh`g6 Qiluhb Aojju`gty-Lhsid Hatgo` \isihrab Dg Qikochb
Ji`i`ehb Dg Koth Lh`du`e. Chporh` ^i`icgtgh`. Y^G. Lh`du`
Lh`du`e.
e.

 @uerhbh, L.H. <>8<. Cijphr

<>8<. Cijphr \okit. (O`cg`i), (bttp6//www.loyochcgpos.aoj/<>8</  
\okit. (O`cg`i), (bttp6//www.loyochcgpos.aoj/<>8</
cijphr-rokit-1<59<<).

Qgjh`futkh`, v. E., & dkk. <>8>. ^i`dgdgkh`

<>8>.  ^i`dgdgkh` Fhsjh`g dh` kisibhth`. Fhkhrth6
kisibhth`. Fhkhrth6
Dgktg.

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